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Burns are a major health problem worldwide. Burn injury resulting from making contact with hot objects, direct or indirect contact with flame, and exposure to chemical agents or electric current is usually preventable. In this study, epidemiological data of the patients who had been hospitalised in the burn unit was assessed. The records of 1453 patients who were admitted to the burn unit of Diyarbakir Gazi Yaşargil Training and Research Hospital between July 2008 and April 2018 were retrospectively examined. Out of 1453 cases, 81.7% (1187) were children and 18.3% (266) were adults, 58.3% of the cases were male (847) and 41.7% (606) were females. Patients had a mean age of 11 ± 5 years (1-81 years). The most common cause of burns was contact with hot liquids (82.86%) while other causes were flame burns (12.04%), electrical contact burn (3.02%) contact with chemical substances (2.06%). Most of the cases were found to have burned 10% to 20% of the body surface. Localization was most frequently seen in the lower extremity and less frequently in the upper limb, trunk, head and neck, and perineal regions. The majority of burn injuries are preventable. Therefore, epidemiological studies in the field of burns will provide vital preventive information to develop strategies to reduce injury frequency and spend on health. Because burns are a social problem, prevention efforts require social co-operation. Promotional meetings in schools are important to increase family-school cooperation to inform children of school age, to give lectures and first aid measures to rural areas.

Burn injuries are distressful and shocking events, which can lead to noteworthy sequelae on metabolic markers and organs. Such traumatic accidents do occur every so often in both adult and pediatric populations, requiring prompt and adequate treatments. Notably, scald injuries occur due to direct contact with hot liquids and these are the most common cause of burns in early childhood. Herein, we report on an 18-month-old boy admitted to our pediatric surgery unit for an extensive scald injury, who has experienced an unusual esophageal stricture following the traumatic event.

Burns are defined as injuries produced in living tissues, due to the action of various physical agents (flames, hot liquids and objects, radiation, electric current, cold), chemical (caustic) and biological, which cause alterations ranging from a simple erythema until the total destruction of the structures...

Burn is an injury to the skin or other tissue. Mostly, it caused by contacting with hot liquids, solids, and flames. The important thing that should be consider in burn incident is the severity of burn and it based on the depth and area of the burn injury. The severity of burns will cause differences of pathophysiological responses. This was a literature review study. Various articles were collected from online database including reports, journals, and published in the last 10 years. The articles were from the scholar journals. The systemic inflammatory response in severe level of burns was not given good response to disappear of lesion burn and initiating tissue repair. Moreover, it was given an organ failure to the patient. The body responded to this incident by releasing antiinflammatory mediators. This response is very strong and prolonged, so it caused immunosuppression and increase the risk of secondary infection to the patients. Burns affects the patient’s immune system. The ratio between pro and antiinflammatory mediators are determining the patient’s subsequent status.

Death due to burns is an important cause of unnatural death commonly encountered in Medico-legal Practice.This prospective study was conducted on 100 cases of burn deaths caused by flames, hot liquids and flashof electricity. This study was conducted to know the demographic profiles, common risk factors, causes andmanners of death in fatal cases of burns. Most of the cases were in the age group of 21 to 50 years with apeak incidence in 21-30 years age group, with female predominance. In the study, maximum cases were dueto kerosene stove blast leading to accidental burns, followed by pouring of kerosene as a source of burn..

The treatment of burns is one of the earliest medical activities on record, probably because of the powerful impact of their physical consequences among other sequelae. The aim of the present paper is to perform an epidemiological study of burn patients. The data were obtained by reviewing the medical histories of all those patients admitted or treated in the Outpatients Department of the Burn Unit of our hospital between 2013 and 2017. A sample was gathered of 1401 patients, made up of 716 males (51.11%) and 685 females (48.89%), in a ratio of males to females of 1.05, with a mean age of 40.74 years old. The burns were mainly suffered in a domestic setting (60.96%), mostly as a result of contact with hot liquids. Most of the burns were second degree superficial burns (60.03%), and affected a mean total body surface area (TBSA) of 4.61%. They were most often produced on the hands. It was found that the frequency of burns increased during the summer and during the main mealtimes of the day. These data may be used to make specific plans of prevention, and as a basis for new studies and databases to be made.

BACKGROUND: Burn injuries account for approximately 180 000 deaths per annum, mostly in low- and middle-income countries. AIM: This study sought to determine the causes of burn wounds among adults admitted to the Burn Wound Unit at Pelonomi Tertiary Hospital in Bloemfontein for treatment. METHODS: This was a prospective, cross-sectional study. The target population consisted of adult patients, hospitalised for burn wounds at Pelonomi Tertiary Hospital in Bloemfontein, between July 2016 and early January 2017. Relevant data was collected by means of a structured interview using a questionnaire. RESULTS: A total of 49 patients were interviewed during the study period. Almost two-thirds of the patients were male (65.3%, n=32). The median age was 33 years (range 18 to 64 years). In most cases, the injury occurred at home (77.6%, n=38). Three quarters of the reported incidents (77.6%, n=38) were considered accidental of which 68.4% (n=26) were related to domestic activities. At the time of the accidental incident, 39.5% (n=15) patients had consumed alcohol. Eleven (22.4%) of the incidents were intentional with 63.6% (n=7) attributed to assault. The two main causes of burn injuries were flames including flaming liquids (59.2%, n=29) and hot liquids (22.5%, n=11). The most frequent area of injury was the left front thigh. CONCLUSION: The predominant cause of burn wounds was flames including flaming liquids, and injuries were mostly accidental in nature. Alcohol consumption and domestic activities were common in accidental burns.

Airlift pumps are very simple devices consisting of a vertical riser tube which is partially immersed in the liquid to be pumped and into which air is injected at the base to produce an upward flow. These devices are characterized by higher reliability and low maintenance. They are used, especially, for pumping dangerous and polluted liquids. The objective of the present study is to evaluate the performance of a pump when hot liquids are handled and air humidification is not neglected. For this purpose, an air-lift pump was designed and tested. Experiments were performed for many operating conditions A theoretical model is proposed in this study taking into account the air humidification and liquid temperature. The proposed model has been compared with experimental data and some recognized models of literature. The proposed model is in good agreement with experimental results.

Introduction: The aim of this study was to evaluate the demographic status of children with burn injuries who were referred to the emergency department of the Sina hospital in Tabriz, Iran, in 2014. Methods: Total of 220 pediatric patients with burn injuries, who referred to the emergency department of Sina hospital, were enrolled in this prospective descriptive study. Data such as age, gender, type of injury, location of injury, and severity of burns was collected, and analyzed using SPSS statistical software. Results: Most patients were the first children of their families (61.8%). Two-year-old children had a higher incidence of burn injuries (33.2%). Most of the burns (94.5%) occurred at home. The most common cause of injury was hot liquids (74.5%). The position of the burn injuries in most patients was the upper extremities (47.3%) and second-degree burn severity was more frequent (70.5%). There were no significant statistical differences between the two genders regarding cause, severity, percentage, and anatomical area of the burn.Conclusion: It is necessary to design effective strategies to reduce the incidence of burn injuries in pediatric patients, so that steps can be taken to reduce burn injuries and their complications.

Burns are the injuries that occur as a result of the action of thermal, chemical, or electrical agents. They are called one of the most devastating type of trauma. Approximately 1% of all children sustain a burn injury each year. Several publications have appeared documenting that children under 5 years old are at the highest risk of burns, especially scalds—burns caused by hot liquids. Burns have impact on mortality of children and the quality of survivors’ life. Due to limited therapeutic options, prevention is crucial. We can distinguish four levels of prevention of burns in children: primordial, primary, secondary, and tertiary. The most important aim is to establish and maintain conditions that minimize hazards to health and introducing new methods to reduce the incidence of the disease. Several practical questions arise when dealing with aspect of prevention of burns in children and beverages. This paper is a modest contribution to the ongoing discussions. Particular attention is paid to the strategies with proven or promising evidence of effectiveness described in available literature. The analysis of the studies and trends in burn epidemiology worldwide indicates that it is possible to effectively reduce the number of burns in children.

Baby walkers, traditionally marketed to parents as products that can help babies learn how to walk, are devices composed of a suspended seat surrounded by a rigid frame that is connected to wheels. This design positions infants to sit in a balanced standing position with their toes touching the floor, thereby allowing them to move independently without parental support. For many parents, baby walkers are viewed as an ideal way to encourage their children to begin walking, while keeping them entertained, quiet, and safe.1,2 Research has suggested that, despite their name, baby walkers can potentially hinder a child’s ability to walk. Studies have reported lower locomotive development test scores for babies who used baby walkers than those who did not.1,3,4 In addition, baby walkers may detrimentally affect the development of normal gait patterns and posture in early childhood and may even lead to idiopathic toe walking gait pattern development.5,6 In addition to gait concerns, baby walkers are associated with a high risk of injury. Alarmingly, statistics reveal that approximately 12% to 50% of children who use baby walkers become injured.7 Between 2004 and 2008, there were approximately 3000 children aged 15 months and younger who required treatment in US emergency rooms due to injuries from baby walker usage.8 However, this report did not include cases treated in urgent care centers or pediatric clinics/offices, and therefore, incidence may be higher. Baby walker injuries may be caused by falling down stairs, burns from electrical outlets, or drowning from walking into a pool or accessing the toilet.1 Since babies can independently move in baby walkers, they may be able to reach items on higher surfaces and are therefore at higher risks for reaching hazards, such as pulling hot liquids from counters.8 While the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) clearly states that baby walkers do not promote independent walking and stress that baby walkers can delay normal development and motor control, this warning does not appear until the published 8- to 12-month anticipatory guidance period.1,9 With baby walker usage remaining high in the United States, the question arises as to whether this guidance is coming too late. This study examines the age, gait patterns, and risks for injury of babies using baby walkers in video clips posted publicly on YouTube in order to evaluate whether additional anticipatory guidance is needed at earlier well-child visits.

Background: Burns are not uncommon in Egypt, for successful prevention of such accidents it is essential to analyze the medicolegal aspects of these cases. The present study was conducted in Assiut university hospitals. Burn cases that were admitted to the emergency units during years of 2015 and 2016 were retrospectively analyzed from the available records.Purpose: to investigate medicolegal aspects and demography of burn cases presented in emergency units at Assiut University Hospitals during years 2015 and 2016 to identify vulnerable personnel, and to evaluate their outcomes.Methods: A retrospectives study analyzing data from the records between 01/01/2015 to 31/12/2016. Data regarding age, gender, type of burn, percentage of body surface area involved in burn, hospital stay of victims, fate of cases, and survival period of deceased victims was collected and analyzed using SPSS. Results: The study revealed male predominance, 258 (75.26%) male victims out of total 380 victims. The mean age for victims was 15.57 years with most of the victims (52.89%) of burn were between the ages of 0 to 10 years, the minim age was 2 months while the maximum age was 73 years. Hot liquids and flame were the commonest causes of burn. 77.11% of burns in children ageless than 11 years were due to hot liquids. The highest percentage of cases of burn was found in winter (29.2%). 32.89% of victims were students. The mean of hospital stay was 8.29 days. 17.63 % of burn victims admitted during these two years died. Conclusions: Male victims represent most burn patients with children being more vulnerable.Preventive measures against burns should be taken in order to prevent burns particularly in children.

Localized thermal injuries in animals may be caused by exposure to fire and radiant heat, contact with hot items including hot liquids or steam, inhalation of hot air, and exposure to cold temperatures. In addition, animal fire victims may have intoxications caused by smoke gas. This article reviews the causes, pathogenetic aspects, morphological findings, additional investigations, differential diagnoses, and causes of death in various forms of thermal injuries. Since these cases do not occur frequently in diagnostic pathology, they represent a challenging task in general but also with respect to forensic or criminal aspects, such as whether a lesion represents an accidental or nonaccidental effect. Besides detailed information about the circumstances at the location, thermal injuries in animals require a thorough morphological evaluation, including additional investigations in conjunction with a profound knowledge about the possible lesion spectrum and suitable additional investigations.

Burn is the tissue damage on body caused due to various reasons. Although all burns caused by hot liquids are investigated as scalding burns, dense liquid burns (DLB) caused by such as milk and oil are different from other burns. The aim of this study was to report the properties of DLB.Patients admitted to the Emergency Service of Atatürk University Hospital, with DLB from June 2003 to December 2008, were examined retrospectively.During the study, 28 DLB patients were admitted to the emergency service. The most common admission were found in autumn 28.6% (n=8), and in May and June, 17.9% (n=5). The frequency of burns on the right upper extremity was seen in 50% (n=14) of the patients. The burn degree of all patients was determined as 2(nd) degree. Seventy-five percent (n=21) of the patients were discharged, 14.3% (n=4) were hospitalized. None of the patients died.Dense liquid burns is a burn type that is commonly seen in women, absolutely causing 2(nd) degree burns, frequently reported in upper extremity and head/neck regions, and in contrast to other studies, in our region it is completely seen in patients living in city centre.Yanık sıklıkla sıcak suya bağlı (haşlanma) oluşan hayatı tehdit eden bir durumdur. Bununla birlikte, bizim deneyimlerimize göre, sıcak süt ve yağ gibi yoğun sıvılara bağlı yanıklar, klinik seyir ve taburculuk açısından farklılıkları sebebi ile ayrı değerlendirilmelidir. Burada yoğun sıvılara bağlı yanıkların özelliklerini sunduk.Acil servisimize 2003 ile 2008 yılları arasında yoğun sıvılara bağlı yanık sebebi ile başvuran hastaları retrospektif olarak inceledik.Toplam olarak, 28 hasta çalışmaya dahil edildi. Ortalama yaş 26,5 idi ve hastaların %75’i kadındı. Hastaların %89,3’ü acil servisimize direk başvurdu ve %10,7’si başka acil servislerden hastanemize sevk edilmiş idi. Hastaların %75’i acil servisteki tedavilerinin ardından taburcu edildi, %14,3’ü yanık merkezine yatırıldı, %7,1’i başka hastaneye sevk edildi ve %3,6’sı yatışı reddetti. Yanık merkezindeki ortalama yatış süresi 24,5 gündü. Ortalama yanık alanı %3 idi. Vücut bölümlerine göre yanık sıklığı yüzdeleri: Baş ve boyun %39,3, gövde ön yüzü %14,3, gövde arka yüzü %17,9, sağ üst ekstremite %50, sol üst ekstremite %35,7, sağ alt ekstremite %21,4, sol alt ekstremite %89,3. Yanıkların tümü 2. dereceydi.Sıcak süt ve yağa bağlı yoğun sıvı yanıkları sıklıkla kadınlarda görülür. Yanıkların tamamı 2. derecedir.

OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to examine the characteristics and outcomes in children presenting to emergency departments (EDs) with burn injuries. METHODS The Nationwide Emergency Department Sample (NEDS) for the years 2008 to 2013 was used. All patients younger than 18 years who visited a hospital-based ED with a burn injury were selected. The study focused on (1) demographics (age, sex, insurance status), (2) characteristics of burns (types, causes), (3) disposition status after ED/hospitalization, (4) charges (ED and hospital), and (5) patient outcomes. Inclusion criteria were a visit to ED in the United States with a burn. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the findings. RESULTS During the study period, there were 746,593 ED visits due to burn injuries. Majority were insured by Medicaid (52.8%). Most frequent injuries were burns of wrists/hands (39.5%), lower limbs (24.1%), and upper limb-except wrist/hand (20.1%). The most common causes of burns were heat from electric appliances (37.1%) or hot liquids and vapors (24.8%). Following the ED visit, 89.1% were discharged routinely, and 4.3% were admitted. Mean charge per patient per ED visit was $1117. Total ED charges across the United States was $708.7 million. When admitted, mean length of stay was 5.7 days. Total hospitalization charge across the United States was $1.7 billion. CONCLUSIONS Pediatric burn injuries require significant resources for stabilization and treatment by EDs. The present study highlights the burden and impact of pediatric burn injuries in the United States.

Objective Burn injuries are one of the most significant threats to life in both undeveloped and developing countries. In this study, we evaluate the demographic characteristics and treatment methods in pediatric burn cases admitted to our clinic. Methods A total of 960 patients aged 0-16 years old who were referred to our center with burn injuries between 2015 and 2016 were analyzed in terms of sex, age, etiology, epidemiology, burn percentage, the degree of burn, hospitalization duration, morbidity-mortality, and treatment methods. Results In the present study, 512 male and 448 female patients were included. Burns were seen mostly among the patients aged 2-4, and the majority of them were extremity burns. The mean hospitalization duration was 10±6.7 days, and the most common source of burn injury was from hot liquids. Conclusion Burn injuries are a pediatric emergency that needs to be emphasized to reduce occurrences due to the long hospitalization period, the unfavorable mortality and morbidity rates, and increased treatment costs. It is possible to obtain more positive results by way of a standard and easily applicable treatment algorithm in cases of burn injury.

Patients with significant burns will need to be cared for in an intensive care setting. However, depending on how local services are organised, it is possible one may be involved in the initial management of these patients. Burns and thermal injuries can be devastating and complex. A burn is an injury to the skin and tissues that is usually thought of as being caused by heat (thermal) but can also be caused by cold, chemicals, electricity, friction and radiation. Thermal burn injuries can be caused by hot liquids and steam, contact from hot objects, and fire or explosive materials. The functions of skin include protection, immunity, temperature regulation and fluid regulation. It is also important to get as much history of how the burn occurred as possible either from the patient or from the paramedics who have transferred them from the scene of injury.

Background: Burns in the pediatric patients are usually caused due to accidental spillage and scalding by hot liquids. These are usually partial thickness burns. Collagen dressings have a better outcome in the management of partial thickness burns. Methodology: One hundred patients

Kitchen workers sustain one of the highest rates of occupational burn injuries through exposure to the various thermal hazards present in institutional and restaurant kitchens. The jacket of the chefs’ uniform has the potential to act as a protective garment, although the extent of the protection afforded by this clothing has not been examined. This study evaluates a selection of current fabrics used in chefs’ uniform jackets to determine their effectiveness in providing protection against hot surface contact, hot liquids and low-pressure steam burns. Four jacket fabrics and two apron fabrics were tested as single layers and in layered combinations. Results showed that single-layered fabrics offered less protection against hot surface contact burns than double-layered fabrics, as an increase in fabric thickness improved thermal insulation of the system. Fabrics covered with a water-impermeable apron layer afforded the greatest protection against hot water and low-pressure steam, while fabrics covered with a permeable apron layer did not provide additional protection. It was found that the addition of the permeable apron fabric layer stored more thermal energy when exposed to hot water, potentially reducing the protection offered by the layered fabric systems.

The skin is the primary barrier to the external insults an organism may encounter. It is a resilient and durable structure with many defense characteristics. The stratum corneum and adnexal covering (feathers, fur, or scales) offer a relative amount of armor against corrosive agents, extremes of temperature, and sharp forces. Its elasticity allows it to stretch and resist tearing when met with abrasive or compressive forces. This defensive coating, however, is not invulnerable, and its protection may be breached by excesses of heat or force that overwhelm its barrier capacity. Flames, chemicals, electrical currents, and hot liquids may breach the skin barrier causing burns and scalds. These events may also directly or indirectly affect other systems in the body, resulting in respiratory compromise, cardiac insufficiency, or multiple organ failure. A cutaneous lesion should prompt the veterinary pathologist or clinician to look below the surface for other manifestations or sequelae to skin injury. This chapter will focus on thermal and chemical insults to the skin and the possible parallel and subsequent changes in other organ systems.

First degree oro-facial burns, particularly by hot liquids, are common in children, and usually heal without complications. Rarely, potentially serious complications that can lead to cardiorespiratory compromise and even death can occur. We present a 15-month-old girl who developed spontaneous subcutaneous emphysema and pneumomediastinum 3 days after sustaining a first degree oro-facial burn by a hot liquid, with a possible thermal inhalational injury. Two important diagnoses that needed to be ruled out are the injury of an air-containing structure, like the pharynx, larynx, trachea, esophagus and bronchial tree as well as necrotizing fasciitis. Literature review revealed a lack of medical research that focuses on the association between such complications and first degree oro-facial burns, particularly in toddlers. The study reveals that spontaneous subcutaneous emphysema and pneumomediastinum can complicate first degree oro-facial burns in toddlers. Our aims are to draw the attention to the possible association between superficial oro-facial burns and the development of spontaneous subcutaneous emphysema and pneumomediastinum, and to encourage further studies to investigate into this association. Int J Clin Pediatr. 2015;4(1):139-142 doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.14740/ijcp203w

To compare clinical outcome of topical conventional with topical heparin treatment in 2nd degree or partial thickness (PTB) burn patients.Patients, between the ages of 14 and 60 years with 2nd degree burns involving20%. Total body surface area (TBSA) on front of chest, abdomen and upper limbs excluding hands and lower limbs were enrolled from September 2015 to August 2016. Patients were randomized to conventional or heparin treatment groups. Clinical outcome measured were healed wound size, pain scores and total consumption of analgesic medication required to relieve pain. Safety of the treatment and adverse events were also measured RESULTS: Out of 66 patient included in study mean (SD) age of participants was 27 (10) years, of which 59% were males. Mean (SD) TBSA burn was 14% (3) [23 (35%) had SPTB, and 43 (65%) had DPTB]. The burn injury was caused by flames in 68% and by hot liquids in 32% patients. There was no statistically significant difference in distribution of patients according to age, gender, TBSA burn, etiology or depth of burns in the two treatment groups. As compared to conventional treatment group, heparin treatment group had significantly better outcomes. Number of days needed for wound healing was significantly lower in the heparin group than the conventional group (SPTB 14±1 vs. 20±4 days; P-value0.000 and for DPTB, 15±3 vs. 19±2 days; P-value0.003). Mean pain score was also lower in the heparin group (for both SPTB and DPTB 3±1 vs. 7±1; P-value0.000). Similarly, total consumption of analgesic medication was significantly less in the heparin group (53±27 vs. 119±15mg; P-value0.000 for SPTB and 46±6 vs. 126±12mg; P-value0.000 for DPTB). In both groups, no patient had wound infection, skin necrosis, leucopenia, thrombocytopenia, worsening renal function, or abnormal liver enzymes CONCLUSION: Treatment of second degree or partial thickness burns (PTB) with topical heparin is superior to conventional treatment in terms of wound healing as well as for pain control. The treatment with topical heparin is well-tolerated and is without higher adverse effects.

This study was to evaluate the results of open dressing in management of second degree burn in children.Methods : A retrospective study conducted on children with second degree burn during the period of 42 months from January 2010 to June 2014.Results : 150 patients included in this study. Age range was 1 months 12 days to 11 years 10 months. 68 % patients were within 1-5 years. 70% injured by hot water, 16% by hot liquids, 8.7% by hot cooking related substance and 5.3% due to flame. Only 12% patients showed positive culture of pathogenic organisms. Among them, 4 had a combined growth of Pseudomonas auroginosa and E.coli. 2 (1.3%) patient needed skin grafting. 62% patient stayed in the hospital up to 10 days and only 1 patient stayed 35 days. Mean cost of management per patient was calculated under several categories.Conclusion : Second degree burn can manage by open method effectively and successfully. Regular cleansing of the burnt wound with clean water and application of moist exposed burn ointment (MEBO) can easily be tough to the attendants.Northern International Medical College Journal Vol.6(2) 2015: 73-75

Burns are caused by thermal energy arising from flames, hot liquids, and hot surfaces. Burn injuries are a major public health problem worldwide, especially in developing countries, where the risk is greatest and access to specialist care limited. Risk factors include intrinsic factors in the individual (age, sex, behavior) and extrinsic environmental factors (both physical and social). Development and implementation of effective preventive and treatment strategies have resulted in declines in deaths and hospitalizations for burn injuries in many high-income countries. Further research and development of prevention strategies to specifically address risk factors in low- and middle-income countries are needed.

Nearly half of all burns are caused by accidents. Risk factors include psychiatric problems, addiction, and low socioeconomic status. Neglect and child abuse must always be considered for children with burns. In the Netherlands, 35,000 patients with burns are treated by GPs annually. 1700 patients are admitted to the hospital, of which 600 patients are treated in one of the burn centers. One third (200) of these patients are children. Hot liquids are the main cause of burns in young children up to the age of 4 (two thirds of all admitted children). In children of school-going ages, we encounter more burns caused by flames, particularly in boys. Additionally, there are seasonal burns during summer caused by barbecues and fireworks/flame burns at New Year’s.

Objective To examine the cooling properties of a variety of ‘everyday’ hot liquids within the context of scald injuries in the United Kingdom. Methods The temperature of common hot liquids, including water, tea, coffee and various other liquids (i.e. takeaway coffees, “Indian tea”, chicken curries, hot milk and oil) were recorded over a time period, using digital cooking thermometers. Results Minimal difference was detected between the cooling rates of hot water, coffee and tea. Indian tea cooled at a slower rate. The speed at which milk cooled was less than other liquids and the higher the fat content the slower it cooled. Takeaway beverages had a lower starting temperature and retained heat for substantially longer periods. The assessment of cooking oil revealed intense heat production and prolonged cooling. Conclusion The authors propose that if a patient is exposed to a ‘common’ scalding agent that has been cooling for 10 min or less then the temperature of that fluid is likely to be greater than 60 °C and therefore capable of causing a burn within seconds of exposure. Furthermore, most liquids tested take between 15 and 30 min to reach a “safe temperature” below 53 °C.

Background: Burn prevention strategies are most effective when they are based on knowledge of etiological patterns of burn injuries and considering the geographical variations and socioeconomic differences in burn epidemiology. In this regard, this study aimed to investigate the etiology and outcome of burns in Hamadan, Iran. Materials and Methods: This registry-based, cross-sectional study was conducted on 798 burn patients admitted to the Besat Hospital from March 2013 to February 2018. The medical records of all the patients were extracted from hospital information system. Results: In males, the most common cause of burn was gas explosion (41.4%), whereas in females, the most common cause was hot liquids (37.1%). In below 5 years and 6–15 years age group, burning with hot liquids was the common cause of burn, whereas in other age groups, gas explosion was the common cause of burn. In the present study, 6.9% of the patients died because of their burns. With increasing age, the odds of death increases, so that patients between 30 and 59 years had 2.2 fold (P = 0.02) and patients ≥60 years had 3.5 fold (P = 0.006) higher odds of death compared to patients aged

Children are more likely to be hospitalised because of burns from hot liquids than from contact with fire and flames. Many of these hot liquid burns are from contact with hot tap water, usually in the home. Hot tap water burns to young children can be prevented completely by lowering the delivery temperature of the hot tap water. This study reports on the evaluation of a program designed to lower the temperature of home hot tap water in Dunedin, New Zealand. In conjunction with a national media campaign, the program provided an educational intervention to households with young children. Before and after measures were made and comparison groups were used to determine the effect of the intervention on tap water temperatures. Mean tap water temperature was 64.2 degrees C at baseline and 61.2 degrees C at follow-up. The proportion of households with water temperatures above 70 degrees C decreased by 50 per cent between baseline and follow-up while the proportion below 60 degrees C increased from 33 per cent to 47 per cent. The group receiving the intervention did not differ significantly from the comparison groups. There were significant decreases in tap water temperature across all groups, but the majority of households still had temperatures above 55 degrees C at the end of the study.

This chapter reviews recent literature on textiles for personal thermal protection. The focus is on the needs of workers in selected industry sectors including energy (oil and gas), electrical and others, and both structural and wildland firefighting. Important protection issues for workers in each sector are covered, as well as potential trade-offs between thermal protection and thermal comfort. Garment fit and other ergonomic factors influencing comfort are also considered. The review includes developments in protective textile materials and serviceability issues, including durability and maintenance. International performance standards are discussed briefly followed by a summary of the development of test methods to assess protection from heat, flame, hot liquids, and steam. Issues for future development of technical textiles for personal thermal protection are presented.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the frequency of different kinds of burns, associated factors, major complications and their relations to other variables. METHODS: Descriptive study performed at Hospital Joao XXIII from January to December of 1992 with five hundred and thirtyseven children and adolescents. RESULTS: The age distribution was as follows: 408 patients were children (76%) and 129 were teenagers (24%). Most of the accidents, 398 cases (74%) happened at home, 235 of which (59%) in the kitchen. 80 patients were interned. They had the highest relative frequency of accidents outside home (p

Objectives: to identify the number of students experiencing dysmennrohea, to assess the knowledge regarding dysmennrohea and its health-seeking behavior among the female student population, to determine the association between knowledge regarding dysmennrohea and its health-seeking behavior with the variables. Methods: A Descriptive survey of 80 female college students were done using a structured knowledge questionnaire and health-seeking behavior tools during the month of February 2014 at Center of Computer and Communication Technology, Chisopani, South Sikkim, India. Simple random sampling was used to select the college and purposive sampling technique was used to select the sample. Results: Majority 65% were of 18-21 years of age, 50% were Hindu, 100% were unmarried. About 42.5% had family monthly income of 15000 and above. Educational status of mother of about 40% was secondary, 36.25% belonged to extended family. Age of menarche of 78.75% was 13-14years, 96.25% had 3-7 days of menstruation, 40% used 3-4 pads during 1st day of menstruation, 71.25% used 3-4 pads during 2nd day of menstruation, 67.5% had menstrual cycle of 21-35 days. Majority 65% received information on health seeking behavior from their female relatives. Majority 64(78.75%) had experienced painful menstruation among which 70.31% consumed hot liquids, 70.31% took medicines, 3.12% took chocolate and 1.35% tied stomach with scarf as health seeking behavior. Majority 76.25% participants had moderate knowledge regarding dysmenorrhea and its health seeking behavior. There was no significant association between knowledge regarding dysmenorrhea and its health seeking behavior. Conclusion: The study showed that majority of the females college students had moderate knowledge and various health seeking behaviors regarding dysmennrohea.

From 1 January 1979 to 31 December 1993, 1109 patients were admitted to our burn unit located at Hacettepe University. Of the patients, 638 (57.5 per cent) were children (under the age of 16 years). The male to female ratio was 1.4: 1 in children, and was approximately 2.6: 1 for patients over 16 years of age. Of the 638 paediatric patients, 67 (10.5 per cent) sustained electrical burns. The causes of injury in the remaining 571 cases (89.5 per cent) were hot liquids in 379 (66.4 per cent of the non-electrical burns), flame in 190 (33.3 per cent) and contact burns in two (0.3 per cent). Of the scalds, 296 (78.1 per cent of the scalds), 52 (13.7 per cent), 22 (5.8 per cent) and nine (2.4 per cent) were caused by hot water, milk, meal and oil respectively. Of the flame burns, 21 (11.1 per cent) were due to LPG explosions. Of the 471 adult patients (over 16 years), 159 (33.8 per cent) were injured by electricity. The causes of non-electrical burn injuries were: hot liquid in 25, flame in 274, chemical agents in four, contact in four, and other causes in four. Although our centre is located in Central Anatolia, 41.8 per cent of all patients were referred from the other six regions of Turkey. Of the 1109 inpatients, 645 (58.2 per cent) were injured in Central Anatolia, 279 (25.2 per cent) in the Black Sea Region, 55 (5.0 per cent) in the Mediterranean Region, 18 (1.6 per cent) in the Marmara Region, 34 (3.1 per cent) in the Aegean Region, 52 (4.7 per cent) in Southeastern Anatolia and 26 (2.3 per cent) in Eastern Anatolia. Approximately two-thirds of the patients (419) required one or more surgical interventions, including debridement and grafting, as well as amputation. The most important early complications were acute renal failure (148 patients −13.3 per cent), sepsis (660 patients −59.5 per cent) and gastrointestinal haemorrhage (seven patients −0.6 per cent). The overall mortality rate was 34.4 per cent. The epidemiological pattern of the burns showed that emergency measures should be taken to prevent scalding accidents to children throughout the country, and for electrical burns in adults, particularly those living in the Black Sea Region. In establishing, implementing and directing prevention programmes, regional differences should be taken into consideration.

Background Burns account for approximately 265,000 deaths each year with predominance in low and middle-income countries. Since most existing estimates of burn mortality and morbidity in Bangladesh have been derived from hospital records or small-scale surveys, the aim of this study was to get prevalence measures for burns and risk factors at a population level in rural Bangladesh. Methods Census household data collected from seven rural sub-districts in Bangladesh was used to assess injury outcomes, including burns, in 2013–2014. Descriptive statistics, and univariate and multivariate analyses were conducted to determine the epidemiological characteristics and risk factors for burn injuries. Results The overall burn mortality and morbidity rates were 2.14 deaths and 528 burn injuries per 100,000 populations. Females had a 63% (95% confidence intervals, CI: 15%–75%) higher chance of burn injuries than men across all age groups, with majority of injuries occurring inside the home. Approximately 50% of burn injuries occurred in the 25–64 year old age group. Deaths occurred mainly by flame burns (88%) where as non-fatal injuries were largely due to contact with hot liquids (56.53%), like cooking oil (21.4%). Deaths were also observed mostly in the winter season. Furthermore, children 1–4 years of age were 4.36 (95% CI: 3.37–5.63) times likelier to suffer from burn injuries than infants keeping all other factors constant. Higher level of education was seen to be associated with lower risk of burn injuries. Conclusions Burns in rural Bangladesh are mainly seen across two extremes of ages in men and women, the propensity being higher in females. Crammed housing spaces, young age and poor educational background were found to be risk factors for burn injuries.

Amalgam restorative material generally contains 50% mercury (Hg) in a complex mixture of copper, tin, silver, and zinc. It has been well documented that this mixture continually emits mercury vapor, which is dramatically increased by chewing, eating, brushing, and drinking hot liquids. Mercury has been demonstrated to have damaging effects on the kidney, central nervous system, and cardiovascular system, and has been implicated in gingival tattoos. While mercury amalgams may result in detrimental exposure to the patient, they can also be a danger in dental practices. In Europe, the federal governments of Norway, Finland, Denmark, and Sweden have enacted legislation requiring that dental patients receive informed consent information about the dental restorative material that will be used. In the United States, a few state governments have enacted informed consent legislation for dental patients receiving dental restorations. These state legislations were enacted by Maine, California, Connecticut, and Vermont. It is a sad tragedy that mercury is causing such health damage to many people. The American Dental Association has said for the past 150 years that the mercury in amalgam is safe and does not leak; however, no clinical studies were ever done and the Food and Drug Administration approved amalgam under a grandfather clause. Subsequent studies have shown this claim of safety not to be true. Over ten years ago, the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology Journal published a comprehensive article calling mercury restorative material a major source of mercury exposure to the U.S. population. The authors of this paper recommend that federal and state legislation be passed throughout our country to ensure that consent forms are given to patients receiving silver-mercury amalgam restorative material.

Sodium leaks and resultant fire containment play an important role in the safe operation of a fast breeder reactor. Leak collection tray (LCT) is a passive device which is used to collect the highly reactive liquid sodium in the case of an accidental leakage. The consequences of sodium fire are mitigated by oxygen starvation in the vessel which collects the liquid sodium after leakage. The current paper deals with the optimization of the LCT geometry based on the hydrodynamic characteristics of the leaked liquid sodium. Isothermal numerical simulations have been performed to understand the interfacial dynamics of the hot liquid sodium flow in the top tray part and the variation of sodium draining rate into the holdup vessel for various drainpipe diameters and leak rates. Since the numerical simulations involve very high computational effort, an equivalent semi-analytical sloshing/draining model has also been developed which emulates the flow process in the LCT. The predictions of transient mass distributions in the top part and in the holdup vessel for the semi-analytical model are in close match with the results obtained from the detailed numerical study. The results reveal critical geometric parameters at which the un-burnt sodium collected in the LCT will be maximum. � 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

In 1599, a Spanish governor in early colonial Ecuador suffered this fate. Native Indians of the Jivaro tribe, unscrupulously taxed in their gold trade, attacked the settlement of Logrono and executed the gold hungry governor by pouring molten gold down his throat.1 Pouring hot liquids or metals, such as lead or gold, into the mouth of a victim was a practice used on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean, by the Romans and the Spanish Inquisition among others.2 Several sources mention …

As it has been shown that re-epithelialization of partial skin thickness wounds can be accelerated if the wound is kept moist, a prospective, randomized clinical study compared the water vapour-semipermeable polyurethane film, Opsite, with the conventional impregnated gauze dressing, Jelonet, in the treatment of outpatient partial skin thickness burns. Fifty-five patients were included: 30 were treated with the polyurethane film and 25 with the conventional dressing. The patients were followed at regular intervals until healing had occurred and were seen 3 months later for evaluation of residual scars and pigmentation. The burns treated with polyurethane films healed with a median of 10 days, while the conventionally treated burns healed with a median of 7 days (P greater than 0.05). Residual scars were noted in 21 per cent of the patients treated with polyurethane films and in 8 per cent treated conventionally (P greater than 0.05). Prophylactic methods should be publicly stressed since one-quarter of the patients were children of 3 years or less who were scalded by split hot liquids. Furthermore the patients' wounds were only briefly cooled before attending medical care. With small burns we advise that cooling should be prolonged until the pain fades then professional assistance should be sought.

This is an epidemiological survey of 105 burned patients treated between May 1986 and May 1988 in a modern Burns Unit in Saudi Arabia. Hospitalization time ranged from 1 to 100 days with a mean of 17 days. The mean age of the patients was 9 years. Sixty (57 per cent) of the patients were males and 45 (43 per cent) were females. The main causes of injury were hot liquids (57.7 per cent) and fire (33 per cent). The mean extent of injury was 19 per cent TBSA. Burns covered less than 40 per cent TBSA in 91 out of 105 patients (87 per cent). Deep burns did not exceed 100 units of burned skin in 48 out of 55 patients (87 per cent). Urgent escharotomy was done in 14 patients. Early excision and skin grafting was carried out in 34 patients. Complications included six cases (5.7 per cent) with septicaemia, one (0.9 per cent) with disseminated intravascular coagulopathy, three (2.9 per cent) with amputation and one (0.9 per cent) with stress gastric ulcer. Seven patients discharged themselves against medical advice. Five patients died. The favourable results in this series were attributed mainly to the low severity of burns and partially to the short delay between injury and admission, early surgery and remarkably good facilities, Childhood scalds in this region of the world could possibly be reduced by changing the family habit of having tea at floor level and recommending wide-based tea-pots.

Two 18-year-old men were seen for second-degree burns to the dorsum of their knees, ankles, and feet. Upon investigation, it was revealed that the burns were self-inflicted and resulted from the application of crushed garlic with the intent of exemption from work. Reviews of the literature reveal that garlic-induced burns have been previously reported; however, only once before as a factitious dermatitis. The sharp demarcation line between normal and abnormal skin should suggest that a burn is not from hot liquids. Health care providers had best be advised of the side effects of natural remedies and be aware of how garlic may be abused to the advantage of an individual.

Introduction Burn injuries are very important causes of morbidity and mortality among children. The aim of this study was to determine the burn related injuries in paediatric population in Shiraz, which is one of the largest cities in the Fars province in Iran. Methods In a cross-sectional study, we investigated 691 burn victims aged 14 years and less in year 2009 admitted to Ghotbeddin hospital, the only burn specialised centre in the South of Iran. Results These subjects represent 31.5% (691/2194) of all burn patients treated in that year. The children9s mean age was 4±3.4 years and their burn per cent was 5.7%±10.9%. Their sex ratio (M/F) was 1.37 and 1–6 year children were the most frequent group (58.3%) among paediatric patients. There were no statistical significant differences in the age (p=0.67) and burn per cent (p=0.88) of two sexes. Only 105 cases (15%) were hospitalised and others were treated as out-patients. Five-hundred thirty seven cases (78%) were from urban areas and others were rural people. Boiling water (34%), hot tea (20%) and hot food (6.8%) were the three leading causes of paediatric burns. Winter had the highest incidence of paediatric burns (30%). What9s more, living room (45.4%) and kitchen (31.4%) were the most common places of burn incidence. The mortality rate in pediatrics was 2% (14/691). Conclusion Most of the paediatric burn injuries happened at home by hot liquids in the colder seasons of the year. It is suggested that paediatric burn prevention should be an essential element of parental education.

Introduction Unintentional injuries are a leading cause of death among children and young adults. Over 875 000 children ≤18 years of age die annually in the world as a result of injuries, mostly in low- and middle-income countries. Objective is to describe epidemiology of childhood unintentional home injuries in Karachi, Pakistan. Methods This was secondary analysis of a childhood unintentional injury surveillance database setup in the emergency department of four major hospitals of Karachi Pakistan for 3 months. Karachi, the largest city of Pakistan, has a population of about 17 million (43.8% are children). Caretakers of children under 12 years of age presenting to emergency department with an unintentional injury were interviewed. Analysis was done on the number of home injuries in this sample and the associated risk factors. Results The surveillance included 566 injured children of which 409 (72%) injuries had taken place at/around home. Of 409 children, 66% were males; 54% were between 5 and 11 years of age. Injuries commonly occurred during play time (51%). Fall (59%), dog bites (11%) and burns (9%) were the commonest mechanisms of injury. Falls occurred most often from stairs/steps and burns due to hot liquids. The majority of the children (78%) were directly discharged from emergency room with predicted short term disability (42%). There were 2 deaths in the ED both due to falls. Conclusion A majority of these unintentional childhood injuries occur at home frequently involving males. Falls, dog bites and burns are the most common types of unintentional childhood home injuries.

This study comprised 359 paediatric burn-injury cases. The patients were collected from the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s, taking 4 years from each decade. These children were treated exclusively in the Paediatric Surgery Department in the University Hospital of Tampere, Finland. We were interested in the backgrounds and living environments of our patients as well as the children themselves. Special attention was paid to risk factors and methods for prevention. Scalds at home and in the sauna rooms constituted the largest groups of injuries. The number of hospitalized patients has slightly decreased during the past three decades, whereas the proportion of girls has increased. The mortality was very low (0.28 per cent), a single case. This study shows that 80 per cent of burn injuries in children occurred under the age of 4 years and over 80 per cent of all burn injuries involved hot liquids; modern kitchen technology has not significantly reduced this factor. The epidemiological profile of paediatric burns changed from the 1960s to the 1980s less than expected.

Background Most intentional burns are scalds, and distinguishing these from unintentional causes is challenging. Aim To conduct a systematic review to identify distinguishing features of intentional and unintentional scalds. Methods We performed an all language literature search of 12 databases 1950–2006. Studies were reviewed by two paediatric/burns specialists, using standardized methodology. Included: Primary studies of validated intentional or accidental scalds in children 0–18 years old and ranked by confirmation of intentional or unintentional origin. Excluded: Neglectful scalds; management or complications; studies of mixed burn type or mixed adult and child data. Results A total of 258 studies were reviewed, and 26 included. Five comparative studies ranked highly for confirmation of intentional/unintentional cause of injury. The distinguishing characteristics were defined based on best evidence. Intentional scalds were commonly immersion injuries, caused by hot tap water, affecting the extremities, buttocks or perineum or both. The scalds were symmetrical with clear upper margins, and associated with old fractures and unrelated injuries. Unintentional scalds were more commonly due to spill injuries of other hot liquids, affecting the upper body with irregular margins and depth. Conclusions We propose an evidence‐based triage tool to aid in distinguishing intentional from unintentional scalds, requiring prospective validation.

Burns are a serious health problem globally. Every year over 300 000 people die from fires alone. Many more are killed by burns caused by hot liquids, electricity, and chemicals. In addition, millions of people are disabled and disfigured by severe burns. Survivors of burns often lead a life complicated not only by the physical consequences of the burns but also by stigma and discrimination related to the disability and disfigurement. The vast majority (over 95%) of these burns occur in low- and middle-income countries. People of lower social economic status are at higher risk of burns. People who suffer severe burns and their families are also very often thrown into further poverty as a consequence. This suffering is all the more tragic because it is so preventable. Rates of burn-related death are much higher in low- and middle-income countries (4.5 deaths/100 000 per year) than in high-income countries (1.0 death/100 000 per year). This discrepancy is one of the largest for any injury mechanism. In high-income countries, much has been done to lower the rates of burns through prevention activities such as promotion of smoke detectors, lowering …

Background Injuries from burns are a common cause of emergency department visits. Our institution has a Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Grant (Injury Free Coalition for Kids [IFCK]) for injury prevention in a 4 zip code intervention areas in west Birmingham. This study identifies pediatric burn injury patterns and specifically injury patterns in the intervention area. Methods A retrospective review of the burn unit registry for all outpatient pediatric burn injuries between March 2003 and July 2004 was performed. Hospital computer systems were accessed to determine insurance status and zip codes for each patient. All data were entered into Microsoft Access and analyzed using the computer program Epistat®. Odds ratios were calculated for burn injuries for the intervention area versus injuries overall. Results A total of 423 patients were seen for outpatient burn therapy during this time period. There were 177 females (42%) and 246 males (58%). 208 were Caucasian (49%), 201 African American (48%), 11 Hispanic (2%), 2 Asian and 1 other. 172 patients were insured by Medicaid; 198 had private insurance, with 9 having All Kids and 44 patients having no insurance. 221 were contact burns with 140 scalds, 38 flame, 11 radiation. The most common agents responsible were 65 irons, 44 hot liquids (not water), 42 hot water, 38 grease, and 20 curling iron/curler contact. Of the 423 burns, 78 (18%) were in the IFCK intervention area. Iron injuries were significant in both groups; however, water was associated with burn injuries in a significantly higher proportion in the IFCK group compared to non-IFCK (OR 2.8, p = .005) (95% CI 1.3, 5.8) and a significantly higher proportion of grease burns occurred in the IFCK group (OR = 2.6, p = .03) (95% CI 1.2, 5.5). Conclusion Contact burns, including irons, water, and grease, are a significant cause of outpatient burn injury. Water and grease are two important forms of ED visit burn injury for IFCK group. Major needs include burn prevention awareness as well as water heater devices, especially in our IFCK area.

To the Editor. —It is surprising that both articles 1,2 and the accompanying Editorial 3 on the use of heated humidified air for early treatment of the common cold fail to mention the efficacy of hot chicken soup in relieving the symptoms of this malady. 4 Chicken soup mobilizes nasal mucus better than other hot liquids 5 and inhibits the growth of pneumococci in vitro. 6 These findings give scientific respectability to what mothers have always known—chicken soup can alleviate the symptoms of an upper respiratory tract infection.

The mode of occurrence of the scalds and burns was statistically compiled as data to be used in the prevention of accidents, using findings from 1379 victims who were taken to the hospital by ambulance in the wards of Tokyo in 1976. Sixty-one percent of the victims were scalded by hot liquids, and 22 percent received burns by direct contact with flames. Other such accidents happened in a variety of ways; for example, by touching an iron or the stove, from gas explosions, flash burns from fireworks, electric burns and chemical burns. In the case of scalds caused by hot liquids involving dishes, cups, kettles, pots and thermos bottles, young children seemed particularly accident prone; it was found that 648 per 1, 000, 000 were injured in groups of children aged four or less. Injury of torso increased in young children, and it tended to be serious. The age groups of 5 to 9 and 20 to 29 also ran the risk of scalds caused by hot liquids. With fire and flame indoors, findings revealed that persons over age 60 were injured twice or more as often as those in other age groups. Young children and old persons showed peaks in the area of burns from hot metal objects. Winter season and evening were other time factors in the accidents, and especially many scalds due to hot liquids occurred in the evening. To reduce scalds and burns, improvements are called for in kitchen equipment and in the heating system. More case is essential to prevent these hazards.

In this paper we are going to investigate a hot water drive in an oil-bearing rock formation. The hot-water drive is one of several thermal recovery methods EI~, [21, [81 a) used by the petroleum industry to produce the residual oil in a reservoir. (The essential phenomenon all such methods are based on is that by heating the reservoir the viscosity of the oil is lowered and may be more easily produced.) A disadvantage of this process is that initially cold oil must be displaced, unless of course there is ample stratification or pore-space in the formation for the hot water to flow through. There have been a number of theoretical hot-water drive studies made previous to this one. Most assume a piston like displacement by the encroaching water; however, they differ on the modes of heat transfer. SCI~UMANN [31, KLINKENBERG [41, and WALTER [51 have studied a model in which the heat is transfered by (1) convection of hot liquids, and (Model A) (2) heat exchange between the solid matrix and liquids which are at different temperatures.

Knowledge of the nature, significance, and prevalence of esophageal mucosal plaques is limited. Five patients with glycogenic acanthosis are described. The typical endoscopic, morphological, and histological appearances are illustrated. This lesion is characterized by focal hyperplasia of epithelial cells containing abundant cytoplasmic glycogen. The etiology of glycogenic acanthosis is obscure. There is not a clear relationship to smoking, alcohol, hot liquids, or acid reflux. Most esophageal plaques probably represent glycogenic acanthosis. Our observations suggest that it is unrelated to leukoplakia. It is especially important to recognize the nature of the lesion, since it does not appear to have the malignant potential of leukoplakia.