Search

The rise of high-speed railway induces an increased probability of serious derailment accidents of operating high-speed trains during earthquakes. A two-and-half-dimensional finite element model (2.5D FEM) was developed to investigate the ground vibration under combined seismic and high-speed train loads. Numerical examples were demonstrated and the proposed method was turned out to provide an effective means for estimating ground vibration caused by high-speed train load during earthquakes. The dynamic ground displacement caused by combined seismic and high-speed train loads increases with the increase of the train speed, and decreases with the increase of the stiffness of ground soil. Compared with the seismic load alone, the coupling effect of the seismic and high-speed train loads results in the low-frequency amplification of ground vibration. The moving train load dominants the medium-high frequency contents of the ground vibration induced by combined loads. It is observed that the coupling effects are significant as the train speed is higher than a critical speed. The critical train speed increases with the increase of the ground stiffness and the intensity of the input earthquake motion.

Spectrum sensing for the Digital Television Terrestrial Multimedia Broadcasting (DTMB) system is considered in this paper. A novel method, which contains a preprocessing method of partition and averaging, a convolutional neural network (CNN) and a threshold chosen scheme, is proposed to solve this problem. In the spectrum sensing process, the received signal is firstly preprocessed by a scheme of partition and averaging. Then it is fed into the well-trained CNN. The posterior probability of the signal being noise is output. Based on the Neyman-Pearson theorem, a threshold can be chosen by the Monte Carlo method. The result of spectrum sensing can be obtained by comparing the posterior probability with the threshold and the complexity of the proposed method is also analyzed. Through computer simulations, the advantage of the proposed method is demonstrated. At a low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), the proposed method can achieve a satisfactory detection probability. Besides, the proposed method is robust to different SNRs and has good generalization performance under different noise assumptions. When the proposed method is transferred to sense DTMB signal under time dispersive channels, the performance does not deteriorate and even can be better, which shows the robustness of the proposed method to the time dispersive channels.

Simple and efficient nanofabrication technology with low cost and high flexibility is indispensable for fundamental nanoscale research and prototyping. Lithography in the near field using the surface plasmon polariton (i.e. plasmonic lithography) provides a promising solution. The system with high stiffness passive nanogap control strategy on a high-speed rotating substrate is one of the most attractive high-throughput methods. However, a smaller and steadier plasmonic nanogap, new scheme of plasmonic lens, and parallel processing should be explored to achieve a new generation high resolution and reliable efficient nanofabrication. Herein, a parallel plasmonic direct-writing nanolithography system is established in which a novel plasmonic flying head is systematically designed to achieve around 15 nm minimum flying-height with high parallelism at the rotating speed of 8–18 m·s−1. A multi-stage metasurface-based polarization insensitive plasmonic lens is proposed to couple more power and realize a more confined spot compared with conventional plasmonic lenses. Parallel lithography of the nanostructures with the smallest (around 26 nm) linewidth is obtained with the prototyping system. The proposed system holds great potential for high- freedom nanofabrication with low cost, such as planar optical elements and nano-electromechanical systems.

With the increasing frequency of extreme events caused by global climate change, the association between extreme precipitation (EP) and disease has aroused concern currently. However, no study has examined the relationship between EP and schizophrenia. Our study aimed to explore the relationship between EP and schizophrenia, and to further examine the difference between urban and rural areas. This study used quasi-Poisson generalized linear regression model combined with distributed lag non-linear model (DLNM) to estimate the association between EP (≥ 95th percentile) and hospitalization for schizophrenia from 2010 to 2019 in the city of Lu'an, China. EP could significantly increase the risk of hospitalization for schizophrenia. The effect firstly appeared at lag1 [relative risk (RR): 1.056, 95% confidence interval (95%CI): 1.003-1.110] and continued until lag17 (RR: 1.039, 95%CI: 1.004-1.075). Our research showed that EP had a significant effect on the hospitalization for schizophrenia in both urban and rural areas, and no significant difference was found (p>0.05). EP exerted more acute effects on schizophrenia living in rural areas than those in urban areas in the cold season. Further studies on the burden of schizophrenia found that patients who are male, aged ≤ 39 years or less, and living in urban areas are a priority for future warnings. We should pay more attention to the impact of EP on burden of schizophrenia, especially during the cold season, targeting those vulnerable groups, thereby implementing more accurate and timely preventive measures.

We present a novel integrated visualization system that enables interactive visual analysis of sea-surface temperature fronts near China sea. The occurrences and locations of fronts are identified by adjustable temperature gradient thresholds and real-time visual evaluations with an interactive interface. Then, we derive object-level features to characterize fronts and design multiple coordinated views for interactive exploring of fronts’ features (geographical distribution, the area, the intensity, the temporal trend and spatial state measurements) in both spatial and temporal domain to discover the various characteristics of SST fronts. Moreover, we integrate self-organizing map into the system for automatically clustering multiple fronts, design the novel composite U-matrix and component plane to evaluate the clustering outputs and allowing manually adjust the clusters affiliation by directly dragging and dropping nodes on an expandable tree. With the collaborative display of sequence-view, parallel coordinate plot and geographical map, the characteristics of similarities and differences between front clusters can be easily discovered. Finally, we present case studies highlighting the effectiveness of the system.

Objective: Anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) is a common surgical method used to treat patients with Hirayama disease. And sagittal balance indexes have been revealed to be predictors of clinical outcomes in patients with cervical diseases, but their relationships with ACDF-treated Hirayama disease outcomes remain unknown. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the relationship of preoperative cervical sagittal balance indexes and clinical outcomes in ACDF-treated Hirayama disease patients.Methods: Eighty patients with Hirayama disease treated by ACDF were reviewed retrospectively. Six cervical sagittal balance parameters were collected including Cobb angle, T1 slope, C1–7 sagittal vertical axis (SVA), C2–7 SVA, center of gravity of the head (CGH)-C7 SVA, range of motion. The recovery outcomes of the patients were divided into 2 groups by Odom score and the differences in recovery between the 2 groups were confirmed by electromyography. The correlation between imaging parameters and postoperative outcome was evaluated with logistic regression. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and area under the ROC curve (AUC) were used to evaluate the significant result of logistic regression and the optimal diagnostic value.Results: Only 2 parameters, Cobb angle and CGH-C7 SVA, showed statistical correlation with the postoperative outcome assessment by logistic regression. AUC of Cobb angle and CGH-C7 SVA were 0.559 and 0.702 respectively. The optimal predictive threshold was 1.50° and 5.40 mm, respectively.Conclusion: A larger Cobb angle and smaller CGH-C7 SVA seemed to correlate with a better postoperative outcome. These 2 factors could be used to predict the outcome of surgical treatment of Hirayama disease preoperatively.

In the conventional perovskite solar cells (PSCs) structure, TiO2 is the most commonly used electron transport layer (ETL) as it has good energy-level matching with perovskite layer. However, oxygen vacancy defects will appear when TiO2 is exposed to ultraviolet light for a long time, which would reduce its carrier extraction ability. Here, we report a simple and effective interface engineering method for TiO2 ETL to achieve a highly efficient PSCs. An ultra-thin [6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) layer is used to modify the mesoporous TiO2/perovskite layer interface. The PCBM effectively passivates defects on the TiO2 surface, promotes the extraction of electrons, and improves the quality of the perovskite film. Finally, a high efficiency of 16.4% was achieved for the modified device, much higher than 13.5% of the reference devices. After storing for 12 days in an atmosphere with an air humidity of 30 ± 5%, the efficiency of the PSCs maintains more than 60% of its initial level. This strategy is beneficial to enhance the efficiency and working stability of PSCs.

Finding the correct category of wear particles is important to understand the tribological behavior. However, manual identification is tedious and time-consuming. We here propose an automatic morphological residual convolutional neural network (M-RCNN), exploiting the residual knowledge and morphological priors between various particle types. We also employ data augmentation to prevent performance deterioration caused by the extremely imbalanced problem of class distribution. Experimental results indicate that our morphological priors are distinguishable and beneficial to largely boosting overall performance. M-RCNN demonstrates a much higher accuracy (0.940) than the deep residual network (0.845) and support vector machine (0.821). This work provides an effective solution for automatically identifying wear particles and can be a powerful tool to further analyze the failure mechanisms of artificial joints. Electronic Supplementary Material Supplementary Material is available in the online version of this article at 10.1007/s40544-021-0516-2.

Hybrid solar and geothermal utilisation is a promising option for effective exploitation of renewable energy sources. Concentrated solar power (CSP) systems with geothermal preheating are acknowledged as an attractive solution, with supercritical CO2 (SCO2) cycle systems adopted for power generation thanks to the favourable properties offered by CO2 as a working fluid. In order to further improve the overall performance of such systems, organic Rankine cycle (ORC) systems can be added as bottoming cycles to recover the heat rejected from the topping SCO2 cycle system and also to utilise surplus geothermal heat available after the brine is used for preheating in the SCO2 system. This paper proposes four configurations of combined SCO2-ORC system for hybrid solar and geothermal power generation and performs detailed thermodynamic and economic assessments based on actual conditions in Seville, Spain. The results reveal that combined systems in which the geothermal-brine stream is split into two parallel flows and utilised separately by the topping SCO2 cycle and bottoming ORC systems are preferable. A split geothermal-stream combined system with the ORC working fluid first utilising geothermal heat followed in series by heat from the topping SCO2 cycle system delivers a net power output of 2940 kW, which is the maximum among all the proposed configurations and is 45% higher than that of a standalone SCO2 plant. A similar combined system with a reversed ORC flow direction such that the organic fluid is preheated first by utilising heat from the SCO2 cycle system and then by geothermal heat has a specific cost corresponding to the maximum net power output of 2880 $/kW, which is the lowest among all the configurations and is 22% lower than that of the standalone SCO2 plant. Annual performance evaluation shows that the combined systems can achieve significant improvements, ranging from 22% to 45%, over the total electricity generation of the standalone SCO2 plant, which demonstrates the significant potential of deploying such novel and promising combined systems for hybrid solar and geothermal power generation.

BACKGROUND In transplant medicine, clinical decision making largely relies on histology of biopsy specimens. However, histology suffers from low specificity, sensitivity, and reproducibility, leading to suboptimal stratification of patients. We developed a histology-independent immune framework of kidney graft homeostasis and rejection. METHODS We applied tailored RNA deconvolution for leukocyte enumeration and coregulated gene network analysis to published bulk human kidney transplant RNA transcriptomes as input for unsupervised, high-dimensional phenotype clustering. We used framework-based graft survival analysis to identify a biomarker that was subsequently characterized in independent transplant biopsy specimens. RESULTS We found seven immune phenotypes that confirm known rejection types and uncovered novel signatures. The molecular phenotypes allow for improved graft survival analysis compared with histology, and identify a high-risk group in nonrejecting transplants. Two fibrosis-related phenotypes with distinct immune features emerged with reduced graft survival. We identified lysyl oxidase-like 2 (LOXL2)-expressing peritubular CD68+ macrophages as a framework-derived biomarker of impaired allograft function. These cells precede graft fibrosis, as demonstrated in longitudinal biopsy specimens, and may be clinically useful as a biomarker for early fibrogenesis. CONCLUSIONS This study provides a comprehensive, data-driven atlas of human kidney transplant phenotypes and demonstrates its utility to identify novel clinical biomarkers.

Particulate matters with an aerodynamic diameter ≤1 μm (PM1) significantly increased mortality risk, and the effect of PM1 was even greater than that of PM2.5 (aerodynamic diameter ≤2.5 μm). But the quantitative impact of PM1 on life expectancy was unknown. We aim to examine the extent to which that people’s life expectancy was shortened by PM1 and PM2.5. We obtained daily data on deaths, PM1 and PM2.5 records, and weather variables during 2016–2017 in Nanjing, China. Years of life lost (YLLs) were calculated by matching each decedent’s age and sex to the Chinese life table. The fitted nonlinear dose-response associations of YLLs with PM1 and PM2.5 were estimated by utilizing a generalized additive model with a Gaussian link that controlled for confounding factors including meteorological variables, day of week, and long-term trend and seasonality. The effect estimates were presented as the YLLs when PM1 and PM2.5 concentrations fell in different ranges. Life expectancy losses attributable to PM1 and PM2.5 were calculated. Stratified analyses were also performed by age, sex, and death causes. Significant PM-YLL associations were observed, with greater increases in YLLs associated with PM1 (68.9 thousand). PM1 was estimated to reduce life expectancy, which was greater than PM2.5 (PM1: 1.67 years; PM2.5: 1.55 years). For PM1, greater years of loss in PM-related life expectancy were found in the female group, ≥65 years group, and cardiovascular disease group. Exposure to PM1 had a greater impact on life expectancy loss than did PM2.5. Constant efforts are urgently needed to control PM1 air pollution to improve people’s longevity.

Miniature fixed-point blackbody (MFPB) can realize the on-orbit calibration of temperatures by tracing the miniature fixed-point. This ability can effectively improve the precision and life span of earth observation systems. Researchers have verified the feasibility of the MFPB in engineering through experiments. However, the temperature relationship between the miniature fixed-point and the blackbody is unclear at present, which means that the transfer relationship between radiation temperature of space infrared radiation standard source and international temperature scale cannot be established accurately. In this article, a temperature transfer relationship between miniature fixed-point and blackbody in MFPB is established, and the temperature transfer equation (TTE) is proposed to obtain the run-off point temperature of blackbody (RPTB). The effects of heating power and ambient temperature on the temperature transfer relationship between miniature fixed-point and blackbody are investigated numerically. Retrieval results show that a linear relationship exists between the RPTB and the heating power and ambient temperature in a single fixed-point temperature range. The TTE is obtained and explained theoretically. All experimental results of the gallium fixed-point are in good agreement with this equation. Furthermore, the RPTBs are accurately predicted at gallium-stannum and H2O fixed-points by TTE. The average and maximum errors are 0.0044 and 0.0063 K, respectively. The current study is of considerable importance to the development of MFPB technology and improvement of the on-orbit infrared remote sensor calibration.

Background:. Early detection of gastric cancer (GC) has been the topic of major efforts in China. This study aimed to explore the risk factors associated with GC and to provide evidence for the selection of a high-risk population of GC. Methods:. Based on the cancer screening cohort of the National Cancer Screening Program in Urban China, GC patients diagnosed by endoscopy and pathological examinations constituted the case group, and controls were 1:3 matched by sex and age (±5 years) individually. The variables were selected by univariable analysis of factors such as body mass index (BMI), dietary habits, lifestyle, stomach disease history, and family history of GC; and multivariable logistic regression was used to analyze the influencing factors of GC and to calculate the odds ratio (OR) of related factors and its 95% confidence interval (CI). Results:. A total of 215 GC cases and 645 matched healthy controls were included in the final analysis, with a median age of 61 years for the case and control groups. Overall analysis showed that high educational level (above primary school) (OR = 0.362, 95% CI = 0.219–0.599, P

Schizophrenia (SCZ) hospital re-admissions constitute a serious disease burden worldwide. Some studies have reported an association between air pollutants and hospital admissions for SCZ. However, evidence is scarce regarding the effects of ambient particulate matter (PM) on SCZ hospital re-admissions, especially in coastal cities in China. The purpose of this study was to examine whether PM affects the risk of SCZ hospital re-admission in the coastal Chinese city of Qingdao. Daily SCZ hospital re-admissions, daily air pollutants, and meteorological factors from 2015 to 2019 were collected. A quasi-Poisson generalized linear regression model combined with distributed lag non-linear model (DLNM) was applied to model the exposure-lag-response relationship between PM and SCZ hospital re-admissions. The relative risks (RRs) were estimated for an inter-quartile range (IQR) increase in PM concentrations. Subgroup analyses by age and gender were conducted to identify the vulnerable subgroups. There were 6220 SCZ hospital re-admissions during 2015-2019. The results revealed that PM, including PM10 (particles with an aerodynamic diameter ≤10 μm), PMc (particles >2.5 μm but

Background: Patients with endometriosis (EMs) have high risks of infertility and spontaneous abortion. How to remodel the fertility of patients with EMs has always been the hot spot and difficulty in the field of reproductive medicine. As an aglycone of ginsenosides, protopanaxadiol (PPD) possesses pleiotropic biological functions and has high medicinal values. We aimed to investigate the effect and potential mechanism of PPD in the treatment of EMs-associated infertility and spontaneous abortion. Methods: The EMs mice models were constructed by allotransplantation. The pregnancy rates, embryo implantation numbers and embryo resorption rates of control and EMs were counted. RNA sequencing, qRT-PCR, enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and FCM analysis were performed to screen and confirm the expression of endometrial receptivity/decidualization-related molecules, inflammation cytokines and NK cell function-related molecules in vitro and/or in vivo. The SWISS Target Prediction, STRING and Cytoscape were carried out to predict the potential cellular sensory proteins, the protein-protein interaction (PPI) network between sensory proteins and fertility-related molecules, respectively. Micro-CT detection, liver and kidney function tests were used to evaluate the safety. Results: Here, we observe that PPD significantly up-regulates endometrial receptivity-related molecules (e.g., Lif, Igfbp1, Mmps, collagens) and restricts pelvic inflammatory response (low levels of IL-12 and IFN-γ) of macrophage, and further remodel and improve the fertility of EMs mice. Additionally, PPD increases the expression of decidualization-related genes and Collagens, and promotes the proliferation, residence, immune tolerance and anagogic functions of decidual NK cells (low levels of CD16 and NKp30, high levels of Ki67, VEGF, TGF-β) in pregnant EMs mice, and further triggers decidualization, decidual NK cell-mediated maternal-fetal immune tolerance and angiogenesis, preventing pregnant EMs mice from miscarriage. Mechanically, these effects should be dependent on ESRs, PGR and other sensory proteins (e.g., AR). Compared with GnRHa (the clinic first-line drug for EMs), PPD does not lead to the decline of serum estrogen and bone loss. Conclusion: These data suggest that PPD prevents EMs-associated infertility and miscarriage in sex hormones receptors-dependent and independent manners possibly, and provides a potential therapeutic strategy with high efficiency and low side effects to remodels the fertility of patients with EMs.

Objective: In December 2019, a novel coronavirus infectious disease, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), began to appear in China. Wuhan, Hubei Province, is the origin and core location of the epi...

To tackle the sub-optimization problem of the conventional block structure communication systems, recently, a novel concept named end-to-end communication system that can optimize the whole system jointly has been proposed. A channel autoencoder (AE) is one of the methods, which regards the wireless communication system as an AE along with a channel model. In this article, we present a comprehensive overview of the recent advancements of channel AEs, whose practicability mainly depends on the robustness of the impairments in actual channels. Among existing works, assuming the imperfect channel models before training or constructing a communication system without channel models are both viable methods to deal with channel impairments. Therefore, we divide the channel AEs into two categories, model-assumed and model-free channel AEs, for each of which a universal structure is investigated, namely radio transformer network and gradient generation network, respectively. Then their performance is compared extensively, and the open research issues are discussed in the end to provide some directions for future study.

Millimeter wave (mmWave) communications can support huge data rate growth and wide bandwidth in the new 5G era, and a hybrid precoding architecture can effectively handle the high hardware cost and energy consumption problems. A crucial goal is to optimize the system's spectral efficiency (SE) by effectively designing the digital precoder and the analog precoder. In this article, we review the conventional hybrid precoding schemes in mmWave systems, and then investigate several novel systems with index modulation (IM) techniques as well as their hybrid precoder designs. With the advantages of IM, higher SE can be achieved with limited radio frequency chains in mmWave systems. Simulation results demonstrate that two types of IM-aided systems both outperform conventional mmWave systems, which proves that IM is an enabling technique in practical SE-driven mmWave systems. Finally, we discuss the limiting factors and outlook of IM-aided mmWave systems in beyond-5G wireless communications.

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have triggered a research trend in solar energy devices in view of their high power conversion efficiency and ease of fabrication. However, more delicate strategies are still required to suppress carrier recombination at charge transfer interfaces, which is the necessary path to high-efficiency solar cells. Here, a p-p+ homojunction was constructed on basis of NiO film to enhance hole transfer in an inverted planar perovskite solar cell. The homojunction was generated by fabricating a NiO/Cu:NiO bilayer film. The density functional theory calculation demonstrated the charge density difference in the two layers, which could generate a space charge region and a band bending at the junction, and the result was further proved by energy level structure analysis of NiO and Cu:NiO films. The designed homojunction could accelerate the hole transfer and inhibit carrier recombination at the interface between hole transfer layer and perovskite layer. Finally, the inverted planar perovskite solar cell with p-p+ homojunction showed an efficiency of 18.30 % and a high fill factor of 0.81, which were much higher than the counterpart of the PSCs individually using NiO or Cu:NiO as hole transfer layer. This work developed a new structure of hole transport layer to enhance the performance of PSCs, and also provided new ideas for design of charge transfer films.

Purpose To develop and validate a predictive nomogram for early stress urinary incontinence (SUI) after endoscopic enucleation of the prostate (EEP) in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Methods The records of 458 patients who underwent plasmakinetic- or diode-based EEP at our center from March 2016 to December 2019 were reviewed. Among these, 326 and 132 cases were randomly assigned to the training and validation set, respectively. A predictive nomogram was constructed based on multivariate logistic regression analysis. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis and calibration curves were employed to evaluate its performance. Results 65 years ≤ age 2 ≤ BMI 2, 30 kg/m2 ≤ BMI, 5 years ≤ LUTS duration, and 75 ml ≤ prostate volume were finally selected as independent predictors of early SUI into the multivariate logistics regression model. It was visualized as a concise nomogram with satisfactory discrimination and accuracy in both training and validation sets. Conclusions A concise nomogram was developed and validated as a useful clinical tool for predicting early SUI post-EEP.

Wire-shaped stretchable supercapacitors could be a promising candidate for a compatible energy supply unit for wearable electronics. However, great challenges still exist in simultaneously achieving the goals of high energy density, large elongation, stable electrochemical output, and excellent integration capability and washability. Herein, a “rolled-up island-bridge (RIB)” architecture design is demonstrated for fabricating a novel wire-shaped stretchable micro-supercapacitor array (WSS-MSCA) to concurrently realize the above objectives. The obtained WSS-MSCA, consisting of rolled-up MXene//CNTs@PPy asymmetric MSC arrays serving as active islands interconnected by screen-printed semi liquid metal (LM) circuits functioning as conductive/stretchable bridges, can deliver a maximum linear/areal capacitance of 29.45 mF cm−1/26.80 mF cm−2, while functioning well under extreme deformations such as stretching to 100% strain, bending to 180° and twisting by 360°. Combined with an extended potential window up to 1.4 V, a high linear/areal energy density of 7.94 μW h cm−1/7.22 μW h cm−2 is further achieved. Most notably, the unique RIB electrode layout guarantees outstanding integration capability of the MSC array, enabling on-demand output of the voltage/current with its convenient series/parallel interconnection via LM bridges and ensuring unprecedented adjustability to the whole electrochemical performance of the device. Moreover, the modular nature of the RIB architecture combined with the waterproof and stress-absorbing elastic silicone encapsulation matrix provides the WSS-MSCA with excellent mechanical robustness and additional washability. The stable and controllable electrochemical output, and excellent deformability and washability, combined with outstanding integration capability and appropriate length make the WSS-MSCA a promising compatible micro-power source for wearable microelectronics.

Many creatures gain unique patterns on their bodies, which not only represent their distinct characteristics but also endow diverse functionalities that are crucial to their survival. Though being common in nature, realizing diverse patterns with a number of functionalities and well-defined hierarchical structures in biomimetic materials remains challenging. Here, relying on the fast and quantitative reaction between poly(penta fluorophenyl) acrylate gel and alkylamine derivatives, an efficient method named direct ink writing (DIW) for constructing versatile functional patterns on gels is developed by using alkylamines as the ink and a capillary as the pen. Through carefully designing alkylamine derived functional groups, a variety of functional patterns are programmed on the gel. Precisely tuning the ink concentration, volume, and reaction time results in desired bending angles, curvatures and targeted shape morphing. Further, by virtue of programmable shape morphing, and the dynamic multi-responsive fluorescent ink together with a “POOLING” data extraction algorithm used in Convolutional Neural Network, advanced data encryption and anti-counterfeiting are achieved. This work not only provides a robust tool for constructing functional patterns on biomimetic materials, but also inspires new approaches for data encryption and protection, and builds a connection between smart gels and artificial intelligence.

The freezing of the 5th generation new radio (5G NR) Release 16 indicates that 5G development has stepped into a new stage. The application of a dedicated low-density parity-check (LDPC) code for channel coding is an important technical advance that distinguishes 5G NR from the 4th generation (4G) long-term evolution (LTE) and LTE-advanced. Although LDPC codes has been used in many different systems, the newly developed LDPC code in 5G NR integrates many cutting-edge technologies to provide better performance and attractive features. Thus, it can be a good reference for channel coding in other evolving systems headed by digital terrestrial television broadcasting (DTTB). In emerging applications, the DTTB system needs to carry information with higher density, while meeting the high requirements for real-time, coverage, and bit error rate of broadcasting. To provide a reference for DTTB channel coding that improves its performance and supports new services, a review of 5G NR LDPC code implementation is carried out from three aspects: code analysis and design, decoding algorithm, and decoder architecture. We thoroughly evaluate each solution and highlight some candidates for existing implementations or some directions for further development of the DTTB system.

The exciplex forming co-host is one of the most promising candidates for developing high-performance organic light-emitting devices (OLEDs) that can implement an internal quantum efficiency of 100%. In this work, a novel exciplex co-host system by employing N-([1,1′-biphenyl]-2-yl)-N-(9,9-dimethyl-9H-fluoren-2-yl)-9,9′-spirobi[fluoren]-4-amine (FSF4A) and 2,4,6-tris[3-(diphenylphosphinyl)phenyl]-1,3,5-triazine (PO-T2T) is applied to design simplified red and white OLEDs with low turn-on voltage and high efficiency. A high performance red phosphorescent organic light-emitting diode (PhOLED) is achieved by employing an exciplex co-host in a low guest doping level of 3%, showing the best performance with a maximum power efficiency of 38.5 lm W−1, a maximum external quantum efficiency of 17.3%, and an ultralow turn-on voltage of 1.95 V, respectively. Based on the red device, the ultra-thin FIrPic layer is inserted to achieve high performance white OLEDs, exhibiting a low turn-on voltage of 2.2 V with a maximum power efficiency of 34.1 lm W−1, and the Commission Internationale de’IEclairage (CIE) coordinate (0.33,0.33) at 1000 cd m−2. These superior properties can be attributed to reduced barriers and the effective energy transfer by employing an exciplex co-host.

We performed this study to investigate the diagnostic performance of prostate-specific antigen density (PSAD) in a multicenter cohort of the Chinese Prostate Cancer Consortium. Outpatients with prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels ≥4.0 ng ml−1 regardless of digital rectal examination (DRE) results or PSA levels

Purpose: To investigate the effect of melatonin on regeneration of cortical neurons in rats with traumatic brain injury (TBI). Methods: Sprague-Dawley rats (n=36) were randomly divided into sham, TBI+vehicle and TBI+melatonin groups. Cerebral blood flow and cognitive function were observed via laser Doppler flowmetry and by Morris water maze testing, respectively. The serum malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels were used to assess oxidative stress. Immunofluorescence and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labelling assay was used to observe the newborn neurons and apoptotic cells. Results: Cerebral blood flow in the TBI+melatonin group was higher than that of the TBI+vehicle group at one, 12, 24 and 48 h post-injury, but the difference was not statistically significant (P>0.05). The cognitive function of the rats was better in the TBI+melatonin group than the TBI+vehicle group (P

The digital television terrestrial broadcasting (DTTB) system is one of the most important wireless broadcasting systems, but its indoor coverage performance is not satisfactory enough. The visible light communication (VLC) system works well for indoor scenarios and becomes a quite appealing technology that can realize indoor wireless communications. In this paper, we propose a hybrid system called the radio-optics hybrid single frequency network (SFN) with wide and reliable coverage for DTTB. The current SFN structure of DTTB is maintained, while the optical signal within visible wavelength is adopted to achieve seamless connection between outdoor and indoor. Based on the identical intermediate frequency, the hybrid receiver with antennas and photodiodes can not only receive radio and optical signals individually or simultaneously, but also combine the received signals from different transmitters in the analog/digital domain with various combination methods. The feasibility of the radio-optics hybrid system is verified by the experiment implemented in the laboratory. Furthermore, the proposed hybrid system has great potential to improve other extended applications of DTTB, including positioning, interactivity, scalable video coding, etc.

In this letter, a convolutional neural network-based detection framework is proposed for the wireless communication systems using orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing with index modulation (OFDM-IM). In the proposed framework, the received symbols are transformed to polar coordinates to help the neural network detect the indices of the activated subcarriers. We parallel the amplitude and the phase of the received symbols to form 2-dimensional matrices and use 2-dimensional convolutional layers to fully exploit the inherent information in the OFDM-IM symbols. After offline training, the proposed detector can be employed to implement online detection of the OFDM-IM symbols. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed detector is capable of achieving near maximum likelihood detection performance with much lower complexity.

Background. Coronary atherosclerotic plaque could go through rapid progression and induce adverse cardiac events. This study aimed to evaluate the impacts of smoking status on clinical outcomes of coronary non-target lesions. Methods. Consecutive patients with coronary heart disease who underwent two serial coronary angiographies were included. All coronary non-target lesions were recorded at first coronary angiography and analyzed using quantitative coronary angiography at both procedures. Patients were grouped into non-smokers, quitters, and smokers according to their smoking status. Clinical outcomes including rapid lesion progression, lesion re-vascularization, and myocardial infarction were recorded at second coronary angiography. Multivariable Cox regression analysis was used to investigate the association between smoking status and clinical outcomes. Results. A total of 1255 patients and 1670 lesions were included. Smokers were younger and more likely to be male compared with non-smokers. Increase in percent diameter stenosis was significantly lower (2.7 [0.6, 7.1] % vs. 3.5 [0.9, 8.9]%) and 3.4 [1.1, 7.7]%, P = 0.020) in quitters than those in smokers and non-smokers. Quitters tended to have a decreased incidence of rapid lesions progression (15.8% [76/482] vs. 21.6% [74/342] and 20.6% [89/431], P = 0.062), lesion re-vascularization (13.1% [63/482] vs. 15.5% [53/432] and 15.5% [67/431], P = 0.448), lesion-related myocardial infarction (0.8% [4/482] vs. 2.6% [9/342] and 1.4% [6/431], P = 0.110) and all-cause myocardial infarction (1.9% [9/482] vs. 4.1% [14/342] and 2.3% [10/431], P = 0.128) compared with smokers and non-smokers. In multivariable analysis, smoking status was not an independent predictor for rapid lesion progression, lesion re-vascularization, and lesion-related myocardial infarction except that a higher risk of all-cause myocardial infarction was observed in smokers than non-smokers (hazards ratio: 3.00, 95% confidence interval: 1.04–8.62, P = 0.042). Conclusion. Smoking cessation mitigates the increase in percent diameter stenosis of coronary non-target lesions, meanwhile, smokers are associated with increased risk for all-cause myocardial infarction compared with non-smokers.

Waardenburg syndrome type 1 (WS1) is a rare genetic disorder characterized by dystopia canthorum, abnormal iris pigmentation, and congenital hearing loss with variable penetrance.WS1 is caused by mutations in paired box gene 3 (PAX3). The current study aimed to investigate the genetic cause of hearing loss in a four-generation Chinese WS1 family. The phenotype of the study family was characterized using clinical evaluation and pedigree analysis. Target region high-throughput sequencing system was designed to screen the all coding exons and flanking intronic sequences of the six WS-associated genes. Sanger sequencing was used to identify the causative nucleotide changes and perform the co-segregating analysis. The expression, subcellular distribution, and transcriptional activity of the mutant PAX3 protein were analysis to reveal the functional consequences of the mutation. Based on diagnostic criteria, the proband of this pedigree classified as WS1. We identified a novel missense mutation (c.117 C > A, p. Asn39Lys) in exon 2 of the PAX3 gene. In vitro, the Asn39Lys PAX3 retained nuclear distribution ability. However, it failed to activate the melanocyte inducing transcription factor (MITF) promoter and impaired the function of WT PAX3. Our study reports a novel missense PAX3 mutation in a Chinese family and shows haploinsufficiency may be the underlying mechanism for the WS1 phenotype.

Chronic visceral pain is one of the primary symptoms of patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), which affects up to 15% of the population world-wide. The detailed mechanisms of visceral pain remain largely unclear. Our previous studies have shown that neonatal maternal deprivation (NMD) followed by adult multiple stress (AMS) advances the occurrence of visceral pain, likely due to enhanced norepinephrine (NE)-β2 adrenergic signaling. This study was designed to explore the roles of P2X3 receptors (P2X3Rs) in the chronic visceral pain induced by combined stress. Here, we showed that P2X3Rs were co-expressed in β2 adrenergic receptor (β2-AR)-positive dorsal root ganglion neurons and that NE significantly enhanced ATP-induced Ca2+ signals. NMD and AMS not only significantly increased the protein expression of P2X3Rs, but also greatly enhanced the ATP-evoked current density, number of action potentials, and intracellular Ca2+ concentration of colon-related DRG neurons. Intrathecal injection of the P2X3R inhibitor A317491 greatly attenuated the visceral pain and the ATP-induced Ca2+ signals in NMD and AMS rats. Furthermore, the β2-AR antagonist butoxamine significantly reversed the expression of P2X3Rs, the ATP-induced current density, and the number of action potentials of DRG neurons. Overall, our data demonstrate that NMD followed by AMS leads to P2X3R activation, which is most likely mediated by upregulation of β2 adrenergic signaling in primary sensory neurons, thus contributing to visceral hypersensitivity.

With LED-based lighting lamps now being utilized all over the world, the concept of the Internet of Lights (IoL) using existing LED illumination networks with information and communications technologies including visible light communications (VLC) was created. IoL improves the lighting efficiency and indoor lighting comfort level, and can support value-added information services by modulating the light intensity. However, further investigation of its impact on human beings is needed. This article first introduces the concept, the requirements, and the system structure of IoL using the Internet of Radio Light system as an example for information service. We investigate the feasibility of regulating human physiological rhythms, especially to alleviate degenerative neurological diseases. This would possibly bring light therapy treatments to patients in a non-intrusive way. From a preliminary set of experiments, it is seen that the hippocampus area of mice clearly reacts to the lighting at low frequency, showing the influence of light intensity variation on degenerative neurological diseases. This suggests that the future standardization of VLC needs to consider not only the system transmission performance but also its potential impact on human beings for indoor applications.

BACKGROUNDIdiopathic CD4 lymphopenia (ICL) is defined by persistently low CD4+ cell counts (

Visible light communication (VLC), which utilizes the ubiquitous illumination network to implement high-speed communication, is rapidly emerging as one promising candidate to complement conventional radio frequency communication. In practical VLC systems, the illumination network is required to be human-centric to provide adjustable lighting for different user requirements, which limits the resource utilization of the communication aspect. Dimming control techniques, which provide compromise resource management solutions between illumination and communication, are critically essential in the implementation and commercialization of VLC. In this article, state-of-the-art dimming techniques for VLC are illustrated from a multi-dimensional perspective, including the intensity domain, the time domain, the frequency domain, and the spatial domain. We provide a comprehensive comparison of these techniques on their principles, key features, system performance, and so on. In addition, the challenges and the future research trends are presented to provide researchers with insights of future improvements and prospect of advancement in the field. Moreover, the concept of the software defined multi-dimensional dimming is also proposed for the human-centric illumination network by utilizing multi-dimensional resources according to the diversified system requirements.

As the most popularly utilized broadcasting network, digital terrestrial television broadcasting (DTTB) can provide multimedia information coverage for the broad audience in a very efficient way because of its characteristic of wide-range coverage and mobile reception ability. After promulgating the first generation DTTB standard, digital terrestrial/television multimedia broadcasting (DTMB), in 2006, China began to research and develop the next generation DTTB standard, namely DTMB-advanced (DTMB-A), aiming to support higher spectrum efficiency and further improve transmission reliability. In 2019, DTMB-A was accepted by ITU as the second generation international DTTB standard (as System C). Similar to DTMB, time-domain synchronous - orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (TDS-OFDM) based multi-carrier modulation scheme is adopted by DTMB-A. Thanks to the more flexible frame structure, advanced error correction coding and improved constellation mapping, DTMB-A offers 30% higher transmission capacity than DTMB under the same transmission conditions. Thus, DTMB-A can support both fixed and mobile reception more efficiently, and provide users with higher quality services such as ultra-high definition television (UHDTV). This paper first gives details of key technologies at the transmitter of DTMB/DTMB-A and introduce core algorithms at the receiver. Both laboratory test and field trial results will then be provided and analyzed, especially for the application of 4K UHDTV and single frequency network (SFN).

In this letter, a novel deep learning-based transmit antenna selection (TAS) scheme for the multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) with spatial modulation (SM) system is proposed. We formulate the generalized TAS pipeline in both neural networks (NN) and gradient boosting decision trees (GBDT), in which the importance of different features reflecting the different elements from channel state information (CSI) is analyzed regarding to the empirical data as well. Furthermore, the bit error rate (BER) performance and the complexity comparison of two structures is investigated. Simulation results confirm that GBDT can be efficiently implemented for real-time application with near-optimal performance.

Interface passivation plays a significant role in reducing surface defects in semiconductor materials. In this paper, we present a kind of Al2O3-passivated nickel oxide (NiO) film as hole transport layer for the perovskite solar cells (PSCs). The optimal Al2O3 insulating film between the NiO and perovskite active layers has a capability to decrease the defect states density at the surface of NiO and suppress the carriers recombination at NiO/perovskite interface. The passivation process could apparently improve the efficiencies of corresponding PSCs from 5.64 to 7.12%. Steady-state photoluminescence and transient time-resolved photoluminescence (TRPL) results demonstrate the restraint of charge recombination at the NiO/perovskite interface with passivation. The Hall effect test further shows that the electrical properties of the NiO film can be improved by adjusting the precursor concentration of the Al2O3, which has a certain significance for the application of interface engineering in PSCs. Furthermore, this method has the advantages of simple operation, low cost, and strong reproducibility, which is also good for the working stability of PSCs.

In this work, a wireless broadcast network with a base station (BS) sending random time-sensitive information updates to multiple users with interference constraints is considered. The Age of Synchronization (AoS), namely the amount of time elapsed since the information stored at the network user becomes desynchronized, is adopted to measure data freshness from the perspective of network users. Compared with the more widely used metric---the Age of Information (AoI), AoS accounts for the freshness of the randomly changing content. The AoS minimization scheduling problem is formulated into a discrete time Markov decision process and the optimal solution is approximated through structural finite state policy iteration. An index based heuristic scheduling policy based on restless multi-arm bandit (RMAB) is provided to further reduce computational complexity. Simulation results show that the proposed index policy can achieve compatible performance with the MDP and close to the AoS lower bound. Moreover, theoretic analysis and simulations reveal the differences between AoS and AoI. AoI minimization scheduling policy cannot guarantee a good AoS performance., Comment: accepted and to appear, IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications

OBJECTIVE To demonstrate the value of optimizing non-contrast head imaging tasks by using the multiple virtual monochromatic spectral imaging (VMSI) sets in dual-energy spectral computed tomography (CT) and determine the optimal energy levels for various tasks in imaging head. MATERIALS AND METHODS This retrospective study includes 55 patients (29 women and 26 men, average age of 54.5±12.3years) who underwent non-contrast head CT in spectral imaging mode. For each patient, 21 VMSI sets from 40 to 140 keV at 5 keV intervals and 120 kVp-like image were reconstructed. Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) for gray matter (GM) and white matter (WM), contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) between GM and WM, subcalvarial artifact index (SAI) and posterior fossa artifact index (PFAI) were measured by placing regions-of-interest (ROIs) in nine areas of the brain. Two radiologists subjectively rated the image quality in terms of GM-WM differentiation, beam hardening artifacts in the subcalvarial space, and posterior fossa. The overall image noise was evaluated using a 5-point Likert scale. Measurement data were then statistically analyzed. RESULTS The optimal energy level for viewing the supratentorial brain and reducing beam hardening artifacts in the subcalvarial space and posterior fossa was 65 keV and 75 keV, respectively. All corresponding measurements at these energy levels were significantly better than those measured at other energy levels (all P

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are considered as promising cancer biomarkers. The aim of the present study is to investigate the prognostic significance of miR-200c in patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) was used to determine the expression levels of miR-200c in 204 pairs of OSCC and adjacent noncancerous. Correlations between miR-200c expression levels and clinicopathological characteristics were investigated. Survival analysis was performed using the Kaplan–Meier method and log-rank test. Multivariate analysis of the prognostic factors was performed with a Cox proportional hazards regression model. The expression of miR-200c was significantly down-regulated in OSCC tissues compared with adjacent non-tumor tissues (p

The research about deep learning application for physical layer has been received much attention in recent years. In this paper, we propose a Deep Learning (DL) based channel estimator under time varying Rayleigh fading channel. We build up, train and test the channel estimator using Neural Network (NN). The proposed DL-based estimator can dynamically track the channel status without any prior knowledge about the channel model and statistic characteristics. The simulation results show the proposed NN estimator has better Mean Square Error (MSE) performance compared with the traditional algorithms and some other DL-based architectures. Furthermore, the proposed DL-based estimator also shows its robustness with the different pilot densities.

Transpiration as one of the plant's vital movements can also be seen as a pump that pumps nutrients such as water and inorganic salts from the roots to the leaves. Learning of this process might find many applications in nanotechnology, materials science or bioscience. Here, we were inspired by the transpiration of plants and the remarkable photothermal conversion characteristic of MXene Ti3C2Tx, constructing a biomimetic transpiration ion pump based on macroscale evaporation induces nanofluidic ionic transportation. This device can pump ions with an inverse concentration gradient of 200-fold under asymmetric infrared light. Besides, such a device with reversible regulation and fast light response can also act as an energy conversion set-up, which generates a stable current and voltage of about 7.3 μA and 13.6 mV, respectively, at an infrared light intensity of ∼600 mW cm−2. This conception of a biomimetic ion pump with a simple construction process might provide an idea for the potential research of power harvesting and energy conversion.

Reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs) have the potential of realizing the emerging concept of smart radio environments by leveraging the unique properties of meta-surfaces. In this article, we discuss the potential applications of RISs in wireless networks that operate at high-frequency bands, e.g., millimeter wave (30-100 GHz) and sub-millimeter wave (greater than 100 GHz) frequencies. When used in wireless networks, RISs may operate in a manner similar to relays. This paper elaborates on the key differences and similarities between RISs that are configured to operate as anomalous reflectors and relays. In particular, we illustrate numerical results that highlight the spectral efficiency gains of RISs when their size is sufficiently large as compared with the wavelength of the radio waves. In addition, we discuss key open issues that need to be addressed for unlocking the potential benefits of RISs., Comment: Submitted for journal publication (revised version)

This study was carried out to analyze the surgical effect of cervical spine sagittal alignment for patients with Hirayama disease (HD).Forty-four subjects were retrospectively analyzed for the parameters of cervical spine sagittal alignment. The case group consisted of 23 patients with HD, whereas the control group consisted of 21 healthy adolescent subjects. Pre- and postoperative cervical spine sagittal parameters of the patients with HD were collected; the cervical sagittal parameters of the healthy adolescent subjects were also collected. Sagittal alignment parameters were compared between the patients with HD and the healthy adolescent subjects, and between the pre- and postoperative parameters for the patients with HD.Forty-four subjects completed the follow-up, with the average follow-up period being 18.0 months. No significant differences were detected between the HD and control groups for clinical parameters (P0.05). The preoperative HD group had smaller values compared with the control group in the sagittal parameters of C2-7 cervical lordosis (CL) angle, T1 slope, thoracic inlet angle (TIA), and cervical tilt angle (P0.05). For the patients with HD, the preoperative values were smaller compared with the postoperative HD values for the parameters of C2-7 CL angle, T1 slope, and cervical tilt angle (P0.05). We found no significant differences between the postoperative patients with HD and the healthy subjects, including C2-7 CL angle, C2-7 sagittal vertical axis, T1 slope, TIA, neck tilt angle, cervical tilt angle, and cranial tilt angle (P0.05).Patients with HD have sagittal imbalance of the cervical spine compared with age-matched healthy adolescent subjects, and surgical treatment could correct the sagittal imbalance.

Background:. Prospective analyses have yet to identify a consistent relationship between sleep duration and the incidence of gastrointestinal (GI) cancers. The effect of changes in sleep duration on GI cancer incidence has scarcely been studied. Therefore, we aimed to examine the association between baseline sleep duration and annual changes in sleep duration and GI cancer risk in a large population-based cohort study. Methods:. A total of 123,495 participants with baseline information and 83,511 participants with annual changes in sleep duration information were prospectively observed from 2006 to 2015 for cancer incidence. Cox proportional-hazards models were used to calculate hazard ratios (HRs) and their confidence intervals (CIs) for GI cancers according to sleep duration and annual changes in sleep duration. Results:. In baseline sleep duration analyses, short sleep duration (≤5 h) was significantly associated with a lower risk of GI cancer in females (HR: 0.31, 95% CI: 0.10–0.90), and a linear relationship between baseline sleep duration and GI cancer was observed (P = 0.010), especially in males and in the >50-year-old group. In the annual changes in sleep duration analyses, with stable category (0 to −15 min/year) as the control group, decreased sleep duration (≤−15 min/year) was significantly associated with the development of GI cancer (HR: 1.29; 95% CI: 1.04–1.61), especially in the >50-year-old group (HR: 1.32; 95% CI: 1.01–1.71), and increased sleep duration (>0 min/year) was significantly associated with GI cancer in females (HR: 2.89; 95% CI: 1.14–7.30). Conclusions:. Both sleep duration and annual changes in sleep duration were associated with the incidence of GI cancer.

OBJECTIVE The study mainly aimed to determine the bioequivalence of two branded ciprofloxacin hydrochloride tablets (250 mg) under fasting and fed conditions. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study was carried out in 48 healthy Chinese subjects under fasting and fed conditions with a randomized, open-label, two-formulation, two-sequence, two-period, single-dose crossover design. In each period of the study, the subjects were assigned to receive a single oral dose of 250 mg ciprofloxacin hydrochloride. Blood samples were collected from 1 hour before dosing to 36 hours after administration with 16 timepoints in total. The bioequivalence analysis was performed after ln-transformation of the ciprofloxacin pharmacokinetic parameters including Cmax, AUC0-t, and AUC0-∞. RESULTS A total of 48 subjects were enrolled in the fasting and fed studies, and 1 of the subjects was excluded before drug administration. In the fasting study, the 90% CIs for the test/reference geometric mean ratios (GMRs) of the ln-transformed data for Cmax, AUC0-t, and AUC0-∞ were 85.41 - 100.97%, 95.40 - 100.27%, and 95.48 - 100.30%, respectively. For the fed study, the 90% CIs for the test/reference GMRs of the ln-transformed data for Cmax, AUC0-t, and AUC0-∞ were 90.15 - 113.75%, 99.10 - 103.77%, and 99.11 - 103.80%, respectively. These values all fell within the standard acceptance range of 80 - 125%. CONCLUSION In the study, the generic (test) product of ciprofloxacin hydrochloride 250 mg was bioequivalent to the innovator (reference) product after single-, oral-dose administration under fasting and fed conditions.

BackgroundCD8+ T cells, vital effectors pertaining to adaptive immunity, display close relationships to the immunization responses to kill tumor cells. Understanding the effect exerted by tumor infiltration CD8+ T cells in papillary renal cell carcinoma (papRCC) is critical for assessing the prognosis process and responses to immunization therapy in cases with this disease.Materials and ApproachesThe single-cell transcriptome data of papRCC were used for screening CD8+ T-cell-correlated differentially expressed genes to achieve the following investigations. On that basis, a prognosis gene signature associated with tumor infiltration CD8+ T cell was built and verified with The Cancer Genome Atlas data set. Risk scores were determined for papRCC cases and categorized as high- or low-risk groups. The prognosis significance for risk scores was assessed with multiple-variate Cox investigation and Kaplan–Meier survival curves. In addition, the possible capability exhibited by the genetic profiles of cases to assess the response to immunization therapy was further explored.ResultsSix hundred twenty-one cell death-inhibiting RNA genes were screened using single-cell RNA sequencing. A gene signature consisting of seven genes (LYAR, YBX1, PNRC1, TCF25, MYL12B, MINOS1, and LINC01420) was then identified, and this collective was considered to be an independent prognosis indicator that could strongly assess overall survival in papRCC. In addition, the data allowed papRCC cases to fall to cohorts at high and low risks, exhibiting a wide range of clinically related features as well as different CD8+ T-cell immunization infiltration and immunization therapy responses.ConclusionsOur work provides a possible explanation for the limited response of current immunization checkpoint-inhibiting elements for combating papRCC. Furthermore, the researchers built a novel genetic signature that was able to assess the prognosis and immunotherapeutic response of cases. This may also be considered as a promising therapeutic target for the disease.