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This study investigated the relationship between subjective forgetfulness and the dietary intake of various nutrients in middle‐aged and senior women. A cross‐sectional study of the first‐visit records of 245 Japanese women aged 40 or over was performed. The severity of subjective forgetfulness was classified according to the Menopausal Health‐Related Quality of Life Questionnaire: none and mild (“unforgetful”) or moderate and severe (“forgetful”). Dietary consumption of nutrients was estimated using the brief‐type self‐administered diet history questionnaire. The associations between the severity of subjective forgetfulness and intake of 43 major nutrients were evaluated using multivariate logistic regression analysis separately performed for two age groups: middle‐aged (40–54 years, N = 166) and senior (55 years or over, N = 79). No nutrients were found to be significantly associated with subjective forgetfulness in the middle‐aged group. In senior women, a significant positive relationship between the intake of copper and forgetfulness was found (adjusted odds ratio per 10 mg/kJ increase in copper intake: 1.25; 95% confidence interval: 1.08–1.50). Thus, high copper intake is positively associated with the severity of forgetfulness in Japanese senior women. Reducing copper consumption could help improve this symptom in this population., We examined the nutritional factors associated with subjective forgetfulness. Participants were Japanese middle‐aged and elderly women. High copper intake is positively associated with the severity of forgetfulness in Japanese senior women.

Introduction. The mining and metallurgical industries form the basis of the economy of the Murmansk Region. Working conditions at industrial enterprises, combined with extreme climatic conditions of the Arctic, pose an increased risk of occupational diseases. The purpose of the study was to investigate working conditions and occupational disease rates among industrial workers of the Murmansk Region in 2007–2017. Materials and methods. We studies socio-hygienic monitoring data on working conditions and occupational diseases in the population of the Murmansk Region in 2007-2017 provided by the Federal Center for Hygiene and Epidemiology of the Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare, Moscow. Results. In 2008-2017, the most common occupational risk factors in the Murmansk Region included noise (25.8%), job strain (17.8%), and chemical factor (12.6%) while 39.2% of workers were exposed to a combination of occupational hazards. Over 10 years, the absolute number of workers exposed to dangerous and hazardous industrial factors decreased by 1.8 times. In the Murmansk Region, 84.3% of occupational disease cases were registered among workers of mining and metallurgical enterprises. In 2007-2017, the region experienced a significant decrease in occupational disease incidence mainly related to job cuts. The role of other factors (improvement of working conditions, health promotion) needs to be clarified; yet, it is possible to predict their positive influence on occupational morbidity in the next few years. Conclusion. To achieve a substantial decrease in occupational disease incidence rates, it is essential to keep improving comprehensive measures aimed at preserving workers’ health in the Murmansk Region.

A coated copper sulfate algicide designed for controlled release of copper was evaluated for its effectiveness in controlling phytoplankton in hybrid catfish, ♀Ictalurus punctatus × ♂Ictalurus furcatus, ponds. Copper concentrations were greater in ponds receiving weekly treatments with copper sulfate crystals than in ponds in which the coated copper sulfate was suspended in porous bags and left in ponds during the study. However, the coated copper sulfate treatment provided a similar degree of phytoplankton control for a period of about 4 mo. Copper additions did not negatively affect catfish survival, production, or feed conversion in either the copper sulfate crystal treatment or in the coated copper sulfate treatment as compared with the control (P > 0.05). Flavor scores for fish did not differ between control and treatments (P > 0.05). The coated copper sulfate appeared to be a potentially effective method for controlling phytoplankton in aquaculture ponds. It would be easier to apply and require fewer applications, and the coated copper algicide would not present a fish toxicity issue that can arise from high copper concentration immediately following copper sulfate crystal treatment.

Aim: The aim of the present study is to evaluate and compare patient sensitivity following the amalgam restorations using two different materials beneath them - zinc phosphate base and dentin bonding agent. Materials and Methods: Thirty individuals aged between 20 years and 60 years were selected who presented with two class I carious lesions located in different quadrants. Both the teeth were filled at the same appointment. Following rubber dam isolation, conventional cavities were prepared for the amalgam restorations. One tooth received zinc phosphate base while the other received dentin bonding agent beneath the amalgam restoration. High copper non-γ2 amalgam was triturated using amalgamator by condensing it into the cavity. Questionnaires were given to the patients for recording sensitivity scores to heat, cold, or biting at the end of 1, 3, 7, and 14 days. Results: Significance was determined based on the P values obtained from the simple curve z-test. On day 1, when groups I and II were compared, no significant difference in number of patients reporting postoperative sensitivity was found. On day 3, more number of patients reported sensitivity with zinc phosphate cement compared to those with dentin bonding agent. On day 7, there was great reduction in sensitivity in both groups compared to day 1 and day 3 but comparatively more in teeth with zinc phosphate base. On day 14, there was no significant sensitivity in both groups, patients showing no sensitivity to both zinc phosphate base and dentin bonding agent. Conclusion: Postoperative sensitivity was relatively more in teeth restored with zinc phosphate base compared to that restored with dentin bonding agent. Postoperative sensitivity resolved earlier in restorations with dentin bonding agent compared to zinc phosphate base, and sensitivity resolved with time in both the restorations.

We report on the latest ultra-thick photo resist to fabricate high copper pillars over 100um for FO-WLP. The new resist shows excellent coating performance to achieve 100um thickness in a single coat, or over 200um thickness with double coating, on 12 inch wafer. The resist provides good coating uniformity without bubbles, defects, wrinkles or other errors. On top of that, the new material design enables finer resolution for ultra-thick films, with an aspect ratio of 4 and beyond. We also report high copper pillars fabricated with the new THB resist. It is expected that the new ultra-thick resist will be the best candidate for FO-WLP. We will discuss the new material concept in more detail.

Background The purpose of this study was to estimate the copper levels in saliva of patients with oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) and different areca nut products and its correlation with different histological grades of OSF. Methods The study comprised 60 individuals, 30 OSF patients and 30 non-OSF individuals. Unstimulated whole saliva was collected, and copper analysis was performed using colorimetric method. The commercial areca nut products used by the patients were acquired and subjected to copper analysis through the atomic absorption spectrophotometer method. Oral biopsies were performed for OSF patients for histopathological correlation. Results The mean salivary copper level was 27.023 μg/dl in OSF patients when compared with 8.393 μg/dl in non-OSF individuals (P

Background & Objectives: To evaluate of corrosion products in dentin after removal of old Amalgams with and without roughness Materials and Method: Twenty Class II cavities were prepared on extracted premolars then Randomly were divided into four groups according to how they were restored. Group 1 : Light-cured packable composite to establish a microleakage baseline; Group 2: A high copper Amalgam; then stored in 37 ° C normal saline for 6 months to create amalgam corrosion products. Group 3: Identical to Group 2, but later the amalgam was replaced with composite leaving the cavity walls intact. Group 4: Identical to Group 3 except the cavity walls were extended 0.5 mm after amalgam removal prior to insertion of the composite. There are 5 specimens in each four groups for EDX analysis.Evaluation of EDX analysis was descriptive. Results : Corrosion products were detected in Groups 1,2,3 but were not detected in Group 4 . Conclusions : After amalgam removal, roughing dentinal walls could remove the corrosion products penetrating it. Keywords : Corrosion, High copper Amalgam, Dentin, surface roughing

Descrevem-se casos de intoxicação aguda por cobre em ovinos da raça Santa Inês, numa propriedade rural, no Rio Grande do Sul. Três ovelhas recém-paridas, que consumiam ração formulada para bovinos, ingeriram, avidamente, sal mineral comercial para bovinos e apresentaram doença clínica e morte, uma semana após a introdução do sal. Os animais desenvolveram anorexia, permaneceram em decúbito lateral, o qual evoluiu para esternal e apresentaram fasciculação e rigidez muscular generalizada, antes de morrerem. À necropsia de um desses animais, as principais alterações foram hepatomegalia moderada e acentuação do padrão lobular hepático, além de erosões e ulcerações multifocais aleatórias na mucosa abomasal. Na avaliação histológica do fígado, havia necrose hepatocelular centrolobular acentuada e difusa, tumefação de hepatócitos, predominantemente, na região periportal, além de pequena quantidade de células de Kupffer com pigmento granular citoplasmático. O diagnóstico baseou-se na história clínica, nos achados de necropsia e histopatológicos e confi rmou-se pelas altas concentrações de cobre detectadas no tecido hepático e nas amostras de ração e sal mineral. Cases of acute copper intoxication in Santa Ines sheep are described. The disease occurred on a farm in Rio Grande do Sul. Three ewes that had recently lambed and that were fed cattle diet became severely ill and died one week after ingestion of a commercial mineral mix for beef cattle. The sheep showed anorexia, lateral and sternal recumbency, fasciculation and muscle stiffness and death. At necropsy from one of these sheep, the main changes were moderate hepatomegaly, prominent hepatic lobular pattern, and multifocal randomly distributed erosions and ulcerations on the abomasal mucosa. Histological evaluation of the liver showed marked centrilobular hepatocellular necrosis; diffuse hepatocyte swelling predominantly in the periportal area, and a few Kupffer cells contained cytoplasmic pigment granules. The diagnosis was based on the clinical history, necropsy and histopathologic fi ndings, and confi rmed by the high copper concentrations detected in the liver, feed, and mineral mix samples.

In the early 1980s, attention focused on the possibility that pressurized thermal shock (PTS) events could challenge the integrity of a nuclear reactor pressure vessel (RPV) because operational experience suggested that overcooling events, while not common, did occur, and because the results of in-reactor materials surveillance programs showed that RPV steels and welds, particularly those having high copper content, experience a loss of toughness with time due to neutron irradiation embrittlement. These recognitions motivated analysis of PTS and the development of toughness limits for safe operation. It is now widely recognized that state of knowledge and data limitations from this time necessitated conservative treatment of several key parameters and models used in the probabilistic calculations that provided the technical of the PTS Rule, 10 CFR 50.61. To remove the unnecessary burden imposed by these conservatisms, and to improve the NRC's efficiency in processing exemption and license exemption requests, the NRC undertook the PTS re-evaluation project. This paper provides a synopsis of the results of that project, and the resulting Alternate PTS rule, 10 CFR 50.61a.

The Gipronickel Institute in cooperation with OJSC “MMC “Norilsk Nickel” and Canadian Company Flogen Technologies Inc. has developed a new technology for continuous converting of copper-nickel mattes and copper concentrates coming from high-grade matte separation, with the production of blister copper, a slag of high copper and nickel content and gases of high SO2 concentration. A two-zone Vaniukov furnace is used as a basic reactor for this process. This work presents the basic control principles of this new technological process obtained through thermodynamic and experimental studies.

Copper die casting motor (CDM) has a better design flexibility than aluminium die casting motor (ADM) because of the higher conductivity of copper. However, CDM has an economic and manufacturing weak point due to high copper price and high melting temperature compared to ADM. This paper describes a comparison of the design parameters, specifications, performances and material cost between CDM and ADM of 5.5kW_6P.

A series of technical improvements have been implemented to address the issue of high copper losses in rotary holding furnace (RHF) slag, which were experienced at the Xstrata Copper Smelter at Mount Isa in 2007 and 2008. The copper losses in smelting slag in the RHF were more than 3% in 2006 and 2007. Thermodynamic models and viscosity models have been applied in the operation of Xstrata Copper Smelter in Australia. The theory of RHF key performance indicators has also been developed to reduce the copper losses in RHF slag. The RHF KPIs Theory has been applied in Mount Isa Copper Smelter. The copper losses in RHF slag dropped from 3.1% in 2007 to 0.76% in April 2009. The average copper loss in RHF slag in 2009 and 2010 was about 0.9%.

Aim To assess serum Cu/Zn SOD (Superoxide Dismutase) concentration in children with ADHD and evaluate its possible relationship to Cu and Zn levels. Subjects and methods Serum from 22 children with ADHD and 20 healthy control children without ADHD and 19 autistic children without ADHD were tested for Cu/Zn SOD using ELISAs and levels of serum Cu and Zn using inductively-coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. Results Serum Cu/Zn SOD levels of ADHD children were significantly lower than age and gender matched healthy non-ADHD controls ( P < 0.001). Serum Cu/Zn SOD of ADHD children was significantly lower in individuals with high serum copper ( P = 0.024). There was no significant correlation between Cu/Zn SOD levels and Zinc or Cu/Zn in ADHD individuals. Discussion These results suggest an association between Cu/Zn SOD serum levels and ADHD, particularly ADHD children with high serum copper.

Contact resistance of the copper alloys used in automotive connectors was studied in the literature, but no study has been undertaken in order to optimize this resistance for the new high-copper alloys intended for power automotive connectors. This study was carried out in order to determine the changes in resistance for different loadings and contact geometries. A new generation of high-performance copper alloys was analysed. The used samples were U shaped with a segment containing a sphere and were subjected to insertion (sliding contact) and indentation (static contact) tests. A finite element simulation using the ANSYS code gave contact modellings with or without roughness; this roughness was measured with a profilometer. Numerical modelling of the contact surfaces when the roughness of the materials was taken into account led to results close to the experimental results especially in the case of the lower forces during the indentation test. On the other hand, a relation between the contact resistance and the contact force was established. These results could help in the choice of a material to provide a good compromise concerning both the electrical and the mechanical aspects for a power connector used for automotive industry.

Recent Cu price increases motivate careful examination of approaches to minimize Cu use in high-frequency transformers and inductors. Approaches that can reduce Cu use without increasing losses include careful winding design, trading winding volume for core volume, replacing Cu with Al, and using Cu-clad Al (CCA) windings. Al wire is particularly attractive. The cost of Al is lower than it might appear from the cost per unit mass when the much lower density of Al is also considered, and the disadvantage of higher resistivity becomes less important when high-frequency effects are considered.

RESUMO Neste trabalho apresenta-se um estudo numérico-experimental do comportamento da agitação de fluido em reservatórios de pulverizadores agrícolas. Uma adequada agitação da calda de defensivos agrícolas em um reservatório é muito importante para garantir a homogeneidade da pulverização ao longo de toda a cultura. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a viabilidade da utilização de um modelo computacional aplicado ao problema de agitação de calda em reservatórios de pulverizadores agrícolas, e assim, auxiliar no projeto dos mesmos, com economia de tempo e custo. Deste modo, resultados de simulações computacionais de fluidodinâmica (CFD) foram comparados a testes experimentais normalizados. Utilizando um modelo monofásico (água), avaliaram-se os perfis de velocidades e de tensões de cisalhamento na parede do reservatório, a fim de possibilitar a visualização do comportamento do fluido em agitação e relacionar essas variáveis com a concentração de resíduos. A comparação entre resultados experimentais e o modelo computacional desenvolvido mostrou-se viável, indicando que regiões com baixos valores numéricos de tensão de cisalhamento estavam em concordância com as regiões de alta deposição de cobre da solução-teste. ABSTRACT This paper presents a numerical and experimental study of spray fluid performance with stirring in tanks of agricultural sprayers. The pesticide spray should be stirred properly to ensure spraying homogeneity throughout the entire crop. The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of using computer models in pesticide spray stirring and, thus, reducing operational time and costs. Therefore, results of computer simulations of fluid dynamics (CFD) were compared to standard experimental tests. We evaluated shear stress and speed profiles against tank wall using a monophasic model (water). Thus, we could verify the fluid performance during stirring, and relate these variables with residue concentrations. The comparison between experimental and computational model was feasible since areas with lower numerical values of shear stress were in line with areas with high copper deposition.

Zambia has experienced very good GDP growth rates in the last decade, above the SSA average. Growth remains largely based on copper exports, and on the high copper price that prevailed until 2013. The country has not yet achieved structural transformation of its domestic economy, in particular with regard to its ambition for broader based industrialization. There are important changes in demand with urbanization and increasing household incomes, in Zambia as well as in the neighboring DRC. A review of trade patterns and the sectoral performance in Zambia assesses the size and direction of different effects on patterns of industrial development. It particularly considers the impact on agro-processing and engineering sectors and the key factors in development of these activities. The paper considers concerns relating to competition, investment along the value chain, and the ability to build capabilities based on local demand and export opportunities in regional markets, especially in South Africa and via regional supermarket chains. Based on this analysis the paper asks what policies are required to support broad-based industrialization and critically assesses the existing framework and its implementation in this light. It concludes by considering the potential for collaboration in industrial policy across countries.

Introduction: Chromhidrosis is a rare sweat gland disorder charac­terized by the excretion of colored sweat. It can be classified as apocrine, true eccrine, and pseudochromhidrosis. Amongst the different types of chromhidrosis, green chromhidrosis is extremely rare. We describe herein a case of blue green chromhidrosis induced by ingestion of homeopathic medicine. Case report: A middle aged man presented to us with blue green discoloration of hands and feet. There was a preceding history of ingestion of homeopathic medication. Histopathology from the involved skin showed greenish particles within eccrine glands. Initial blood copper level was high which returned to normal level after discontinuation of the homeopathic medicine. Spectrophotometry revealed high copper content of the green sweat. Conclusion: Our case emphasizes the importance of considering any type of ingested medicine, including homeopathic medicine, as a probable cause of chromhidrosis.

The rapid growth of smartphones and tablets in mobile market demands the packaging technology to be in a thinner profile with small form factor and reduce power consumption. The PoP structure is widely used in the package of smart phones to connect memory and Application Processor. Even if TSV is the preferred structure for connecting memory and AP, the high cost of TSV process prohibit TSV for wide presence in the smart phone applications. Recently, I/Os of memory are required to increase from a few hundreds to more than 1000. For wide I/O2, I/Os more than 2000 may be required. We have demonstrated PoP connections over 1000 with pitch of 200 um in last year's ECTC conference with Unimicron HCP (High Copper Pillar) technology [1]. In preparation to meet future memory requirement and to evaluate the extendibility of Unimicron proposed HCP structure, a test vehicle has been built. The test vehicle consists of a PoP structure with a fine pitch of 100 μm that can support 2472 I/Os in 6 rows around the peripheral area of the die. The package size is in a 12×12 mm 2 CSP format. The target copper pillar height is 80 μm. The copper pillars with a designed diameter of 70 μm and space of 30 μm. The uniformity of copper pillar height is required to assure the reliable interconnections between the top memory die and the bottom AP. For a designed copper pillar height of 80 μm, tolerance of +/-15 μm is required. In this paper, a method to achieve the copper height uniformity of +/- 15 μm with 100 μm PoP pitch connection will be demonstrated.

Background: Oral Squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is often preceded by potentially malignant disorders (PMDs) like oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF). The rate of transformation of OSMF to OSCC ranges from 3 to 19%. OSMF is etiologically related to chewing of areca nut (betel nut), a habit prevalent among the population groups in south-east Asia. Along with alkaloids, the high copper content in areca nut plays an important role in the pathogenesis of OSMF. The increased prevalence of OSMF in the last two decades or so corresponds with the increased processing and commercialization of areca nut products. Aim: The aim of the study was to estimate and compare the copper content of raw areca nuts in three different stages of maturity, and commercial areca nut products. Materials and Methods: Raw areca nut samples of three different maturities were obtained from four plantations in Sullia, Karnataka, India and commercial areca nut products were obtained from local shops in Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu, India. The samples were grounded and subjected to Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS) for copper analysis. Results: There was statistically significant difference in copper content in raw areca nuts of all three maturities (p

The surface margin of a restoration is where the restored tooth is subjected to aggressive oral attack. Any resistance to this attack will have favorable consequences on the clinical performance and longevity of the restoration. In this study, Black's class I classic cavity preparations were completed in 120 extracted intact human premolars that were restored with one of two silver amalgams, six different base conditions, and with or without cavity varnish, resulting in 20 different restoration combinations. The cavities were aged for 3 months and 1 year in 1% NaCl at 20 degrees C. A resin cast impression was made of the restoration margin for each specimen. Thereafter 80 restored teeth were subjected to an in vitro bacterial challenge for 36 days. The other 40 specimens were placed in an acidified (pH = 4.0) broth for the same length of time. A second cast impression was then made of the margin of each specimen. The casts were examined with a scanning electron microscope and the widest gap of the margin opening and the length of margin showing a discrepancy were measured. Specimens were ranked first on the basis of the gap size and then on percent of margin discrepancy length. Results were evaluated with one-way ANOVA and Turkey's Student range test with a critical level of statistical significance (p < 0.05). Base type significantly affected aged margin quality. Cariogenic challenge caused a significant breakdown of the amalgam margin although the type of challenge was not significant. A shorter aging time, varnish, and high copper amalgam exacerbated the breakdown. Margin breakdown can be reduced by judicious selection of restoration material combinations.

In this paper the effect of ultraviolet (UV) light irradiation on the optical, photoelectrical and electret properties of CdBr2 : Cu+ single crystals has been investigated. It has been found out that in CdBr2 : Cu+ crystals some copper impurity ions are part of dipoles. The action of UV light which causes colouring of the CdBr2 : Cu+ crystals destroys these dipoles. The obtained experimental results show that in CdBr2 : Cu+ crystals with low and high copper impurity concentrations photochemical reactions are caused basically by charge exchange of the copper centres.

A precision-fed cockerel digestibility assay using ground corn cobs was conducted to test a theory that birds fed pharmacological doses of Cu (250 mg Cu/kg diet) may exhibit a higher hemicellulose digestibility due to increased release of lysosomal enzymes in the bile. Finely ground corn cobs were crop intubated into adult cockerels that had been pretested on diets containing either 0 or 250 mg Cu/kg (from CUSO4.5H2O). Copper-loaded cockerels showed higher (P.05) true dry matter digestibility, hemicellulose digestibility, and TMEn than the control cockerels. True dry matter digestibility of corn cobs was 11.1% in Cu-loaded cockerels, which was nearly double that observed (6.2%) in control cockerels. Hemicellulose digestibility also increased from 22.1% in control cockerels to 36.6% in Cu-loaded cockerels. Copper-loaded cockerels obtained some TMEn (117.7 kcal/kg) from corn cobs, whereas the control cockerels obtained no TMEn from the corn cob intubation. The preliminary results presented herein demonstrate that pharmacological doses of dietary Cu may improve hemicellulose digestibility, which may in part explain the growth-promoting effect of Cu.

A filling is the repair of a damaged or decayed tooth, restoring it back to its normal shape, appearance and function. Amalgam Restoration is an example of the material giving its name to the process. Amalgam fillings are made up of mercury, powdered silver and tin. They are mixed and packed into cavities in teeth where it hardens slowly and replaces the missing tooth substance. This article throws light on high copper alloys of amalgam, its advantages, disadvantages and contraindications. A review of some patents on amalgam is also provided that summarizes the recent technical advancements taken place in this area.

Background: Copper and selenium are important trace elements in man. They function as antioxidants and play roles in oxido-reductase reactions. Several imported multivitamin preparations are given to our women during pregnancy and lactation to correct possible deficiencies.Objective: The aim of the study is to determine the serum level of these micronutrients (selenium and copper) in a cross section of pregnant women in Enugu, southeastern Nigeria.Materials and Methods: A cross section of 130 healthy pregnant women at different trimesters of pregnancy and 30 non-pregnant controls were selected from two health facilities in Enugu, southeastern Nigeria. Serum from the samples collected was assayed for copper and selenium using atomic absorption spectrophotometer.Results: The mean copper level increased (P = 0.018), while the selenium level decreased (P < 0.0001) as pregnancy advanced.Conclusion: High copper levels indicate that supplementation should not be undertaken during normal pregnancy. Dietary intake should be modified to ensure optimal selenium levels during pregnancy.

During 1992 and 1993 the Wisconsin Division of Health investigated five cases in which copper-contaminated drinking water was suspected of causing gastrointestinal upsets. Each of these case studies was conducted after our office was notified of high copper levels in drinking water or notified of unexplained illnesses. Our findings suggest that drinking water that contains copper at levels above the federal action limit of 1.3 mg/l may be a relatively common cause of diarrhea, abdominal cramps, and nausea. These symptoms occurred most frequently in infants and young children and among resident of newly constructed or renovated homes. Images p958-a

Renal, skeletal, cardiac, and ophthalmic involvement in Wilson disease (WD) is well known. In this case report, high copper content and ultrastructural findings of skin of a patient with WD accompanied by xerosis are presented.

The replacement of low copper amalgams was studied in a number of general practices in Adelaide in 1975 duplicating, by design, the method of a similar Canadian study. The results of this study are in surprising agreement with the Canadian data, and are still relevant to modern practice as the high copper alloys have not proven to have greatly superior longevity. This study involved 60 dentists who, over 271 working days, replaced an average of 6.7 amalgam surfaces/dentist/day. This is equivalent to 1541 amalgam surfaces replaced/dentist/year. In addition, the reasons given for the removal of existing amalgam restorations were closely congruent with those given by the Canadian dentists. This study also indicated that many of these restorations increased in size. This is evident through restorations extending from two surfaces to involve three surfaces.

Dental restoration is a treatment in dentistry that very often implemented. One of the restoration materials used is an amalgam. Amalgam has some deficiencies, among others, the presence of free Hg. The purpose of this study was to find out the difference in Hg content released from two different kinds of amalgam, namely, high copper amalgam and silverfil argentum carried out in vitro. This study was carried out on thirty premolar teeth of the maxilla which underwent class one occlusal restoration. The Hg content released was measured using the Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS). This was a quasi-experimental study. The study results analyzed using the independent t paired statistical test method indicated that after one week of immersion, the average Hg content released from high copper amalgam restoration was 10,695 ng/mL and from silverfil argentum restoration was 5,602 ng/mL. The conclusion of the study was that there was a difference in Hg content released from high copper amalgam restoration and silverfil argentum restoration. The Hg content released from high copper amalgam restoration was higher than the Hg content released from silverfil argentum restoration.

In this study 767 amalgam restorations placed in the posterior permanent teeth of 122 patients were evaluated at 6-monthly intervals up to 2 years. Six commercially available high-copper alloy amalgams were assessed for surface roughness, surface tarnish, marginal staining and marginal fracture and the results were related to product, restoration age, restoration cavity class type, restoration size (normal or large Class II preparations) and tooth type (premolar or permanent molar). Dispersalloy (Johnson and Johnson, East Windsor, USA) gave restorations which were overall superior for the clinical characteristics examined. Large restorations on the occlusal surfaces of molar teeth showed more signs of deterioration over the study than did other restoration types. However, all restorations remained clinically satisfactory throughout the study.

An in-vitro study of marginal leakage around class V restorations, prepared in freshly extracted upper central incisors, tested two types of high copper amalgam: spherical high copper amalgam (Tytin) and spherical high copper amalgam containing palladium (Valiant). No significant statistical difference was noted between the two types of amalgam at the three testing periods. It seemed that the addition of palladium did not improve the marginal leakage.

Hydrogen peroxide is an effective agent to take off tooth colouring. This bleaching agent can cause microstructural change on amalgam restoration surfaces. The aim of this research is to know the difference of surface roughness of high-copper amalgam restoration materials before and after 38% hydrogen peroxide application by in-office bleaching technique. The sample was used consist of ten specimens of high-copper amalgam restorations which was applied by hydrogen peroxide 38%. The surface roughness was measured by the surface tester (Surtronic 3P). The result of this research was reached by t-test paired calculation is the differences of surface roughness of amalgam restorations before and after first 15 minutes either second 15 minutes hydrogen peroxide 38% application didn’t show significant differences. The conclusion of this research is no statistically significant difference of surface roughness of high-copper amalgam restoration materials before and after 38% hydrogen peroxide application by in-office bleaching technique.

Recent Cu price increases motivate careful examination of approaches to minimize Cu use in high-frequency transformers and inductors. Approaches that can reduce Cu use without increasing losses include careful winding design, trading winding volume for core volume, replacing Cu with Al, and using Cu-clad Al (CCA) windings. Al wire is particularly attractive. The cost of Al is lower than it might appear from the cost per unit mass when the much lower density of Al is also considered, and the disadvantage of higher resistivity becomes less important when high-frequency effects are considered.

Copper deficiency and excess have been recognized as potential health problems for infants and children worldwide. Clinical manifestations of copper deficiency and excess are well characterized but the precise sequence by which high copper intake interacts with genetic control systems, leading to liver damage in infants, is unknown. The possibility that genetic mutations or epigenetic factors related to the functional development of copper homeostasis, could make otherwise normal infants on normal copper intake more susceptible to copper toxicity has been an issue of concern. In January 2001 a group of pediatricians and researchers interested in this area met at Tegernsee, Bavaria, Germany, to reviewing the state of knowledge on the topic. They addressed six main issues: 1) The relevance of copper deficit and excess as health problems. 2) The appropriate biomarkers to identify and characterize copper status 3) The genetic variability in copper metabolism 4) The mechanisms of whole body copper homeostasis in early life and their changes with age 5) The development of experimental and animal models to address research questions on copper homeostasis in infants. 6) The safe upper and lower limits of copper intake/exposure from water and food. We present here the highlights of the discussions and the main conclusions of the meeting.

Summary Reason for performing study: To elucidate the highly contentious role of copper in the pathogenesis of osteochondrosis. Hypothesis: There would be no relationship between liver copper concentration of mares and foals and incidence of radiographically detectable osteochondrotic lesions in foals and yearlings was tested. Methods: Liver copper concentration was assessed in biopsies taken within 4 days after birth from both mares and foals and from the same foals at age 5 months. Biopsies were taken in the standing, sedated animal under ultrasonographic guidance. Radiographs were taken of both hocks (lateromedial, dorsoplantar and dorsomedial-plantarolateral oblique views) and stifles (lateromedial and caudolateral-craniomedial oblique views) at ages 5 and 11 months and scored for the presence and severity of osteochondrotic lesions. Results: Copper concentrations in newborn foals were high with a large variation (351 ± 201 mg/kg DM). They declined until reaching values comparable to those in mature animals at 5 months (20 ± 8 mg/kg DM; mares: 19 ± 20 mg/kg DM). Radiographic osteochondrotic lesions decreased in number and severity from 5 to 11 months. This pattern was more predominant in the stifle than in the hock, as has been described previously. Conclusions: There was no relationship between foal or mare liver copper concentration and osteochondrosis status at either 5 or 11 months. However, osteochondrotic lesions in foals with low-level copper status at birth decreased significantly less in number and severity than those in foals with high-level copper status at birth. Potential relevance: It is concluded that copper is not likely to be an important factor in the aetiopathogenesis of osteochondrosis, but this study indicates that there may be a significant effect of high copper status on the natural process of repair of early lesions.

Wilson's disease is a rare genetic disorder that has abnormal copper metabolism. Although the disease's main problems are found in liver and brain, some studies revealed manifestation of various musculoskeletal problems in the patients. In this report, we encountered a young patient who had fracture in the forearm bone. Initially, exception to a previous history of fracture from a motorcycle accident, the patient did not have any medical or drug use history, and laboratory work-ups were insignificant. However, with suspicion on his bone's integrity, bone densitometry was recommended and revealed osteopenic change. To disclose a cause for the change, questions were made to recall any particular history or event, and his complaint of recent vision loss led to ophthalmologic consultation where under slit-lamp test found Kayser-Fleischer ring. Further laboratory work-up found low levels of serum copper and ceruloplasmin and high copper level in 24-hr urine sample that led to the diagnosis of Wilson's disease. Although Wilson's disease has been frequently noticed with considerable musculoskeletal manifestation, it rarity makes the diagnosis illusive to a physician. Hence, despite of its rarity, it is imperative to remember the disease's bony manifestation, and it should be suspected in young patients with demineralized bone when the reason for brittle bone cannot be answered with other better known conditions.

Statement of problem. The penetration of oral fluids and bacteria at the interface between the cavity walls and amalgam restorations, which is known as marginal leakage, is one of the problems facing restorative dentistry today. This may cause secondary caries and the irritation of the pulp. Purpose. This in vitro study tested and compared the sealing ability of a cavity varnish and a dental adhesive for decreasing the marginal leakage of high copper amalgam fillings by chemical diffusion technique. Material and methods. The samples were randomly divided into three groups. The cavities in the first group were filled with high copper amalgam. In the second and third groups, the cavities were treated with Copalite and Panavia EX adhesives, respectively, before the amalgam fillings were performed. After the periods of 2 hours, 48 hours, 1 week, and 1.5 and 6 months, the amount of calcium diffused through the interface area into the deionized water was measured with inductively coupled plasma. Results. Six-month results revealed that using a dental adhesive as an interfacial sealer had significant advantages to reduce microleakage when compared with a conventional copal varnish. (J Prosthet Dent 1998;79:136-39.)

Objectives: This paper reports on the replacement risk of different treatment modalities for Class II amalgam restorations in a clinical trial of 15 years' duration. Methods: The performance of 1117 conventional Class II amalgam restorations in a controlled, longitudinal study were analysed using logistic regression with a random component. Primary variables regarding replacement risk were the treatment modality (cavity wall treatments) and alloy (conventional versus high copper). Secondly, the operator, type of tooth and type of restoration (MO/DO vs MOD) were considered. Results: Over 15 years, 17% of the restorations were replaced (true failures). The application of copalite varnish or silver suspension and the type of alloy did not reduce the replacement risk. Reduced risks were observed by providing a 90° cavosurface angle combined with a cavity wall finish. The operator and the type of restoration determine replacement risk to a significant extent. Conclusions: Additional treatment modalities do not necessarily reduce replacement risks of Class II amalgam restorations within 15 years, while clinical variables affect the risk of replacement to a certain degree.

For many years, the amalgamation of silver with mercury to produce a condensable mixture which could be used to restore carious defects in teeth followed a tortuous path of negative results. However, at the turn of the century, amalgam alloys having acceptable characteristics for successful clinical use emerged. From that point on, silver amalgam was widely accepted as the material of choice for low-cost, easily placed, and durable restorations. About 60 years later, a major discovery occurred that resulted in a most significant improvement in the clinical performance of this material. The key to this improvement was an increase in the Cu content of the amalgam alloy which previously had been considered to be inappropriate. This paper describes the history of this discovery, which produced what has come to be known as high-copper dental amalgam alloys.

Purpose : This paper reports the 5-year performance of the restorations of the high-copper content dental amalgam alloys included in the worldwide programme of clinical trials of Occlusin, including unique data on wear. Methods : The methods employed are common to those previously reported for the multiclinical evaluation of Occlusin. Analysis of the data is limited to simple statistical procedures. Results : The findings lend support to existing knowledge concerning the favourable performance of restorations of high-copper content dental amalgam alloys, notably in relation to restorations in moderate- to large-sized Class II preparations in permanent molar teeth. Analysis of the data sheds new light on the influences of variables, including type of tooth restored, size and class of restoration and the presence or absence of occlusal contact(s) on performance. Conclusion : Conclusions are drawn regarding ways in which protocols for future evaluations of the type reported should be expanded, and, together with suggestions for further work, it is concluded that this paper is a timely reminder of the value of existing dental amalgam alloys.

Biochemical analysis of patients with mental health problems shows that there is a significant difference compared to that of the general populatiuon. These include high copper, low zinc, ovemethylation (common), undemethylation (uncommon), pyrrole disorder, toxic metal overdose and severe oxidative stress. These problems can be greatly improved by using the appropriate dose of vitamins, minerals,essential fatty acids and amino acids. Coeliac disese is treated by avoiding gluten. I take a detailed history, do a whole range of tests including FBC, U and E, TSH, fasting glucose,coeliac antibodies, zinc,copper,selenium, chromium, homocysteine, caeruloplasmin. histamine,pyrrole and a few others if indicated. I them advise them on the proper nutrients.They are to remain on their medications but many of them have their medications reduced by their doctors in due course. Severe OCD does not respond well but worthwhile improvements are expected in the majority of other patients.The savings to the health service are potentially enormous as my admission rate is way down. The work is quite successful and even enjoyable. One woman wrote to me recently that her suicidal thoughts which she had for 20 years were gone, her pains and aches had improved and her sex drive had increased.Increased libido is in fact common with nutrient therapy. This type of treatment is largely unknown in Europe but is developing nicely in Australia, where I went in 2006 to study the idea. It is mostly used by GPs but some psychiatists have done the course too. Further details can be found at www.alternativementalhealth.com

Apical microleakage following reverse retrograde root filling with extra high copper amalgam alloy was compared with that following a silver-glass ionomer retrofilling. The root canals of 56 extracted, single-rooted anterior human teeth were instrumented and obturated with laterally condensed gutta-percha and zinc oxide-eugenol sealer. Each tooth was apically resected at 45 degrees to its long axis and the root surface isolated with nail varnish. Teeth were divided into three groups. The first group received extra high copper amalgam retrograde fillings, the second group was retrofilled with a silver-glass ionomer, and the control group had no retrograde root filling placed. Following immersion in 1% methylene blue dye at 37 degrees C, the roots were sectioned and dye penetration was measured using an image analyzer. The sealing effectiveness of these materials was determined by their ability to inhibit dye penetration at 24 and 48 h. The results of this study show that a silver glass-ionomer is just as effective as extra high copper amalgam in terms of sealing capability. There was no statistically significant difference between the two materials.

Use of the optimum finishing technique for an amalgam restoration may enhance the marginal integrity of the restoration and discourage its unnecessary early replacement. Two hundred and twenty-eight high copper amalgam restorations in 56 patients were evaluated, using clinical assessment criteria, up to three years after placement. Each patient had received at least one carved-only amalgam, at least one immediately finished restoration, and at least one amalgam that was polished at a subsequent appointment. Regardless of the finishing technique, the restorations exhibited similar marginal integrity up to three years after placement. Polished restorations were found to have substantially superior surface texture and less likelihood of surface discoloration. No evidence was found to support the use of immediate finishing techniques. The clinical significance of these findings, with respect to the need to polish amalgam restorations, is discussed.

Palatal cusps of nonvital maxillary premolar teeth were restored with a coronal-radicular restoration of posterior composite resin (Occlusin), amalgam (Tytin), or cermet (Chelon-Silver). Mean fracture strength values were: 370 lb for intact premolar teeth, 266 lb for amalgam, 215 lb for posterior composite resin, and 132 lb for cermet. From this in vitro study it can be suggested that for selected endodontically treated maxillary premolar teeth, the dentist can use acid-etch-retained posterior composite resin or pin-retained high copper amalgam material for a definitive coronal-radicular restoration. The use of cermet for this purpose is contraindicated.

The aim of this study was to determine whether amalgam bonded to tooth structure with sixth generation adhesives can increase the fracture resistance of restored teeth. Fifty- two extracted mandibular molars were randomly divided into six groups, which included two control groups of six teeth each and four experimental groups of ten teeth each. Group I consisted of six intact teeth which served as negative control. Standardized class 2 (mesio­occlusal / disto-occlusal) preparations were made in groups 2-6. The preparations were lined with: group 3. varnish; group 4, Excite DSC; group 5, AdheSE; group 6, Clearfil liner Bond 2V and then restored with high copper amalgam. Group 2 preparations were not restored and served as positive control. The bonded amalgam technique using sixth generation adhesives also increase the fracture resistance of mandibular molars and could be used as time saving alternatives to the conventional multistep adhesive systems

An in vitro dye leakage study was performed to compare the sealing ability of high copper amalgam with Copalite, IRM, and EBA cement when used as retrofilling materials. Fifty-one extracted anterior teeth were instrumented and then obturated with gutta-percha. The apical 3 mm of the roots were resected and 2-mm deep apical preparations were made. The roots were then randomly placed into three groups and retrofilled with one of the experimental materials. After 72 h in India ink, the teeth were cleared and evaluated for leakage with a stereomicroscope. No leakage was evident in the three teeth used as negative controls and complete leakage was noted in the three positive control teeth. Statistical analysis showed that IRM and EBA cement had significantly less leakage than amalgam with Copalite. The difference between the EBA cement and IRM was not significant.

This article deals with the pros and cons of burnishing amalgam restorations. An in vitro study of Class V restorations tested 2 types of high copper amalgams: admixed (Silmet) and spherical (Tytin), and 3 combinations of pre- and post-carving burnishing procedures. The Admix amalgam showed less marginal leakage after burnishing procedures (pre-carved, and pre- and post-carved combinations), while with the spherical amalgam, no significant statistical difference was noted getween burnished and unburnished restorations. The best marginal adaptation was obtained with the admixed amalgam, in which burnishing was carried out both before and after the carving procedure.

This study was undertaken to assess the effect of mixing speed on the setting rate of high-copper dental amalgam. The surface hardness during setting of two representative brands of dental amalgam was related to working and carving times determined by clinicians. From this information, a means of evaluating setting rate of amalgam based on surface hardness was developed.