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Background The Public Opinion Survey of Human Attributes–Stuttering/Child (POSHA-S/Child; Weidner & St. Louis, 2014 ) is a standard instrument designed to measure the attitudes of children as young as 3 years of age toward stuttering. With preschool and early elementary school–aged children, the POSHA-S/Child is administered individually and face-to-face by an examiner. Older children who are satisfactory readers could be expected to respond to the instrument online, an increasingly popular mode of administering surveys. Purpose The purpose of this study was to compare administration of the POSHA-S/Child in face-to-face versus online administration. Method Children primarily from 1 elementary school and children from other areas in the region responded to the POSHA-S/Child in either a face-to-face individual setting or online. Three grade levels were included: 3rd grade, 4th grade, and 5th grade. Results POSHA-S/Child ratings for individual items, components, subscores, and the Overall Stuttering Scores from the 2 modes of administration were similar. Conclusion With satisfactory reading abilities, children aged 9 years and older can be administered the POSHA-S/Child online with similar results as face-to-face administration.

Stuttering therapy for children, both preschool and school-age, has been offered in a variety of settings and formats, for example in schools, university clinics, outpatient clinics, and private practices. Therapy itself is offered either in a group setting or a one-to-one basis in many of these settings. In recent years, there has been an increase in specialized camps (generally offered in the summer) for children who stutter. Camps for children who stutter vary in duration and offer a combination of group and individual therapy in addition to activities designed to address the affective and cognitive aspects of stuttering and increase overall communicative effectiveness. This paper provides an overview and description of five such camps for children who stutter to help spread awareness and familiarize the listener with the role camps play in helping children who stutter. Preliminary outcome data on the various goals targeted within some of the camps is included; however, that is not the purpose of this paper.

Background Theories relating to young children’s social cognitive maturity and their prevailing social groups play important roles in the acquisition of attitudes. Previous research has shown that preschool and kindergarten children’s stuttering attitudes are characterized by stronger negative beliefs and self reactions than those of parents. By contrast, 12 year-old children’s stuttering attitudes have been shown to be similar to their parents’ attitudes. Other research indicates that parental stuttering attitudes are no different from attitudes of adults who are not parents. Purpose The purpose of this study was to explore children’s stuttering attitudes of preschool through 5th grade children and to compare them to their parents’ attitudes. Method Children and parents from a rural Appalachian elementary school and child/parent pairs from other areas in the region responded to child and adult versions of the Public Opinion Survey of Human Attributes–Stuttering (POSHA–S/Child and POSHA–S). Seven grade levels were included: preschool, kindergarten, 1st grade, 2nd grade, 3rd grade, 4th grade, and 5th grade. Results Confirming earlier research, younger children’s attitudes toward stuttering were considerably less positive than those of their parents. As children matured up to the fifth grade, however, their stuttering attitudes progressively were more positive. Parents’ stuttering attitudes were quite consistent across all seven grade levels. Conclusions Consistent with theories of attitudinal development, between the ages of 4 and 11 years, children’s measured attitudes toward stuttering improved and gradually approximated the attitudes of their parents and the general public.

NASA’s Parker Solar Probe (PSP) spacecraft (formerly Solar Probe Plus) is scheduled for launch in July 2018 with a planned heliocentric orbit that will carry it on a series of close passes by the Sun with perihelion distances that eventually will get below 10 solar radii. Among other in-situ and imaging sensors, the PSP payload includes the two-instrument “Integrated Science Investigation of the Sun” suite, which will make coordinated measurements of energetic ions and electrons. The high-energy instrument (EPI-Hi), operating in the MeV energy range, consists of three detector-telescopes using silicon solid-state sensors for measuring composition, energy spectra, angular distributions, and time structure in solar energetic particle events. The expected performance of this instrument has been studied using accelerator calibrations, radioactive-source tests, and simulations. We present the EPI-Hi measurement capabilities drawing on these calibration data and simulation results for illustrations.

Purpose While many resources, particularly those available on the Internet, provide suggestions for fluent speakers as they interact with people who stutter (PWS), little evidence exists to support these suggestions. Thus, the purpose of this study was to document the supportiveness of common public reactions, behaviors, or interventions to stuttering by PWS.Methods 148 PWS completed the Personal Appraisal of Support for Stuttering-Adults. Additionally, a comparison of the opinions of adults who stutter based on gender and their involvement in self-help/support groups was undertaken. Results Many of the Internet-based suggestions for interacting with PWS are aligned with the opinions of the participants of this study. Significant differences were found amongst people who stutter on the basis of gender and involvement in self-help groups.Conclusions Lists of “DOs and DON’Ts” that are readily available on the Internet are largely supported by the data in this study; however, the findings highlight the need for changing the emphasis from strict rules for interacting with people who stutter to more flexible principles that keep the needs of individual PWS in mind.

Background: In this paper, two new measures of public attitudes toward stuttering, the public opinion survey of human attributes-stuttering/child (POSHA-S/Child), an epidemiological instrument for young children, and the appraisal of the stuttering environment (ASE), a clinical self-report instrument to measure attitudes among family members and close friends of stuttering clients, are compared with the widely-used public opinion survey of human attributes-stuttering (POSHA-S). Previous studies were integrated with a new study to document that both the POSHA-S/Child and the ASE provide similar summary ratings (Beliefs and Self Reactions sub scores and Overall Stuttering Scores) to the POSHA-S. Purpose: The study sought to document the extent to which measured stuttering attitudes on two new measures, the ASE and the POSHA-S/Child, correspond with an established measure, the POSHA-S. Second, it sought to determine the extent to which being a parent affected adults’ measured attitudes toward stuttering. Third, using the new measures, the study sought to compare young children’s attitudes with those of parents. Method: In the experimental portion of the study, parents of 3-7 year old children, parents of older children, and nonparents filled out the ASE either in paper or online versions. These results were compared to published research on children’s attitudes using the POSHA-S/Child. Results: Measured stuttering attitudes of all three groups of parents on the ASE, although disparate for several demographic variables, were nearly the same. Therefore, based on comparisons with reviewed studies of attitudes of young children using the POSHA-S/Child, parental attitudes were uniformly more positive than attitudes of young children. Implications: The results strongly suggest that one’s parental status has little effect on stuttering attitudes and that parent’ attitudes are more positive than attitudes of their young children.

Purpose This study investigated attitudes of nonstuttering preschool and kindergarten children toward peers who stutter in order to identify differences by age groups and better understand the genesis of stuttering attitudes. The study also examined the use of a new stuttering attitudes instrument designed for use with young children. Method The newly developed Public Opinion Survey on Human Attributes–Stuttering/Child was verbally administered to 27 preschool and 24 kindergarten children who do not stutter in the mid-Atlantic region of the USA. Results Overall, preschoolers held more negative stuttering attitudes than kindergarteners, but results were not uniformly in that direction. In both groups, the attribute of stuttering was viewed more negatively than individuals who stutter. Children viewed the potential of peers who stutter as quite positive, whereas their knowledge about and experience with stuttering were generally limited and some of their beliefs quite negative. Conclusions Negative or uninformed stuttering attitudes among nonstuttering children begin as early as the preschool years. This study provides empirical evidence for the need to educate young children about the nature of stuttering and how to respond appropriately to peers who stutter. Educational objectives: Readers should be able to: (a) describe attitudinal differences between kindergarteners and preschoolers toward peers who stutter; (b) describe the parameters of the POSHA–S / Child ; (c) describe the nature of stuttering attitudes in young children relative to their beliefs and self reactions; and (d) describe the implications and future direction of stuttering attitude research in young children.

America’s private forests provide a vast array of public goods and services, including abundant, clean surface water. Forest loss and development can affect water quality and quantity when forests are removed and impervious surfaces, such as paved roads, spread across the landscape. We rank watersheds across the conterminous United States according to the contributions of private forest land to surface drinking water and by threats to surface water from increased housing density. Private forest land contributions to drinking water are greatest in the East but are also important in Western watersheds. Development pressures on these contributions are concentrated in the Eastern United States but are also found in the North-Central region, parts of the West and Southwest, and the Pacific Northwest; nationwide, more than 55 million acres of rural private forest land are projected to experience a substantial increase in housing density from 2000 to 2030. Planners, communities, and private landowners can use a range of strategies to maintain freshwater ecosystems, including designing housing and roads to minimize impacts on water quality, managing home sites to protect water resources, and using payment schemes and management partnerships to invest in forest stewardship on public and private lands.

International audience; A single-line-defect low-loss photonic crystal waveguide based on a perforated GaAs membrane in an aluminium-free material system is demonstrated. The GaInP lattice is matched to GaAs as the cladding/sacrificial layer. Fabry-Perot resonances are analyzed to obtain the group velocity dispersion for a 1-mm long guide. The losses are deduced to be close to 5 dB/cm, taking into account the wavelength dependent reflectivity of the guide extremities. In this framework, side-coupled nanocavities are also investigated. Feasibility of low-loss photonic-crystalbased devices combined with a reliable industrial material systems is thus demonstrated.

Objective: To assess frequency, nature and understanding of abbreviations in medical records. Design: Audit of abbreviation use and meaning in paediatric handover sheets and medical notes compared against two standards, the Trust Intranet Medical Dictionary (TID) and Mosby’s Medical Dictionary (MMD). A selection of abbreviations was shown to health care professionals to examine interpretation of abbreviations. Setting: Large inner-city district general hospital, Birmingham, UK Main Outcome Measures: Frequency, nature and understanding of abbreviations in paediatric medical records. Results: On 25 handover sheets a total of 2286 abbreviations were used, with 221 different abbreviations; the standards recognised 14% (TID) and 20% (MMD) of these abbreviations. In 168 sets of medical notes a total of 3668 abbreviations were used, with 479 different abbreviations; the standards recognised 15% (TID) and 17% (MMD). Some words were shortened in different forms, e.g. normal (N, Nl, NAD) and some abbreviations had multiple interpretations to those intended e.g. TOF (tetralogy of Fallot, tracheo-oesophageal fistula). When presented with a selection of abbreviations paediatric doctors recognized 56-94% and other health care professionals recognised 31-63%. Conclusion: Abbreviation use was widespread in paediatric note keeping. There was no systematic approach to this and difficulties in interpretation were demonstrated. The use of standardised abbreviations to avoid confusion is suggested.

When a paint film is applied to the underside of a horizontal substrate, instabilities will lead to the formation of pendant drops. For sufficiently thick coatings, the drops may even detach from the coating before the coating dries. But even for thin paint films, with sufficiently high evaporation rates and viscosity, drop formation will lead to coating irregularities with thick regions (corresponding to the center of the drop) adjacent to much thinner regions (corresponding to troughs between drops.) In this paper we present a mathematical and numerical model based on the lubrication approximations for the drying of paint films on the underside of horizontal substrates. The paint is modeled as a multicomponent liquid with one non-volatile and one volatile component, termed the ``resin'' and ``solvent'' respectively. Our model includes the effects of surface tension and gravitational forces, and we show that surface tension gradient effects due to solvent evaporation must be considered to correctly model the post-application flow of certain paints. Simulations are given for an array of parameters, and they show that surface tension gradients can dramatically affect the post-application behavior of a model paint film, generally causing the suppression and reversal in drop growth, consequently leading to a more even final coating layer.

The optical low-coherence reflectometry technique is proposed for investigating photonic crystal slab waveguides. We show its ability of providing a direct measurement of the group delay and highlight the structural disorder resulting into TE/TM scattering.

International audience; The authors realized an ultrahigh quality factor nanocavity in a GaAs membrane with the highest loaded Q reported to date of 250 000 in a side-coupled cavity-waveguide system. This result could be obtained using an original aluminum-free material system combined with a carefully adjusted fabrication technology, yielding a device with small roughness and very good verticality of holes as well as small disorder. The authors show that the intrinsic Q factor is around 3.0x105 using a coupled-mode model.

The group delay in low-loss, single-mode, 1-mm-long photonic crystal slab waveguides is measured using the phase-shift technique. Slow modes appear a promising approach for compact and massively integrated optical delay lines for signal processing.

Holographic interferometers are generally designed in the common geometry where both interfering waves (reference and object) enter the crystal by the same window (co-propagating configuration). The alternative presented here consists in using a reference beam entering the crystal by a lateral face. The crystal has to be cut adequately in order to obtain electro-optic properties similar to that of the co­propagating configuration but with a smaller optical scattering noise. Therefore higher signal-to-noise ratios are expected in the interferograms. We will present the main features and constraints of this configuration together with the experimental study of its noise characteristics. This works has been performed for sillenite and semiconductor crystals.

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews a new high pressure counter-current extraction plant erected for research purposes and product development. To get greater amounts of product, the explosion proof plant was constructed in pilot scale using a special modular concept and an effective visual control system. The chapter presents the complete flowsheet of the multi-purpose high-pressure extraction plant. The new high-pressure counter current extraction plant has various possibilities to investigate supercritical extraction processes. With 7.5 meters packed height of the extraction column and two regeneration columns of 3 meters and 1.5 meters height, the plant is designed to solve even difficult extraction problems. The inner diameter of 67 mm permits to produce greater amounts of product that can be removed in liquid state or as powder. Its modular concept allows reacting flexible on the different requests because of high viscous, high melting, or oxidation sensitive substances.

The authors propose highly resolved optical low-coherence reflectometry for investigating low-loss photonic crystal slab waveguides. This technique allows a fast, reliable, and straightforward measurement of the group delay and propagation losses for both TE and TM polarizations. The agreement with theory is very good. These measurements reveal effects related to structural disorder. The versatility and deep physical insight of this measurement technique will play a key role in the study of slow-light devices such as photonic crystal waveguides.

The authors investigate the nonlinear and bistable behavior of a high-Q GaAs photonic crystal heterostructure nanocavity, side coupled to a line-defect slab waveguide. The observations agree well with a model incorporating the relevant nonlinearities. The power threshold for bistable behavior is at least one order of magnitude lower than what is reported so far.

A dichotic listening test, composed of 30 CVC-word pairs, was administered to 20 adults with aphasia and 20 normal adults. The subjects with aphasia were selected for inclusion in one of four experimental groups which differed according to initial severity of aphasia and time post onset. All experimental subjects were given a diagnostic language test within the first four weeks following aphasia onset and again at the time of dichotic testing. Difference scores provided a quantitative estimate of language improvement. Data analysis revealed a strong left-ear preference ( −0.363) for the experimental subjects which differed significantly from a right-ear preference ( +0.290) obtained from the normal control subjects. Further, initial severity of aphasia was found to be a significant variable, capable of influencing the magnitude of ear preference. Multiple regression and partial correlational methods revealed significant, positive relationships between the magnitude of ear preference and initial severity of aphasia and between the former and the magnitude of language improvement. Time post aphasia onset was not shown to be a significant variable. The theoretical and potential clinical relevance of the results are discussed.

This document contains pictorial illustrations and word descriptions of MM&T project accomplishments. Each page lists a project title, funding, results obtained, and illustrates the process, equipment, or end item supported.

Among the variables affecting comprehension of linguistic stimuli by aphasic subjects are syntactic complexity and processing time. Comprehension performance of 15 aphasic adults was studied while altering the rate of speech presentation and varying the pause time between the major phrases within sentences of increasing grammatical complexity. Simple Active Affirmative Declarative Sentences, Negative, and Passive sentences were presented (1) at the rate of 150 words per minute (wpm) with 1-sec interphrase pause time (IPT); (2) 150 wpm with no pauses; (3) 120 wpm with 1-sec IPT; (4) 120 wpm with no pauses added. Performance was seen to vary with increasing syntactical complexity and as a function of processing time. Greater comprehension was seen with active affirmative than negative; greater with passive affirmative than with active negative. Clinical implications are discussed. Subjects demonstrated greater comprehension when sentences were presented at slower than normal rate; addition of interphrase pause time intervals aided comprehension. Combining slower rate of presentation and IPT intervals provided greatest increase in auditory processing time and showed concomitant increase in comprehension performance.

A membrane photonic crystal cavity coupled to a waveguide is fabricated and characterised. Fabry-Perot method was used to measure propagation losses. We show that coupling results in asymmetric features in the transmission suitable for high-speed analog modulation.