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Aviation has the most intense impact on air quality during the landing and takeoff cycles (LTO) of aircraft operations, which are defined as being equivalent by aircraft manufacturers, airport managers and regulators. In this study, an environmental impact assessment and cost analysis study was conducted, taking into consideration airline traffic data from 2018 of Turkey's biggest commercial airline company. Calculations are based on the LTO cycle. Emissions evaluated in the study are CO, CO2, HC and NOx. In order to assess the emissions, the aircraft types in which the airline forms the fleet, tail numbers, engine types, number of seats, passenger-carrying capacity, emission indices at different power settings of the engines and annual passenger traffic of the aircraft have been employed. In addition, two approaches are employed to explain the meaning of emissions: the amount of environmental impact and the environmental damage cost. In the light of data generated by calculating the annual environmental costs of the fleets, fleet renewal or employment of new engine technologies can be caused to low-emission tariffs that achieve more efficient combustion. As a result, changing the engine combinations of aircraft in the Turkish Airlines fleet will result in fewer emissions and therefore less cost. The important thing is the optimization of the ratio of the cost of environmental impact on the cost of changes in the combination of aircraft engines.