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The shape of edge cracking in rolling process generally occurred "V" shape. This cracking is successively generated at width edge of strip. The edge cracking is developed to center of strip during rolling process. In the results, the strip is occurred fracture, and the productivity is gone down because of the extensive production time. Accordingly, we need to control crack propagation during rolling process. But, the control of cracking is very difficult in rolling process. Previously the studies of edge cracking were mainly performed on hot rolling process. In this paper, the shape of the edge cracking in rolling was estimated according to process conditions such as initial edge crack size, reduction ratio and tension using FE-simulation and the simplicity experiments on cold rolling process.

Consumer electronics are becoming more feature rich. Embedded system developers use design and testing tools to make their products faster. However, tool improvements have not kept pace with the rapid development of customized hardware parts. The simulation of target system or virtual platform helps developers of embedded software for consumer electronics work without having to wait for the physical hardware to be available. In this work, we designed and implemented a virtual development environment for embedded software (VDEES). This environment provides the tools to build a virtual platform according to a given target hardware specification and to develop software to run on the target hardware with the virtual platform. VDEES is implemented at low cost by exploiting open source software packages and extended or customized them to meet our requirements. VDEES provides a configuration tool for composing a virtual target, a code editor for writing simulated components, software to be run on the target, building tools for binary images, a debugger for investigation of the software running on the virtual target, and a system monitor for the investigation of the virtual target.

Generally, a vertical rolling process is used to achieve extensive width reduction in hot strip mill. However, it is impossible to avoid the defects such as dog-bone and edge-seam defect. The sizing press process has been developed in response to the defects mentioned above. Especially, this study is carried out to investigate the deformation of slab by two-step sizing press. The deformation behavior of slab in the sizing press process is more favorable than that in conventional vertical rolling edger. The FE-simulation is applied to predict the deformation behavior of the slab. In this paper, the several causes of the asymmetrical deformation are mentioned for the purpose of understanding of the anvil shape. Load, dog-bone and edge-seam defect are discussed in width sizing process considering the anvil shape. And to reduce the problems generated at rougher mill just after sizing press, these are studied in this paper. The deformation behavior of slabs and optimum anvil shape are obtained by rigid-plastic finite element analyses and neural network.

In this study, design methodology to determine optimal shape of the anvil in sizing press process has been proposed to minimize crop length of the AISI 1010 slab in horizontal rolling after width reduction. Shape of anvil were selected to 12 cases by design of experiment, and the dog-bone shapes and the crop length were determined by FE-analysis. Also, the anvil shape, which has minimum crop length, were determined by artificial neural network(ANN). As a result of FE-analysis, it can be seen that the crop length was increased with increasing center thickness in the dog-bone shape after width reduction. The anvil shape which has minimum crop length, was estimated to ${\theta}_{1}

Traditional unicast VOD systems require huge amounts of the server network's bandwidth, so near-VOD systems using broadcast protocols have been proposed to reduce the bandwidth requirement. Such systems have not been able to allocate channels dynamically to adapt to environments where the popularity distribution of videos changes, because of the essential inflexibility of existing broadcasting protocols. We address dynamic channel allocation for video broadcasting services, and propose a channel management technique that can adapt well to the dynamic environment, using a flexible broadcasting scheme presented in our previous work (2005). Our channel management scheme decides how many channels should be allocated to each video to maximize the system throughput, based on the video's popularity and reneging probability. The proposed scheme has been verified using extensive simulation.

Organic thin-film transitors (OTFTs) were fabricated with channel lengths as small as 10 nm and an operating voltage of V/sub DD/=-0.3 V using e-beam lithography. For sub-200-nm channel lengths, scaling L downwards resulted in increased on-current, decreased I/sub on//I/sub off/ ratio, V/sub T/-rolloff, and drain-induced barrier lowering. These trends are correlated with device topology, electrostatics, and thin-film morphology. Nanoscale OTFT are interesting both as a means of studying intrinsic electrical properties of organic materials and as a possible route toward increasing on-current in organic devices. This paper sheds light on many of the issues encountered when shrinking organic devices, providing insight into approaches for optimizing nanoscaled OTFT.

Printed electronics provides a promising potential pathway toward the realization of ultralow-cost RFID tags for item-level tracking of consumer goods. Here, we report on our progress in developing materials, processes, and devices for the realization of ultralow-cost printed RFID tags. Using printed nanoparticle patterns that are subsequently sintered at plastic-compatible temperatures, low-resistance interconnects and passive components have been realized. Simultaneously, printed transistors with mobilities >10/sup -1/ cm/sup 2//V-s have been realized using novel pentacene and oligothiophene precursors for pMOS and ZnO nanoparticles for nMOS. AC performance of these devices is adequate for 135-kHz RFID, though significant work remains to be done to achieve 13.56-MHz operation.

Much of the study has been done on the design of dual controller that guarantee the stability and improvement of the system performance. A dual controller concept is proposed to consist of first controller estimates the control law and second controller suppresses the combined noises due to numerical error and internal noise as well. These Irregular disturbances are not only increasing the fatigue but also destabilize the system because of unwanted output Performance. The `stochastic controller` is used to suppress the irregular random disturbance. Simulation is conducted to reveal that the proposed dual stochastic controller is highly efficient one to control a system hybrid noises.

Flexible transistors were formed directly on fibers in a novel weave-masking fabrication process. Pentacene fiber transistors exhibit mobilities of >0.5 cm/sup 2//V-s measured at 20 V V/sub DD/ and operate stably under a wide range of flexion stress. Devices are defined and positioned solely by a weaving pattern, meaning that simple circuits could potentially be directly built into fabric during manufacturing. This development offers a novel approach for providing information routing within fabric, which is currently a major hurdle in electronic textile development.

The relationship between film morphology and thin film transistor (TFT) performance was investigated for two symmetrical α,ω-substituted sexithiophene derivatives containing thermally removable solubilizing groups. Solution deposition methods such as spin-coating, dip-casting, and inkjet-printing were optimized for solvent and annealing temperatures, and several substrate surface treatments were explored. The resulting thin films were characterized with AFM and the observed semiconductor performance was found to correlate with the morphology of the films, with the most crystalline films exhibiting the highest performance. Devices showed overall mobilities as high as 0.07 cm2/V s with on/off ratios > 108, which are among the highest reported values for oligothiophenes solution cast at room temperature.

The distribution and clinical appearance of the telangiectasia in the CREST syndrome (calcinosis, Raynaud's phenomenon, oesophageal involvement, sclerodactyly, telangiectasia) and hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) are very similar. Several previously reported cases of the CREST syndrome simulating HHT illustrate this diagnostic quandary. We report a patient who met the diagnostic criteria for both the CREST syndrome and HHT, and discuss the distinguishing features of the two diseases, including the distinctive histopathological findings of telangiectasia in HHT.

Background Renal transplantation is the best treatment for patients with end-stage renal disease. Although there is significantly increased risk of malignancy after renal transplantation, carcinoma of the native kidney is very rare, and moreover, the risk of endocrinologic malignancy after renal transplantation is lower than in the general population and adrenal cortical carcinoma extremely rare. We report a case of incidental renal cell carcinoma originating from a native kidney after en-bloc resection for adrenal carcinoma in a kidney transplant recipient. Case Report A 57 year-old male patient had undergone living-donor kidney transplantation for chronic renal failure from hypertension 15 years earlier and had a right adrenal tumor diagnosed on surveillance abdomen-pelvis computerized tomography. Based on 24-hour catecholamine laboratory findings, nonfunctioning tumor was suspected. The planned en-bloc resection of right adrenal gland and right native kidney combining the perirenal tissue and Gerota fascia was performed, because the tumor was suspicious for malignancy and could possibly invade the perirenal tissue or right kidney. On the final pathology, combined adrenal cortical carcinoma and incidental renal cell carcinoma was confirmed. Renal cell carcinoma was papillary, type I, and stage T1N0M0. Adrenal cortical carcinoma was 7.6 × 6.5 cm in size, had marked nuclear atypia, and was grade IV/IV. Mitotic counts were >10 per high-power field, but it had no capsular invasion or vascular invasion, and free resection margin was confirmed. In the preoperative period, he had taken immunosuppressants FK506 and mycophenolate sodium, but after combined carcinomas were confirmed, the regimen of combination of immunosuppressants was changed to sirolimus with low-dose FK506 and half-dose mycophenolate sodium.

Background and aims Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and obesity are closely associated, and both have been reported to increase the risk of coronary heart disease. Although obesity is known to be associated with coronary artery calcification (CAC), there is limited information on whether OSA is associated with CAC independent of obesity. Methods and results A cross-sectional study examined the association between OSA and CAC among 258 healthy men, ages 40–49 years old, randomly selected from a population-based cohort. All individuals underwent overnight polysomnography and electron-beam computed tomography to measure their apnea–hypopnea index (AHI) and degree of CAC. A logistic regression model including potential cardiovascular risk factors excluding body mass index (BMI) showed that the presence of CAC was significantly greater in the fourth quartile versus the first quartile of AHI severity (odds ratio [OR] 2.21, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.01–4.86). A multivariate linear regression model excluding BMI also showed that AHI was significantly associated with CAC (P = 0.004). However, this association was no longer significant after adjusting for BMI. Conclusions In our cross-sectional study, even though both OSA and obesity were positively associated with the presence and extent of CAC, only obesity remained a significant independent contributor after an adjustment for potential cardiovascular risk factors, irrespective of OSA.

Printed electronics holds promise for realizing ultra-low-cost RFID tags for item-level tracking of consumer goods. We report on our progress in developing all-printed RFID tags. We review the development of printable materials for these applications, summarize the characteristics of printed devices, and discuss the implications of these on circuit performance limits and needs. Based on this assessment, we discuss the outlook for all-printed RFID tags and identify the problems remaining to be solved and the efforts taking place in this regard.

Printed electronics is attractive as a pathway towards the realization of ultra-low-cost RFID tags for replacement of conventional optical barcodes. While this application has received tremendous attention in recent years, it also represents one of the most challenging applications for organic transistors, based on both the performance requirements and the process complexity and cost implications. Here, we report on our progress in developing materials and processes for the realization of printed transistors for low-cost RFID applications. Using inkjet printing of novel conductors, dielectrics, and organic semiconductors, we have realized printed transistors with mobilities >0.1cm 2 /V-s, which is approaching the requirements of certain RFID applications. We review the performance of these devices, and discuss optimization strategies for achieving the ultimate performance goals requisite for realizing printed RFID.

We report on a novel, air-stable, printable, transparent, NMOS semiconductor technology using soluble ZnO nanoparticles. We demonstrate solution-processed transistors with mobility > 0.1 cm/sup 2//V/spl middot/s, which is the highest solution-processed NMOS mobility reported to date. The air-stability and transparency make this device an ideal candidate for low-cost printed displays and CMOS circuitry.

Recently polymer arresters are being used widely, but we don't have appropriate long term characteristic test methods. Therefore, we need to develop a special test facility to evaluate long term reliability of polymer arresters. Its polymeric housing can be degraded by environmental stress and the interface between housing and inner module can be affected by moisture absorption. This moisture absorption can cause leakage current and tracking in the interface. We developed a multi-stress accelerated ageing test facility to simulate field conditions including UV, temperature, humidity, voltage, salt fog and rain. In addition, we carried out field exposure test at the outdoor test yard and characteristic analysis of field operated specimens to evaluate the accelerating factor of this accelerated aging test.

Sheath current can cause sheath loss and reduce the permissible current of a power cable transmission system. High sheath current is usually caused by mixed cable burying formation, different length between sections, poor connection of the bonding leads, and connection of distribution cable onto transmission systems. This paper analyses the characteristics of sheath circulating current at various conditions and presents a useful method to reduce it in a mixed burying formation system. It can effectively reduce the current by up to 90%. The method is validated by practical measurements and simulations using ATP, and has been implemented in actual systems. In addition, a special equipment is designed to measure and analyze the sheath circulating current. It can measure and analyze nine currents at a same time.

In this research, zinc oxide (ZnO) piezoelectric thin films for film bulk acoustic resonator (FBAR) applications for a high frequency range were studied by use of FTS (facing target sputtering) system, which enables to provide high density plasma, a high deposition rate at a low working gas pressure, and high quality thin films. In order to improve the crystallographic property of ZnO thin films, an AZO (ZnO:Al thin film) bottom electrode which has an equal crystalline structure to a ZnO thin film was deposited on a SiO/sub 2//Si substrate. ZnO thin films were deposited at a different oxygen gas flow ratio, and various SiO/sub 2//Si substrate temperatures were tried at a 2mTorr discharge gas pressure and a 0.8A sputtering current. The film thickness and c-axis preferred orientation of ZnO thin films were measured by /spl alpha/-step and an x-ray diffraction (XRD) instrument. In the results, we could prepare the ZnO thin film with c-axis preferred orientation of 5/spl deg/ on substrate temperature 200/spl deg/C at O/sub 2/ gas flow rate 0.7.

For the first time, we demonstrate flexible transistors formed directly on fibers. This represents a significant step towards the realization of electronics textiles. Fiber transistors exhibit mobilities of >10/sup -2/ cm/sup 2//V-s measured at 20 V V/sub DD/. The entire transistor is fabricated without resorting to conventional lithography techniques. Patterning is achieved via shadowing from overwoven fibers. The process is compatible with textile manufacturing, and is therefore a promising technology for scalable e-textile fabrication.

Fully reliable lean-free stacked capacitor, with the meshes of the supporter made of Si/sub 3/N/sub 4/, has been successfully developed on 80nm COB DRAM application. This novel process terminates persistent problems caused by mechanical instability of storage node with high aspect ratio. With Mechanically Enhanced Storage node for virtually unlimited Height (MESH), the cell capacitance over 30fF/cell has been obtained by using conventional MIS dielectric with an equivalent 2.3nm oxide thickness. This inherently lean-free capacitor makes it possible extending the existing MIS dielectric technology to sub-70nm OCS (one cylindrical storage node) DRAMs.

There are claims that ESE (early streamer emission) air terminals offer a vastly increased zone of protection over that of traditional lightning rods by causing the early emission of an upward streamer/leader and in contrast to ESE, multipoint DAS (dissipation array systems) eliminate lightning stroke to utilities by generating the same polarity charges to cloud charges. This paper deals with the results of a comparative test of a particular type of ESE air terminals and DAS with a simple rod conducted in the KERI HV laboratory, which include lightning impulse voltage tests, flashover direction tests and corona emission current measurements. Results from these tests show a completely random scattering of characteristics to the conventional and special air terminals under identical electrical and geometrical conditions. Also the characteristics of special air terminals are not superior to a simple rod for lightning and switching impulse voltages.

This paper describes design and fabrication of micromachined annular shutter mirror (ASM) for use as an adjusting means of the numerical aperture (NA) in a digital video (or versatile) disk (DVD) pick-up module. The ASM was fabricated using conventional 3 masks process based on surface micromachining technology. Driven by an electrostatic force, it is clearly observed that the ASM can control effective beam spot size. The eye pattern of the readout signal of CD proved that the jitter value is 25 ns. We have demonstrated that the ASM is potentially applicable for a compact disk (CD) compatible DVD player that has a growing popularity in the optical data storage market.

The characteristics and process optimization of high density plasma (HDP) CVD oxide as a wordline to bitline interlayer dielectric (ILD) material in sub-quarter micron CMOS DRAM were investigated. To enhance the gap-filling capability, multi-step deposition of HDP CVD oxide was developed. A self-aligned contact (SAC) scheme could be used with HDP CVD oxide ILD with wide process margin and low thermal budget as compared to conventional methods such as O/sub 3/-TEOS undoped silicate glass (USG) and borophosphosilicate glass (BPSG) reflow. Better or comparable performance was obtained with HDP CVD oxide compared to BPSG-reflow due to the low thermal budget.

We present the design and development of organic micromachined structures on silicon (Si) at microwave/millimeter wave frequencies. The process employs an ultra-thick negative photoresist SU-8 that can be spun-coated and processed using standard lithography techniques. Using this process, we develop micromachined coplanar waveguide (CPW) interconnects on Si substrates. The micromachined grounded-CPW on Si (7.2 /spl Omega/-cm) achieves a measured insertion loss of 0.07 dB/mm and 0. 13 dB/mm at 10 GHz and 20 GHz, respectively.

Background and Purpose: In EEG studies of depression, an abnormal pattern of asymmetric activity in the frontal regions from relative hyperactivity over the right frontal regions and/or relative hypoactivity over the left frontal regions has frequently been observed [1]. It has been suggested that EEG biofeedback could contribute normalization of EEG activity in depressed patient safely [2]. According to the recent paper [3], 21 clinical studies reported on EEG biofeedback treatment in patients with depressive disorders, and there have been only six original articles. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of EEG biofeedback on electrophysiological disturbances and depressive symptoms in patient with depressive disorders. Method: 20 participants were recruited from July, 2009 to July, 2012 in a university hospital. Treatment protocol was twice or three times a week training of left hemisphere beta at F3 with alpha/theta training at Pz for 8 weeks. The neurocybernetics model of neurocybernetics company was used for EEG biofeedback training. In beta training, the reward band ranged from 15Hz to 18Hz. In alpha-theta training, the patients were trained to reduce the alpha level above 12 mV (peak-to-peak) while augmenting theta. The theta (5Hz-8Hz) and alpha (8Hz-12Hz) were reward bands. EEG was recorded by a complexity ver 2 of LAXTHA at 8 scalp locations according to the international 10/20 system. All placements were referenced to A1 or A2. We compared baseline and 8 week scores of Hamilton rating scale for Depression (HAM-D), Hamilton rating scale for Anxiety (HAM-A), Clinical global impression-severity (CGI-S) and we also compared before and after treatment resting state EEG. Interhemispheric alpha power asymmetry, called A score, was computed for homologous sites F3-F4. An asymmetry metric (A score) was computed for each epoch by subtracting logtransformed alpha power of the left midfrontal site from logtransformed alpha power of the right site (logR − log L). Negative A score means more depressed state. Results: Pre and post training clinical assessment reveals that there were significant improvement in HAM-D (p< 0.01), HAM-A (p< 0.01) and CGI-S score (p< 0.01). Asymmetry scores increased after training. In other words the negativity decreased after training. As alpha power inversely correlates with the activity of the corresponding brain area and the increase in the asymmetry score meant relative dominance on the left frontal area. But it was not statistically significant. Conclusion: EEG biofeedback treatment could improve depressive symptoms significantly. Also anxiety symptoms and functional impairment decreased after EEG biofeedback treatment. There are several limitations of this study such as small sample size, lack of control group. But this study demonstrates the significant effects of EEG Biofeedback in objective & subjective rating scales for adult patients with depressive disorders. Double blinded large controlled studies are needed in the future.

Publisher Summary This chapter presents the computer simulation results of an ejector cooling system (ECS). The refrigerants commonly used for ECS include R11, R12, R22, R113, R114, R123, R142b, and R134a. A solar ejector cooling system (SECS) essentially consists of an ECS and the solar collector. Solar thermal energy is absorbed by the solar collector and used to drive the ejector cooling machine. The ejector is the key component in the ejector refrigeration cycle. The computer simulation is further verified by experiments. The results so obtained exhibit that the solar ejector cooling system should be designed with a high-efficiency condenser and needs a medium-temperature solar collector. A low-cost specially designed single-glazed flat-plate solar collector with selective surface can fit this need.

This paper proposes a multi-time interval scheduling for the daily operation of a two-cogeneration system connected with auxiliary devices, which include auxiliary boilers, heat storage tanks, electricity chargers and independent generators. The efficiency of a cogeneration system depends on the production of thermal and electric energy which is modelled with a quadratic equation obtained from the least square method. The genetic algorithm (GA) is used to establish the operation scheduling for the cogeneration system. For this complex scheduling problem with multi-variables in multi-time intervals, the optimal operation cost for the cogeneration system obtained with GA is much lower than the initial feasible solution obtained by trial and error.