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The subjects and methodologies presented in this book vary from the presentation of a heretofore unavailable collection of data on worldwide mineral exploration to case studies of mineral exploration in the developing countries of Botswana and Papua New Guinea to a study of the economic productivity of base metal exploration in Australia and Canada. Some authors concentrate on particular actors or participants in the exploration process, such as major mining companies, while other focus on a particular country such as the Soviet Union, France, or South Africa. Most chapters deal with exploration for nonfuel minerals, and particularly metals, although some take in uranium and coal exploration; oil and gas exploration is specifically excluded.

In August and September 2001, Kuwait Bay, a semi-enclosed embayment of the Arabian Gulf, experienced a massive fish kill involving over >2500 metric tons of wild mullet ( Liza klunzingeri ), due to the bacterium Streptococcus agalactiae . In the Bay, this event was preceded by a small fish kill (100–1000 dead fish per day) of gilthead sea bream ( Sparus auratus ) in aquaculture net pens associated with a bloom of the dinoflagellate Ceratium furca . Sea bream were found to be culture positive for S. agalactiae , but did not show any visible signs of disease. Unusually warm temperatures (up to 35 °C) and calm conditions prevailed during this period. As the wild fish kill progressed, various harmful algae were observed, including Gymnodinium catenatum , Gyrodinium impudicum , and Pyrodinium bahamense var. compressum . Cell numbers of G. catenatum and G. impudicum exceeded 10 6 l −1 in some locations. All fish tested below the limits of detection for paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) and brevetoxins. Clams ( Circe callipyga ) were positive for PSP but at levels below regulatory limits. Nutrient concentrations, both inorganic and organic, were highly variable with time and from site to site, reflecting inputs from sewage outfalls, the aquaculture operations, a high biomass of decomposing fish, and other sources. It is hypothesized that many factors contributed to the initial outbreak of the bacterial disease, including unusual warm and calm conditions. The same factors, as well as enriched nutrient conditions, also apparently were conducive to the subsequent HAB outbreaks. The detection of PSP, while below regulatory limits, warrants further monitoring to protect human health.

Red drums Sciaenops ocellatus that became infested with the copepod Caligus elongatus during rearing in seawater ponds were successfully treated with a 20-min freshwater dip after harvest and before being stocked in the wild. This treatment killed all copepods. Short-term (30min) and long-term (18-h) treatments with Copper Control, trichlorfon, and formalin were less effective than fresh water.

This article, which discusses principal findings of the recently published study Energy: The Next Twenty Years, identifies the fundamental realities that define the energy problem, distinguishing real concerns from numerous unreal dangers intruding into current discourse. The discussion emphasizes oil import dependence and the high economic as well as political value in reducing that dependence. The article tries to sort out the complexities that confound simplistic assessments, favorable or unfavorable, of coal, nuclear energy, and solar power. It also addresses the economics of conservation and environmental protection, with special emphasis on regulating air quality. Our problem is believed to be one not of crisis but of a continuous wise management of a large set of problems all prone to create crisis if mismanaged. A number of specific policy recommendations are made including the decontrol of oil and gas prices, reform of public utility prices, retention of the nuclear option, strong support for conservation and solar energy, including temporary subsidization, and much more sharply focused roles for government and industry in the R&D process. These recommendations may help provide a sense of direction essential to U.S. energy policy making.

Energy ‘policy’ is not a recent invention. What is new is that instead of a variety of policies rooted for the most part in notions other than adequacy of reasonably priced and readily available energy supplies, the past fifteen years or so have witnessed the emergence of a set of policies that are more pointedly directed at energy targets as such. These include, above all, such cross cutting issues as efficiency in use, security against supply disruptions, incentives to oil and gas producers, opportunities for the development of alternative energy sources and concern for the equitable sharing of costs associated with any of these policies. If there is one overriding issue that permeates the policy fabric it is the delineation of the governmental role versus market forces. Debate and controversy on that topic is bound to continue.

Goussia cichlidarum n. sp. (Barrouxiidae, Apicomplexa) is a coccidian parasite found in the epithelial lining of the swimbladder in a variety of cichlid fish, most commonly inSarotherodon galilaeus. Infected fish were found in Lake Kinneret and in fish ponds in Israel and in Uganda. Natural infections were investigated as well as experimental infections obtained in the laboratory. Merogony and gamogony is completed within a hypertrophic host cell. The latter is displaced to the surface of the epithelial layer and during the parasitization process is reduced to a membranous envelope. This cell remains attached to the epithelial layer up until the stage of oogony. Oocysts complete their differentiation free in the swimbladder lumen.

Low-cost energy has been an integral part of American economic history, but is gone for the present. The European experience has shown that with not much lower levels of per capita income, much lower per capita energy consumption is possible. The present situation with tight supplies and rising prices did not begin with the Arab embargo. A history is followed of the situations that lead up to the 1973 oil embargo. New techniques for the future include oil extractions from bituminous sands and shale, nuclear reactors, harnessing of geothermal and solar energy, and clean burning from coal. Environmental concerns and import independency are discussed. (MCW)

The U.S. energy situation has significantly improved since energy first became a national problem 9 years ago. But easing is not to be confused with solving. Many problems remain and in time might even get worse. The assumptions underlying the prognosis of a carefree energy future merit careful continuing scrutiny. Some do not hold up well. Moreover, in part, greater ease in energy is the mirror image of depressed economic conditions. It is reasonable to relax a little but not to relapse.

The determination of the color of the sky entered into modern meteorology with the introduction of the Blue-Scale by Linke and Ostwald [see 1 of references at end of paper], although de Saussure [2] had already made observations of that kind. The intimate relation between the blue color of the sky and the turbidity within the atmosphere, hence with such important elements as the intensity of radiation, the suspended impurities, and the visual range, made surveys of the sky-color desirable. The blue-scale, consisting of a set of cardboards with different shades of blue, is a very handy and cheap device, but its usefulness suffers from certain difficulties in operation. The matching of scale and sky-blue, in particular, often makes trouble, because of the discontinuities in the steps of the cardboard-scale. A simple instrument was therefore constructed, replacing the cardboard-scale by a glass-wedge. This wedge, made of the Signal Blue No. 556 of the Corning Glass Works, had its maximum transmission at about 425 millimicrons. It was movable by a sledge across an eyepiece, so that half of the field was open to the sky. The wedge was illuminated by a mirror, which reflected the sunlight. The thickness of the wedge varied from 0.025 to 0.584 cm on a length of 15.3 cm. In our observations a thickness of 0.23 cm was rarely exceeded to match the sky-blue. By mounting the instrument on a support with graduated circles the azimuth and altitude for each measurement could be determined.