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Human standing stability was evaluated using a swash plate drop device in a disturbance application. Under different experimental conditions using the device, electromyogram (EMG) measurements showed that the left and right lower limb muscles were used differently. It also demonstrated that the dynamics also differed depending on the experimental conditions. In particular, the dynamics of standing stabilization in a tandem standing position and a normal standing position significantly differed, and the activities of related muscles were also significantly different; this indicates that standing stability may potentially depend on the subjects. These results indicate the need for the comprehensive consideration of the standing and disturbance conditions during the quantitative evaluation of human standing stability.

In December 2016, the first bus rapid transit (BRT) service in Vietnam was introduced in an urban area of Hanoi, the capital, with a 14.7-km route. This study empirically investigates the impacts of introducing the Hanoi BRT service on the travel behaviors of commuters using public transportation services. A quasi-experimental approach is employed with difference-in-differences and propensity score matching to identify the impacts on commuters’ travel time, acceptable walking distance to the nearest stop, and modal share of public transportation. Interviews with public transportation users were conducted to collect data in June 2018, and 501 valid responses were obtained. Respondents were asked about their travel behaviors and perceptions regarding public transportation before and after the BRT introduction. The study assumes a treatment group containing commuters currently using the BRT service and a control group containing those currently using standard bus services. The estimation results reveal that the introduction of the Hanoi BRT service had significantly positive impacts on improving travel time efficiency, increasing the acceptable walking distance to the nearest stop, and encouraging commuters to use more public transportation in their daily journeys.

The GaAsxSb1−x; alloys are particularly promising materials for near-infrared light-emitting diode and detector devices. The optical properties, such as the dielectric function, complex refractive index, and absorption coefficient, are needed to properly design and understand semiconductor devices. Here, we report a method to obtain the optical properties of GaAsxSb1−x for the energy range from 1.5 to 6 eV and for an As composition from 0 to 1 at arbitrary wavelengths and compositions. The parameterization of the dielectric function of GaAsxSb1−x for specific compositions at x = 0, 0.183, 0.397, 0.528, 0.8, and 1 were realized by using the dielectric function parametric model.

The outbreak of novel pneumonia coronavirus disease has become a public health concern worldwide. Here, for the first time, the association between Korean meteorological factors and air pollutants and the COVID‐19 infection was investigated. Data of air pollutants, meteorological factors, and daily COVID‐19 confirmed cases of seven metropolitan cities and nine provinces were obtained from 3 February 2020 to 5 May 2020 during the first wave of pandemic across Korea. We applied the generalized additive model to investigate the temporal relationship. There was a significantly nonlinear association between daily temperature and COVID‐19 confirmed cases. Each 1°C increase in temperature was associated with 9% (lag 0‐14; OR = 1.09; 95% CI = 1.03‐1.15) increase of COVID‐19 confirmed cases when the temperature was below 8°C. A 0.01 ppm increase in NO2 (lag 0‐7, lag 0.14, and lag 0‐21) was significantly associated with increases of COVID‐19 confirmed cases, with ORs (95% CIs) of 1.13 (1.02‐1.25), 1.19 (1.09‐1.30), and 1.30 (1.19‐1.41), respectively. A 0.1 ppm increase in CO (lag 0‐21) was associated with the increase in COVID‐19 confirmed cases (OR = 1.10, 95% CI = 1.04‐1.16). There was a positive association between per 0.001 ppm of SO2 concentration (lag 0, lag 0‐7, and lag 0‐14) and COVID‐19 confirmed cases, with ORs (95% CIs) of 1.13 (1.04‐1.22), 1.20 (1.11‐1.31), and 1.15 (1.07‐1.25), respectively. There were significantly temporal associations between temperature, NO2, CO, and SO2 concentrations and daily COVID‐19 confirmed cases in Korea., Highlights ‐ Data on air pollutants and meteorological factors from 16 cities and provinces in Korea were obtained. ‐ Temperature was associated with an increase of COVID‐19 confirmed cases when below 8oC. ‐ Positive associations between NO2, CO, and SO2 levels and COVID‐19 confirmed cases were observed.

Improving level of service (LOS) is an essential requirement for a sustainable public transport development of a city. A large number of previous studies have considered bus LOS on viewpoints of its users. It should, however, be noted that the viewpoint of non-bus travelers is also equally important because they are potential to be bus users. This paper suggests a novel model for transport planners to assess driving behavior of bus drivers through a consideration of bus movement in association with motorcyclists' interaction. Bus movement assessment is modelled based on GPS and traffic surveillance video data in correlation with the traffic density estimated under Kalman-filter algorithm. A case study in Hanoi, Vietnam showed an illustration to the model.

Building prototypes of heterogeneous hardware systems based on emerging electronic, magnetic, and photonic devices is an important area of research. The novel implementation of these systems for artificial intelligence poses new and unforeseen challenges in mixed signal data acquisition, hyperparameter optimization, and hardware co-processing. Many emerging devices exhibit unpredictable and stochastic behavior as well as poorly repeatable hysteretic effects or performance degradation. Dealing with these device challenges on top of more traditional hardware problems, like quantization errors, timing constraints, and even hardware and software bugs is an enterprise fraught with pitfalls. Equally important to the construction of the physical prototype is the co-development and integration of a design verification framework that can extensibly allow for predictable behavior of not only the entire system but also all of its parts in a modular way, allowing for seamless integration in both simulation and implementation. This work discusses Daffodil-lib, a Python based prototyping framework which, from hardware to software, enables everything from a script-based simulation to a compiled hardware-timed experiment, to everything in between with no syntactical changes for the end user.

The existence of the multiple-mode decision making process challenges the existing psychological theories those predict travel behaviors because the theories were mainly to explain the relationship between travelers' perceived attributes of a targeted mode, not to make choices between modes. A review of related literatures showed a lack of focus on the mechanism of one mode influencing other mode in psychological models. The present study investigates how car-related factors affect the establishment of bus use intention in a psychological investigation. It is hypothesized that single car use factors do not directly influence bus use intention, rather than that; they indirectly influence bus use intention through an overall factor of car use. Results from a dataset of 270 samples investigating three types of daily trips in the Japanese context showed support to the mediating effect of the overall car use factor. As such, an arbitrary inclusion of car-related factors to psychological models of public transportation may not be recommended. Keywords: Psychological model, Multiple-mode decisions, Travel behavior, Public transportation, Bus service

Discrete decision making is a crucial software component of autonomous systems. Since many autonomous systems are safety-critical, it is important to have their decision making formally verified. Model checking is a well-known technique in computer science that can automatically verify the correctness of a system. In this paper we report our experience on applying different model checkers, including ProB, SPIN, TLC, Alloy and NuSMV, on verifying the discrete decision making of an autonomous UAV in an industrial application: pylon inspection. We study how the decision making logic of the UAV and the assumptions on its operating environment can be represented in each model checker and conduct a performance evaluation. The results demonstrate that only model checkers based on bounded model checking and symbolic model checking, that is, Alloy and NuSMV, are able to verify the decision making of the UAV in our case study.

Object segmentation is an important task which is widely employed in many computer vision applications such as object detection, tracking, recognition, and retrieval. It can be seen as a two-phase process: object detection and segmentation. Object segmentation becomes more challenging in case there is no prior knowledge about the object in the scene. In such conditions, visual attention analysis via saliency mapping may offer a mean to predict the object location by using visual contrast, local or global, to identify regions that draw strong attention in the image. However, in such situations as clutter background, highly varied object surface, or shadow, regular and salient object segmentation approaches based on a single image feature such as color or brightness have shown to be insufficient for the task. This work proposes a new salient object segmentation method which uses a depth map obtained from the input image for enhancing the accuracy of saliency mapping. A deep learning-based method is employed for depth map estimation. Our experiments showed that the proposed method outperforms other state-of-the-art object segmentation algorithms in terms of recall and precision. KeywordsSaliency map, Depth map, deep learning, object segmentation References[1] Itti, C. Koch, E. Niebur, A model of saliency-based visual attention for rapid scene analysis, IEEE Transactions on pattern analysis and machine intelligence 20(11) (1998) 1254-1259.[2] Goferman, L. Zelnik-Manor, A. Tal, Context-aware saliency detection, IEEE transactions on pattern analysis and machine intelligence 34(10) (2012) 1915-1926.[3] Kanan, M.H. Tong, L. Zhang, G.W. Cottrell, Sun: Top-down saliency using natural statistics, Visual cognition 17(6-7) (2009) 979-1003.[4] Liu, Z. Yuan, J. Sun, J. Wang, N. Zheng, X. Tang, H.-Y. Shum, Learning to detect a salient object, IEEE Transactions on Pattern analysis and machine intelligence 33(2) (2011) 353-367.[5] Perazzi, P. Krähenbühl, Y. 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Vehicular networks play a key role in Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) that makes transportation safer and more convenient. Most applications in ITS require information carried by basic safety messages (BSMs) to be exchanged periodically among vehicles. However, BSMs are vulnerable to different types of attacks, especially, jamming attack due to their limited short message length and life span. In this paper, we analyze the impact of jamming attack on BSMs and initially propose a random channel surfing scheme on attempting to react to the attack. The scheme is investigated by extendible mathematical model and simulation in NS-3. Obtained results provide a reference to design an optimal channel surfing scheme that adapts to its supported applications.

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) have become useful tools in industries. In this paper, we verify the behavior of an autonomous UAV executing an inspection task. More specifically, we look into the use of the knowledge base system IDP as a verification tool. We propose an approach for the modeling and verification of the safety-critical UAV and its environment in IDP. The methodology and modeling choices that are beneficial for the performance of the verification task and the readability of the model are denoted. We identify the need for discrete domains and investigate the consequences. Verification is successfully achieved using both Bounded Model Checking (BMC) and Invariant Checking (IC). ispartof: pages:315-326 ispartof: Advances in Practical Applications of Agents, Multi-Agent Systems, and Trustworthiness. The PAAMS Collection vol:12092 pages:315-326 ispartof: International Conference on Practical Applications of Agents and Multi-Agent Systems location:L'Aquila, Italy - online date:7 Oct - 9 Oct 2020 status: published

In some circumstances on streets equipped with new bike facilities, cyclists are not interested in using them. Instead, they continue to use shared spaces with pedestrians or motor vehicles. Thus, simply adding a bike facility does not guarantee that cyclists will switch to using it. Owing to the considerable development of bike facilities, the investigation of facility preference, particularly focusing on facility choice forecast, has become increasingly important. This study developed a model for predicting the facility choice of cyclists between on-street facilities (curb, traffic lane, and bike lane (BL)) and off-street facilities (sidewalks). Initially, the optimal model was selected using Bayesian Model Averaging method. Then, it was validated by both internal and external validations. Apart from the aforementioned factors, several other exogenous variables were also found to be significant predictors of bike facility choice, including the width of traffic lanes, existence of real-time stopping vehicle, type of bike, bus stop existence, and in-group cycling. Analysis of the relative importance of predictors indicated that bus stop existence, effective sidewalk width, and type of bike were the potential predictors. A framework for predicting BL usage, if it is present, was also developed. A test for the predictive performance of the application at a real site was carried out. By comparing predicted and actual BL usage figures, the analysis showed good predictive performance. The results of this study can help developers, planners, and designers to adopt reasonable investment decisions as well as better designs in developing new bike facilities. Keywords: Bicycle facility, Bicycle facility preference, Bicycle facility choice, Bicycle lane, Bicycle lane usage

We numerically and experimentally investigate a broadband, polarization-independent and wide-incident-angle metamaterial perfect absorber (MPA) based on conductive polymer. By optimizing the electrical conductivity of the polymer, a 16.7 GHz broadband MPA is observed with the absorptivity greater than 80% for both transverse magnetic and electric polarization. The measurement results performed in the range 8-18 GHz show a diametrical concatenation with simulation results and theoretical analysis. The absorption mechanism is explained by demonstrating the influence of polymer conductivity on the dissipated power, the equivalent impedance, and the induced electric field. Our work may contribute to further studies on broadband MPA using for various applications.

We present a simple method to achieve a multiband perfect metamaterial absorber for use in the K band by applying defects to the absorber structure. Open boundary conditions with an excitation port are used for simulation of the whole considered structure. A defect was then introduced into the structure to obtain multiband absorption. Two perfect absorption peaks were observed at 19.8 GHz and 23.1 GHz for the structure with a defect of 2 × 2 unit cells. The multiple resonance frequencies could be tuned by varying the defect dimensions. In addition, it was found that the absorber structure is insensitive to the polarization angle of the incident electromagnetic wave over a wide range due to the symmetry of the configuration. This represents a simpler method to create a multifrequency absorber compared with previous works. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study considering the influence of structural defects on the absorption frequencies of a metamaterial absorber.

Background: Ginsenoside Rg3 is a promising anticancer agent. It is usually produced by heat treatment of ginseng, in which ginsenoside Rb1 is the major ginsenoside. A kinetic study was conducted to optimize ginsenoside Rg3 production by the heat treatment of ginsenoside Rb1. Methods: Ginsenoside Rb1 was heated using an isothermal machine at 80°C and 100°C and analyzed using HPLC. The kinetic parameters were calculated from the experimental results. The activation energy was estimated and used to simulate the process. The optimized parameters of ginsenoside Rg3 production are suggested based on the simulation. Results: The rate constants were 0.013 h−1 and 0.073 h−1 for the degradation of ginsenosides Rb1 and Rg3 at 80°C, respectively. The corresponding rate constants at 100°C were 0.045 h−1 and 0.155 h−1. The estimated activation energies of degradation of ginsenosides Rb1 and Rg3 were 69.2 kJ/mol and 40.9 kJ/mol, respectively. The rate constants at different temperatures were evaluated using the estimated activation energies, and the kinetic profiles of ginsenosides Rb1 and Rg3 at each temperature were simulated based on the proposed kinetic model of consecutive reaction. The optimum strategies for producing ginsenoside Rg3 from ginsenoside Rb1 are suggested based on the simulation. With increased temperature, a high concentration of ginsenoside Rg3 is formed rapidly. However, the concentration decreases quickly after the reaching the maximal concentration value. Conclusion: The optimum temperature for producing ginsenoside Rg3 should be the highest temperature technically feasible below 180°C, in consideration of the cooling time. The optimum reaction time for heat treatment is 30 min.

Background Cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) treatment has shown beneficial effects on wound healing treatment. Methods A patient had a lesion on the middle finger of the left hand that was indicated to skin flap grafting. The patient then received the CAP treatment using a plasma device with a dose of 30 s/cm2/day. The patient's ulcer was treated according to standard procedure, and the ulcer's size, infection status, and sensation at the irradiation area were recorded each week. Results After five weeks of this CAP treatment, the ulcer was completely epithelialized. Infection status and sensory abnormalities were not detected in the area of irradiation. Conclusion CAP treatment may be a viable choice to treat patients wherein skin-grafting has failed and where the lesions have tendon and bone exposure.

We report values of parametric-model (PM) parameters that can be used to obtain dielectric functions (refractive indices) from 1.5 to 6.0 eV for I n x A l 1 − x P alloys of arbitrary compositions x . Using reported pseudo-dielectric data for several In compositions, we extract their dielectric functions by multilayer calculations, then parameterize them with PM lineshapes that well describe the asymmetric nature of their critical point (CP) contributions. We follow the E 0 fundamental bandgap as a function of x , and determine the composition of the indirect-to-direct crossover.

Metamaterial full-sized absorber structures are numerically and experimentally investigated in GHz region and then examined in THz frequency. By manipulating monitoring the number and the position of the defect elements in conventional unit cells, the optimal integrative absorber structures are generated. The proposed structures provide an ultra-broadband absorbance in the operating frequency. The good agreement between simulation, measurement and theoretical analysis is observed with a 5 GHz-bandwidth corresponding to the absorption of 95%. In particular, we extrapolate the concept to THz region and demonstrate that, the method can be applied to increase the bandwidth of the metamaterial absorber to 5 THz, while maintaining the other characteristics. This structure can be applied to improve the performance of telecommunication systems such as micro-antenna, micro-electromagnetic transmitters and apply to imaging and sensing fields.

Recently, deep learning and particularly, Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), has become predominant in many application fields, including visual image classification. In an applicative context of detecting areas with hazard of dengue fever, we propose a classification framework using deep neural networks on a limited dataset of images showing urban sites. For this purpose, we have to face multiple research issues: (i) small number of training data; (ii) images belonging to multiple classes; (iii) non-mutually exclusive classes. Our framework overcomes those issues by combining different techniques including data augmentation and multi-scale/region-based classification, in order to extract the most discriminative information from the data. Experiment results present our framework performance using several CNN architectures with different parameter sets, without and with transfer learning. Then, we analyze the effect of data augmentation and multiscale region based classification. Finally, we show that adding a classification weighting scheme allows the global framework to obtain more than 90% average precision for our classification task.

In this paper we present the use of linear programming to systematically create control software for choreographed UAVs. This application requires the control of multiple UAVs where each UAV follows a predefined trajectory while simultaneously maintaining safety properties, such as keeping a safe distance between each other and geofencing. Modeling and incorporating safety requirements into the movement behavior of UAVs is the main motivation of our research. First, we describe an approach where the movement behavior of each UAV is formulated as a linear program. Second, we compare and analyze two different modeling techniques to implement the safe distance and geofencing requirements. Our approach was validated by doing experiments with Parrot Bebop UAVs. Besides being tested in the laboratory, our approach was validated in real life conditions in more than 30 performances of a dance show where five UAVs perform choreographed movements as part of the show introduction. ispartof: pages:326-335 ispartof: International Conference on Unmanned Aircraft Systems pages:326-335 ispartof: International Conference on Unmanned Aircraft Systems location:Miami, FL, USA date:13 Jun - 16 Jun 2017 status: published

Oil and gas's businesses have important role in economy. Improving performance of oil and gas’s businesses were management target of those businesses and also the requirements of state management. This paper examines the factors that affect to oil and gas’s businesses, analyze trends impact of these factors on the efficiency. On that basis, the paper give policy implications for state management and corporate governance.

CAP treatment is likely to be of benefit in wound healing. In a clinical study, 20 laser lesions in five individuals have been treated with argon plasma 10, 30 or three times for 10 s, with untreated as control. The scar formation was followed for 10 days, six and 12 months. In early stages of wound healing, plasma treatment seems to support the inflammation needed for tissue recovery. In later stages, plasma treatment shows better results in terms of avoiding post-traumatic skin disorders. Plasma treatment shows superior aesthetics during scar formation. No precancerous skin features occurred up to 12 months.

Occurrence and behavior of fluoroquinolone antibacterial agents (FQs) were investigated in hospital wastewaters in Hanoi, Vietnam. Hospital wastewater in Hanoi is usually not treated and this untreated wastewater is directly discharged into one of the wastewater channels of the city and eventually reaches the ambient aquatic environment. The concentrations of the FQs, ciprofloxacin (CIP) and norfloxacin (NOR) in six hospital wastewaters ranged from 1.1 to 44 and from 0.9 to 17 micrgl(-1), respectively. Total FQ loads to the city sewage system varied from 0.3 to 14 g d(-1). Additionally, the mass flows of CIP and NOR were investigated in the aqueous compartment in a small wastewater treatment facility of one hospital. The results showed that the FQ removal from the wastewater stream was between 80 and 85%, probably due to sorption on sewage sludge. Simultaneously, the numbers of Escherichia coli (E. coli) were measured and their resistance against CIP and NOR was evaluated by determining the minimum inhibitory concentration. Biological treatment lead to a 100-fold reduction in the number of E. coli but still more than a thousand E. coli colonies per 100ml of wastewater effluent reached the receiving water. The highest resistance was found in E. coli strains of raw wastewater and the lowest in isolates of treated wastewater effluent. Thus, wastewater treatment is an efficient barrier to decrease the residual FQ levels and the number of resistant bacteria entering ambient waters. Due to the lack of municipal wastewater treatment plants, the onsite treatment of hospital wastewater before discharging into municipal sewers should be considered as a viable option and consequently implemented.

We propose a new broadband metamaterial perfect absorber (MPA) based on structure of metallic dishes in the THz region. It demonstrated that the coupling interaction between the central dish and adjacent dishes leads to absorption characteristics. By optimizing the geometrical structure, the bandwidth is gained up to 1.0[Formula: see text]THz with absorption better than 90%. The mechanism of the absorption results was explained by induced current, magnetic and electric distributions. Furthermore, LC equivalent circuit was used to elucidate resonant frequencies. The obtained results can provide a general guideline for fabricating broadband MPA.

This paper deals with the development and construction of an apparatus for time-resolved tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy (LAS) for the diagnostics of pulsed plasma. A detailed description of the extension of a progressive method of laser absorption spectroscopy in continuous regime to a direct triggering method of the time-resolved laser absorption spectroscopy (TR-LAS) is presented. The main advantage of the developed method is its capability to measure the time evolution of the whole absorption profile with a preset time resolution, which can be less than 1 μs. Therefore, the presented method of repetitive sampling applied on LAS in plasma processes is capable of simultaneous measurement of the density and kinetic temperature of selected particles. Its appropriate applications are to periodical processes in technological plasma, namely pulsed plasma discharges. The developed method of TR-LAS was applied to measurements of the temporal evolution of density and kinetic temperature of argon metastable species during high-power impulse magnetron sputtering of titanium and titanium dioxide thin films.

International audience; We present a new system for video auto tagging which aims at correcting the tags provided by users for videos uploaded on the Internet. Unlike most existing systems, in our proposal, we do not use the questionable textual information nor any supervised learning system to perform a tag propagation. We propose to compare directly the visual content of the videos described by different sets of features such as Bag-Of-visual-Words or frequent patterns built from them. We then propose an original tag correction strategy based on the frequency of the tags in the visual neighborhood of the videos. Experiments on a Youtube corpus show that our method can effectively improve the existing tags and that frequent patterns are useful to construct accurate visual features.

We present novel resonant modes at the THz regime in a structure combining conventional metamaterial absorber (MA) with a cavity (MAC). The well-known structure consisting of three individual layers of periodic metallic dishes on the top, a dielectric layer in the middle, and a metallic film in the bottom is used, and the cavity is formed on the top layer by changing the geometry of the metallic dishes. MACs with various cavity parameters are designed and their absorption characteristics, such as magnetic field distribution, surface current, and power loss density at resonant frequencies of the designed structure, are numerically investigated. Resonant effects in this work may find applications in THz tunable and broadband MA, and our investigation on the dependence of the absorption frequency and absorption intensity on the geometric cavity of the designed structure will provide a general guideline for MAC design.

A novel method for time-resolved tuned diode laser absorption spectroscopy has been developed. In this paper, we describe in detail developed electronic module that controls time-resolution of laser absorption spectroscopy system. The TTL signal triggering plasma pulse is used for generation of two signals: the first one triggers the fine tuning of laser wavelength and second one controls time-defined signal sampling from absorption detector. The described method and electronic system enable us to investigate temporal evolution of sputtered particles in technological low-temperature plasma systems. The pulsed DC planar magnetron sputtering system has been used to verify this method. The 2 in diameter titanium target was sputtered in pure argon atmosphere. The working pressure was held at 2 Pa. All the experiments were carried out for pulse ON time fixed at 100 (is. When changing OFF time the discharge has operated between High Power Impulse Magnetron Sputtering regime and pulsed DC magnetron regime. The effect of duty cycle variation results in decrease of titanium atom density during ON time while length of OFF time elongates. We believe that observed effect is connected with higher degree of ionization of sputtered particles. As previously reported by Bohlmark et al., the measured optical emission spectra in HiPIMS systems were dominated by emission from titanium ions [1].

Hoang Tung Vo, Jae Youl Cho, Hun-Ju Ham, Jang-Hyun Hur, Yong-Eui Choi, Yeon-Ho Jeong* Department of Medical Biotechnology, College of Biomedical Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea Department of Biological Environment, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea Department of Forest Resources, College of Forest & Environment Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea