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This paper discusses the international responsibility of the State and the role of international jurisdictions – specifically analyzing the international responsibility of the United States in the commercial jurisdiction of the World Trade Organization, utilizing the WTO-OSC/DS267, known as the Upland Cotton case. For the State, it is inevitable that there will always be conflicts of interest subject to internationally recognized trade rules. This leads to a situation where international organizations need to implement a harmonization mechanism using decisions based on the regulation of international trade. Moreover, a State has the obligation to repair damage caused by disrespecting principles of Public International Law. Furthermore, general principles of international law apply to the WTO and its agreements. In this sense, the relationship of international responsibility in the WTO Dispute Settlement System (SSC) transcends party involvement in disputes as it concerns all the WTO members. This paper discusses the international responsibility of the State and the role of international jurisdictions – specifically analyzing the international responsibility of the United States in the commercial jurisdiction of the World Trade Organization, utilizing the WTO-OSC/DS267, known as the Upland Cotton case. For the State, it is inevitable that there will always be conflicts of interest subject to internationally recognized trade rules. This leads to a situation where international organizations need to implement a harmonization mechanism using decisions based on the regulation of international trade. Moreover, a State has the obligation to repair damage caused by disrespecting principles of Public International Law. Furthermore, general principles of international law apply to the WTO and its agreements. In this sense, the relationship of international responsibility in the WTO Dispute Settlement System (SSC) transcends party involvement in disputes as it concerns all the WTO members

O presente artigo analisa a prática de subsídios à agricultura no comércio internacional, tendo como principal objetivo dimensionar a sua prática enquanto instrumento econômico estratégico para o setor agrícola, especialmente para os Estados Unidos e a União Europeia. Uma completa proibição dos subsídios não é desejável porque sua prática, em essência, constitui uma alternativa à busca do bem-estar social da nação. Contudo, a utilização dos subsídios agrícolas, na forma como vêm sendo praticados, constituem-se em intervenções de cunho protecionista que provocam distorções no comércio internacional. Sendo os Estados Unidos e a União Europeia as nações que mais os utilizam no comércio internacional, tem-se gerado preocupações sobre sua própria eficiência enquanto instrumento de política comercial estratégica para o comércio internacional. This study examines the practice of agricultural subsidies in international trade, aiming at scaling its practice as a strategic economic tool primarily for the agricultural sector, especially to the United States and the European Union. A complete ban on subsidies is not desirable because its practice, in essence, is a path to improve the welfare of the nation. However, the way the agricultural subsidies have been employed, constitute protectionist interventions that distort international trade. The United States and the European Union are the major users of this instrument in international trade, a factor that has raised concerns about their own efficiency as a strategic trade policy for international trade.

O artigo aborda a adoção de medidas de retaliação, através de direitos compensatórios, à prática de subsídios no comércio agrícola internacional, por meio da análise da evolução das diferenças comerciais submetidas à Organização Mundial de Comércio (OMC). Os resultados revelam que os Estados Unidos da América e a União Europeia são os membros que mais sofrem medidas de retaliação na OMC, em razão dos impactos de suas políticas de subsídios ao setor agrícola. Além disso, houve uma queda nos contenciosos comerciais submetidos à apreciação da OMC, especialmente em matéria de direitos compensatórios em relação ao setor agrícola. This article analyzes the adoption of retaliatory measures, based on countervailing measures, on the practice of subsidies in international agricultural trade, by means of a survey on the evolution of trade differences submitted to the World Trade Organization (WTO). It was possible to identify the United States and the European Union as the members who most suffer from retaliation in the WTO, because of the impacts of their policies on subsidies on the agricultural sector. However, there was a drop in trade disputes submitted to WTO, especially with regard to countervailing measures related to the agricultural sector.

This study deals with two of the most complex and discussed trade policy instruments, the export subsidies and the imposition of import tariffs in international trade - both considered manifestations of law with full economic impact for determining nations. The doctrine states that the ultimate economic impact of subsidies is to distort international trade and ensures that in practice this is demonstrated and verified. Given this, stems from its practice of imposing the remedy tariff as an instrument to generate income for the government and protection of their markets in international trade. For both, the analysis is conceived on the foundations of interdisciplinarity of Economic Analysis of Law, which is explained by understanding that there is no way to give a dimension closer to the reality of international trade, without performing an analysis of the treatment of subsidies and tariffs in economic literature, without conceiving its legal dimensions before its economic effects. We seek to demonstrate how economic theory deals with subsidies and tariffs in international trade. As a primary objective, we sought to demonstrate how to apply the methodology of the Economic Analysis of Law in relation to the two leading institutes of international trade that most influence the rules of international law, in particular as regards the economic relations between nations. So was the search for effective demonstration of cause and effect emanating from the interface between law and economics that exposes the motives of a true economic analysis of law, as demonstrated in the presentation that remains of this interdisciplinary study.