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This paper evaluates the effect of topographical and wind condition on the dispersion of chlorine leaks around Gebeng industrial area Malaysia using a computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The actual data on wind speed and direction was obtained from a local weather station. The turbulent flow was resolved using a scale-adaptive simulation (SAS) model, whereas the chlorine dispersion was modelled using the species transport equation and compared with the area location of hazardous atmosphere (ALOHA) model. The simulation was compared with the laser doppler anemometry (LDA) measurement on a scaled-down terrain model. A good agreement between the CFD prediction and LDA measurement was obtained. The finding showed that the terrain surface, wind direction and wind speed have a combined effect on the dispersion of chlorine. Residential areas R1 and R2 are affected by the chlorine leak during June to September and November to January, respectively. The plume reached the residential area rapidly under the wind speed above 7.2 m/s but the hazard zone is reduced about 50%. CFD prediction agrees with that of ALOHA in the case of flat terrain, whereas CFD provide a better prediction for the case involving complex terrain. The finding in this work may provide a useful guide to estimate the risk zone from a hypothetical chlorine leak which can be used to plan the safety evacuation procedure.

Non-Budget Financing The government raises alternative sources of financing to be used to contribute the financing strategic national infrastructure projects that have commercial value and have an impact on improving the Indonesian economy. One example of this scheme is PPP (Government and Business Entity Cooperation). The purpose of this study was to see the readiness of the South Sulawesi regional government in the Mamminasata Urban Railway Project with Non-State Budget / Regional Budget Financing. It is believed that the Public-Private Partnership Scheme with Business Entities (PPP) was believed to be alternative financing that can improve infrastructure development and the efficiency of development implementation which creates the quality of a product and service in the distribution of capital and risk as well as the competence of human resource expertise together. It was hoped that the PPP Project in the construction of the Mamminasata Urban Railway Infrastructure could become a way out in Non-State Budget / Regional Budget financing and become a solution by the National Mid-Term Development Plan (NMTDP) and Regional Mid-Term Development Plan (RMTDP) to achieve the construction of a 3258 Km railway line. The suggestion put forward into this study is the government needs to establish a transportation management body that integrates all modes of transportation and manages commercial areas following the authority of the PJPK in increasing revenue for an investment return on Availability Payment (AP).

Indonesia is located in a high seismic region and is in one of the most vulnerable countries likely to experience earthquakes. The impact of earthquakes on port structures can have an enormous impact on the economy if the earthquake hazard is not acknowledged, essential elements of the transportation system not identified, and damage prevention procedures not applied. In this project, the seismic performance of critical infrastructures, such as post structures as designed and constructed, are assessed. Outcomes of the assessment enable vulnerable elements to be identified leading to design recommendations. The project is conducted based on data collection, field survey, site investigations, experiments, and computer modelling and simulations.

The issue of abandoned housing project happens across the globe, and it brings nothing positive to the stakeholders as well as to the economic and environment. Even though there are numerous policies and the Malaysian government has promulgated laws, yet the problem of abandoned housing projects is still occurring and not yet been fully addressed. The objectives are to investigate the factor of government policy that contribute to the abandoned housing project and to suggest the suitable solution in mitigating the problem. After the extensive literature review and multi-choice questionnaire survey method been done, the author found that the requirement of 30% low cost house for each development and unstandardized policy together with strict regulation from authorities is one of the main factor that contribute to the abandoned housing project. This paper suggested that the requirement of 30% low cost house for each development should be revised and the requirements for statutory approval should be standardized and short. This study will be contributing an information to the stakeholder involved in housing development.

Consultant selection is a complex problem involving qualitative and quantitative multi criteria decision. In this study, an AHP-based consultant selection model is applied to develop and assist in decision making process to resolve the consultant selection problem in choosing the most favourable consultant’s criteria combination. The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is an established decision method used to synthesize judgements and select the best alternative. When the objectives and scopes of study are set, then the data collection are made through two methods which are through literature review and pair-wise questionnaire survey. Information obtained from the questionnaire is interpreted into a simpler form and analysed by using the Expert Choice software. Results shows that financial capability of the consultant prioritize the decision of the selection while dominating the sub-criteria for selection is the profit made by the consultant within the last 3 years.

This paper presents a preliminary methodological study of a seismic risk assessment in a residential area to classification of damage state immediately subsequent after earthquake happen. This paper compared with difference research of a seismic risk assessment in the same area, i.e. Kertosari, Banjarnegara Indonesia. This methodological study to identified compatibility of the building vulnerability assessment with Naïve Bayes Classifier (NBC) method for determine the probability of damage that has 5 different damage statuses (slight, moderate, extensive, complete and none), where the criteria damage states in vulnerable building has additional damage parameters based on the latest building damage regulations issued in 2013, which have totally 104 data difference criteria. The results from determine the probability of damage processing using the NBC methodology in Kertosari Banjarnegara that most type of damage states is extensive damage. There is a difference with 2018 research data, where the most damage state is the moderate damage, and there is also a difference with the Banjarnegara Municipal Disaster Management Authority (BPBD Banjarnegara) data, which has the most damage state is the complete damage. The difference is caused by the criteria in determining the damage conditions are still too general and the uncertainty value is high. Therefore, it is necessary to improve and detailed the building type model and damaged condition criteria for Indonesian buildings, based on the assessment and suggestion of experts who have good and long experience in earthquake risk management and understand the state of damage to Indonesian building regulations, such as: (1) researchers/scientists; (2) small and medium-sized contractors; (3) construction supervisors; (4) government officials; (5) business leaders; (6) academics/educators; (7) non-governmental organizations, in order to obtain an assessment of damage to residential houses quickly and accurately.

The present work attempt to derive a risk index that causing performance failures among Public-private partnership (PPP) housing construction project, and to propose a risk response and monitoring strategy based on the risk index obtained. A total of thirty-three (33) respondent involved in the PPP housing construction assessing the risk elements employing the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). Findings reveal that among the risks that were captured for high to extreme risks (0.100 < RI ⩽ 0.150) are geologic hazard risk (0.125), and inflation and interest rate risk (0.116) whereas strategy proposed for both of the extreme risks are avoiding the risk and it best to be assigned the risks to the private sector. On contrary, results for moderate risks captured with unreliable value for money (0.066), fluctuation in currency exchange rate (0.058), absence of transparency and accountability during procurement process (0.084), absence of robust and clear agreement (0.077), unforeseen ground condition (0.058) and shortage of technical expertise (0.054) the strategy advocated for the moderate risk is to transfer the risks and shared within both parties i.e. public and private. Eventually, low risks occupied within the risk index of (0.000 < RI ⩽ 0.050) are financial incapacity if private partners (0.034), weak state intervention (0.039), persistent land acquisition (0.039), insufficient capacity in procurement and negotiation (0.035), frequent design change (0.039), design over specification (0.023), poor quality workmanship (0.029), absence of specific PPP framework (0.046) and inadequate PPP skills and knowledge leading to poor planning (0.043) all the risks best to accept and retained within the public sectors. Taken together, the development of risk response and risk mitigation plan that emerged from the risk index offered significant contribution which has gain a new understanding that risks with severe or low exposure can be reduced or avoided taking into account its strategic and effective response and mitigation approaches.

Strong wind is an annual natural hazard in Malaysia due to the geographical location. The northeast monsoon season usually commences in early November and ends in March. During this season, steady easterly or northeasterly winds of 10 to 20 knots prevail. The strong wind events such as hurricane and storms often caused severe damage to the large number of low rise building especially at the roofing system. At end of year 2014, the series of thunderstorm hit the Northern area of Peninsular Malaysia and caused million ringgit losses. This paper is focused on the roofing system failure of the low rise houses at the rural area that constitute the great majority of the infrastructure in less affluent communities. These non-engineered structures are typically built with very little, or no technical engineering input, and are often the product of varied building traditions and cultures.

Objectives:Air pollution dispersion is greatly affected by the wind speed and direction. Most often the pollution dispersion from industrial area is not fully understood. In the present work, the effect of surface topology on the wind speed and atmospheric turbulent around the Gebeng industrial area in Pahang was studied using a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) method. Methods/Statistical Analysis: The typical southeastern wind with a speed of about 1.3003 m/s corresponding to the actual speed of approximately 5 km/h was considered for validation. The turbulent flow was modelled using k-e model. The model was compared with the Laser Doppler Velocimetry (LDV) measurement onthe scale-down rig. Findings:The CFD prediction showed good agreementwithin 10% deviation with the experimental measurement via LDV. It was found that the plume of noxious gas driven by the eastern wind can affect the nearby residential area R2, whereas the western wind is affecting the residential area R1. In the presence of hill obstacle, the gas plume moves southward into the flat terrain. Application/ Improvements: Results from this work may be useful to understand the risk of air pollutant dispersion around Gebeng industrial area.

Cervical cancer is the most frequent cancer found in Indonesia. The primary treatment of cervical cancer at the locally advanced stage is usually performed by using radiotherapy and chemotherapy. The combination of the two techniques is often called chemoradioherapy. The response to chemoradiotherapy is influenced by biological and physical factors. Major vault protein (MVP) is a ribonucleoprotein which contributes to drug resistance in some cancers. The purposes of this research were: (1) to determine the correlation between the expression of MVP and the index of p53, including AgNOR values and index of MIB-1; and (2) between MVP and chemoradiotherapy clinical response of cervical cancer. Twenty-one microscopic slides taken from biopsy tissues of cervical cancer patients before undergoing treatment were stained to identify MVP, p53, and MIB-1 by means of immunohistochemistry techniques and AgNORs staining. After undergoing chemoradiotherapy treatment, the patients’ clinical responses were observed by pelvic control method. Experimental results showed that there was a correlation between MVP and AgNOR value (P=0.05), but no correlation between MVP and index of p53 (P=0.729), including MIB-1 LI (P=0.63), in untreated cervical cancer. In addition, there was no association between MVP and chemoradioterapy response. In conclusion, MVP expression correlates with the process of cell proliferation before the G2 phase of cell cycle in untreated cancer cells. Those have no association with clinical responses after the completion of treatment. Received: 20 November 2013; Revised: 18 July 2014; Accepted: 28 September 2014

Construction management’s knowledge is basis knowledge for one who works as civil engineer in construction industry. A good construction management will make the progressing of the project is more efficient and follow as in the plan also fulfill the customer needed as in the contract. The weak management will cause problem at site such as the delay, over budgeting and so on. As a civil engineer that involve direct with the site activities, they need to master this knowledge to manage the project. The purposes for this research are to identify and to determine the knowledge that a civil engineer in construction industry should have to be a competent engineer. The data collections are taken from the respondents who work as civil engineer with contractor class G6 and G7 in Penang state. The importance of this research is to determine the best knowledge characteristics that will be used for nowadays civil engineer. They will apply this knowledge during manage any project. The result from the survey will be compared with the data that get from the literature review. This is to identify the latest knowledge to be a guideline to become a competent engineer. From the result of the survey, mostly respondents who are civil engineers that involve in construction activities in Penang agree that have the knowledgeable in technical knowledge, decision making knowledge, teamwork knowledge planning and scheduling knowledge also leadership knowledge is very important to be a competent engineer.

One of the most significant regional earthquakes which brought catastrophic impacts is the magnitude of Mw = 9.1 earthquake which occurred on the western coast of Banda Aceh, North Sumatera had generated a massive Indian Ocean tsunami on December 26th, 2004. Apart from that, several local earthquakes also occurred in Bukit Tinggi, Pahang and Ranau, Sabah according to Malaysian Meteorological Department (METMalaysia). However, oil and gas industry plays a vital role in Malaysian economy due to the significant contribution to the country's gross domestic product. In fact, the existing fixed offshore structure in Malaysia region only take into considerations the wind load, wave load, and current load rather than earthquake load. The objective of this study is to perform unity check for every element of offshore wellhead platform when subjected to 2004 Aceh earthquake loading. All the environmental loads such as wave, wind, and current load have been designed by referring the American Petroleum Institute (API) design criteria. The computer software SAP2000 is selected to model and analyse the offshore structure. There are three types of analysis that have been performed in this study which are the free vibration analysis, time history analysis, and response spectrum analysis. The time history of earthquake data from 2004 Aceh earthquake has been used in performing time history analysis. For the response spectrum analysis, the analysis was performed by using response spectra curves in Eurocode 8. As a result, the offshore wellhead platforms in Malaysia are situated under a safe condition when subjected to low seismic activity based on the study.

This paper presents a preliminary study of seismic risk assessment in Kertosari village, Kalibening Subdistrict, Banjarnegara District, after the earthquake incident on 18th April 2018. The study was based on Hazard US (HAZUS) with Damage Probability Matrix to estimate losses of damage state with model building type (Reinforced Concrete Moment Resisting Frames-Low Height (C1L), Reinforced Masonry Bearing Walls with Wood or Metal Deck Diaphragms-Low Height (RM1L) and Reinforced Masonry Bearing Walls with Precast Concrete Diaphragms (RM2L)). From the results, the probability calculation of damage in Kertosari Villages, moderate damaged category is the most. Other damage categories are slight, extensive, complete and none. Meanwhile, based on site preliminary survey and data from Banjarnegara Municipal Disaster Management Authority [1] which has updated on 20th April 2018 in Kertosari village, complete damaged category is the most. Therefore, it is necessary an expert's judgment to refine building type model and the criteria of damage state for compatible Indonesian building.

The construction industry is one of the industries that currently gave an overwhelming effect to the booster of the developing country. Construction field is one of the areas that need immediate decision during the planning, design or construction stage. A construction project in a broader context is the involvement of multiple construction practitioners with an aim to ensure that the project complete within the time frame and budget with assured quality. In ensuring smoothness of the construction project, a multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) technique as a systematic tool has been used widely, namely Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). Based on the 40 journal articles, questions of which civil engineering field does AHP mostly employed as decision making tools in any of risk occurrence may be answered. Results revealed that thirteen (13) various civil engineering field was discovered adopting AHP as decision making assessment method and company and managerial, road highway project and building construction remarked the core field attracted much interest.

Construction industry is one of the most dynamic, risky, and challenging industries not only in Malaysia but other countries too. The main issues facing by the construction industry is abandoned building project. The issue of abandoned building had happened across the globe and brings negative impact to the nation and country. In Malaysia, the magnitude of this issue has grown to an unbearable state. According to the Sales and Purchase agreement, abandoned building is a construction work in a project site that has been continuously stalled for 6 months or more, whether during the project completion period or beyond the scheduled. When the projects of the building become abandoned, it gives an adverse effect such as downfall of economic growth. Besides, it will cause a serious problem of sustainability especially a waste of natural resources/material used for the construction. In order to prevent this problem, some mitigation plan is needed. This study was conducted to study the cause, effect and economic analysis on abandoned project. There is a need for broader discussions on its implications to the society and nation. The questionnaire survey was conducted and distributed to most civil engineers around Malaysia. The results was analysed using average index methods and likert scale. The result shows that mismanagement of the project by developer is the main factor that contributes to the abandoned building project. A suitable solution suggested by the despondence is in order to avoid abandoned project, the developer should have a stable financial and risk management systems. By this, the abandoned project can be avoided and will help in the growth of economy in Malaysia.

In Malaysia, the construction sector is one of the important sectors that contribute to economic growth and employments. However, a major concern facing the construction industry is the growing rate of delays in project delivery. In the worse cases, the projects were abandoned due to some reasons when the contract period ended. Abandoned building defines as construction work that has been continuously stalled for 6 months or more, during the project completion period or beyond the scheduled date of completion. When the projects become abandoned, it gives an adverse effect on many parties such as the developer, contractor, consultant and also client. According to previous researchers, the abandonment of building causes a serious problem and need some mitigation plan to avoid this problem from occurring. This study will investigate the fundamental factors that contribute to the abandonment of building and projects in Malaysia based on the current data of the abandoned building in most states in Malaysia. The data was collected from the respondents who is in the construction industry and had experience working with abandoned housing project. Form the respondents perspective, it shows that the main factor contribute to the building abandonment is due to the financial problem facing by the developer company.

There is reported roof failure due to uplift of the roof structures or roof sheeting during rainstorm has been causing damage to the buildings. Generally, failure occurred at the two points which is the truss connection and at the roof sheeting. There are two types of the connection are to be analyzed; the connection between purlin and rafter and connection between purlin and roof sheeting. The data of wind speed are taken at five different places of the study area. For a more conservative result, the maximum value of wind speed is taken as a reference to calculate the uplift force and the value of wind speed is 53.7 km/h. Due to different aspects of this type of connection, the wind uplifting force will be determined. The calculated resulting forces transferred at different connection points were compared with the experimental results obtained from laboratory testing. The result of this, is that connection is safe under the wind speed of 53.7 km/h. These results are valid when the proper used of selected material and all the structures are properly design. The highest value of failure force recorded at spacing 850 mm and the percentage different for zinc and metal deck is 31.81 %. Therefore, the best design for the connection between purlin and roof sheeting is at spacing 850mm because of the value of failure force is higher than the others. The suitable type of roof sheathing for the rural roofing is zinc.