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OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effects of a flotation vest (FV) and water flow rate (WFR) on limb kinematics of dogs swimming against a current. ANIMALS 7 (1 male and 6 female) healthy adult Siberian Huskies. PROCEDURES Dogs were habituated to swim with and without an FV beside an investigator in a continuous-flow pool against WFRs up to 2.9 km/h. During each of 4 experimental sessions in a repeated-measures study, markers were wrapped around the right carpus and tarsus, and a video was recorded while each dog swam with or without an FV for about 2 minutes at each of 7 WFRs between 0 and 2.9 km/h when the WFR was incrementally decreased or increased. Motion tracking software was used to measure stroke excursion and frequency. RESULTS Stroke excursion varied more than frequency among all dogs and in response to changes in experimental conditions. The male dog and 1 female dog were unable to complete the study. For the remaining 5 dogs across all experimental conditions, mean tarsus excursion was 30% that of the carpus. Mean total excursion (sum of the excursion-frequency products for the carpus and tarsus) decreased when an FV was worn and increased with WFR by 69% and 19% when WFR was incrementally increased and decreased, respectively. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE In dogs, range of motion during swimming was greater for the carpus than tarsus, when an FV was not worn, and increased more with WFR when WFR was incrementally increased. Those factors should be considered during swimming-based rehabilitation.

Urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence (USMI) is a common cause of urinary incontinence in dogs. Although estrogen is often prescribed for the medical therapy of USMI for spayed female dogs, they are known to have limited effectiveness and potential adverse effects. In castrated male dogs with USMI, testosterone reagents have been attempted besides estrogen. In this study, the effect of testosterone drugs, mainly methyltestosterone, on spayed female dogs with USMI was retrospectively evaluated. Ten spayed female dogs with USMI were included. Diagnosis of USMI was based on the results of the dogs’ medical history, clinical signs, and no abnormalities in physical examinations, urinalysis, ultrasonography, X-ray imaging, and neurological examinations. Methyltestosterone was administered at doses of 0.32–1.27 mg/kg BW p.o. semel in die (sid.) to twice a week. Nine of the ten dogs had good or excellent responses 2 to 4 weeks after the start of treatment. The minimum effective dose was 0.32 mg/kg/day. Although no severe adverse symptoms occurred in any dog, a mild increase in alanine aminotransferase was temporally observed at doses of 1.0 and 1.1 mg/kg/day in the two dogs. After dose reduction or withdrawal, two of eight dogs had recurrence of urinary incontinence. Resumption of testosterone treatment clearly improved the symptoms in the two dogs. These results indicate that testosterone reagents might be an option for treating USMI in spayed female dogs as well.

The objective of this study was to describe a new technique for urinary catheterisation of female dogs using a novel catheterisation device (NCD) and to compare the time taken to place a catheter using this technique with traditional techniques. A secondary objective was to survey participants on which of the techniques they preferred. Female canine cadavers of varying sizes were utilised and veterinary students who had not previously placed a urinary catheter were enrolled. Each participant performed three catheterisation techniques, Visual with speculum (SPEC), Blind Palpation (BP) and catheterisation with NCD on three sizes of dog. Time required using each technique was compared using Kaplan-Meier plots and mixed models Cox Proportional Hazards regression. Median times to catheterisation were 300 s (IQR 261-417 s) with the SPEC method, 420 s (IQR 253-545 s) with the NCD method and 725 s (574-1032s) with the BP method. Both SPEC and NCD methods were significantly faster compared to the BP method, with Hazard Ratios of 3.66 (95% CI 1.94-6.91, P < 0.001) and 3.57 (95% CI 1.87-6.81, P < 0.001), respectively. Six of nine participants found the NCD the easiest technique, 5/9 of the participants found the palpation technique most difficult and 4/9 found the speculum technique most difficult. BP appears to be the technique of least preference and increased time requirement. The novel urinary catheterisation device may provide a simpler method of visualisation of the urethral papilla and may provide a more sterile way of placing the catheter, although further investigation is needed to confirm this.

Neoplasms arising from uterus are rare in canines. This study describes the pathomorphological findings of multiple uterine fibroleiomyoma with ichthyosis uteri in a female dog. Uterus of a female Rottweiler dog that underwent ovariohysterectomy was brought to the Department of Pathology for histopathology. The uterus was enlarged with multiple tumorous masses of 1.5 to 5 cm in diameter. These were firm and well demarcated. Upon sectioning, haemorrhages were seen beneath the endometrial mucosa. Histopathologically, it was diagnosed as uterine fibroleiomyoma with ichthyosis uteri. Ichthyosis uteri is an extremely rare condition usually associated with benign uterine pathology. The uterine myometrium revealed neoplastic cells which were well differentiated, elongated and arranged in interlacing bundles of muscle fibres. Hence, based on histopathological findings and special staining, the tumour was diagnosed as uterine fibroleiomyoma with ichthyosis uteri.

Papillary carcinoma is a mammary neoplasia of women and female dogs characterized by papillary fibrovascular projections lined by epithelial cells. Evaluation on the biology of these tumors can be done by immunohistochemistry through detection of alpha-smooth muscle actin protein in the papillary myoepithelium, which lacks such a molecule during malignant proliferations. Thus, this study aimed at determining the malignancy degree of papillary mammary tumors of female dogs by immunohistochemistry. Twenty samples of mammary neoplastic tissues collected from female dogs treated in the Veterinary Hospital at FCAV were evaluated by Hematoxylin and Eosin staining (H&E) and tumor cells were immunolabelled with monoclonal antibody to alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA). Five out of 20 cases showed positive immunolabeling greater than 10% of the total immunolabeling. The remaining fourteen cases presented immunostaining lesser than 10% showing decrease or absence of α-SMA labeling in the myoepithelium of the papilla tumors. All those cases in which immunostained cell was over 10% of the neoplasm (5 immunostains of 20 total cases) were classified as benign whereas those below 10% of immunostained in the slid were considered as malignant. Therefore, immunohistochemistry played an essential role in differentiating benign and malignant papillary tumors of bitches as already described for female. Tumor classification by conventional methods, such as H&E staining, can lead to erroneous interpretations on the real biological behavior of the papillary mammary tumor.

Clitoral cyst can be easily mistaken for a vaginal mass lesion and should be considered in the differential diagnosis for a female dog presenting with an anatomically abnormal external genital examination.

Relata-se um caso de cistite flegmonosa severa, ou cistite purulenta, decorrente de infecção por bactérias em uma fêmea da espécie ca­nina, da raça dachshund, com nove anos de idade, apresentando disúria há aproximadamente uma semana. Exames bioquímicos foram realizados, além de análise de cálculo e exame de ultrassonografia abdominal. Os exames de bioquímica não apresentaram alterações. A análise de cálculos apresentou carbonato de cálcio/urato. A confirma­ção do diagnóstico foi obtida pela ultrassonografia com a visualização de uma área de aspecto heterogêneo, hipoecogênico e hiperecogê­nico em região caudal à bexiga. O animal passou por cirurgia, na qual foi retirada uma massa aderida à bexiga, e encaminhada para exame histológico, resultando em perda de revestimento epitelial e severa infiltração leucocitária. Este relato salienta a importância do diagnóstico, que pode ser realizado com o emprego de exames laboratoriais e exames de imagem, como importantes auxiliares.

This study assessed the most suitable behavioral test for discrimination of the odor of female dog urine during estrus and anestrus, to identify chemical compounds acting as female pheromones. Twelve male dogs were used for testing. Urine samples were collected from 16 females in estrus, 5 females in anestrus, 5 spayed females, and 8 males. In test 1, five samples were arranged randomly in a lineup outdoors, and the dogs showed no spontaneous interest or preference toward the estrus samples. In test 2, urine samples from a female in either estrus or anestrus were spilled on the grass in two diverging tracks. The dogs seemed to be unable to localize the estrus urine sample, and when found accidently, they showed only a weak interest. In test 3, two urine samples from a female either in estrus or in anestrus were placed into artificial vaginas of two dog models. The dogs sniffed the samples longer (P = 0.004) than in test 2 and were able to distinguish estrus versus anestrus samples by longer sniffing of estrus samples (P

Invasive mammary carcinomas with neuroendocrine differentiation are rare in women and were reported only once in female dogs. For the present study, ten cases of solid mammary carcinoma positive for chromogramin A in immunohistochemistry were selected. Histopathological characteristics of these tumors were described and immunohistochemical evaluation was performed with chromogranin A, synaptophysin, CD56, NSE, PGP 9.5, pancitokeratin, Ki67, estrogen receptor (ER), and progesterone receptor (PR). The average animal age was 13.2 years old and the average tumor size was 4.8 cm. In total, 70% of the neoplasms were classified as grade III and 30% as grade II by the Nottingham histological grade system. High mitotic index was observed with a mean of 27.5 mitoses in 10 high magnification fields. Only one case showed typical carcinoid tumor characteristics. In addition, vascular invasion was shown in 3 tumors. All carcinomas were positive for chromogran A, while only two cases were reactive to synaptophysin. For PGP 9.2, NSE and CD56, we observed positivity of 100, 90, and 70%, respectively, in the samples, being that no tumor was positive for all the neuroendocrine markers. All neoplasms showed ER and PR in at least 10% of neoplastic cells, while Ki67 varied from 29 to 95%, with mean mitotic index of 67%. Four of the ten animals died within 1 year of the tumor diagnosis. Neuroendocrine neoplasms occur in the canine mammary gland and are propably underdiagnosed. This is due to their non-specific morphological characteristics and the low use of neuroendocrine immunohistochemistric markers the diagnostic routine. More studies are necessary to determine the prognosis of this new histological type.

A 5-year-old Siberian Husky female dog was referred with concerned maggots and legs paralysis.The dogwas examined clinically and radiographically. Shewas positive of E. canisand Anaplasma. Major clinical signshowed thedog unable to lift the body. Neurological exam was performed, deep pain on all limbs were delayed.The dog got wound treatment and electro-acupuncturethrough perpendicular insertion into acupuncturepoints: BL-23, BL-26, BL-40, BL-60, ST-36, and LIV-3for 20 minutes/day, 70 Hz and 5A,continuously,for 15 daysand then reduce to 3 times/week.Significant improvements were observed,finally the dog beingrecovered.Thiscase showed favorable therapeutic response by alternative treatment.

Benefits and risks of spaying on the behaviour of female dogs are controversially discussed. Increased aggressiveness and male urinary behaviour were postulated to be the consequence of masculinization after spaying in some female dogs. To investigate if spaying or its timing relative to the onset of puberty may have a masculinization effect, urinary behaviour, that is, frequency of urination, urinary posture and ground scratching after urination were recorded in 58 female Labrador Retrievers during 15 min of a daily walk with their owners. General behaviour of the dogs during the walks was assessed using an owner questionnaire. Data were analysed for age, reproductive status, lifetime of ovary exposure and/or time interval since spaying. Urinary behaviour of intact females (n = 12) and dogs spayed before (n = 17) or after (n = 29) puberty was similar and not influenced by age, lifetime of ovary exposure and/or time interval since spaying. Owners of spayed dogs described more frequent or more intense fear reaction in their animals in response to loud noises, unfamiliar objects approaching on or near the sidewalk, or if they were approached by unknown dogs barking, growling or jumping. In conclusion, we found no evidence of a masculinization effect after spaying on urinary behaviour in female Labrador Retrievers. In contrast to popular belief, gonadectomy did not inevitably result in a behaviourally more stable dog. Extrapolation of our findings from female Labrador Retrievers to other breeds should be performed with caution, as the effect of spaying on behaviour may differ among dog breeds.

The aim of this case presentation is to report microtia and anotia in a 3‑year‑old female dog. Owner complained about hearing loss and absence of auricles. There were no auricles in both control ears in clinical examination. Degree of the hearing problem was nearly deafness. A fistula was determined in left lateral cranial side. Grade III microtia and grade IV anotia were diagnosed in the ear canal of the left and right sides, respectively. Under general anesthesia, the dog underwent auricular reconstructive surgery for microtia on the left side. Two weeks after operation, the owner evaluated the patient’s hearing as moderate. This finding was clinically confirmed through performance of the Pyror’s reflex. In conclusion, grade III microtia can be treated surgically to improve the conductive hearing of the patient. Bu olgu sunumunun amacı 3 yaşındaki dişi bir köpekteki mikrotia ve anotiayı rapor etmektir. Hasta sahibinin şikayeti işitme kaybı ve kulakların olmamasıydı. Klinik muayenede kontrol edilen her iki kulakta, kulak kepçeleri yoktu. İşitme problem derecesi sağırlığa yakındı. Sol tarafta fistül belirlendi. Kulak kanalında III. derece mikrotia ve IV. derece anotia sol ve sağ tarafta belirtilen sıra ile belirlendi. Hastada genel anestezi ile sol aurikulada rekonstruktif cerrahi planlandı. Operasyondan 2 hafta sonra hasta sahibi işitme düzeyinin orta seviye olduğunu değerlendirdi. Bu bulgu, klinik olarak yapılan Pyror’s testi ile teyit edildi. Sonuç olarak, III. derece mikrotia hastada işitme kaybını iyileştirmek için cerrahi olarak düzeltilebilir.

A traqueia é uma estrutura tubular que se estende desde o corpo do áxis até a quinta vértebra torácica, onde se bifurca nos brônquios principais sobre a base do coração. Embora seja raro em cães e gatos, existem relatos de massa traqueal intraluminal, seja não neoplásica, benigna ou massas neoplásicas malignas, que podem, inclusive, causar obstrução dinâmica da traqueia. A radiografia é uma técnica bastante útil para identificação e definição de uma doença de trato respiratório inferior, incluindo técnicas contrastadas que delineiam a traqueia. Neste relato de caso, uma fêmea da espécie canina, raça dogue alemão, com 2 anos de idade, foi atendida para realização de um exame radiográfico do tórax, cuja queixa principal era tosse intensa. Realizaram-se radiografias simples e contrastadas, em que foi observada estrutura radiopaca em região da traqueia. Após o exame radiográfico, realizou-se a traqueobroncoscopia, podendo ser visibilizada uma massa intraluminal na traqueia, com retirada de fragmento para análise histopatológica, podendo assim ser diagnosticado leiomioma. Com isso, mostra-se a importância dos exames de imagem em casos de diagnósticos de tumores endotraqueais.

The aim of work was to describe a remaining uterine mesonephric duct cyst in female Pinscherdog, with 8 years old. The main complaint of the owner was no heat at least 18 months. Clinicalexamination revealed presence of cysts in all teats, confirmed by cytopathologic exam.Haemogram, serum biochemical exams, urinalysis, radiographs of the thorax and abdominalultrasound were performed and no changes were observed. During the ovaryhysterectomy wasobserved endometrial hyperplasia and the histopathologic diagnosis was remaining uterinemesonephric duct cyst associated with discrete endometrial hyperplasia. Was concluded thatadequate histopathologycal identification of the uterine mesonephric duct cyst is crucial so donot mistake with neoplasia.

International audience; Recent studies focusing on the interspecific communicative interactions between humans and dogs show that owners use a special speech register when addressing their dog. This register, called pet-directed speech (PDS), has prosodic and syntactic features similar to that of infant-directed speech (IDS). While IDS prosody is known to vary according to the context of the communication with babies, we still know little about the way owners adjust acoustic and verbal PDS features according to the type of interaction with their dog. The aim of the study was therefore to explore whether the characteristics of women's speech depend on the nature of interaction with their dog. We recorded 34 adult women interacting with their dog in four conditions: before a brief separation, after reuniting, during play and while giving commands. Our results show that before separation women used a low pitch, few modulations, high intensity variations and very few affective sentences. In contrast, the reunion interactions were characterized by a very high pitch, few imperatives and a high frequency of affectionate nicknames. During play, women used mainly questions and attention-getting devices. Finally when commanding, women mainly used imperatives as well as attention-getting devices. Thus, like mothers using IDS, female owners adapt the verbal as well as the non-verbal characteristics of their PDS to the nature of the interaction with their dog, suggesting that the intended function of these vocal utterances remains to provide dogs with information about their intentions and emotions.

Spaying of female dogs is a widespread practice, performed primarily for population control. While the consequences of early spaying for health are still being debated, the consequences for behaviour are believed to be negligible. The current study focused on the reported behaviour of 8981 female dogs spayed before 520 weeks (ten years) of life for reasons other than behavioural management, and calculated their percentage lifetime exposure to gonadal hormones (PLGH) as a proportion of their age at the time of being reported to the online Canine Behavioral Assessment and Research Questionnaire (C-BARQ). We found that 23 behaviours differed between entire and spayed dogs, of which 12 were associated with PLGH and 5 with age-at-spay (AAS). Two behaviours, chewing and howling, were significantly more likely in dogs with longer PLGH. In contrast, longer PLGH was associated with significantly reduced reporting of 10 (mostly unwelcome) behaviours. Of these, one related to fearfulness and three to aggression. The current data suggest that dogs' tendency to show numerous behaviours can be influenced by the timing of spaying. They indicate how female dog behaviour matures when gonadal hormones are allowed to have their effect. The differences reported here between undesirable behaviours of spayed and entire dogs were in the range of 5.33% and 7.22%, suggesting that, for some dogs, partial or complete denial of maturation may reduce howling and chewing and improve retrieval and recall, but have other undesirable consequences. Veterinarians may take these data into account to discuss the risks and benefits of spaying with clients, and the timing of the procedure.

Background and Aim: Ovariohysterectomy (OHE) is a common procedure for sterilization of female dogs. However, knowledge of changes in pain stress, oxidative stress, and total antioxidant power status before, during, and after OHE is limited. The objective of this experiment was to study the effect of duration on pain stress, oxidative stress, and total antioxidant power status in female dogs undergoing OHE. Materials and Methods: Seven female dogs were sterilized using the OHE method. Pain scores, hematological changes, and biochemical markers were investigated during pre-operative, 3 h after starting OHE, and on days 3, 7, 10, and 14 of an experimental period. Data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance. Results: At 3 days after OHE, pain score was higher than on days 7-14 of the experimental period; percentage of neutrophil, 3 h after starting OHE, was higher than during pre-operative and on days 3-14 of the experimental period; percentage of lymphocyte on days 10-14 was lower than during pre-operative, 3 h after starting OHE, and on days 3-7 of the experimental period; neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio, 3 h after starting OHE, was higher than during pre-operative and on days 3-14 of the experimental period; plasma malondialdehyde on day 3 was higher than during pre-operative, 3 h after starting OHE, and on days 3-14 of the experimental period; and total antioxidant power on day 14 was higher than during pre-operative, 3 h after starting OHE, and on days 3-10 of the experimental period, respectively. Conclusion: This experiment indicated that OHE caused pain stress, oxidative stress, and reduction of total antioxidant power in female dogs. Finally, female dogs needed antioxidant for 7 days after OHE.

A two-year-old female dog unexpectedly collapsed and was presented to Ross University Veterinary Clinic. On arrival, it appeared normal and was kept overnight for monitoring and further diagnostic assessment. In the early morning the dog collapsed again, arrested and died. The dog had a long-term history of putative immune-mediated thrombocytopenia and relapsing allergic dermatitis and was being treated with prednisone. On postmortem examination, a large thrombus almost completely obliterated the lumen of the pulmonary trunk and extended into the pulmonary arteries. Chronic corticosteroid treatment, even at low doses, can have severe detrimental consequences that may not be clinically noticeable. Pulmonary thromboembolism is a rare but known consequence of hyperadrenocorticism in dogs, but acute fatal cardiorespiratory failure has not been previously described in iatrogenic Cushing’s. Clinicians should be aware of this and other potentially adverse effects of prednisone therapy and use caution when prescribing corticosteroids.

Made available in DSpace on 2019-10-06T15:40:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2019-01-01. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2021-07-15T14:35:33Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 S0102-09352019000100102.pdf: 999680 bytes, checksum: ecec706b573a58a4663ad50c39ae1101 (MD5) Uma cadela foi atendida no Hospital Veterinário Governador Laudo Natel, apresentando sinais clínicos oriundos de gossipiboma intra-abdominal (gossypium: algodão e boma: local de ocultação), tais como aumento de volume abdominal, regurgitação e caquexia. A ultrassonografia evidenciou formação de contorno regular que não podia ser totalmente delimitada. A paciente foi submetida à laparotomia exploratória e veio a óbito no período pós-operatório. O gossipiboma mostrou-se com superfície externa lisa, firme e roxo-acinzentada apresentando-se à microscopia como reação severa de desmoplasia ao redor de material necrótico, resíduos de material têxtil e do tecido adiposo. A negligência por parte dos médicos veterinários pode levar pacientes ao óbito, bem como trazer prejuízos psicológicos aos proprietários. Objetiva-se, com este relato, descrever os achados clínicos e patológicos de uma cadela que apresentou um gossipiboma intra-abdominal. A female dog was treated at the Veterinary Hospital Governador Laudo Natel for symptomscaused by an intra-abdominal gossypiboma (gossypium: cotton; boma: place of hiding). Showing high morbidity and mortality, the gossypiboma is a granulomatous reaction that is formed in response to exposure to a textile matrix. The objective of this report is to describe the clinical and pathological findings of an intra-abdominal gossypiboma in a female dog. This patient arrived at urgent care showing increased abdominal volume, pain, and cachexia. Ultrasonography showed a regular contour formation that could not be completely delimited. The patient underwent exploratory laparotomy and died in the postoperative period. The gossypiboma had a smooth, firm, and purple-gray exterior surface. Microscopy revealed a severe reaction of desmoplasia around the necrotic region, residual textile material, and adipose tissue. Negligence by veterinarians leading to this condition can result in patients' death as well as causing psychological damage to owners. Universidade Estadual Paulista 'Júlio de Mesquita Filho'- UNESP Campus II Universidade Estadual Paulista 'Júlio de Mesquita Filho'- UNESP Campus II

The frequency of mammary tumors in canines is three times higher than in women. Contrast enhanced ultrasonography (CEUS) is a noninvasive clinical method, that uses special contrast agents (CAs), their role being to layout the microvasculature of different lesions. The aim of this particular method, in this case, was to establish if we can evaluate the malignancy of a mass, given the fact that neovascularization is a malignancy marker. The case is represented by a Silky Terrier breed female dog, 5 years old, that was presented initially with an enlarged polycystic mammary gland and a nervous lactation. The female was initially diagnosed with polycystic mastosis. After 2 more months the mass became denser and enlarged. Before the ovariohisterectomy and unilateral mastectomy surgeries have taken place, a B-Mode standard ultrasound, CEUS and a pulmonary X-ray were performed. Our results integrate this case in “fast in” and “slow in” (type 2 curve). The histological diagnosis was established as a simple cystic papillary carcinoma with a malignancy grade 2. The mean value of the MVD was 13.75 which is a low MVD. We cannot determine a correlation between CEUS and a tumor’s malignancy, and so further studies are needed.

Most common ovarian diseases appear to be cystic or ovarian tumours. These conditions may affect health, fertility or even the life of the animal. Literature related to ovarian cysts and neoplasia in dogs was assessed to summarize studies and case series on ovarian cysts and primary ovarian tumours in regard to epidemiologic, clinical and fertility aspects. Two research papers on histopathological examination of ovarian cysts could be identified. Seven research papers on ovarian tumours were also assessed, showing inconsistent results on the frequency of occurrence of different types of neoplasia. This might be due to different definitions of diseases and different diagnostic procedures. In conclusion, scarce research has been performed on ovarian diseases in the bitch in the last decades. Many publications are based on case reports. Most quality criteria of study methodology like blinding, randomization, sensitivity and specificity of test methods are not considered in papers on ovarian diseases. In the future, a multicentre data collection of cases could help to gather more data on the incidence, clinical relevance, treatment options and prognosis of ovarian diseases.

Uterine intussusception is a rare condition in bitches. This study aimed to report an unusual case of prolapsed uterine intussusception in a female dog. A 2-year-old American Bully bitch was received with labor history of large fetus requiring manual traction. The animal presented mucosal prolapse through the vulva, unproductive contractions and abdominal discomfort. After partial correction of mucosal prolapse, the dog was referred to ovary-hysterectomy surgery to correct prolapsed mucosa. During the surgical procedure, surgeons observed that the uterine horns were invaginated into the uterine body, rotated, and the tissue was slightly devitalized and congested. As previously described, this condition occurred during the immediate postpartum period. Thus, we suggest that this period can be a facilitator for the establishment of uterine intussusception.

Many researchers are interested in femoral conformation because most orthopaedic problems of the long bones occur in the femur and its joints. The neck-shaft (NSA) and the anteversion (AVA) angles are good predictors for understanding the orientation of the proximal end of the femur. The varus (aLDFA) and procurvatum (CDFA) angles have also been used to understand the orientation of the distal end of the femur. The purposes of this study were to investigate the relationship between the proximal and distal angles of the femur and to compare the distal femoral angles in male and female dogs in order to investigate the sexual dimorphism. The measurements of normal CDFAs, which have not been previously reported, may also provide a database of canine distal femoral morphology. A total of 75 cleaned healthy femora from different breeds or mixed breed of dogs were used. The three-dimensional images were reconstructed from computed tomographic images. The AVA, NSA, aLDFA and CDFA were measured on the 3D images. The correlation coefficients were calculated among the measured angles. The distal femoral angles were also compared between male and female femora. The 95% confidence intervals of the AVA and the NSA were calculated to be 24.22°–29.50° and 144.97°–147.50°, respectively. The 95% confidence intervals of the aLDFA and the CDFA for all studied dogs were 92.62°–94.08° and 89.09°–91.94°, respectively. The NSA showed no correlation with either the aLDFA or CDFA. There was a weak inverse correlation between the AVA and CDFA and a weak positive correlation between the AVA and aLDFA. The differences in the aLDFA and CDFA measurements between male and female dog were not significant. In conclusion, femoral version, regardless of the plane, might have little influence on distal femoral morphology in normal dogs. Besides this, there is no evidence of a sexual dimorphism in the varus and procurvatum angles of the dog distal femur. The data from this study may be used in both orthopaedic studies and for clinical applications related to the distal femur of dogs.

A 6-year-old, large-breed, female dog was evaluated for gastric dilatation (GD). The dog was affected by GD volvulus, which had been surgically treated with gastric derotation and right incisional gastropexy. Recurrence of GD appeared 36 hours after surgery. The dilatation was immediately treated with an orogastric probe but still recurred 4 times. Therefore, a left-side gastropexy by percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) was performed to prevent intermittent GD. After PEG tube placement, the patient recovered rapidly without side effects. Several techniques of gastropexy have been described as a prophylactic method for gastric dilatation volvulus, but to the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of left-sided PEG gastropexy performed in a case of canine GD recurrence after an incisional right gastropexy.

Um cao, femea, raca Boxer, com nove anos de idade foi diagnosticado com osteossarcoma no membro posterior direito. Durante a investigacao de ocorrencia de metastase por meio de exames de imagem, observou-se presenca de uma massa na cavidade abdominal. Realizou-se laparatomia exploratoria e observou-se que a massa estava localizada no ovario esquerdo. O exame citologico intraoperatorio demonstrou presenca de celulas fusiformes com moderado pleomorfismo celular e neutrofilos. Tais achados citologicos nao foram sugestivos de metastase de osteossarcoma. A massa foi totalmente excisada e submetida a avaliacao histopatologica. No exame microscopico observou-se uma proliferacao de celulas fusiformes dispostas em arranjos trabeculares formando canais vasculares, entremeadas por discreto a moderado estroma colagenoso. As celulas mostraram moderado pleomorfismo celular e alto indice mitotico. Havia presenca de necrose acentuada e hemorragia multifocal. Com base nos achados histopatologicos, o diagnostico definitivo foi de hemangiosarcoma. Este tumor raramente acomete o ovario como sitio primario em caes e foi relatado apenas uma vez na literatura veterinaria. No entanto, deve ser considerado como diagnostico diferencial em caes femeas com massa em ovario.

Contents An eight-month-old female dog presented with ambiguous external genitalia. A thorough clinical examination together with various imaging techniques and a histology examination showed the presence of two testicles linked to both the Mullerian and Wolffian ducts. The discovery of the 78,XX SRY-negative karyotype led to the diagnosis of incoherence between the chromosomal and gonadal sex, which is typical for a 78,XX testicular disorder of sex development. Our case was unique because the testicles were still located in their normal scrotal position, whereas the literature contains reports of the presence of cryptorchid testicles in this karyotype setting. To our knowledge, this is the first case that describes an SRY-negative 78,XX testicular disorder of sex development with bilateral scrotal testicles.

The aim of this study was to describe the prevalence of pet ownership in adolescents in Sweden and establish whether any gender, age or health-related differences exist between those who own pets and those who do not. In addition, the study aimed to explore the relationships between species of pet, age, gender, and other socio-demographic variables and the perceived importance of pets. Three age groups (13–14 years-old, 15–16 years-old, and 17–18 years-old) of adolescents, resident in a single county in Sweden, were surveyed using the questionnaire “Liv och Halsa Ung” (“Youth Life and Health”). A total of 8,709 respondents were included in the analysis (pet owners = 5,793; non-pet owners = 2,916). Associations between importance of the pet and demographic variables and general self-rated health were investigated using logistic regression analysis. The prevalence of pet owners in the sample was 65%, and the most common types of pets were, in descending order of popularity, cats, dogs, rodents, fish/reptiles, and horses. Most of the pet owners said their pets were very or quite important to them, for the three age groups (73.1–88.6%). In general, pets were more important for the female respondents. Importance was dependent on type of pet, with male and female dog owners and female horse owners rating their pets as more important than the owners of other species of pet. Respondents who did not own a pet were more physically active than their pet- owning peers. Pet owners with the best self-rated health also attributed the greatest importance to their pet. However, adolescents with pets reported more psychological problems and somatic health aspects than those who did not own pets. This finding calls for further studies to be conducted, with designs allowing causal conclusions to be drawn.

Pulmonary paragonimiasis is an important zoonotic disease reported from many parts of the world. It is an endemic problem in human population in north-eastern states of India. There seems no report of pulmonary paragonimiasis in canine population from India. The present case describes first report of pulmonary paragonimiasis in a female dog suggesting possibility of this fluke becoming established in canine population in the country. The dog revealed mild coughing with serous nasal discharge. Faecal sample revealed eggs of Paragonimus spp. Treatment with fenbendazole resulted in marked improvement as revealed by clinical signs and chest radiography.

This article describes a primary hypoadrenocorticism (HA) case report in a spayed mix-breeded German shepherd ten years old female dog that had unspecific symptoms during a week.

We report the antibiotic treatments administered to a female dog with mastitis and successive pyoderma. Microbiological investigations allowed the identification of Staphylococcus pseudintermedius after 54 days of various antibiotic treatments. The isolate carried the mecA gene and was resistant to 9 of 15 tested antibiotics. Consistent antibiotic treatment of the infection was possible only after accurate microbiological diagnosis.

SummaryThe intercondylar fossa (ICF) indices can be used to evaluate fossa geometry, which may in turn affect the function, pathology and intracapsular surgical repair of the cranial cruciate ligament. The measurements of digital images of the distal femur of 44 dogs were used to calculate the fossa width, shape, height and area indices. The mean values of fossa width index were found to be 0.19, 0.28 and 0.37 at the cranial, central, and caudal levels of the fossa, respectively. The mean values for fossa shape, height and area indices were found to be 0.71, 0.33, and 0.16, respectively. The differences in ICF indices between male and female dog were not significant. Therefore, it is suggested that gender differences related to ICF geometry may not have any effect on incidence of cranial cruciate ligament injury in dogs.

A 7-month-old miniature poodle female dog was referred with dysphagia. After clinical, radiographic, and endoscopic examination, it was diagnosed a probable case of cricopharyngeal achalasia. The patient underwent surgical treatment and presented normal swallowing and no regurgitation after 24 hours post-surgery. Positive recovery and progressive body weight gain until 180 days after surgery was observed Uma cadela da raça poodle miniatura com sete meses de idade foi atendida no Hospital Veterinário apresentando quadro de disfagia. Após exames clínico, radiográfico e endoscópico detalhados, houve diagnóstico provável de acalasia cricofaríngea. A paciente, submetida a tratamento cirúrgico, apresentou deglutição normal e nenhuma regurgitação 24 horas pós-cirurgia. Houve recuperação satisfatória e ganho de peso progressivo até 180 dias após a cirurgia

Damages of the main nutrient artery during the fractures may lead to poor repair or bone infarcts. Therefore, knowledge about the localization and number of nutrient foramina of bones is important in some surgical procedures such as bone implants, fracture repair, bone grafts. Foraminal index is calculated as dividing the distance between proximal end of the bone and nutrient foramen to the total bone length. One hundred and twelve femora of the 56 mature dogs were used in this study. The general morphometric parameters of femur; the total length, the cranio-caudal and medio-lateral diameters of mid-femur were taken. The numbers of the primary and secondary nutrient foramina were determined and the foraminal index was calculated. One foramen nutricium was determined at the 88 bones while two foramen at the 24 bones. The mean foraminal index was 36.4%, between ranges of 31.8% - 55.1% in dog femora. Statistical difference of foraminal index was not determined between male and female dog femora. These data may be valuable for surgeons in cases of total hip arthroplasty, intramedullary pin, and external fixation and also on evaluating period of fracture repair after surgery, Kırık oluşumu veya tedavisi sırasında nutrient arterde oluşabilecek hasarlar, kemiğin zor iyileşmesi veya beslenme yetersizliğine bağlı nekroz oluşumuna yol açabilir. Bu nedenle uzun kemiklerde foramen nutricium’un yeri ve sayısının bilinmesi kemiğe çeşitli implantların uygulanması, kırık iyileşmesi, graft uygulanması gibi çeşitli ortopedik uygulamalar açısından önemlidir. Foraminal indeks; foramen nutricum’un kemiğin proximal ucuna olan mesafesinin kemik uzunluğuna oranı olarak ifade edilir. Bu çalışmada çeşitli ırklardan 56 erişkin köpeğe ait 112 adet femur kullanıldı. Çalışılan femur’ların genel morfometrik özellikleri için uzunluk ve çap ölçümleri alındıktan sonra, corpus femoris’in caudal yüzünde bulunan primer ve seconder for. nutricium’ların sayıları belirlendi ve foraminal indeks değerleri hesaplandı. İncelenen kemiklerin 88 tanesinde sadece bir adet foramen nutricium bulunurken, 24 kemikte iki adet delik tespit edildi. Foraminal index en düşük %31.8, en yüksek %55.1, ortalama olarak ise %36.4 olarak hesaplandı. Erkek ve dişi hayvanların femurları arasında indeksin istatistiksel farklılık göstermediği tespit edildi. Elde edilen bu değerler, köpeklerde total kalça protezi, intramedullar pin, plak veya eksternal fikzasyon gibi ortopedik uygulamalar sırasında ve bu tür uygulamalardan sonra kırık iyileşmesi sürecinin değerlendirilmesine ilişkin çalışmalarda faydalı olabilecektir

Hereditary ataxia was diagnosed in three smooth-haired fox terrier puppies from Sweden, 25 years after the previous known case in the breed. In addition to the characteristic spinal cord pathology, brain involvement was evident clinically, in the form of behavioural changes and bilaterally decreased menace responses, and histopathologically, with degenerative changes in the brainstem. The striking similarities to hereditary ataxia in the Jack Russell terrier suggest the same disease process in both breeds. A common ancestor, a female dog born in 1951 and considered a carrier of the disease at that time, was found in both the maternal and paternal lines of the three puppies.

Urethral catheterization of the female dog is known to be a challenging procedure. The authors describe a catheterization technique in which they use a rigid endoscope to visualize the canine urogenital vestibule during the procedure. The technique is particularly helpful as a training tool for students who are not yet experienced with the canine anatomy. The endoscope is attached to a video camera and monitor, allowing others to observe and learn the procedure.

An oval mass suspending from the vulva was seen in a nine-year old female Shih Tzu. The mass appeared a typical pedunculated polyp macroscopically and was protruded from the mucous membrane on the vaginal wall. The polyp was removed surgically under inhalation anesthesia. Up on histopathological examination, the polyp was covered by the squamous epithelial cells similar to those of the normal vaginal mucosa. The interstitial tissue was severely edematous and hyperplasia of connective tissue and fibroblasts was observed. No cellular atypia was recognized. The present case was diagnosed as a non-tumor and fibrous polyp formed on the vaginal mucosa.

今回我々は経尿道的膀胱結石破砕摘出術を考案し、本法に必要と考えられる器具を作成した。膀胱結石症の雌犬2頭に対して、全身麻酔下で経尿道的膀胱結石破砕摘出術を行った。本法は膀胱切開結石摘出術と比較し、生体に対する侵襲が殆どなく、麻酔時間も短縮できた。今後我々が考案した処置器具は動物サイズや結石の種類などに対応できるように改良が必要だが、雌犬の膀胱結石症に対して非常に有効な治療法と考えられた。

During routine fluorescein angiography, a healthy female dog demonstrated abnormal delayed filling of retinal and choroidal vessels. Fluorangiographic times were increased four- to fivefold with respect to reference values. Fluorescein angiography, using the same protocol, was repeated two weeks later and a fluorangiogram within reference values was obtained. The abnormal results in the first procedure were suspected to have resulted from partial occlusion of the carotid artery secondary to the restraining method used.

A total of 15 dog skulls and a number of bones have been discovered in two burial chambers dating from 1,000 BC in the necropolises of the Van-Yoncatepe Castle in eastern Turkey. The finds were a dog skeleton in burial chamber M5 and 14 dog skulls and plenty of bones in burial chamber M6. It was determined on examination that the skeleton found in burial chamber M5 was an 11–12-year female dog, and that the skulls unearthed from burial chamber M6 belonged to dogs with an age range of seven to eight months to 12–13 years. In the latter chamber, however, except for one skull whose sex could not be determined, one was ascertained to belong to a female dog and the rest to males. Calculations of 20 different indices and ratios were made on the skulls. This showed that these skulls were of the dolichocephalic type. It was observed that there were signs of a widespread periodontal disease and alveolar recession. Enamel hypoplasia and abscess chambers detected on the teeth, and deformations observed in the hard palate were evidence enough to suggest that these were undernourished dogs. There were also some facial fractures, which were noticed to have occurred before death. On the other hand, examination carried out on the bones revealed that the dogs were of medium size, and that they were likely to have had a withers height of 50–55 cm. The data obtained from both the burial chambers brought to light the fact that these dogs were more of the hunting or working types. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

The plasma level and excretion of radioactivity were studied following a single intravenous administration of [14C]M17055 to male and female rats, and a female dog. 1. After a single intravenous administration to male and female rats at a dose of 0.3 mg/kg, plasma levels of radioactivity declined triphasically reaching at 48 hr the levels lower than 1/1000 of those observed at one minute after administration. Calculated CLtot, T1/2βand T1/2γ did not differ between male and female rats. But T1/2α of female rats showed lower value than that of male rats. 2. After a single intravenous administration to male rats at doses of 0.1, 1 and 3 mg/kg, plasma levels of radioactivity declined in similar manner with that at a dose of 0.3 mg/kg. Although calculated CLtot tends to decline at 1 and 3 mg/kg, the T1/2γ showed similar value at the dose range of 0.1-3 mg/kg. 3. Plasma level of radioactivity in a female dog declined triphasically reaching at 48 hr the levels 100 fold lower than those observed at 5 minutes after a single intravenous administration at a dose of 1 mg/kg. There-after, the level of radioactivity declined more slowly when compared with rats. 4. Cumulative urinary and fecal excretions of radioactivity within 168 ho urs after a single intravenous administration to male and female rats accounted for 94.10 and 97.61% of the dose, respectively. Over 90% of the dose was excreted within 48 hours after administration. Urinary excretion rate was higher in female rats than that in male rats, especially within 6 hours after administration. 5. Cumulative urinary and fecal excretions after a single intravenous administration to a female dog accounted for over 90% after administration. Total excretion of radioactivity within 168 hours accounted for 97.33% of the administered dose. 6. Biliary excretion of radioactivity after a single intravenous administration to bile-duct cannulated male rats accounted for 64.12% of the dose. About 67% of the excreted radioactivity in bile was re-absorbed in male rats. 7. The renal clearance of radioactivity after administration in male and female rats decreased and showed same level when treated with probenecid, which suggested that the sex difference of the urinary excretion may be caused by the active secretary mechanism.