Search

Inventory is one of the assets that has an important role for the activities of a company. The problem that often occurs in inventory is when recording and evaluating inventory. Generally, recording is not detailed or even manually, thus making inventory reports unclear and not good. This makes the researcher want to compare the inventory treatment of Andrew Smith's Urban Lifestyle Supermall Karawaci store with PSAK No. 14.This research was conducted using a descriptive method with quantitative and qualitative data sourced from primary and secondary data. The data obtained are then processed, analyzed, and interpreted to determine the comparison with PSAK No. 14. Andrew Smith Urban Lifestyle is a manufacturing company engaged in the men's clothing industry such as: jackets, shirts, pants, chinos, sweaters, blazers, ties, accessories, shoes, and sneakers. The result of this research is that the store's inventory recording has not used a method that is in accordance with PSAK No. 14, there is only a partial recording referring to the perpetual method, namely when there is an entry and exit of goods that is directly recorded in a computerized manner. While the inventory valuation is also not in accordance with PSAK no. 14 because it does not use the FIFO method. Using the FIFO method will result in a clearer and better inventory valuation.

The opportunities for the national textile industry depend on the ability to compete with producers from other countries. Not only in the world market but also in the domestic market. This is indicated by the flood of imported textile products, especially from China, which offers low prices for their products. However, local textile products are still able to compete because they have better quality. PT. Sinar Pangjaya Mulia is an export-oriented textile company engaged in the manufacture of various types of fabrics with the main products being rayon, polyester and cotton fabrics. In carrying out its production, PT. Sinar Pangjaya Mulia is still unable to perform optimal forecasting and efficient production planning as the basis for carrying out production activities, so all planning in the company is carried out suddenly. This has caused problems in the production activities carried out by the company in determining the production, machines and time needed to fulfill demand. To overcome these conditions, the company must be able to compile a demand forecast and production planning as a statement regarding how much demand is in a certain period and when the production demand must be made. From the results of data processing, it can be seen that the demand for fabrics produced for these three product items is within the next one year. Demand in January 2012 was 106,277 kg of rayon, 41,586 kg of polyester cloth and 78,552 kg of cotton, while the production planning for January 2012 was 226,415 kg with an inventory value of 80,000 kg, so in the January 2012 period there were no additional hours. /working days.

North Metn is known for its miscellaneous landscapes varying from mountainous, coastal, agricultural, natural, rural, urban and industrial. However its land-cover, land-use and landscape structures are highly affected by manmade and natural means of transformation throughout a short period of time. Since the assessment of these changes is essential for any landscape management in the district, the Visual Resource Inventory (VRI) was selected for that purpose. VRI provides the basic visual resource data for future landscape planning purposes in the evaluation area. The results were analyzed for the district’s visual potential based on several criteria. It is essentially used to rate the landscape for its Scenic Quality and Sensitivity Level within Distance Zones delineated. North Metn is distinguished by its valuable scenic quality and panoramic landscape views taking into account the users Landscape Importance and the particular Viewing Locations threatened by drastic changes, eighty-two Viewpoints (VP) were selected to be assessed using the VRI methods. Each VP was decomposed by its Landscape Elements in the Foreground, Middle and Background Extent taking into consideration its forms, textures, lines and colors. Each VP Scenic Quality (SQ) was rated for its Integrity, Vividness and Harmony while the View Importance (VI) was rated for its VP, Viewed Landscape and Viewer Concern. Later on, the SQ and the VI ratings will provide rankings ranging from Very high Scenic Inventory Value (SIV) rate to a Very Low SIV rate. North Metn’s landscape was classified within three landscape classes depending on each rate.

"Inventory valuation is a major topic in the accounting practice. Inventory valuation is reflected in financial reporting, i.e. the balance sheet and the profit and loss account and the choice of the right inventory cost flow method is one of the basic decisions all companies engaged in manufacturing and distribution of goods need to make. Preferably, the chosen method should result in the best income and financial result measurement. However, no method is acknowledged to always be the best for accomplishing these objectives. The main aim of this paper is to investigate the factors affecting the adoption of inventory cost flow method by Macedonian companies. The data was collected by using a questionnaire randomly distributed via email to Macedonian retailing and manufacturing companies and later examined through statistical methods. Analyzing a pool of 56 respondents, we find that the subject of inventory valuation is important as most of the participants consider that they understand the existing inventory valuation methods. The choice of inventory valuation method is mostly affected by the level of education of the manager, understanding of the method and simplicity of the separate inventory valuation methods. Key words: Inventory, valuation, methods, FIFO, weighted average, specific identification; JEL classification: M4, M1 "

Low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) often lack the necessary tools, guidance, and capacity for compiling an emission inventory (EI) for air pollutants. A reliable EI is an important prerequisite for the identification of key emissions sources, as an input to modelling atmospheric transport and impacts of air pollutants, and the identification of appropriate mitigation policies. The publicly-available Global Atmospheric Pollution Forum Emission Inventory (GAPF-EI) tool meets the need of LMICs for a user-friendly tool allowing in-country practitioners to compile their own EIs. The species covered are SO2, NOX, CO, NMVOC, CH4, NH3, PM10, PM 2.5, black carbon, organic carbon and CO2. Output from the tool can therefore support the development of integrated air quality and climate change mitigation strategies. This tool incorporates default emission factors and inventory methods conforming with internationally recognised approaches. The GAPF-EI tool enables emissions to be estimated for technologies or practices that are often of little or no relevance to developed countries, but may represent key sources in LMICs. This paper describes the GAPF-EI tool and its application to Cote d’Ivoire where emissions from traditional biomass cookstoves, vegetation fires, traditional charcoal manufacture, road transport (including dust from unpaved roads) and open burning of municipal solid waste were found to be particularly important components of the inventory. The application of the GAPF-EI approach to Cote d’Ivoire has demonstrated its utility in addressing sources of particular relevance to LMICs in addition to providing a user-friendly, transparent and flexible EI preparation tool.

The purpose of research is to obtain empirical evidence of the effect of inventory value, fixed assets, firm size, audit quality and audit tenure on audit report lag by using the financial reports statements of manufacturing companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange. The examined factors of this research are from inventory value, fixed assets, firm size, audit quality, and audit tenure as the independent variable, while the audit report lag as the dependent variable. The sample consists of 324 companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) and submitted financial reports to OJK in the period 2015-2017. The data that was used in this research was secondary data and selected by using purposive sampling method. This study used purposive sampling and multiple linear regression as the analysis method. The results of this study indicate that the variable fixed assets, and the size of the company have a significant influence to the audit report lag, while the variable value of inventory, audit quality and audit tenure did not have significant influence to the audit report lag.

The purpose of the study was to determine the effect of the variability of inventory, company size, intensity inventory, accounting earnings variability, variability in the cost of goods sold and the ownership structure of the inventory valuation method. The valuation method used is the First In First Out (FIFO) and average method. The object of this study is a trading and manufacturing company listed on the Stock Exchange from 2009-2014. There are 50 companies that meet the criteria, 10 companies using the FIFO method and 40 companies use the average method. Statistical analysis tools used in this study is a logistic regression with a significance level of 5%. These results indicate the variability of inventory and company size significantly influence the selection method of inventory valuation. While the intensity of inventory, accounting earnings variability, variability in the cost of goods sold and the ownership structure does not significantly influence the selection method of inventory valuation.

The social environment in which lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) youth live influences health and wellbeing. We describe the development of the LGBTQ Supportive Environments Inventory (LGBTQ SEI), designed to quantify the LGBTQ-inclusiveness of social environments in the US and Canada. We quantify aspects of the social environment: 1) Presence/quality of LGBTQ youth-serving organizations; 2) LGBTQ-inclusive Community Resources; 3) Socioeconomic and Political environment. Using GIS tools, we aggregated data to buffers around 397 schools in 3 regions. The LGBTQ SEI can be used to assess the role of the social environment in reducing health disparities for LGBTQ youth.

Al Ma'soem pharmacy headquartered at Jl. Horse Race No. 46 Arcamanik Bandung, currently has 17 branches of pharmacies spread across several cities and regencies in West Java, including Bandung, Sumedang, Majalengka, Garut, and Cianjur. Good governance system makes Apotek Al Ma'soem grow and develop rapidly in several cities and districts in West Java. In the sales system has been supported with adequate information technology, so that drug sales services can be done effectively. The method used to assess the supply of drugs in pharmacies is to use the last price method. The impact of the application of the method of inventory value becomes unreal because the price used to assess the inventory is not the actual cost, but the last price entered. Likewise, the gross profit generated by the system becomes unreal because the gross profit generated by the system is not the difference between the selling price and the acquisition price, increment the difference between the selling price and the last price. This will certainly make it difficult for the financial section to calculate and make adjusting entries because there will be differences between cash flow reports with inventory reports, purchases and sales generated by the system.The purpose of this research is to develop inventory system using FIFO (First In First Out) model, which is to assess inventory according to its cost. The goal is to generate inventory reports and real gross sales income, making it easier for the financial section in preparing financial statements and minimize the occurrence of financial fraud. The system development method used is a prototype with the stages of collecting all the needs, building prototyping, prototyping evaluation, encoding the system, testing the system, evaluating the system, and using the system.The development of this system can result in reports of drug supplies and real gross earnings so as to minimize the occurrence of financial fraud resulting from the difference in nominal value of money with the value contained in the report, as well as facilitate and streamline the work of the financial section in loading financial statements.

The frequency of extreme heat effects has recently increased in European cities due to climate change. The problem appears to be critical in urban areas where manmade structures significantly alter the temperature balance, thus highlighting the importance of sustainable management and proper inventory of urban green zones. Based on this, the paper provides a case study on using a combination of open-access and low-cost urban greenery inventory methods that could be used by municipal governments and private land managers to estimate the contribution of urban trees to the mitigation of urban heat impacts. The research focuses on the urban greenery inventory of courtyards in high-rise residential districts of the city of Kyiv (Ukraine), aiming to estimate the adapting potential of urban vegetation against heatwaves. Visual and thermal satellite images of Kyiv enabled us to estimate how the density of buildings and greenery is distributed and analyze the surface temperature in residential districts. A UAV thermal imaging survey was made in four selected locations with varying vegetation coverage, followed by leaf-based field instrumental analysis of photosynthetic activity in selected city tree species at hot temperatures. In addition, 16 portable temperature and humidity sensors were installed in shaded and sunlight-exposed areas of the locations in focus to assess the microclimate formation impact of trees in a high-rise residential courtyard. The Ukrainian legislation on the management of green spaces in cities was reviewed to find out whether it promotes the shaping of comfortable microclimates in residential districts, follow-up recommendations were made on how to improve the applicable provisions.

Road transportation is one of the largest sectors of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions affecting climate change. Tackling climate change as a global community will require new capabilities to measure and inventory road transport emissions. However, the large scale and distributed nature of vehicle emissions make this sector especially challenging for existing inventory methods. In this work, we develop machine learning models that use satellite imagery to perform indirect top-down estimation of road transport emissions. Our initial experiments focus on the United States, where a bottom-up inventory was available for training our models. We achieved a mean absolute error (MAE) of 39.5 kg CO$_{2}$ of annual road transport emissions, calculated on a pixel-by-pixel (100 m$^{2}$) basis in Sentinel-2 imagery. We also discuss key model assumptions and challenges that need to be addressed to develop models capable of generalizing to global geography. We believe this work is the first published approach for automated indirect top-down estimation of road transport sector emissions using visual imagery and represents a critical step towards scalable, global, near-real-time road transportation emissions inventories that are measured both independently and objectively.

Currently, the implementation of the Program for the Development of Federal Accounting Standards for 2019 - 2021, approved by the Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia No. 83n dated 05.06.2019, is being carried out and certain results of this work can be stated. These include changes in the content of a number of existing standards. First of all, it should be noted the amendments already adopted to PBU 1/2008 "Accounting Policy of the Organization", adopted and coming into force for reporting for 2022 "Accounting for Leases" (PBU 25/2018), as well as amendments to the standards that have come into force for reporting for 2020 “Accounting for State Aid” (PBU 13/2000), “Accounting for Calculations of Corporate Income Tax” (PBU 18/02), “Information on Discontinued Operations” (PBU 16/02). But the breakthrough year, based on the reform program, promises to be 2021, from the beginning of which the application of seven new standards should begin, including the FSBU "Inventories".

This study aims mainly to investigate the level of accounting harmonization on two main areas in accounting, valuation, and depreciation methods of property plant equipment (PPE), and valuation and costing of inventories. This empirical investigation includes three GCC countries, Kingdom of Bahrain, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) and United Arab Emirates (UAE). To achieve the main objective of the study, "I" index, which was developed by [1] was employed to measure the accounting harmonization on a sample of 139 listed non-financial firms in the three countries (17 firms from Bahrain, 76 firms from KSA, and 46 firms from UAE) for a three-year period, 2016 -2018. The results of the study showed that there is a high level of accounting harmonization among the three countries in choosing the method of valuation and depreciation of PPE and inventory valuation, however, we found above moderate level of accounting harmonization in inventory costing.

This article is a contextual analysis of ABC and HML examination of inventory control methods for an effective Inventory administration framework in the assembling business of India. The organization needs to control its inventory expense, so it utilized various kinds of inventory methods to control this. There are various strategies, for example, ABC, HML, VED, XYZ and S-O-S. In the ABC analysis, things are classifications in classifications A, B, C as per the utilization of the all-out expense. In the HML analysis, things are classifications in H, M, L classification as per the unit cost. Information assortment is chiefly a year through the head supervisor of the store and other work force associated with the Inventory control activity of the assembling business.

This report highlights key findings from 2013 data collected by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Inventory and Analysis program across all forested land on Guam, updating findings from data collected in 2002 that were published in Resource Bulletin PNW-RB-243. We summarize and interpret basic resource information such as estimates of forest area, stem volume, biomass, number of trees, damages to trees, and tree size distribution, as well as overstory and understory vegetation cover and information on invasive plant species presence and cover. Detailed tables and graphical highlights are included to help inform resource managers and policymakers, as well as to educate the public regarding the status and trends of their local natural resources. The appendixes provide details on inventory methods and design and include summary tables of data, with statistical errors, for the wide variety of forest characteristics inventoried.

Inventory management involved by the World Trade Organization and system standardization by standards set forth by the International Standards Organization have specific goals that the input and output require controls. The controls are explained in detail observation of the International Financial Reporting Standards and accounting measures that contribute to the gross income of inventory valuation. As an on going concern with business income statements that the cost measures are important to financial statements in a broad sense of corporate equity ownership and planning.

Trees outside forests (TOF) have recently assumed importance in view of their economic, ecological, and climatic role. As a result, several countries have extended their scope to include TOF in their national forest inventories (NFIs) and landscape inventory systems. However, a huge variability exists in its assessment approach across different countries. Moreover, TOF definition, classification, assessment techniques, and monitoring methodology are suffering lack of attention in terms of uniformity across the globe. The present work focusses on TOF resources, nomenclature, and suitability of assessment methods for monitoring TOF cover and biomass inventory. TOF occur on different land use categories, making their assessment a little complicated. This chapter presents an overview of diverse and integrated techniques of assessing TOF using field methods complimented by robust remote sensing techniques. Field inventory methods are irreplaceable owing to their importance in establishing relationships with such advanced tools. Remote sensing applications have shown promising results in deciphering TOF resources recently by adopting multiple satellite data and classification techniques. A lot of case studies conducted in the past have demonstrated that optical, RADAR, and LiDAR (light detection and ranging) remote sensing methods do offer advantages over the traditional methods in terms of accuracy, time, and cost-effectiveness. Assessment of TOF is widely being recognized as an essential topic in sustainable natural resource management due to their role in offering variety of goods such as timber, fruits, and fodder as well as services like water, carbon, biodiversity, etc. TOF offer great potential for sequestering carbon and are high in case of agroforestry systems as compared to that of the dense canopy cover. Under the recent trend of urbanization, TOF are going to be important in climate amelioration in habitations. Another aspect is the existence of huge chunk of wastelands, which could be potential sites for hill agroforestry systems under TOF in view of enhancing carbon sinks under CDM and REDD+ mechanism. Carbon inventory assessment programs at national and international levels desire for adoption of latest methods including remote sensing and geographic information system (GIS) integrated with field inventory and advanced algorithms for qualitative and quantitative assessment of TOF resources.

At the level of any entity (company), inventory represents an important category of current assets, and implicitly, of total assets. Starting from the importance of this category of assets for the normal development of the production or sales activity, this paper has as priority objectives the following: delimitation of the theoretical aspects regarding the inventory valuation of the sold goods; determining the impact that inventory valuation methods may have on the financial position and financial performance of the company; applied analysis of inventory valuation options. The results obtained from both theoretical and practical research verify the main assumption that the inventory valuation options have a different impact on financial situation and the financial performance of an entity.

Harmonising the International Accounting Standards/International Financial Reporting Standards (IAS/IFRS) globally has been the objective of national boards that seek to eliminate existing differences. The harmonisation project has been substantially efficient in realising the IFRS in emerging economies. However, concerning the international accounting standard two, the existence of different inventory valuation methods in literature is one of the dilemmas confronting the application of IAS 2 in many nations globally. This study through a comprehensive literature review discusses and present a critique on the international accounting standard two to afford insight that will be beneficial to both scholar and standard setters. The findings reveal a formidable contribution of the current asset inventory on companies and compliance levels in South Africa. Furthermore, these findings supplement prevailing body knowledge on IAS two and the value relevance of accounting inventories. Highlighting key critiques on the IAS 2 prescriptions and application internationally and also revealing the standards own crucial flaws and strengths and on companies. Received: 6 May 2021 / Accepted: 23 August 2021 / Published: 5 November 2021

We introduce uncertainty in the classic inventory costing choice problem to investigate the underlying partitions imposed by two accounting inquiries (processes of generating information): variable costing and absorption costing. In a contemporaneous reporting environment, we show that absorption costing provides a finer partition of the state space compared to variable costing when a firm arbitrarily increases the production level (opportunistic overproduction), and the predetermined fixed overhead rate is adjusted. Grounded in an information economics perspective, the intent of the article is to propose an approach to detect real earnings management by extracting information from financial statements. The resulting managerial biases arising from earnings management are also discussed.

The inventory problem is a problem always faced by decision makers in the production process, inventory recording is done to ensure the certainty that when needed these items are available.Companies engaged in trading and services need to make accounting records to determine the financial condition of the business.The need for accounting information of merchandise inventory is a very important part related to the inventory of merchandise. Due to the most frequent activity in order to achieve business smoothness. Accounting for merchandise inventory requires an inventory card which includes purchase invoices, sales invoices, proof of incoming goods, or outgoing goods relating to inventory.A good accounting system that is assessment of inventory will be a means to provide information that can be used in the evaluation of the company as well as a tool for good internal control. Companies are required to be able to apply the company's accounting policy well in order to provide accurate information for the smooth activity of the company. Therefore, the company must follow the Financial Accounting Standards (SAK), precisely the Financial Accounting Standards Entity Without Public Accountability (SAK ETAP) formulated by the Indonesian Institute of Accountants (IAI) in 2009.The purpose of this study is to describe the determination of method of recording and valuation of goods inventory according to SAK ETAP applicable in Indonesia. The method used in this study is with a qualitative approach, the type of case study research, where the study was conducted on the company engaged in automotive retailing which has business activities trading, as a provider of various types of merchandise that sells the needs of spare parts four-wheeled vehicles and two wheels.The main activity is to buy merchandise to suppliers for resale to consumers without having to change the form of goods in order to gain profit.The inventory valuation method used in the FIFO (first in first out) / MPKP assessment method (first entry first exit). This method is used so as not to stock up on merchandise for too long so that the goods sold are worth selling goods. This method is in conformity with the Financial Accounting Standards of an Entity Without Public Accountability regarding inventory.The existence of information technology system (STI) so far is very helpful and simplify the process of recording and valuation of merchandise inventory on the CV. Tjipto Putra Mandiri Indonesia as well as the development of record keeping information system, hoping to be better systematically, effectively efficient and minimize any recording errors. Keyword: Method of Recording and Valuation of Inventory, SAK ETAP.

This paper describes how General Motors (GM) uses operations research to optimize its new-vehicle inventory. The solution answers two complementary questions: (1) what is the optimal number of vehicles to build? and (2) what are the optimal vehicle configurations? To answer the first question, for each vehicle model, we find the inventory that maximizes profit less inventory carrying costs, which differs from the standard approach of finding the inventory needed to satisfy a given fill rate. To answer the second question, we provide a decision support tool to help dealers order the best variations for each vehicle model using a set-covering philosophy, which differs from the standard approach of recommending the highest-selling variants. This paper describes the business processes surrounding these decisions, how the need for implementation and ongoing use guided our solution development, and the impact on the business.

All cities present environmental sustainability issues, above all regarding greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and specifically carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), that directly affect climate change. Consequently, it is very important to quantify and report their Carbon Footprint (CF) for implementing national and international policies/strategies aimed at mitigating and adapting these concerns. The Urban Carbon Footprint (UCF), indeed, has been recognized as the more valuable choice to inform, specifically, decision makers about city environmental sustainability. Several accounting systems and inventory methods have been taken into account to perform UCF, highlighting the complexity of the topic and generating very often confusion among users. In this context, the authors aim to summarize what has been done and what is going on with UCFs, trying to classify them according to some principal dimensions. Thus, they divide UFCs in two main categories namely: “spatial” or “direct”, with a limited amount of data requested, and “economic” or “life cycle based”, more or less data inclusive according to the accounting systems considered. Furthermore, they observe that there is not a “global agreed-upon protocol” yet, neither is there a specific model shared among researchers, even if some steps have been made towards this direction (Relative Carbon Footprint - RCF, Publicly Available Specification – PAS 2070 and Global Protocol for Community scale - GPC). Consequently, it is necessary to complete and standardize, in the short term, the accounting and reporting frameworks, in order to compare different UCFs for adopting shared climate strategies and actions at global level.

Objectives to be achieved in this study is to know the accounting treatment of Merchandise Inventory which affects the Cost of Goods Sold on PT. Setia Makmur, Surabaya and can be used as input material of the company, to be able to use more accurate inventory method in determining Cost of Goods Sold in relation to Financial Statement. The accounting treatment for inventory is important for many companies, especially trading and manufacturing companies, as it has a significant effect on the presentation in the Balance Sheet and Income Statement. PT. Setia Makmur, Surabaya uses the Physical Method to record its inventory and LIFO Method (MTKP) to conduct an assessment of its Merchandise Inventory. The use of the Physical Method for the recording of Merchandise Inventory has a disadvantage from the point of internal control. The use of the LIFO Method (MTKP) in the Merchandise Inventory assessment is not in accordance with the Financial Accounting Standards which only allow the Special Identification Method, the FIFO Method (MPKP) and the Average Method. The mistake in choosing the right inventory valuation method will result in the presentation of Inventory, Cost of Goods Sold and Net Income which is overstated or understated.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to identify the interplay between a firm’s financial situation and its inventory ownership in a single-firm and a two-firm perspective. Design/methodology/approach The analysis uses different secondary data sources to quantify the effect of both financial constraints and cost of capital on inventory holdings of public US firms. The authors first adopt a single-firm perspective and analyze whether financial constraints and cost of capital do generally affect the amount of inventory held. Next, the authors adopt a two-firm perspective and analyze the inventory ownership in customer-supplier relationships. Findings Inventory levels are affected by financial constraints and cost of capital. Results indicate that higher costs of capital are weakly associated with lower inventories. However, contrary to the authors’ expectations, firms that are less financially constrained hold less inventories than firms that are more financially constrained. Finally, the authors find that customers hold the larger fraction of supply chain inventory in supplier-customer dyads. Practical implications The authors’ results indicate that financial considerations generally play a role in inventory management. However, inventory holdings seem to be influenced only slightly by financing costs and inventory holdings between supplier and customer seem to be less than optimal from a financial perspective. Considering those financial aspects can lead to relevant financial advantages. Originality/value In contrast to other recent research, the authors study how the financial situation of a firm affects its inventory levels (not vice versa) and also consider inventories from a two-firm perspective.

This paper examines coal production in China and reaches two primary conclusions: (1) Before 2014, the growth rate of coal production in China began to decrease, although coal production output had increased. In 2014, coal production declined because of China's growing dependence on imported coal. Net coal imports increased rapidly after 2008. Changes in coal stock should not be the primary manner in which the gap between production and supply is offset. Similar to the growth rate of coal production, investment in coal production decreased in 2013. The distribution of coal production was not balanced in China in 2013 because coal reserve distribution is not geographically homogeneous. (2) In the firm production field, the average total output value, inventory value and profit from coal mining and washing firms in China increased from 2007 to 2009. The operation status in this industry was not greatly influenced by large coal imports in 2009. Only a few coal production firms in China exported their product to foreign markets although the average export value to these exporters was considerable. The output elasticity of capital was larger than for labor and with decreasing returns to scale in the Chinese coal mining and washing industry between 2007 and 2009.

The article shows that during the production and consumption of fuel wood for bioenergy projects in the organization of the Northwest and other regions of Russia there is the problem of lack of raw materials. It is established that the waste timber, during cutting on average, about 20% of the stock of standing timber. This value varies according to region, type forest resources and the skills, and technical equipment performer. Therefore, the main purpose of the article is a system evaluation of the use of forest residues in Russia. The authors present data on volumes of raw materials for production of wood chips and pellets on example, the Northwest region of Russia. Only about 30% of wood chips are now received from wood waste, bulk wood chips, and pellets produced from the wood of stems. Small volume of use of bark, twigs, branches, tops, stumps, and roots is due imperfection of processing technologies. Another important issue addressed in the article ? the lack of standards and guides taxation inventory valuation and structure of the waste in many regions of Russia. This primarily relates to the hardwood. Research has shown that, depending on tree species, the structure and volume of waste are significantly different. Expert evaluation conducted by the authors shows that the proportion of forest residues from 5 to 20% of the stock of wood. It is found that in different forest types share twigs, branches, stumps, and roots vary considerably according to species of tree. But even within the forest reserves such as twigs, branches, and underground parts of the same species depend strongly on the age of stands and their completeness, and the differences may reach 2 to 5 times the size.

Until very recently, the Last In First Out method (LIFO) was under severe scrutiny from the financial community, and its repeal as an acceptable accounting method seemed imminent. There were pressures from the Securities and Exchange Commission and the International Financial Accounting Standards Board to standardize accounting standards worldwide. In addition, there were political pressures imposed by US Congress to raise additional revenues. Both groups strongly oppose LIFO. However, an SEC Report issued in July 2012 has greatly renewed the lifeline of LIFO indefinitely. In the unlikely case of its ultimate repeal, the author presents some tax opportunities available in this transition period.

This study attemps to analyze disclosure of inventories account in local government financial statement (LGFS) regencies and cities in Sumatera in the year 2017 on the disclosure in PP 71/2010 Government Accounting Standards Number 5, as well as perceive the difference disclosure of a build up in inventories account on LGFS that obtains unqualified opinion, qualified opinion, disclaimer opinion, and knowing how the perception of BPK toward the disclosure of an inventories account. The data used in this research as many as 154 regencies and the cities that has been audited by BPK. Secondary data was used in the study in the form of audit report LGFS and PP 71/2010 as well as the primary data in an interview to the auditor team in BPK that it is processed using a method of content analysis. The research results show that BPK perception of inventory account disclosure is that there are still problems in inventory disclosure carried out by regional governments with different cases. In addition, there were 24 LGFS that had significant inventory value on their total assets including 22 LGFS obtained unqualified opinion and 2 LGFS obtained qualified opinion with an average inventory disclosure of 54.17%, but still get records by examiner regarding administration of inadequate inventories. The disclosure of inventories account in LGFS regencies and cities in Sumatera years 2017 has been good enough with an average of 55,38% with the highest percentage of disclosure in 100,00% and the lowest is 14,29%. In addition, there is no difference in the disclosure of inventories account on LGFS that obtained unqualified opinion and besides unqualified opinion.

Business students are generally introduced to LIFO and FIFO in their first accounting course. However, that introduction generally focuses exclusively on computing ending inventory and cost of goods sold. Students are rarely challenged to compute or analyze the impacts of LIFO and FIFO on the income statement, balance sheet, or cash flow statement. This paper presents a hypothetical case designed to provide a framework within which students can compute, analyze, and discuss the financial statement impacts and economic impacts of choosing one or the other of these accounting methods. The questions in this case also address the effects of this choice on financial indicators like liquidity ratios, the impacts of each method on quality of earnings, and the potential impacts of IFRS convergence on companies that are currently using LIFO.One important feature of this case is its adaptability to support a variety of learning outcomes in different courses. This flexibility results from making the questions posed in the case as independent of each other as possible. That independence allows a professor to select only the questions that support the learning outcomes for that professor’s specific course. The teaching notes discuss in detail possible course applications and uses of this case.

Summary In recent years, the concepts of accounting for water use and assessing its impact, also known as the water footprint (WF), have evolved. The cultivation of wood and cotton are two important bio-based fiber resources that can use, consume, and pollute huge amounts of water. The purpose of this study is to identify the methodological options on an inventory level asociated with a WF assessment for bio-based fiber resources. Using a three-step Argument Delphi approach with international experts, important, but controversial, aspects of water footprinting are elaborated. During the different rounds of the Delphi procedure, the interlacement of the crucial topics became apparent, including the net green water or the total volume of green water, trade-offs between water use and land-use impacts, allocation of the green WF on ecosystem services, and nomination of a reference situation (e.g., potential natural vegetation). Further, this study evaluates whether the experts allowed generalizations about these methodological options. Finally, the agreement of experts on some generalized statements showed that such statements can be used legitimately as long as knowledge of the inventory methods and knowledge of production characteristics are carefully combined.

Purpose– In capital market, share prices of listed companies generally respond to accounting information. In 1995, Ohlson proposed a share valuation model based on two accounting indicators: company residual income and book value of net asset. In 2000, Zhang introduced the thought of option pricing and developed a new accounting valuation model. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the valuation deviation and the influence of some market transaction characteristics on pricing models.Design/methodology/approach– The authors use listed companies from 1999 to 2013 as samples, and conduct comparative analysis with multiple regression.Findings– The main findings are: first, the accounting valuation model is applicable to the capital market as a whole, and its pricing effect increases as years go by; second, in the environment of out capital market, the maturity of investors is one of important factors that causes the information content of residual income less than that of profit per share and lower pricing effect of valuation models; third, when the price earning (PE) of listed companies reaches certain level, the overall explanation capacity of accounting valuation models will become lower as PE gets higher; fourth, as for companies with higher turnover rate and more active transaction, the pricing effect of accounting valuation model is obviously lower; fifth, the pricing effect of accounting valuation models in a bull market is lower than in a bear market.Originality/value– These findings establish connection between accounting valuation and market transaction characteristics providing an explorable orientation for the future development of accounting valuation theories and models.

Se tiene como objetivo identificar las medidas para el control del uso de prácticas contables creativas en los estados financieros de empresas ecuatorianas como mecanismo de prevención de fraudes fiscales. Corresponde a una investigación no experimental, de tipo descriptivo. Los encuestados consideraron que las partidas contables más propensas a ser manipuladas son: reconocimiento de gastos, deterioro de inventarios, valoración de inventarios y reconocimiento de ingresos. Se han planteado algunas medidas que sirvan de base para el control del uso de prácticas contables creativas en los estados financieros de empresas ecuatorianas como mecanismo de prevención de fraudes fiscales, la finalidad de las mismas es conseguir que las empresas presenten su información financiera apegada a la realidad de las mismas y generar confianza en los stakeholders.

Objective To establish estimation method on budget management of medical device spare parts and to evaluate the cost of medical device spare parts in affiliated hospitals of Istanbul Public Hospital Unions (PHUs). Methods While this evaluation was performed, the relationship between paid cost for spare parts according to technological development level of device groups and total inventory value was used. Spare part cost analysis was carried out by using the normalized weighted arithmetic average method. Cost analysis of medical equipment spare parts of Istanbul PHUs was performed by using the data retrieved from Ministry of Health Business Intelligence Decision Support System for spending of spare parts in 2015. Results The medical device spare part groups were categorized based on technological development. Among 1 to 6 PHUs, the cost ratios were acquired for high, middle, low and simple technology group as 17.31 - 40.08%, 29.14 - 43.36%, 22.62 - 27.44% and 8.16 - 11.89%, respectively. The ratio between the spare part and total inventory costs for 1-6 PHUs were calculated as 1.66%, 2.87%, 3.03%, 3.31%, 2.57% and 4.69% respectively. Expected rates based on normalized weighted method were obtained as follows; 5.76%, 4.67%, 5.31%, 4.87%, 4.34% and 4.27%. Conclusion The expenditure analysis and budget planning for medical device spare parts in PHU could be predicted more accurately by taking into consideration the expected rate calculated by the normal weight method. In additon, the importance of Clinical Engineering Service Units in management of medical devices has been determined.

We introduce uncertainty in the classic inventory costing choice problem to investigate the underlying partitions imposed by two accounting inquiries (processes of generating information): variable costing (VC) and absorption costing (AC). In a contemporaneous reporting environment, we show that absorption costing provides a finer partition of the state space compared to variable costing when a firm arbitrarily increases the production level (opportunistic overproduction) and the predetermined fixed overhead rate is adjusted. Grounded in an information economics perspective, the intent of the article is to propose an approach to detect real earnings management by extracting information from financial statements. The resulting managerial biases arising from earnings management are also discussed.

The article presents the results of the analysis of changes in inventory management and the results of verification of cause and effect relationships between the results of inventory management and the financial performance of enterprises. The research was conducted on the branches (subsectors) of the food industry in Poland in 2005-2010. The research is based on the econometric analysis of the influence of the length of inventory cycles (in total, materials, production in progress, finished goods, commodities) on financial performance of branches measured with return on sales, assets and equity. The research proved that the effectiveness of inventory management measured with the length of inventory cycles is strongly diversified in the system of branches of the food industry. However, in general in 2005-2010 the inventory cycles were significantly reduced, which points to higher effectiveness of management of those assets. Moreover, on the basis of regression models the improvement in the effectiveness of inventory management measured with the length of total inventory cycles and discrete cycles was found to be positively correlated with profitability. The presented results are the first systematised analysis of the correlations between the results of inventory management and financial performance in the food industry in Poland.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.ee.27.3.5933

Methane emissions from the U.S. oil and natural gas supply chain were estimated by using ground-based, facility-scale measurements and validated with aircraft observations in areas accounting for ~30% of U.S. gas production. When scaled up nationally, our facility-based estimate of 2015 supply chain emissions is 13 ± 2 teragrams per year, equivalent to 2.3% of gross U.S. gas production. This value is ~60% higher than the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency inventory estimate, likely because existing inventory methods miss emissions released during abnormal operating conditions. Methane emissions of this magnitude, per unit of natural gas consumed, produce radiative forcing over a 20-year time horizon comparable to the CO2 from natural gas combustion. Substantial emission reductions are feasible through rapid detection of the root causes of high emissions and deployment of less failure-prone systems.

In crisis management, cooperation within the response network is seen as crucial. Usually, this network refers to authorities and nongovernmental organizations, such as the Red Cross. However, the authors argue that to improve societal resilience one should take a broader overview of the actors involved in crisis preparedness and mitigation, and also include the public. With this in mind, the role of communication is scrutinized and a conceptual framework developed as a starting point for further investigation into how communication may be developed to strengthen a community approach to crisis management that includes citizen groups in the broader response network. A model is presented along with four propositions for future research. These include developing inventory methods to assist in stakeholder mapping in the pre-crisis phase, investigating all-hazard approaches to preparedness, scrutinizing collaboration during crisis situations to identify barriers to community resilience, and clarifying the kinds of communication competence needed in crisis situations and reflecting on lessons learned. peerReviewed

The development of the communication systems determines the economic level of the country. In Poland, despite the successive investments in this area, it is still not enough beneficial solutions to the road network and international calls. The problem of the acquisition of property for public roads on both the valuation principles and the way of obtaining land for these purposes is constantly modified. These changes are intended to simplify the procedures, which have a significant impact on shortening of the investment process. The current provisions of law give the possibility of the start of road investment before a property owner receives compensation for land taken for this purpose. This situation requires an inventory of component parts of the property for the purposes of their valuation. The paper presents the methodology of inventory the real estate components for the needs of their valuation using modern measurement techniques GNSS and GIS. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3846/enviro.2017.240

In this chapter provides a description of the experimental instrument (or questionnaire) used in the study in Chap. 2 with auditors as respondents. This chapter describes briefly the different parts in the experimental instrument as they appear in the questionnaire provided to the auditors to enable the reader to reconstruct the questionnaire if he or she wish to do so. The design in the experimental instrument manipulates the risk of material misstatement at two levels (low and high) and to manipulate affect at two levels (positive and negative). The manipulations are randomly assigned to the auditors. The experimental instrument consists of the experimental audit case that describes an ABC company, a hypothetical audit client that sells designer maternity clothing to small specialty clothing shops. The questionnaire asks the participating auditors to audit the ABC company inventory account according to the international accounting standards (IAS). The audit case in the questionnaire is based on an inventory valuation issue in ABC.

Financially constrained firms hold more inventory than do financially unconstrained firms and also show more volatility in inventory holdings. To understand why, we model the interaction of financial constraints, capacity constraints, and the response of production and inventory to cost shocks. We develop several implications as to how financial constraints affect the inventory response to cost shocks of constrained firms relative to unconstrained firms, which cannot be derived from any of a host of other ways in which two groups of firms are differentiated in our model. We find consistent results when we take these implications to the real data.

Shareholder wealth effects associated with inventory are examined. Initial results indicate a positive and significant relation between shareholder wealth and inventory. Additional findings suggest that operating conditions, financial constraints, and working capital behavior influence the value of inventory. These findings are consistent with tactical and strategic decisions influencing managers to hold inventory. Overall, the results suggest that shareholders price the strategic advantages accompanying inventory.

SYNOPSIS We examine MD&A disclosure practices concerning the positive transitory impact that LIFO liquidations have on reported earnings. This issue is particularly relevant in light of the recent calls to eliminate LIFO for tax revenue reasons and the controversy surrounding the proposed shift to IFRS, which does not permit LIFO inventory valuation. Our analysis of companies with income-increasing LIFO liquidations between 1993 and 2010 shows that, after controlling for materiality, MD&A disclosure tendencies were not as reliable as disclosures of this issue in financial statement footnotes. Also, MD&A disclosure rates did not significantly increase in the periods after the introduction of SEC regulations calling for more transparency in the MD&A. Contrary to expectations, companies whose incomes were negative disclosed at a higher rate than companies with positive incomes. Results may indicate a need for greater auditor involvement with MD&A disclosures. Data Availability: Data are available from the sources listed in the paper.

This study investigates the relevance of net financial expenses with respect to equity valuation in an IFRS accounting regime. According to the residual earnings valuation model, income related to balance sheet items that are recorded at fair value is not applicable for valuation purposes. There are no residual earnings associated with these items because the balance sheet provides ‘perfect’ value estimates for the items in question. In accordance with the contention that under IFRS, aggregate net financial liabilities are recorded at a book value that is close to fair value, this study demonstrates that net financial expenses are not associated with the market prices of stocks. The investigation discusses the empirical findings in light of the enduring controversies regarding the use of fair value accounting.

Retail inventory is a statistic that is closely watched by retailers as well as their investors, lenders, and suppliers. Retailers not only benefit from inventory, but also bear the cost of excess inventory. Investors, lenders, and suppliers interpret this statistic for signs of the retailer's health, future sales prospects, and impending costs. This article synthesizes the perspectives of investors, lenders, and suppliers on inventory. Moreover, the article shows that inventory turns, a commonly used metric to identify excess inventory, has important limitations that reduce its utility for all these stakeholders. It then presents a new metric, adjusted inventory turns, which can be effectively utilized by all stakeholders to assess whether a retailer is carrying too much or too little inventory.

Inventory is an important thing for the company because most of the company's assets embedded in inventories. Problems are often experienced in accounting for inventories is the recording and assessment. The purpose of research at PT. Bumi Pertiwi Development is to investigate the suitability of the application of the method of recording and valuation of inventory at PT . Bumi Pertiwi Development with Statement of Financial Accounting Standards ( SFAS) No. 14 Revised 2012.This study uses a qualitative method. Data collection techniques with interviews and observations and documentation , and then analyzed using methods deskripstif and comparing the application of methods of recording and valuation of merchandise inventory PT . Bumi Pertiwi Development with IAS 14 Revised in 2012 .The study concluded that the method of recording using perpectual methods and methods of assessment using the average method. Inventory recording method applied by PT . Bumi Pertiwi Development is not in accordance with IAS 14 Revised, 2012.While inventory valuation method PT . Bumi Pertiwi development is in accordance with IAS 14 Revised 2012. Keywords : methods of recording perpectual, average valuation methods and PT . Bumi Pertiwi Development

Implementation of SAP related biological assets generate a polemic against the compliance Financial Statements preparation of public sector organizations in Indonesia. The objectives of this study were to: (i) investigate the phenomenon of understanding/interpretation of public sector management SAP in the preparation of financial statements related to the treatment of biological assets; (ii) reveal the meaning of phenomena gained during the study; (iii) provide inputs based on summarized meanings, in an effort to improve SAP, government accounting policies, or related rules. This research used qualitative approach with the type of phenomenology study. Selected research sites in "X" organizations that have large quantities of biological assets with a focus on research sites at two production centers and vertical agencies (Directorate General and Secretariat General c.q. Financial Bureau). The results show that management applies as if obedient according to their understanding and interpretation of SAP. Management makes decisions regarding accounting policies with the justification of a problem that does not yet have a guideline. One example of measuring the inventory value of biological assets derived from its own production is by using the non-tax rate. In addition, the use of fair value today and in the future, is still an obstacle in the implementation of government organizations.