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Existing facial expression recognition (FER) works have achieved significant progress on constrained datasets. However, these methods only consider the sample distribution and achieve limited performance on unconstrained datasets. Facial expressions in the wild are influenced by various factors, e.g. illumination and partial occlusion, providing great challenge for model design and putting forward the higher requirement for feature discrimination. In this paper, we propose a novel LBAN-IL for FER in the wild, including local binary attention network (LBAN) and islets loss (IL). LBAN is based on two operations, local binary standard layer and encoder-decoder module. The former is derived from local binary convolution, so as to prevent excessive sparseness of feature maps and reduce the number of learnable parameters. The purpose of the latter is to generate attention-aware features and accurately discover local changes in the face. The proposed IL aims to enhance the discrimination of expression features by increasing the amplitude of vectors. Experimental results on RAF-DB, SFEW 2.0, FER-2013 and ExpW datasets validate the effectiveness of LBAN-IL and perform over some state-of-the-art methods.

Facial expression recognition is of significant importance in criminal investigation and digital entertainment. Under unconstrained conditions, existing expression datasets are highly class-imbalanced, and the similarity between expressions is high. Previous methods tend to improve the performance of facial expression recognition through deeper or wider network structures, resulting in increased storage and computing costs. In this paper, we propose a new adaptive supervised objective named AdaReg loss, re-weighting category importance coefficients to address this class imbalance and increasing the discrimination power of expression representations. Inspired by human beings’ cognitive mode, an innovative coarse-fine (C-F) labels strategy is designed to guide the model from easy to difficult to classify highly similar representations. On this basis, we propose a novel training framework named the emotional education mechanism (EEM) to transfer knowledge, composed of a knowledgeable teacher network (KTN) and a self-taught student network (STSN). Specifically, KTN integrates the outputs of coarse and fine streams, learning expression representations from easy to difficult. Under the supervision of the pre-trained KTN and existing learning experience, STSN can maximize the potential performance and compress the original KTN. Extensive experiments on public benchmarks demonstrate that the proposed method achieves superior performance compared to current state-of-the-art frameworks with 88.07% on RAF-DB, 63.97% on AffectNet and 90.49% on FERPlus.

Hepatocellular carcinoma is one of the most common gastrointestinal malignancies. Anti-angiogenesis therapies have recently demonstrated promise in the treatment of malignancies, although early treatment benefits may be accompanied by metastasis over time. Additional and more effective anti-angiogenic treatment modalities are therefore needed. We previously found that Yes-associated protein 1 (YAP1) expression is increased in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), particularly around tumor-associated blood vessels, suggesting a role in angiogenesis. The YAP1 inhibitor verteporfin is presently in anti-angiogenic clinical trials for the treatment of various cancers. Depleted YAP1 from vascular endothelial cells effectively reduced proliferation and tube formation, validating its utility as an anti-angiogenesis target. We also showed that YAP1 depletion or inhibition in vascular endothelial cells leads to increased release of exosomes containing the long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) MALAT1 into the tumor microenvironment. Direct exosomal transfer of MALAT1 to hepatic cells leads to increased hepatic cell invasion and migration via activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) signaling. These observations may explain the occurrence of distant tumor metastasis with YAP1-associated anti-angiogenic therapy over time. It provides insight into new pathways and treatment paradigms that may be targeted to increase the long-term success of anti-angiogenic therapies., Graphical Abstract, YAP1 deficiency effectively inhibits angiogenesis and promotes the release of exosomes. Released exosomes promote the distant migration of HCC cells by activating the ERK1/2 pathway; accordingly, ERK1/2 inhibitors can reverse the metastasis-promoting effect of YAP1-KD. The combination of VP and ERK1/2 inhibitor may be an effective new approach for anti-angiogenesis therapy.

Conventional flow-based two-phase upscaling for simulating the waterflooding process requires the calculations of upscaled two-phase parameters for each coarse interface or block. The whole procedure can be greatly time-consuming especially for large-scale reservoir models. To address this problem, flow-based two-phase upscaling techniques are combined with machine learning algorithms, in which the flow-based two-phase upscaling is needed only for a small fraction of coarse interfaces (or blocks), while the upscaled two-phase parameters for the rest of the coarse interfaces (or blocks) are directly provided by the machine learning algorithms instead of performing upscaling computation on each coarse interfaces (or blocks). The new two-phase upscaling workflow was tested for generic (left to right) flow problems using a 2D large-scale model. We observed similar accuracy for results using the machine learning assisted workflow compared with the results using full flow-based upscaling. And significant speedup (nearly 70) is achieved. The workflow developed in this work is one of the pioneering work in combining machine learning algorithm with the time-consuming flow-based two-phase upscaling method. It is a valuable addition to the existing multiscale techniques for subsurface flow simulation.

Liver cancer is one of the most malignant cancer, with poor outcomes and a high incidence rate, and current treatment approaches to prevent tumor progression and development remain unsatisfactory. Therefore, it is urgent to explore novel methods to inhibit tumor growth and metastasis. Autophagy is a highly conserved process associated with metastasis and drug resistance. Lipids are selectively recognized and degraded via autophagy; thus, autophagy is a crucial process to maintain tumor self-protection. MicroRNA (miR)-425 is a tumor-associated gene involved in liver cancer development that can induce cell proliferation and drug resistance. Using Cell Counting Kit-8 assays, western blot analysis and immunofluorescence assays, the present study revealed that inhibition of miR-425 promoted lipophagy by mediating the autophagy process, which in turn helps to promote sorafenib resistance. Using a bioinformatics website, it was revealed that autophagy promoted lipophagy by targeting silent information regulator 2 homolog 1 (SIRT1). The results of luciferase reporter assays supported this finding, and rescue experiments provided additional evidence. Overall, the current results suggested that inhibition of miR-425 expression increased SIRT1 expression to promote lipophagy, leading to the inhibition of liver cancer cell proliferation.

Obtaining the accurate position and attitude of the object is the key to realize rendezvous and docking, on-orbit maintenance and other related tasks of space spacecraft. However, for non-cooperative objects, they lack prearranged cooperation sign, which would make it much more difficult to estimate their pose. Therefore, this paper attempts to use the powerful feature learning ability of neural network to establish the mapping relationship between the object in image and its current pose, then regresses the pose parameters of the object from a monocular image. Finally, we tested and verified the network on the public satellite dataset called Speed. The results showed that the translation error was 0.1237 and the rotation error was 0.1335.

Background Qigong has a long-term application as an initiative therapy for prevent and cure diseases, as a mindful exercise, it’s unique function of integrate mind, breath and body gets a lot of attention, researches show that qigong practice could adjust brain and heart function. Currently we have limitations on study qigong’s coordinate mechanism between mind and body, existing studies lack of evidence on electrophysiology research.Our object here is to propose a method to evaluate the effects of qigong on mind body adjustment, and to analyse the coordinate function of Electroencephalogram (EEG) and Heart rate variability (HRV) by complex signal process.MethodsA two-arm randomized clinical trial with eighty-four qigong naïve subjects without cerebral or cardiovascular diseases or other severe syndromes will be allocate to either intervention group(n=42) or wait in list control group(n=42). Participants in the intervention group will conduct Three-circle post standing qigong exercise 5 times per week for 8 weeks, while wait in list group will maintain their current lifestyle during 8 weeks period. The outcome will be complexity-based measures of heart rate and EEG signals assessed at baseline and 8 weeks. Multiscale entropy analysis will be used as measures of complexity.ConclusionThis study will be investigate the effects of qigong exercise by EEG and HRV analyse before and after Three-circle post standing practice, and to measure their synergies by complex signal process method. Results of this study may lead to novel biomarkers that help us monitor and understand the physiological processes of brain and heart function and explore the potential benefits of Qigong and will provide a research evidence for qigong’s mind and body synergy function and to direct future clinical treatment.Ethics and disseminationThe protocol has been approved by the institutional review boards of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, where the study will take place(approval number: 2018BZHYLL0109).Trail registrationThis study has been registered with the“Chinese Clinical Trail Registry”, Republic of China, which is a registry in the WHO Registry Network. Register number: ChiCTR-Bon-17010840.

Background Surgical management of patients with ventral abdominal wall defects, especially complex abdominal wall defects, remains a challenging problem for abdominal wall reconstructive surgeons. Effective surgical treatment requires appropriate preoperative assessment, surgical planning, and correct operative procedure in order to improve postoperative clinical outcomes and minimize complications. Although substantial advances have been made in surgical techniques and prosthetic technologies, there is still insufficient high-level evidence favoring a specific technique. Broad variability in existing practice patterns, including clinical pre-operative evaluation, surgical techniques and surgical procedure selection, are still common. Data sources With the purpose of providing a best practice algorithm, a comprehensive search was conducted in Medline and PubMed. Sixty-four surgeons considered as experts on abdominal wall defect repair and reconstruction in China were solicited to develop a Chinese consensus and give recommendations to help surgeons standardize their techniques and improve clinical results. Conclusions This consensus serves as a starting point to provide recommendations for adult ventral abdominal wall repair and reconstruction in China and may help build opportunities for international cooperation to refine AWR practice.

Background Various methods for differential expression analysis have been widely used to identify features which best distinguish between different categories of samples. Multiple hypothesis testing may leave out explanatory features, each of which may be composed of individually insignificant variables. Multivariate hypothesis testing holds a non-mainstream position, considering the large computation overhead of large-scale matrix operation. Random forest provides a classification strategy for calculation of variable importance. However, it may be unsuitable for different distributions of samples. Results Based on the thought of using an ensemble classifier, we develop a feature selection tool for differential expression analysis on expression profiles (i.e., ECFS-DEA for short). Considering the differences in sample distribution, a graphical user interface is designed to allow the selection of different base classifiers. Inspired by random forest, a common measure which is applicable to any base classifier is proposed for calculation of variable importance. After an interactive selection of a feature on sorted individual variables, a projection heatmap is presented using k-means clustering. ROC curve is also provided, both of which can intuitively demonstrate the effectiveness of the selected feature. Conclusions Feature selection through ensemble classifiers helps to select important variables and thus is applicable for different sample distributions. Experiments on simulation and realistic data demonstrate the effectiveness of ECFS-DEA for differential expression analysis on expression profiles. The software is available at http://bio-nefu.com/resource/ecfs-dea.

Commercial development of coalbed methane (CBM) in China has lasted for a decade. However, in 2015 annual CBM production in China was less than 5 Bcm and lagged far behind those in US (35 Bcm) and Australia (18 Bcm). In this paper, we review the published literature to determine the engineering challenges and opportunities of CBM production in China. Our review has identified seven major engineering challenges to CBM development in China. They are low cleat permeability and underpressured formation pressure of high-rank coals, ductility of coal seams, suboptimal fracturing fluids, formation damage during drilling, borehole instability in horizontal wells, frequent pump failures during production, and inadequate produced water treatment methods. Each of these challenges provides an opportunity for improvement. We propose a refocus on low-rank coals which have higher permeability. Other opportunities include development of better hydraulic fracturing fluids, non-formation damaging drilling fluids, use of geomechanics to understand borehole instability, optimization of the artificial lift methods and more robust and environmentally friendly produced water treatment methods.

Natural gas hydrate (NGH) will be one of the major future energy sources due to its properties of clean energy and large reserves. Depressurization is proposed as an effective method to extract natural gas from hydrate, however, the gas production from hydrate dissociation may be interrupted by ice generation and hydrate re-formation due to insufficient heat supply in the single depressurization process. To solve this issue, this work conducted simulation on accelerating gas production from the depressurization-induced methane hydrate by electrical heating. The continuous heating and intermittent heating modes were employed and then the electrical heating scheme was optimized for the comprehensive effect of high energy efficiency and high gas production rate. The results show that electrical heating is conducive to gas production from hydrate dissociation at a rapid rate. In the continuous heating, a high initial hydration saturation, low initial water saturation, low specific heat capacity, and high thermal conductivity result in the high gas generation rate and efficient electrical energy utilization (a large energy efficiency ratio). The intermittent heating has a higher efficient utilization of electrical energy than continuous heating. The optimal scheme is determined as the first-half heating type with the optimized electrical heating power of 25.6 W and the heating time of 12.5 min by the gradient descent method of AdaGrad. Compared to the baseline continuous heating case, the energy efficiency ratio (10.70) of the optimal scheme is enhanced by 24.7% with the average gas production rate (2.55 SmL/s) enhanced by 18.2%. It's hoped that the findings of this work can provide some insights into extracting natural gas from gas hydrate deposits.

Timber folded-plate structures built with cross-laminated timber (CLT) panels can be applied to gymnasiums and conference halls. The design of the joints is crucial to facilitate the development of timber folded-plate structures. Considering that the compressive performance of CLT panels should be fully utilized and the failure of the joints was induced by the self-tapping screws, 45° miter-connected (MCJR) and mortise-tenon (MTJR) joints reinforced with self-tapping screws were designed. Eight CLT specimen groups with varying connection type, loading direction, and self-tapping screw spacing and diameter were designed and subjected to tests. Typical characteristics of the failure modes and moment–rotation curves were evaluated, and the corresponding rotational stiffness, yield rotation, yield moment, ultimate rotation, and ultimate moment of the specimens were calculated. The results showed that the failure mode of the MCJR and MTJR in push was the pull-out of self-tapping screws, and those in pull included the shear-off and pull-out of self-tapping screws. The loading direction significantly influenced the rotational stiffness and ultimate moment of both types of joints. The mechanical behavior of the MTJR in pull was better than that of the MCJR in pull; however, the rotational stiffness and ultimate moment of the MTJR in push were relatively lower than those of the MCJR in push. Moreover, increased self-tapping screw diameter and decreased self-tapping screw spacing significantly improved the mechanical behavior of MCJR. Finally, an analytical model was established to determine the rotational stiffness of the MCJR and MTJR in different loading directions. A comparison of the analytical and experimental results demonstrates that the proposed analytical method can conservatively estimate the rotational stiffness of the MCJR and MTJR.

Coalbed methane (CBM) resources in China have been estimated to exceed 36 Tcm. As of 2014, there were ∼9300 producing CBM wells in China with an annual production of ∼4.4 Bcm. To satisfy its need for energy and to transition to a low-carbon economy, China has a big need to accelerate CBM development. This paper gives an overview of the status of CBM development in China, identifies key technical challenges, and proposes solutions to overcome them. Our review of the literature has revealed that current CBM development in China faces several technical challenges. Current projects are focused on high-rank coals in the Qinshui and Ordos basins, which have major geological and engineering challenges. The former includes low permeability, subhydrostatic reservoir pressure, and a lack of understanding of the connectivity of coal seams, which leads to difficulty in sweet spot indication. The latter includes difficulty in hydraulic fracturing in vertical wells, because of the ductile nature of the coal seams in th...

Existing end-to-end dialog systems perform less effectively when data is scarce. To obtain an acceptable success in real-life online services with only a handful of training examples, both fast adaptability and reliable performance are highly desirable for dialog systems. In this paper, we propose the Meta-Dialog System (MDS), which combines the advantages of both meta-learning approaches and human-machine collaboration. We evaluate our methods on a new extended-bAbI dataset and a transformed MultiWOZ dataset for low-resource goal-oriented dialog learning. Experimental results show that MDS significantly outperforms non-meta-learning baselines and can achieve more than 90% per-turn accuracies with only 10 dialogs on the extended-bAbI dataset.

In most cases, modeling in the time-frequency domain is the most common method to solve the problem of singing voice separation since frequency characteristics differ between different sources. During the past few years, applying recurrent neural network (RNN) to series of split spectrograms has been mostly adopted by researchers to tackle this problem. Recently, however, the U-net’s success has drawn the focus to treating the spectrogram as a 2-dimensional image with an auto-encoder structure, which indicates that some useful methods in image analysis may help solve this problem. Under this scenario, we propose a novel spectrogram-generative model to separate the two sources in the time-frequency domain inspired by Residual blocks, Squeeze and Excitation blocks and WaveNet. We apply none-reduce-sized Residual blocks together with Squeeze and Excitation blocks in the main stream to extract features of the input spectrogram while gathering the output layers in a skip-connection structure used in WaveNet. Experimental results on two datasets (MUSDB18 and CCMixer) have shown that our proposed network performs better than the current state-of-the-art approach working on spectrograms of mixtures – the deep U-net structure.

Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text, Backgrounds: There is no consensus concerning whether surgery or non-surgical treatment is preferred for displaced midshaft clavicle fracture. We performed a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to compare healing effects and cosmetic results between surgery and non-surgery. Methods: We retrieved RCTs regarding open reduction and plate fixation (ORPF) and non-surgical method for the treatment of displaced midshaft clavicle fracture published before June 2018 from PubMed, EMBASE and Cochrane Library. The difference between the two treatments was comparatively discussed in aspects of nonunion, malunion, functional outcome, cosmetic results, and complications. Results: Nine RCTs were included. The results showed that ORPF is advantageous over the non-surgical treatment in terms of nonunion rate (RR, 0.11[95%CI, 0.06–0.23]), malunion rate (RR, 0.16[95%CI, 0.08–0.35]), appearance dissatisfaction rate (RR, 0.35[95%CI 0.23–0.55]), and shoulder appearance defect rate (RR, 0.06[95%CI, 0.02–0.17]). The non-surgical treatment showed lower rate of complication (RR, 1.60[95%CI, 1.02–2.53]) and no significant differences were found between the 2 treatment groups with respect to functional outcome (disabilities of the arm, shoulder and hand (DASH) questionnaire score) (MD, −4.17[95%CI, −9.35 to 1.01]). Conclusions: This meta-analysis updated previous results. The current findings suggested that ORPF yielded better efficacy than conservation treatment for displaced midshaft clavicle fracture from perspectives of fracture healing and appearance.

Background: Qigong has a long-term application by integration of mind, breath and body to prevent and cure diseases. Researches show that qigong practice could adjust anxiety, the mechanism may found on brain and heart functions. Currently there are limitations on qigong's anxiety-release mechanism study between mind and body, and existing studies lack of evidence on electrophysiology research. Our objective to analyse qigong's anxiety-release effect and mechanism. Methods: A two-arm randomized clinical trial with 144 qigong naïve anxiety subjects without cerebral or cardiovascular diseases or other severe syndromes will be allocated to either a body and breath regulation group (n = 72) or a body regulation group (n = 72). Participants will conduct three-circle post standing qigong exercise 5 times per week for 8 weeks, while the three-circle post standing qigong combined with abdominal breath regulation (TCPSQ-BR) group will combined with abdominal breath regulation. The primary outcome will be the Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS), and the secondary outcome will be complexity-based measures of heart rate and electroencephalogram (EEG) signals assessed at baseline and 8 weeks. Multiscale entropy analysis will be used as measure of complexity. Conclusion: This study will be investigate the effects of qigong's anxiety-release by SAS, and will analyze the coordinates of EEG and heart rate variability (HRV) signals before and after three-circle post standing qigong (TCPSQ) practice, and to analyse their synergies by complex signal process method. Ethics and trail registration: The protocol was approved by the institutional review boards of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine (2018BZHYLL0109). This study was registered with the “Chinese Clinical Trail Registry” in the WHO Registry Network (ChiCTR-Bon-17010840).

As 41 % of China’s CO2 emission comes from coastal provinces and cities, permanent sequestration of anthropogenic CO2 in offshore sediments is a priority to achieve China’s national goal of net zero by 2060. In this paper we evaluate the potential of CO2 sequestration in the major oil and gas reservoirs in the northern South China Sea (NSCS) bordering the southern provinces of Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. The calculation of the CO2 storage potential is based on voidage replacement for individual oil and gas fields. Our study shows that the overall CO2 storage potential in oil and gas reservoirs in the four major geological basins in NSCS has low, mid and high value of 1015.8, 1082.7 and 1151.5 Mt, respectively. About 84 % of the storage potential resides in gas reservoirs and 16 % in oil reservoirs. Though this storage volume is modest, it is adequate for an industry scale CO2 storage demonstration project where one to several Mtpa CO2 can be injected. Furthermore, we have identified two relatively mature gas fields, Dongfang 1-1 and Yacheng 13-1 in the Yinggehai basin as potential candidates for such a demonstration project where industrial CO2 from Hainan Island can be sequestered permanently. A feasibility study on this is warranted.

This paper presents a full-scale experimental investigation to study the nonlinear dynamic stiffness of high-modulus polyethylene (HMPE) fibre rope under long-term cyclic loading. Three kinds of ropes with different constructions and diameters were selected as test samples. The influences of mean load and load amplitude on axial stiffness and the corresponding evolution process were respectively studied. The experimental results showed that various braided ropes' dynamic stiffness was slightly different, which was mainly caused by the different twist angles. Furthermore, the non-dimensional stiffness of small-scale rope was lower than the large samples to some extent. This should be related to the small-scale ropes without an outer jacket were much softer and thus had more distinct deformation. The validations against two existing empirical expressions have also been performed. The results pointed out that these equations had some errors predicting the evolution procedure of the dynamic stiffness and the magnitude of small-scale sample's stiffness. On these accounts, a set of empirical expressions, taking into account braid constructions, diameter and input load conditions, has been newly derived. The comparison against the present experimental results proved its good reliability.

Summary Thermal-reactive compositional-flow simulation in porous media is essential to model thermal-oil-recovery processes for extraheavy-hydrocarbon resources, and an example is the in-situ conversion process (ICP) developed by Shell for oil-shale production. Computational costs can be very high for such a complex system, which makes direct fine-scale simulations prohibitively time-consuming for large field-scale applications. This motivates the use of coarse grids for thermal-reactive compositional-flow simulation. However, significant errors are introduced by use of coarse-scale models without carefully computing the appropriate coarse parameters. In this paper, we develop an innovative dual-grid method to effectively capture the fine-scale reaction rates in coarse-scale ICP-simulation models. In our dual-grid method, coupled thermal-reactive compositional-flow equations are solved only on the coarse scale, with the kinetic parameters (frequency factors) calculated on the basis of fine-scale computations, such as temperature downscaling and fine-scale reaction-rate calculation. A dual-grid treatment for the heater-well model is also developed with coarse-scale heater-well indices calculated on the basis of fine-scale well results. The dual-grid heater-well treatment is able to provide accurate heater temperatures. The newly developed dual-grid method is applied to realistic cross-sectional ICP-pattern models with a vertical production well and multiple horizontal heater wells operated subject to fixed and time-varying heater powers. It is shown that the dual-grid model delivers results that are in close agreement with the fine-scale reference results for all quantities of interest. Despite the fact that the dual-grid method is implemented at the simulation-deck level, by use of the flexible scripting and monitor functionalities of our proprietary simulation package, significant computational improvements are achieved for all cases considered.

The aim of CO2 enhanced gas recovery (CO2-EGR) is to extract more natural gas from depleted gas reservoirs and simultaneously sequestrate large amount of CO2. To achieve these dual objectives, the optimization of CO2 injection strategy in CO2-EGR is proposed to achieve maximum benefit. Thus, the focus of this work is to study CO2-EGR by numerical simulation and optimization. For this purpose, a 3D reservoir model with ‘five-spot’ well pattern (an injection well and four production wells) is established for simulations using the multiphase simulator TOUGH2, and the main focus is on optimization of CO2 injection rate and well placements by coupling the genetic algorithm (GA) with TOUGH2. Simulations are performed to determine the optimal injection rate for both two types of injection wells placements, one vertical injection well with number of perforations at various depth and orthogonal horizontal wells on top of the reservoir. The results show that multipoint perforations in the vertical injection well and the horizontal injection wells with appropriate length show improvement in natural gas recovery and CO2 storage compared to the injection location at the reservoir bottom. More importantly, the optimized injection rate determined by GA-TOUGH2 can substantially improve the natural gas recovery factor for both vertical and horizontal well injection. After computing a number of optimized cases, it’s shown that the case employing the horizontal injection wells with optimized injection rate of 0.0778 kg/s achieves the maximum recovery of 67.21% and maximum CO2 storage efficiency of 69.54%, equal to 23.88 × 106 kg of natural gas exploited from the depleted reservoir and 74.52 × 106 kg of CO2 stored in pore volume of 1.81 × 106 m3 of the reservoir. This case also has minimum injection pressure jump of 0.08 MPa thereby reducing the risk of formation fracture and CO2 leakage. However, by conducting a simple cost/benefit analysis, it is determined that this optimally performing case is not the best economically because of higher drilling cost of horizontal well compared to a vertical well. It is found that a vertical well with two suitably placed perforations with optimized injection rate of 0.1025 kg/s is economically superior since the previously used production wells can be reused for CO2 injection, which can therefore reduce both the equipment and the drilling costs. It is hoped that the findings of this work should provide some insights into the optimization of CO2-EGR with maximum economic benefit for implementation in industrial practice.

At present, China has three major deepwater oil and gas fields located in the Qiongdongnan and Pearl River Mouth basins in the South China Sea (SCS) at water depths ranging from 300 m to over 1500 m. In this paper, we compare the geology, reservoir, and fluid properties and development concepts of these deepwater fields with those in the Gulf of Mexico (GOM), Nigeria, and Brazil. Based on this comparison, we have identified several key subsurface challenges and opportunities for future deepwater field developments in China. Major subsurface challenges include smaller in-place volumes, heavier oil, lower reservoir energy, and higher reservoir temperature. Opportunities identified include locating continental margin systems with high accommodation volumes and abundant sand supply, use of alternative development concepts such as Floating Liquified Natural Gas (FLNG) and complaint platforms with dry tree wells and learnings from the recent development of lower-permeability reservoirs in deepwater GOM and the deepwater heavy oil developments and CO2 handling techniques in Brazil.

The development of chemotherapy drugs has promoted anticancer treatment, but the effect on tumours is not clear because of treatment resistance; thus, it is necessary to further understand the mechanism of cell death to explore new therapeutic targets. As a new type of programmed cell death, ferroptosis is increasingly being targeted in the treatment of many cancers with clinical drugs and experimental compounds. Ferroptosis is stimulated in tumours with inherently high levels of ferrous ions by a reaction with abundant polyunsaturated fatty acids and the inhibition of antioxidant enzymes, which can overcome treatment resistance in cancers mainly through GPX4. In this review, we focus on the intrinsic cellular regulators against ferroptosis in cancer resistance, such as GPX4, NRF2 and the thioredoxin system. We summarize the application of novel compounds and drugs to circumvent treatment resistance. We also introduce the application of nanoparticles for the treatment of resistant cancers. In conclusion, targeting ferroptosis represents a considerable strategy for resistant cancer treatment.

Tumor models have created new avenues for personalized medicine and drug development. A new culture model derived from a three-dimensional system, the tumor organoid, is gradually being used in many fields. An organoid can simulate the physiological structure and function of tissue in situ and maintain the characteristics of tumor cells in vivo, overcoming the disadvantages of traditional experimental tumor models. Organoids can mimic pathological features of tumors and maintain genetic stability, making them suitable for both molecular mechanism studies and pharmacological experiments of clinical transformation. In addition, the application of tumor organoids combined with other technologies, such as liquid biopsy technology, microraft array (MRA), and high-content screening (HCS), for the development of personalized diagnosis and cancer treatment has a promising future. In this review, we introduce the evolution of organoids and discuss their specific application and advantages. We also summarize the characteristics of several tumor organoids culture systems.

Background: Liver cancer is one of the most common gastrointestinal malignancies. Anti-angiogenesis therapies have recently demonstrated promise in the treatment of liver cancer and other malignancies, although early treatment benefits may be accompanied by metastasis over time. Additional and more effective anti-angiogenic treatment modalities are therefore needed. We previously found that YAP1 expression is increased in hepatocellular carcinoma, particularly around tumor-associated blood vessels, suggesting a role in angiogenesis. The YAP1 inhibitor verteporfin (VP) is presently in anti-angiogenic clinical trials for the treatment of various cancers. Further elucidating the role of YAP1 in tumor angiogenesis may offer novel therapeutic targets. Methods and Results: We depleted YAP1 from vascular endothelial cells effectively reduces proliferation and tube formation, validating its utility as an anti-angiogenesis target. We also show that YAP1 depletion or inhibition in vascular endothelial cells leads to increased release of exosomes containing the lncRNA MALAT1 into the tumor microenvironment. Direct exosomal transfer of MALAT1 to hepatic cells leads to increased hepatic cell invasion and migration via activation of ERK1/2 signaling. Depletion of endothelial MALAT1 or inhibition of hepatocyte ERK1/2 signaling can suppress VP treatment-associated hepatocyte invasion and migration. Furthermore, we find that MALAT1 expression in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma is associated with decreased disease-free survival and increased lymph node metastasis. Conclusions: These observations may explain the occurrence of distant tumor metastasis with YAP1-associated anti-angiogenic therapy over time, and provide insight into new pathways and treatment paradigms that may be targeted to increase the long-term success of anti-angiogenic therapies. Funding Statement: This work was supported by grants from National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.81472302/No.81572425/No.81871983/No.81572831). Declaration of Interests: The authors declare no conflicts of interest. Ethics Approval Statement: The Institutional Review Board of the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University approved the use of human tissue samples for this project. All patients gave their informed written consent for the use of clinical specimens for research.

Summary Numerical modeling of the in-situ conversion process (ICP) is a challenging endeavor involving thermal multiphase flow, compositional pressure/volume/temperature (PVT) behavior, and chemical reactions that convert solid kerogen into light hydrocarbons, which are tightly coupled to temperature propagation. Our investigations of grid-resolution effects on the accuracy and performance of ICP simulations have demonstrated that ICP-simulation outcomes—specifically, chemical-reaction rates, kerogen-accumulation profiles, and oil-/gas-production rates, may exhibit relatively large errors on coarse grids. Coarse grids are attractive because they deliver favorable computational performance. We have developed a novel multiscale modeling method for simulating ICP that reduces numerical-modeling errors and reproduces fine-scale-simulation results on relatively coarse grids. The method uses a two-scale solution method, in which the reaction kinetics of the solids is solved locally on a fine-scale grid, with interpolated temperatures obtained from coarse-grid simulations of thermal flow and fluid transport. We demonstrate the accuracy and efficiency of our multiscale method with representative 1D models. It is shown that the method delivers accurate solutions for key ICP performance indicators with very little computational overhead compared with corresponding coarse-scale models. The robustness of the multiscale method has been verified over a number of physical-parameter ranges with a limited-scope sensitivity study. Numerical results show that the multiscale method consistently improves the simulation results and matches the fine-scale reference results closely.

Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma is the second most common primary malignant tumor of the liver, and it originates from the intrahepatic biliary duct epithelium. Prognosis is poor due to lack of effective comprehensive treatments. In this study, we assessed the expression of Gab1, VEGFR-2, and MMP-9 in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma solid tumors by immunohistochemistry and determined whether their expression was associated with clinical and pathological features. We found that expression of Gab1, VEGFR-2, and MMP-9 was highly and positively correlated with each other and with lymph node metastasis and TNM stage in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma tissues. Interference of Gab1 and VEGFR-2 expression via siRNA in the intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma cell line RBE resulted in decreased PI3K/Akt pathway activity. Inhibition of Gab1 and VEGFR-2 expression also caused decreased cell proliferation, cell cycle arrested in G1 phase, increased apoptosis, and decreased invasion in RBE cells. These results suggest that Gab1, VEGFR-2, and MMP-9 contribute significantly to the highly malignant behavior of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. The regulation of growth, apoptosis, and invasion by Gab1 through the VEGFR-2/Gab1/PI3K/Akt signaling pathway may represent potential targets for improving the treatment of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma.

In this study, a 3D multicomponent multiphase simulator with a new fracture characterization technique is developed to simulate the enhanced recovery of coalbed methane. In this new model, the diffusion source from the matrix is calculated using the traditional dual-continuum approach, while in the Darcy flow scale, the Discrete Fracture Model (DFM) is introduced to explicitly represent the flow interaction between cleats and large-scale fractures. For this purpose, a general formulation is proposed to model the multicomponent multiphase flow through the fractured coal media. The S&amp, D model and a revised P&amp, M model are incorporated to represent the geomechanical effects. Then a finite volume based discretization and solution strategies are constructed to solve the general ECBM equations. The prismatic meshing algorism is used to construct the grids for 3D reservoirs with complex fracture geometry. The simulator is validated with a benchmark case in which the results show close agreement with GEM. Finally, simulation of a synthetic heterogeneous 3D coal reservoir modified from a published literature is performed to evaluate the production performance and the effects of injected gas composition, well pattern and gas buoyancy.

IntroductionMany surgical techniques have been used to repair abdominal wall defects in the inguinal region based on the anatomic characteristics of this region and can be categorised as ‘tension’ repair or ‘tension-free’ repair. Tension-free repair is the preferred technique for inguinal hernia repair. Tension-free repair of inguinal hernia can be performed through either the anterior transversalis fascia approach or the preperitoneal space approach. There are few large sample, randomised controlled trials investigating the curative effects of the anterior transversalis fascia approach versus the preperitoneal space approach for inguinal hernia repair in patients in northern China.Methods and analysisThis will be a prospective, large sample, multicentre, randomised, controlled trial. Registration date is 1 December 2016. Actual study start date is 6 February 2017. Estimated study completion date is June 2020. A cohort of over 720 patients with inguinal hernias will be recruited from nine institutions in Liaoning Province, China. Patient randomisation will be stratified by centre to undergo inguinal hernia repair via the anterior transversalis fascia approach or the preperitoneal approach. Primary and secondary outcome assessments will be performed at baseline (prior to surgery), predischarge and at postoperative 1 week, 1 month, 3 months, 1 year and 2 years. The primary outcome is the incidence of postoperative chronic inguinal pain. The secondary outcome is postoperative complications (including rates of wound infection, haematoma, seroma and hernia recurrence).Ethics and disseminationThis trial will be conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and supervised by the institutional review board of the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University (approval number 2015–027). All patients will receive information about the trial in verbal and written forms and will give informed consent before enrolment. The results will be published in peer-reviewed journals or disseminated through conference presentations.Trial registration numberNCT02984917; preresults.

Background Many types of regional nerve blocks have been used during anesthesia for modified radical mastectomy. In recent years, the use of pectoral nerve (PECS) block has gained importance in postoperative analgesia, but there are still controversies regarding its efficacy. There is especially no consensus on the optimal type of PECS block to be used. Herein, we attempt to evaluate the analgesic efficacy of the PECS block after radical mastectomy. Methods We searched PubMed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane library for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) for studies regarding PECS versus general anesthesia (GA) that were published prior to May 31, 2018. Outcome measures such as intra- and postoperative consumption of opioids, postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV), need for postoperative rescue analgesia, and pain scores were analyzed. After quality evaluation and data extraction, a meta-analysis was performed using Review Manager 5.3 software, and the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) system was used for rating the quality of evidence. Results A total of 8 RCTs and 2 cohort studies involving 993 patients were eligible. Compared with the GA group, the PECS block group effectively reduced the intraoperative and postoperative use of opioid drugs, incidence of PONV, need for postoperative rescue analgesia, and pain scores within 0 to 6 hours after surgery. However, subgroup analysis showed that PECS I block did not have a significant advantage in reducing the intra- and postoperative consumption of opioids. Results for each outcome indicator were confirmed as having a high or moderate level of evidence. Conclusions Even considering the limitations (evaluations of efficacy in different age groups and for chronic pain were not carried out) of this meta-analysis, it can be concluded that the PECS II block is an effective anesthetic regimen in modified radical mastectomy that can effectively reduce the intra- and postoperative consumption of opioids, postoperative PONV, and the need for postoperative rescue analgesia and can alleviate early pain (0-6 hours) after surgery.

Acceleration is of great importance in motion control for unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), especially during the takeoff and landing stages. However, the measured acceleration is inevitably polluted by severe noise. Therefore, a proper noise suppression procedure is required. This paper presents a novel method to reduce the noise in the measured vertical acceleration for a thrust-vectored tail-sitter vertical takeoff and landing (VTOL) UAV. In the new procedure, a Kalman filter is first applied to estimate the UAV mass by using the information in the vertical thrust and measured acceleration. The UAV mass is then used to compute an estimate of UAV vertical acceleration. The estimated acceleration is finally fused with the measured acceleration to obtain the minimum variance estimate of vertical acceleration. By doing this, the new approach incorporates the thrust information into the acceleration estimate. The method is applied to the data measured in a VTOL UAV takeoff experiment. Two other denoising approaches developed by former researchers are also tested for comparison. The results demonstrate that the new method is able to suppress the acceleration noise substantially. It also maintains the real-time performance in the final estimated acceleration, which is not seen in the former denoising approaches. The acceleration treated with the new method can be readily used in the motion control applications for UAVs to achieve improved accuracy.

// Xiaodong Zhang 1, * , Qing Fan 1, * , Yan Li 1, 2, * , Zhaoguo Yang 1 , Liang Yang 1 , Zhihong Zong 3 , Biao Wang 3 , Xin Meng 3 , Qin Li 1 , Jingang Liu 1 and Hangyu Li 1 1 Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, P. R. China 2 Department of Oncology, Tumour Angiogenesis and Microenvironment Laboratory (TAML), The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, P. R. China 3 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences of China Medical University, Shenyang, P. R. China * These authors have contributed equally to this work Correspondence to: Hangyu Li, email: sj_li_hangyu@sina.com Keywords: transforming growth factor-beta, hepatocellular carcinoma, Hippo signaling, proliferation Received: August 10, 2016 Accepted: December 27, 2016 Published: January 05, 2017 ABSTRACT In this study, we examined the expression of core proteins of the Hippo signaling pathway in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells treated with transforming growth factor-β 1(TGF-β1) and investigated the relationship between TGF-β1 and the Hippo signaling pathway, in order to better understand their roles in HCC and their potential implications for cancer therapy. We prove that the Hippo signaling pathway is involved in the TGF-β1-induced inhibition of the growth of HCC cells. Large tumor suppressor expression (LATS1) was overexpression and yes association protein 1(YAP1) translocated from the nucleus to the cytoplasm in HCC cells treated with TGF-β1. Overexpression of LATS1 and the nucleocytoplasmic translocation of YAP1 play an anti-oncogenetic role in the occurrence and development of liver cancer. Our findings provide new insight into strategies for liver cancer therapy.

Part of the patients with incisional hernia (IH) suffered from constipation or even circulatory impairment, which is called large IH with loss of domain (LOD) or giant IH. For now, there is still controversy about the definition and pathomechanism of the LOD; meanwhile, there is no clear criterion for evaluating and treating patients with LOD. A systematic search of the literature was implemented in PubMed and the Cochrane database by using the keywords “IH, abdominal wall function(AWF), LOD” and got 60 publications finally. First, there is still no unified definition for LOD, but we found that it was translated into a situation that abdominal content can hardly be reduced with AWF deficiency in 2018th Chinese Guidelines. Second, we concluded that poor abdominal wall contraction caused by muscular atrophy or fibrillation after large area aponeurosis released shall be important pathomechanism of LOD. Third, we found that there are different methods for evaluating LOD, while the activity evaluation may be most useful. Finally, component separation technique (CST), bridge repair or utotransplantation have been recommended in many publications for variable condition. The definition of LOD is better to be divided into the functional deficiency and the anatomical defect just like Chinese guidelines. The pathomechanism of LOD was actually based on anatomical destruction of abdominal wall contraction system. The activity evaluation may be the most convenient method mentioned in the publications. CST was strongly recommended to be used in giant hernia, the defect of which can be hardly closed. Patients who have IH with LOD are proposed to receive hernioplasty as early as possible because of the impendency to reconstruct the large defect on the abdominal wall as well as restoration of the AWF. Surgeons may select appropriate CST to repair IH according to the length of the defect.

The mode switching control of microgrid is the focus of its system control. According to the characteristics of different control, an integrated control system is put forward according to the detecting voltage and frequency deviation after switching of microgrid operating mode. This control system employs master-slave and peer-to-peer control. Wind turbine and photovoltaic(PV) adopt P/Q control, so the maximum power output can be achieved. The energy storage will work under the droop control if the system is grid-connected. When the system is off-grid, whether to employ droop control or P/f control is determined by system status. The simulation has been done and the system performance can meet the requirement.

To study the anti-tumor effect of arsenic trioxide on the HepG2 human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line, and to explore its mechanism of action. The MTT assay was used to determine the inhibitory effect of As2O3 on HepG2 cells at various As2O3 concentrations. The expression of p-JNK, caspase-3 and PARP was detected by Western blots. As2O3 markedly inhibited the growth of the HepG2 cells and induced apoptosis. The results of Western blot analysis showed that the As2O3-induced apoptosis was accompanied by caspase-3 and PARP activation. p-JNK was detected at 10 min following As2O3 treatment, and preceded to peak at 20 min, and decreased by 30 min. The total protein content did not obviously change. The activation of JNK occurred prior to cell apoptosis. SP600125, a JNK inhibitor, suppressed the As2O3-induced activation of caspase-3 and PARP cleavage. As2O3 inhibits the proliferation of human HepG2 hepatocellular carcinoma cells by inducing apoptosis in vitro. As2O3-induced apoptosis is accessed through the caspase-3 pathway. The JNK signal-transduction pathway and caspase-3 are involved upstream in the As2O3-induced HepG2 apoptotic response.

Activation of stress-activated protein kinase/c-Jun N-terminal kinase was inhibited in cells, in which heat shock protein70 was induced to a high level, indicating that heat shock protein70 might be anti-apoptosis protein.We examined the expression of heat shock protein70 and c-Jun N-terminal kinase signal transduction pathway in human liver carcinoma to explore their relationship and clinical parameters.The expression of heat shock protein70, c-Jun N-terminal kinase1, c-Jun N-terminal kinase2 and c-Jun were detected immunohistochemically in 62 samples of liver cancer. Western blot was used to confirm immunostaining results.Heat shock protein70 expression showed a positive correlation with the malignant differentiation in liver carcinoma (r=0.449, P0.0005). The expression of c-Jun N-terminal kinase1, c-Jun N-terminal kinase2, and c-Jun showed a negative correlation with the malignant differentiation in liver carcinoma (r=-0.351, P=0.005; r=-0.303, P=0.017; r=-0.302, P=0.017). Heat shock protein70 expression was correlated with c-Jun N-terminal kinase1 (r=-0.385, P=0.002), c-Jun N-terminal kinase2 (r=-0.309, P=0.015) and c-Jun (r=-0.302, P=0.017). Expression of heat shock protein70, as well as c-Jun N-terminal kinase1, was correlated with recurrence-free survival after the resection. Heat shock protein70 was associated with prognosis (P=0.004).Expression of heat shock protein70 and c-Jun N-terminal kinase-related proteins might be an indicator of malignant potential in liver carcinoma. The balance between heat shock protein70 and c-Jun N-terminal kinase-related protein may increase the stability of liver cancer cells in stress. Negative expression of heat shock protein70 might be a protective factor of recurrence of liver carcinoma.

The main issue addressed in this paper is how to improve the learning situation of self-directed learning in resource search and organization from the web. In this paper, we have firstly proposed a multi-layer map model that visualizes basic learning behaviors when using the web for locating and organizing learning resources. It provides learners with the structures of the found resources, the tools for their semantic management, and also a simplified method to share the resources via the map representation. A system based on the proposed model has also been developed, that enables individual learners to easily locate suitable learning resources from the web by referring resource maps and also to organize them as personal topic maps. As community-based learning, by referring to a community topic map which merges all the personal topic maps created by individual self-directed learners, the learners can share their own resources and select those of other learners into their learning topics. As a result, the learners re-organize their personal topic maps by taking the resources from the community topic maps and at the same time contribute to the community topic map through their personal topic maps. A case study conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of the system showed several positive results which validated our proposal.

// Yue-Mei Xu 1, * , Hong-Jiang Wang 2, * , Fang Chen 3, * , Wan-Hua Guo 4, * , Yan-Yang Wang 4, * , Hang-Yu Li 5, * , Jin-Hai Tang 6, * , Ying Ding 1 , Ya-Chen Shen 7 , Min Li 1, 7 , Wen-Ying Xuan 1 , Lin-Hui Liu 1 , Jia Wang 2 , Xue-Rong Wang 1 , Ze-Jun Gao 1 , Xiu-Bin Liang 7 , Dong-Ming Su 1, 7, 8 1 State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Pathology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China 2 Department of Breast Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China 3 Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China 4 Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China 5 Department of General Surgery, 4th Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China 6 Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China 7 Center of Metabolic Research, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China 8 Center of Cellular therapy, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China * These authors have contributed equally to this work Correspondence to: Dong-Ming Su, e-mail: sudongming@njmu.edu.cn Keywords: HRD1, breast cancer, metastasis, IGF-1R, degradation Received: May 02, 2015 Accepted: October 09, 2015 Published: October 19, 2015 ABSTRACT HRD1 (3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl reductase degradation) is an E3 ubiquitin ligase. We found that HRD1 was significantly downregulated in 170 breast cancer tissues. Low tumoral HRD1 expression was correlated with clinicopathological characteristics and a shorter survival in breast cancer patients. P65 specifically bound to the HRD1 promoter and inhibited HRD1 expression. Suppression of NF-κB activity reversed IL-6-induced downregulation of HRD1 expression. HRD1 interacted with IGF-1R and promoted its ubiquitination and degradation by the proteasome. Overexpression of HRD1 resulted in the inhibition of growth, migration and invasion of breast cancer cells in vitro and in vivo . Furthermore, HRD1 attenuated IL-6-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition in MCF10A cells. These findings uncover a novel role for HRD1 in breast cancer.

Grinding circuit should provide stable particle size distribution while operating in a way to maximize mill efficiency. In this paper, a fuzzy logic-based supervisory control strategy is proposed for controlling product particle size while improving mill efficiency in a ball mill grinding circuit. In the supervisory level, fuzzy logic-based control determines the optimized setpoints of the regulatory level controllers. The whole system ensures a long-term stableness of product quality while increasing the mill efficiency more than six percent in practical industrial application in comparison with conventional control. The results of the practical industrial operation demonstrate the feasibility, reliability and effectiveness of the proposed control strategy.

Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA) is a rare systemic small- and medium-sized-vessel vasculitis. The literature contains only a few reports of gastrointestinal perforation with this condition. We report a patient with EPGA treated with high-dose steroid who underwent emergency surgery for intestinal perforations. We performed a simple repair of the 11 perforations. Intestinal fistulas developed 8 d postoperatively; they healed well after 60 d of continuous washing and negative pressure suction. The clinical data of 14 additional patients with EGPA or Churg-Strauss syndrome complicated with gastrointestinal perforation, which were reported from 1996 to 2014, were also collected and compared. The formation of multiple perforations and fistulas following high dosage steroid administration can have a good outcome with appropriate management. Meticulous attention to abdominal symptoms and appropriate interventions can result in timely management. Corticosteroid administration remains a very important perioperative procedure for EPGA.

Attribute-Based Access Control (ABAC) is a fine-grained and flexible authorization method. In this paper, considering the layered structure of Grid resources, an ABAC model named Grid_ABAC is presented, and the implementation architecture of Grid_ABAC basing on XACML is proposed. The paper also describes the method for integrating Grid_ABAC seamlessly into the authorization framework of the Globus Tloolkit. The test result shows that Grid_ABAC is efficient and provides a more flexible and open access control method for grid computing.

We propose Bohr, a similarity aware geo-distributed data analytics system that minimizes query completion time. The key idea is to exploit similarity between data in different data centers (DCs), and transfer similar data from the bottleneck DC to other sites with more WAN bandwidth. Though these sites have more input data to process, these data are more similar and can be more efficiently aggregated by the combiner to reduce the intermediate data that needs to be shuffled across the WAN. Thus our similarity aware approach reduces the shuffle time and in turn the query completion time (QCT).We design Bohr based on OLAP data cubes to perform efficient similarity checking among datasets in different sites. We implement Bohr on Spark and deploy it across ten sites of AWS EC2. Our extensive evaluation using realistic query workloads shows that Bohr improves the QCT by up to 50% and reduces the intermediate data by up to 6x compared to state-of-the-art solutions that also use OLAP cubes.