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Gills, JL, Spliker, B, Glenn, JM, Szymanski, D, Romer, B, Lu, H-C, and Gray, M. Acute citrulline-malate supplementation increases total work in short lower-body isokinetic tasks for recreationally active females during menstruation. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2021-Citrulline-Malate (CM) exhibits acute ergogenic benefits through nitric oxide production (NO) and augmentation of vasodilatory properties. Nitric oxide is upregulated by estrogen and may influence CM's ergogenic efficacy in women. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the acute effects of CM supplementation on lower-body isokinetic performance in recreationally active women. Nineteen women (23.5 ± 3.1 years; 164.8 ± 7.0 cm; 61.9 ± 27.4 kg; 28.8 ± 8.1% body fat) completed 2 randomized, double-blind, crossover trials consuming CM (8 g CM + 12 g dextrose) or placebo (12 g dextrose). For testing trials, subjects were in the menstruating portion of the follicular phase of their menstrual cycle. Subjects performed a 5-repetition isokinetic leg extension protocol (5RP) followed by a 50-repetition isokinetic leg extension protocol (50RP), 60 minutes after supplement consumption. Repeated measures analysis of variance analysis showed that CM significantly increased total work completed, relative total work, and total work during maximum repetition compared with placebo (p < 0.05); but no significant performance differences existed between trials for peak torque production (p = 0.14) for the 5RP. No significant differences were identified between trials for peak torque production (p = 0.69) or total work (p = 0.33) completed during the 50RP. CM increased total work completed during the 5RP, but provided no ergogenic benefit during the 50RP in recreationally active menstruating women. Citrulline-Malate amplifies power-based resistance exercise performance in women during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle, potentially because of depressed estrogen levels. Additional research is needed to identify timing efficacy of CM to increase sport performance during each phase of the menstrual cycle.

Cutaneous endometriosis is not a very often seen condition and is broadly classified as primary (spontaneous) and secondary. While perineal endometriosis arising in a previous scar has been reported, spontaneous cutaneous endometriosis in perineum is extremely rare and only three cases occurring in mons pubis have been reported in literature. We report a case of 34-year-old lady presented with a swelling in pubic region and associated dull aching pain of 1-year duration with no history of cyclical variation of symptoms. Investigations finally concluded a diagnosis of endometriosis and a Complete excision with clear margins. Clinicians should be aware that a spontaneous endometriosis in the perineum can occur and can have atypical presentation with no increase in size or pain during menstruation.

Background: Menarche is an important milestone in women’s life usually occurring between 12-14 years of age. It reflects the health status of the population as it marks as the beginning of sexual maturation. The adolescent girls usually undergo menarche unprepared and they lack the knowledge of menstruation and also practice poor hygiene. Poor hygiene and inadequate self-care practices have major determinants of morbidities and other complications. Therefore, it is important to spread awareness of menstruation and its proper hygiene practices. Materials and Methods: A community-based survey was conducted among 84 school girls of Karad. Data was collected using a questionnaire including the demographic information of each participant. The duration of study was 6 months. Results: The study revealed that the mean age of menarche was 11.05 years. Out of total participants, 44.05% girls had poor knowledge of menstruation and 35.71% girls had poor hygienic practices during menstruation. Conclusion: The study concluded that there is a prevalence of early menarche and it is associated with various factors. The adolescent girls should be made aware about menstruation and its hygiene at an early age. The girls who attained menarche early had a poor knowledge than that of the girls who attained menarche at a normal age.

This study is specifically concerned with the effect of regular physical activity during menstruation on the course of menstrual cycle among nullipara. Based on the author’s questionnaire, the 152 women participating in the study were divided into three groups A, B and C – depending on their level of physical activity. The physical activity at a moderate level does not significantly affect the regularity of menstrual cycles. The cultivation of moderate physical activity during menstruation does not significantly affect the duration of bleeding. Moderate physical activity is irrelevant to the abundance of menstrual bleeding. Moderate physical activity has no significant effect on menstrual pain and its duration. Women who are physically active at a moderate level throughout their menstrual cycle are less likely to experience symptoms of premenstrual syndrome (PMS) than women who are only physically active outside of menstruation and are not physically active, which may indicate that moderate physical activity during menstruation prevents symptoms of premenstrual tension syndrome. Based on the results achieved, it is not possible to clearly determine the relevance of promoting moderate physical activity, with particular emphasis on that during menstruation, among women. The study needs to be continued with particular attention paid to physical activity during the day, the influence of environmental factors and stress on the examined women, and with attention paid to the intensity of pain accompanying bleeding. However, it can be assumed that there is no justification for limiting physical activity during the menstrual bleeding phase.

Dysminorrhea is a complaint that often makes young women go to the doctor for consultation and get treatment. Dysminorrhea is pain that causes discomfort in the lower abdominal area that occurs during menstruation, even dysminorrhea can interfere with daily activities, dysminorrhea often occurs in women who are menstruating. When a woman is menstruating, it produces excess prostaglandins which can cause dysminorrhea pain. Dysminorrhea is a disorder that often occurs during menstruation. Although dysminorrhea is not dangerous, it often disrupts activity patterns in women who are menstruating. The prevalence of dysminorrhea shows a high enough frequency. According to WHO, about 16.8-81% of young women experience dysminorrhea. One of the non-pharmacological therapies is to relax the breath in women who experience dysminorrhea to reduce pain. Methods: international literature and national literature searched through electronic media with keywords. Five articles were selected, each of which represented an effectiveness of breath relaxation on the reduction of dysminore pain. Result: there is an effect of breath relaxation on the reduction of dysminore pain in respondents. Discussion: one of the non-pharmacological treatments to reduce dysminore pain is by breathing relaxation techniques. Breath relaxation can relax muscle tension so that it can reduce pain.

Dysmenorrhea is pain before or during menstruation which can be primary or secondary due to an increase in the hormone prostaglandin which causes the uterine muscles to contract. The incidence of dysmenorrhea in the world is quite large, on average more than 50% of women in every country experience menstrual pain. This study aims to determine the effect of murottal surah ar-rahman therapy on the level of dysmenorrhea in adolescents in SMA Negeri 6 Kota Bau-Bau in 2020. The type of research used is quantitative experiment with Quasi Experimental design, pre-post test experimental group and control group using purposive sampling technique. With a sample size of 20 respondents in the intervention group and 20 respondents in the control group. The relationship test was carried out with the Paired Sample T-test with a significance level of

Utero-cutaneous fistula is a rare pathology. It mostly occurs consecutively to surgical intervention such as Cesarean section. Blood discharge from the cesarean scar during menstruation is a quasi-pathognomonic feature. Imaging modalities, particularly with the injection of contrast material through the cutaneous fistulous opening, confirm the diagnosis. The management is mainly surgical. We report the case of a utero-cutaneous fistula in a 27-year-old lady, with systemic lupus erythematosus. She presented seven months after her third cesarean section with pain and blood discharge from the cutaneous scar during menstruation for four months. A pelvic CT scan with the injection of the contrast material through the cutaneous fistulous opening confirmed the diagnosis of utero-cutaneous fistula. Surgical management was successful.

Kashtartava (dysmenorrhoea) affects women’s day to day activity and it is most common complaints amongst adolescents. 75% of adolescents experience pain during menstruation. Dysmenorrhoea can also be associated with nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, fatigue, blotting abdomen etc. As per Ayurveda Apanavata is the governing force of menstruation; its vitiation gives rise to many gynaecological diseases ( yonivyapad). Kashyapa has mentioned Shatapushpa (Anethum sowa Kurz.) as drug of choice for Artava related problems. So that group A is treated with Shatapushpa churana and group B with Shatapushpa taila matra basti. Shatapushpa Churna and Shatapushpa taila matrabasti showed extremely significant (P< 0.0001) relief in severity of pain however showed significant relief in duration of Pain, Nausea and Breast Tenderness. Overall effect of treatment on Group A showed complete remission 27.27% whereas Group B showed 63.64%. Statistically both groups are expressed significant results, whereas on the basis of clinical symptoms and overall effect of treatment illustrated in the study the Shatapushpa taila matrabasti is more effective than Shatapushpa churna.

Salah satu akar permasahan infeksi yang berhubungan dengan organ reproduksi remaja bersumber pada higiene yang tdak baik saat menstruasi. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah melihat pengaruh karakteristik remaja, paparan kesehatan reproduksi dan peran ibu terhadap perilaku higiene remaja putri selama menstruasi. Desain penelitian menggunakan deskriptif korelasi dengan pendekatan cross sectional,. Sejumlah 367 remaja putri yang diwilayah Kecamatan Baros Serang berpartisipasi dalam penelitian. Hasil uji pemodelan dengan regresi logistic berganda terdapat 5 (lima) variabel yang berpengaruh terhadap perilaku hygiene remaja perempuan yaitu umur, keikutsertaan dalam organisasi, jumlah sumber informasi, jumlah media informasi, dan peran ibu sebesar 98,5 %.. Peneliti merekomendasikan hasil penelitian dapat dijadikan dasar kebijakan pelayanan dan pengembangan kesehatan reproduksi remaja di wilayah Dinas kesehatan Provinsi Banten.

Background: Dysmenorrhea is a pain that occurs during menstruation, caused by the contraction of the uterine muscles during menstrual bleeding which can last between 32-48 hours. This study aims to determine the decrease in pain intensity before and after giving warm compresses. Method; Type of study design is pre-experimental study design with one group pre-test and post-test design with a sample of 38 respondents. The independent variable in this study is warm compress on adolescent girls who have menstrual pain (dysmenorrhea), The dependent variable in this study is the reduction of menstrual pain (dysmenorrhea). The results found a decrease in the average pain scale before and after warm compress therapy and after Wilcoxon signed-rank test u, the results were obtained of p-value

Health practices during menstruation are an important issue. These practices consist of garbage disposal, water sanitation, and student behavior during menstruation. If the practice is not carried out properly, it will have a negative impact on the physical health and reproductive health of adolescents. This study aims to determine health practices during menstruation in female students at the Darussalam Islamic Boarding School in Kepahiang Regency. The method used is a qualitative study with a phenomenalogy approach. The sample consisted of 7 students who have experienced 6 menstrual periods and are willing to become informants, 1 UKS officer graduated from nursing school and 2 boarders who live in the dormitory. The analysis used is the Colaizzi technique. The results of this study obtained three themes, namely personal hygiene practice, exercise practice and fulfillment of nutrition during menstruation. The conclusion of this study is that the personal hygiene practices of most informants have been done correctly. Most of the informants did not exercise and inadequate fulfillment of nutrition during menstruation. Based on the results of this study, nurses who one of them role as education providers should hold educational classes for teachers, mothers and female students about adolescent problems and proper care, prepare independent educational materials that focus on personal hygiene practices, exercise and fulfillment of nutrition during menstrual period.

As with much of science, the female athlete is under researched, particularly in the area of gastrointestinal (GI) physiology. Gut function is of pivotal importance to athletes in that it supports digestion and absorption of nutrients, as well as providing a barrier between the external environment and the circulation. While sex-derived differences in GI structure and function have been well characterised at rest, there remains a paucity of data examining this during exercise. The wider impact of the GI system has begun to be realised and it is now widely acknowledged to play a role in more systemic bodily systems. In the current review, we discuss localised issues including the GI structure, function, and microbiome of male and females. We also discuss GI-related symptoms experienced by athletes, highlight the differences in incidence between males and females, and discuss contributing factors. We then move beyond the gut to discuss wider biological processes that have been shown to have both sex-related differences and that are impacted by the GI system. Some of these areas include immune function and risk of illness, sleep, hormones, bone health and the gut-brain-axis. The magnitude of such effects and relationships is currently unknown but there is enough mechanistic data for future studies to consider a more central role that the gastrointestinal tract may play in overall female athlete health. HighlightsThere are both clear similarities and differences in male-female gastrointestinal structure and function.Females typically reported a greater prevalence of gastrointestinal symptoms at rest, in particular during menstruation, but not during exercise.The links between female microbiome, oestrogen, and systemic physiological and biological processes are yet to be fully elucidated.Many of the male-female differences seen (e.g. in immune function) may be, at least in part, influenced by such GI related differences.

Introduction: Menstruation is the normal and regular process for every woman. It can affect both physical and mental status of the women. The main thing of menstrual period is personal hygiene maintenance. Improper management of personal hygiene maintains can causes infectious disease and causes severe gynecological problems. In Bangladesh, most of the adolescent girls cannot ask any question about their physiological changes to their mother or relative because of their shyness and social stigma. Good hygiene management during menstruation can increase personal confidence, while inadequate management can lead to mentally depression and also hamper in their daily activities. This study was aimed to assess the practice on personal hygiene maintenance during menstruation period among school girls in selected schools of Dhaka city, Bangladesh. Methods: A cross-sectional and descriptive type of study was carried out in three randomly selected schools in Dhaka city of Bangladesh with 384 systematic randomly selected adolescent girls. The data were collected from the respondents using semi-structured questionnaire by face-to-face interview, after taking verbal consent form the participants and written consent from their parents and school authority. Data entry and analysis were done by using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) statistical software version 20 for the analysis. The anonymity and confidentiality of the respondents were maintained strictly and study participants were informed that they can be able to leave the study at any stage of data collection. Findings: The finding reported that nearly 80% (79%) of the respondent use sanitary napkin and among the non-users, 95.2 percent (77) use piece of cloths. The majority (66%) of the respondents change napkin/other materials after 4 hours and 90% take genital care regularly. Almost all (99.5%) the respondents take bath regularly and 99.5 percent wash their hand with soap and water. About 98 percent used to wear clean dresses and 94.5 percent normally take healthy food. Using sanitary napkin was found to be associated with age, parent’s income whereas it was not associated with mother’s educational level. Conclusion: Awareness regarding the need for information about good menstrual practices is very important and should be given to enhance the good level of knowledge and practices. Mass media should also emphasize on health information about menstrual hygiene. Therefore, policy makers and stakeholders should take necessary initiatives to setup health education program to create awareness and practice of good menstrual hygiene among the adolescents. Keywords: Menstrual Hygiene; School Girls; Practice; Dhaka

during menstruation or dysmenorrhea is often complained by teenage girls who have entered puberty as an uncomfortable sensation such as pain in the abdomen, cramps and pain in the waist that can interfere with daily activities. One of the non-pharmacological treatments for dysmenorrhea is progressive muscle relaxation techniques, which are very suitable for reducing dysmenorrhea pain. Purpose: This study was to determine the effect of progressive muscle relaxation techniques on the scale of menstrual pain (dysmenorrhea) in young women in Pulau Jambu village, the working area of the Kuok Community Health Center in 2020. Methods: This type of research uses a quasi-experimental method with a non-equivalent pretest-posttest plan. The sampling technique used purposive sampling with a sample size of 30 people. The data collection tool used was an observation sheet using the Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) pain scale. Data processing used univariate and bivariate analysis with the Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test with the SPSS 17 program. Results: this study shows that progressive muscle relaxation techniques have an influence on the scale of dysmenorrhea in young women in Pulau Jambu village, the working area of the Kuok Health Center in 2020 with a p value of 0.000. (

Personal hygiene in menstruation is also very important because it can trigger vaginal discharge. Leucorrhoea usually occurs due to unbalanced vagina PH (hydrogen potential). Inappropriate personal hygiene behavior in menstruation is not only done by teenagers who do not understand reproductive health, but health students have less personal hygiene behavior. The purpose of this study was to determine the correlation of personal hyegiene behavior during menstruation with Genetalia pH in Health Students. The research used is descriptive correlation with cross sectional design using purposive sampling of 82 samples conducted in July - September 2019 at the Muhammadiyah Pringsewu University Dermatory. Research Results The majority of personal hygiene behavior is sufficient for 44 respondents (53.7%), genetalia pH is mostly normal as many as 50 respondents (61%) and the results of the Spearman rho correlation test obtained a p value of 0.000. Based on these results, the importance of education on personal hygiene during menstruation is carried out before or immediately after menstruation for young women and the importance of providing repeated education on personal hygiene for adolescents living in dormitories.

Background: Menstruation is a physiological phenomenon that begins in females in adolescent age. Poor menstrual hygiene can result in significant reproductive disorders. However, improving the knowledge about menstruation even before menarche can improve menstrual hygiene. Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the knowledge and practice of adolescent girls towards menstrual hygiene, in Buraidah city. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 258 intermediate school girls in Buraidah city. A semi-structured, self-administered questionnaire was used to collect information on demographics, menstrual history, knowledge about menstruation, hygiene practices, and school absence during menstruation. The survey was conducted from December 2019 to Februry 2020. Results: Before menarche, 49.6% of the girls knew about menstruation. The mothers were the most common (94%) source of information about menstruation. Regarding menstruation, 68.2% had bleeding for four to six days, and 42.2% had an interval of 21 to 35 days between periods. Approximately 61.7% participants had 'acceptable' level of knowledge, 2.0% had a 'good' knowledge and 36.3% had 'poor' knowledge regarding menstruation. Most (60.5%) students were categorized as having unsatisfactory self-hygiene practice. During the last three months, 35.8% of the girls were absent for one day due to menstruation. 47.7% of the students omit some foods and drinks from their diet during menstruation; soft drinks were the most omitted. Mother's occupation (P = 0.022), family monthly income (P = 0.007), and prior knowledge on menstruation (P = 0.006) were significantly associated with knowledge regarding menstruation. Conclusion: Knowledge and practice toward menstrual hygiene is unsatisfactory. Creating awareness on self-hygiene during menstruation is recommended.

Background: Dysmenorrhea is uncomfort symptom which suffered by adolescents during menstruation period. Adolescents experienced with dysmenorrhea and this commonly primary. Dysmenorrhea affects almost half of all woman, and it is need the safe and effective pain management. One of non-medical treatment techniques is acupressure. The purpose of this study to analize the effect of acupressure to reduce dysmenorrhea in adolescents. Methods: The design was quantitative experiment with intervention group and control group for each 26 respondents. The acupoints are SP6, Li4, and PC6. Intervention group got acupressure for 2 days in early period with 30times massage for each accupoint twice a day. The pain was measured using visual analog scale (VAS) before and after intervention. Data analize using SPSS software. Results: The result showed diffreneces in pain severity after acupressure to intervention group with mean 2,43 and p value 0.027(p

Background: School absenteeism during menstruation and its related effects are preventable through identification of factors associated with it and implementation of region specific appropriate public health measures. Objectives: To assess the prevalence of school absenteeism during menstruation and its associated factors among adolescent girls residing in the resettlement colonies of Delhi. Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted in the urban resettlement colonies of Delhi during 2019 in which 712 school going adolescent girls were interviewed. The details about school absenteeism, its perceived reasons, various socio-demographic details, menstrual hygiene practices were assessed using pretested semi structured questionnaire. The data were entered in MS Excel and analysed using STATA statistical software version 14. Results: The prevalence of school absenteeism during menstruation among adolescent girls of resettlement colony was 43.1%(95% CI:39.5 – 46.7). Out of 307 girls who had school absenteeism, 285(92.8%) had missed for 1-3days. The most common self-reported reasons for school absenteeism during menstruation were pain during menstruation (75.6%) followed by staining of cloths(43.6%) and uncomfortable feeling(39.4%). Studying in government school (PR=1.4, 95% CI:1.1-2.0), suffering from menstruation-related problems(aPR=1.9, 95% CI:1.5-2.4) and pads being provided from schools(PR=1.3, 95% CI:1.1-1.7) were significantly associated with school absenteeism. Conclusions: Almost half of the adolescent girls in resettlement colonies had school absenteeism. The characteristics like government school, pads being provided from school, menstruation related problems like weakness, irritation, perceived weight gain and breast pain was significantly associated with school absenteeism. The factors associated with school absenteeism needs to be addressed with appropriate public health interventions.

The effects of the menstrual cycle and primary dysmenorrhea (PD) on phase-related cognitive and physical functions are controversial. This study was carried out to examine whether women with PD showed a different physical function or dual-tasking response than women without PD at times other than menstruation.Women with or without PD were recruited for the study. Individuals assessed on the first day of the menstruation and the day they reported themselves as well being (feeling good day-FGD). Zebris © FDM Type Force Platform was used to evaluate postural stability. Individuals have were asked to perform to a 3-step balance test protocol; the first session: comfortable upright standing; the second session: standing with a motor task; the third session: standing with a cognitive task (counting backward). Correctly calculated numbers were also recorded.The number of correct answers given by individuals during the cognitive dual-task was similar on the first day of menstruation and FGD (p0.05). In the control group, no difference was observed between the first days of menstruation and the evaluations on FGD days with dual-task (p0.05). In individuals with PD, there was no difference between the measurements at different times (p0.05). However, in the assessment with the motor dual-task on the first day of menstruation; postural sway increased (p0,05). In FDG measurement; distortion in postural stability was observed with the cognitive task (p0,05). In the assessments performed on the first day of menstruation, there was no difference in any parameters between the groups (p0.05). In the measurements made on FGD day with the cognitive task; there was a difference between the groups (p0,05). Individuals with PD had higher postural sway.This study showed that the primary dysmenorrhea is not only a problem for females during menstruation, primary dysmenorrhea causes impaired ability of the individual to perform dual-tasking and continuously affects postural stability.

Primary dysmenorrhoea can be correlated with Kashtartava which is characterized by painful menstruation. According to Ayurveda, pain is an indication of Vata Vikriti – ‘Na hi vaatadrite Shoolam’. Apana Vayu has been given prime importance in Gynecological disorders. Normal menstruation is the function of the Apanavata, so painful menstruation is considered as Apanavatadushti. Vyana Vata has control over the muscles which brings about actions such as contraction, relaxation, extension, flexion etc. According to Acharya Charaka, Vata plays a key role in all types of Yoni Roga. As Vata is the main causative factor, it should be treated first. According to Acharya Vagbhata all measures capable of suppressing Vata are indicated. Till date, no successful advances have been made in the management of Primary dysmenorrhoea by conventional medicine. The best evidence-based treatments are NSAIDs and hormonal contraceptives but they have a lot of side effects. Owing to the gravity of the situation, need is felt for search of safe/more effective, palatable oral dosage forms to reduce pain during menstrual period. A systematic review of studies in developing countries performed by Harlow and Campbell has revealed that about 25-50% of adult women and about 75% of adolescents experience pain during menstruation. It is a randomized comparative clinical trial with 30 patients fulfilling the inclusion criteria were selected for the trial. The selected patients were randomly divided into 2 groups, 15 patients each. The duration of treatment was from 7th day due date of menstrual cycle to next menstrual cycle for 60 days. The assessment was done after each cycle on 5th day of cycle and follow-up for the next menstrual cycle. The test of significance showed that the efficacy of Hingvadi churna is more than Rajahpravartini vati in Kashtartava.

Background: Menstrual cycle is one of the phases in a woman's life wherein there are multiple physiological changes in the body. Various phases of menstrual cycle show a different physiological behavioral pattern of the body as well as hormonal changes which can lead to multiple changes in the oral cavity. Aims: The aim of this study is to assess the attitude and awareness of oral health changes in females during menstrual cycle. Materials and Methods: The present study was conducted as a cross-sectional study among the general population of Karnataka, India. A self-administered semi-structured questionnaire consisting of 19 questions was used to assess the attitude and awareness of oral health changes in females during menstruation. Data were entered in Excel and analyzed using IBM SPSS statistics version 22. Results: In the present study, a total of 300 females participated comprising different age groups, of which maximum participants were in the age group of 18–24 years. 57.7% of population had a duration of 28–30 days' menstrual cycle. About 44.3% of participants had experienced an overall health change. 18.3% of participants experienced oral changes, of which 15% of participants had developed aphthous ulcers. 7.3% of participants experienced bleeding gums. 81.3% of participants believed that the use of antimicrobial mouthwash reduces bad breath and 55.7% believed that brushing twice can reduce swelling of gums. Conclusion: This study gives an inference that participants were though aware of menstruation and related complaints, but they were not aware of oral changes occurring during the cycle.

Sensitivity to cold, which is a popular symptom in Japanese women, is associated with various symptoms such as shoulder stiffness and general fatigue. However, an association of sensitivity to cold with muscle strength has not been reported. The aim of the study was to clarify the associations of sensitivity to cold with handgrip strength and with menstruation-related symptoms in female university students in Japan. We recruited 278 female university students in Japan. Sensitivity to cold and menstruation-related symptoms including physical and psychological symptoms were assessed by using a self-administered questionnaire that we designed. Handgrip strength was measured by using a handgrip strength dynamometer. We received responses from 269 students. The prevalence rate of sensitivity to cold in the subjects was 54.3%. The students who had sensitivity to cold had a lower handgrip strength level (25.5 ± 3.8 kg) than did the students who did not have sensitivity to cold (26.7 ± 3.9 kg) (p = 0.017). Sensitivity to cold was associated with low body mass index. In addition, the students who had sensitivity to cold tended to have low back pain and constipation during menstruation. In conclusion, sensitivity to cold is an important symptom associated with muscle strength as well as menstruation-related symptoms for young women.

Background: Dysmenorrhoea is pain during menstruation that is felt by teenage women, usually they experience cramps and are concentrated in the lower abdomen. Complaints of menstrual pain can vary, ranging from mild to severe. The purpose of this study was to analyze the difference in the effectiveness of ginger warm compresses and the consumption of tamarind turmeric on reducing the primary menstrual pain scale. Subjects and Method: This study was conducted using a quasi-experimental type two group pre post test design, with a population of all female students who experienced primary menstrual pain and a sample of 30 respondents with warm ginger compresses and 30 respondents who consumed tamarind and turmeric drinks. The sample was collected by purposive sampling. The data were collected by questionnaire. The independent variable was warm compresses of ginger and consumption of tamarind turmeric, the dependent variable was primary menstrual pain. The analysis used was the Wilcoxon and Mann Whitney tests. Results: Based on the results of the Wilcoxon test, there was an effect of giving a warm ginger compress (p= 0.004). Likewise, giving tamarind turmeric drink showed an effect with the result p

Menstruation is an ordinary physiological marvel for ladies showing her capacity for reproduction. Monthly cycle is an intricate cycle, including the conceptive and endocrine framework. It has to be a regular cycle. Anyway, this ordinary wonder isn't a simple one; it is regularly connected with some level of sufferings and shame. The pain during the menstrual cycle is known as Dysmenorrhea. The present study aims to determine the effectiveness of dietary mint and fenugreek paste for the reduction of dysmenorrhea among adolescent girls. A quantitative experimental research was conducted among 60 adolescent girls. A convenient sampling technique was used to select the samples. Self-administered structured questionnaires were used to collect demographic data, and pain scale was assessed. After the Pretest, an intervention was given to the study participants, i.e. administration of 6 grams of mint fenugreek paste prepared from 2 grams of mint powder, 2 grams of fenugreek powder mix with 2 grams of honey. It was given orally twice a day (i.e. 2 days before and 3 days during the cycle). On 5th day after intervention, post-test was conducted by a numeric pain rating scale. The study results shows mint and fenugreek paste had a significant reduction in the dysmenorrhea, p

Dismenore merupakan keadaan dimana timbul rasa nyeri yang hebat pada saat mentruasi. Gangguan menstruasi dapat berupa gangguan lama dan gangguan siklus haid, gangguan perdarahan di luar siklus haid, dan gangguan lain yang berhubungan dengan haid. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis gambaran siklus dan lama menstruasi pada mahasiswi Fakultas Kedokteran Ukrida tahun 2020 yang mengalami nyeri menstruasi. Penelitian ini bersifat deskriptif dengan menggunakan desain cross-sectional. Penelitian ini dilakukan di Universitas Kristen Krida Wacana dari bulan bulan Januari-Maret 2020. Subjek penelitian ini adalah mahasiwi Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Kristen Krida Wacana Tingkat I, II dan III yang aktif di tahun 2019 dan juga memenuhi kriteria penelitian dengan cara menyebarkan kuesioner. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa sebagian besar responden berusia 19 tahun (69,45%), dimana usia menarche responden terbanyak pada usia 12-13 tahun (70,80%), Sebagian besar responden memiliki siklus menstruasi dan lama menstruasi yang normal 79,2% dan 83,3%. Sebagian besar responden dengan nyeri menstruasi mengeluh lemah/lemas (fatigue) sebesar 83,33%. Berdasarkan uji statistik Chi Square terhadap data penelitian, didapatkan hasil p < 0,05, menunjukan adanya hubungan antara lama menstruasi dengan kejadian nyeri menstruasi. Sedangkan antara siklus menstruasi dan kejadian nyeri menstruasi tidak berhubungan, dengan nilai p > 0,05.

Dysmenorrhea is the pain experienced during menstruation that causes women to experience varying degrees of cramps. It presents as discomfort, while others suffer pain that can stop daily activities for some women. Therefore, to reduce the use of drugs, herbal methods are used, boiled water for the wood secang, so that side effects can minimize for the body. This research aims to analyze the reduction of Visual Descriptor Scale (VDS) of adolescence with dysmenorrhea in Makassar. This research lasted for one year with several stages, including the first stage; identify research samples based on criteria. The second stage, making informed consent and choice of respondents. The third stage, using a Quasi-Experimental design with a pretest and post-test approach in one treatment group, namely adolescents with dysmenorrhea, measured VDS before giving the boiled water for secang wood and after giving it. The fifth stage, assessing the decrease of VDS before and after treatment. This study indicated that the average intensity of the respondents' menstrual pain before giving the boiled water of secang wood was 4.5, where the lowest menstrual pain intensity was two. The highest was 8, while after giving secang wood boiled water was 3.0, where the pain intensity was the lowest menstrual period was 0, and the highest was 6. The Paired T-Test results obtained a p-value of 0.000

Dysmenorrhea is one of discomfort experienced by adolescent during menstruation. A Survey of 10 young women at University of Muhammadiyah Lamongan found 90% had dysmenorrhea. To reduce pain, they take pain relievers. However, the use of drugs can cause side effects, especially if long-term use can lead to addiction or dependence. Research design using Quasy Eksperiment (pretest-posttest). The study was conducted on adolescents who are experiencing dysmenorrhea. They were divided into two groups namely control and treament groups. The study began by assessing pain levels in both groups. The treatment group was given warm compresses but the control group was not given any treatment, after that reassess the level of pain. The study analyzes changes in pain levels and compares pain change in the two groups. The results showed that in the control group most of the adolescents did not experience pain changes during dysmenorrhea (86.7%), whereas in the treatment group most of the adolescents experienced a decrease in pain (93.3%). Data analysis using the Mann Whitney test showed p=0.000 where p0.05 so it can be concluded that there are differences in dysmenorrhea before and after treatment between the warm compress group and the control group. The results of this study are expected to be used as consideration in developing plans to reduce discomfort in the form of menstrual pain in a non-pharmacological manner.

Dysmenorrhea is pain during menstruation which is felt in the lower abdomen and back. The high incidence of dysmenorrhea in adolescents still does not get enough concern, even though it can cause a person to become weak, pale, reduce concentration, disturb daily activities, having a negative impact on quality of life. One of the factors that can cause dysmenorrhea is poor dietary habit. This study aims to analyze the correlation between dietary habit and dysmenorrhea in female adolescents. This type of research is quantitative, the number of samples are 262 respondents and the sampling technique was accidental sampling. Testing data using the Chi Square analysis test. From the results of the Chi Square analysis test, it was found that the value of p = 0.005 with a correlation value of 0.011, the study showed that there is a correlation between dietary habit with dysmenorrhea in female adolescent.

Dysmenorrhea is a medical condition that occurs during menstruation or menstruation that can interfere with activities and requires treatment characterized by pain or tenderness in the abdominal or pelvic area. This study aims to determine the effect of pineapple juice and honey on reducing menstrual pain (dysmenorrhea) in students at YP SINGOSARI DELITUA in 2020. This type of research is a Quasi Experiment with the One-Group Test method. This study aims to obtain information about the effect of pineapple juice and honey on the reduction of menstrual pain (dysmenorrhea) at SMP YP SINGOSARI in 2020. The population used was all 58 students of YP SINGOSARI DELITUA SMP. The sampling technique used incidental sampling, namely 30 people. The variables used are independent variables about the provision of pineapple juice and honey and the dependent variable is about reducing the pain scale. Data analysis using the Wilcoxon test. The results of statistical tests with Wilcoxon, the results obtained ρ value 0.00 < 0.05, then Ho is rejected Ha accepted, which means there is an effect of pineapple juice and honey on reducing menstrual pain for young women at SMP YP Singosari Deli Tua in 2020.

Objective To reveal the characteristics and prevalence of dysmenorrhea and Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) among college students and to investigate their impact on their academic performance. Materials and methods This cross-sectional study was conducted between December 2017 and January 2018 at Koc University, Turkey. An online survey that included multiple-choice and short paragraph questions was prepared. Female students aged between 18 and 27 years were invited with an email to provide online informed consent to proceed to the survey. Results The final analysis included 352 students. The prevalence of dysmenorrhea was found as 90.1%. Fifty-six percent of the participants reported lower academic performance during menstruation. However, only 32.8% of the students with dysmenorrhea presented to the gynecology clinic. The prevalence of PMS alone and with dysmenorrhea was 71.3% and 65.9%, respectively. The most common symptom among those who reported affected academic performance was depression (prevalence of 27.5%). However, only 19.9% of students with PMS consulted a healthcare professional. Conclusion Symptoms of dysmenorrhea and PMS are generally neglected by students. Quality of life can be affected more than estimated. Considering the reluctance to disclose menstrual disorders, health care providers should be aware of them and ask women about their symptoms during routine visits.

Background : Every children will go through puberty. Puberty in girls is marked by menstruation, according to WHO 16,8%-81% of woman experience dysmenorrhea during menstruation. Pain is managed by using drugs such as analgesics, sedatives, antispasmodics. Long-term use may be ineffective and it could have bad side effects on the kidneys and liver. The culture of Indonesian people who like to use eucalyptus oil and telon oil to relieve dizziness, nausea and pain. The widespread use of essential oil aromatherapy which underlies this research.Objective : To determined the effect of aromatherapy peppermint essential oil by warm compress methods can reduce menstruation pain in Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Hang Tuah Surabaya students.Methodology : This study uses an experimental research design. This study was carried out using a pretest-post-test control group design. Two groups consist of the intervention group (n = 21) were given peppermint essential oil by warm compresses five days before menstruation and the control group (n = 21) without any intervention. Primary data taken from filling out VAS and VMS pain scale questionnaires on the first day of menstruation after intervention.Results : Based on the results of the Mann-Whitney U non-parametric statistical test between the two groups measured using Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), a significance value of p = 0.001 (p

Anemia is a condition where a person's hemoglobin (Hb) level in the blood is lower than normal. Adolescent girls are one group at risk of suffering from anemia. The main cause of anemia in young women is lack of iron intake, chronic blood loss during menstruation. The aim of this community service is to increase the knowledge of young women, especially those suffering from anemia, about the management of blood hemoglobin levels and to increase the knowledge of young women in understanding the procedure to make lemuru fish stick as a snack to increase the hemoglobin levels of young women in Nusantara Lubuk Pakam. The Community Service activities consists of counseling about anemia, counseling about lemuru fish sticks, examination of hemoglobin levels, demonstration of making products of lemuru fish sticks to increase blood hemoglobin levels to overcome anemia. The result of the activity is an increase in the knowledge of young women in understanding the procedure for making stick fish as a snack to increase hemoglobin levels.

This article aims to reveal the scientific side of the Koran in surah al-Baqarah. There are 5 (five) topics that will be examined in this research, namely the qur'anic scholarship in giving priority to the mention of hearing rather than sight, the qur'anic scholarship in telling mosquitoes, the qur'anic scholarship about the place of sunrise and sunset, the scholarship of the Koran in the prohibition of gathering with the wife during menstruation, and qur'anic scholarship in breastfeeding orders for children. This is important to do, because it is in direct contact with the Koran. The significance of this research lies in the contemporary scientific topic in the longest surah of the Koran, that is surah al-Baqarah, so the big question to be answered is what is the urgency of studying the scholarship of surah al-Baqarah? Any verses that contain scientific Is there a conflict between the scholarship of the Koran with the purpose of the turn of the Koran? Is the scholarship of surah al-Baqarah only limited to one side, or many aspects that can be studied? This research is a literature research using inductive and analytic approaches. The final result shows that the scientific side of the Koran will not be exhausted to be explored and indeed the five topk above can be scientifically proven since the revelation of the Koran until now, even until the end of time.

INTRODUÇÃO: A dismenorreia caracteriza-se como uma dor intensa durante a menstruação ou algumas horas antes, localizada na região de baixo ventre ou região inferior do abdômen, é uma patologia de origem primária ou secundária, em que 40 a 45% dos casos de dor pélvica crônica, se manifestam como dismenorreia. Objetivo: Investigar as características sociodemográficas de mulheres que possuem dismenorreia primaria, e avaliar as influências da auriculoterapia para a dor menstrual, mensurada antes e após o método por meio do questionário de McGill. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de estudo clínico, randomizado, controlado e duplo cego, de delineamento longitudinal, com abordagem quali-quantitativa, realizado por meio de uma população de 118 estudantes. O tamanho da amostra foi calculado usando uma única fórmula média onde n é o tamanho da amostra necessário; d é erro marginal de 5% ( d = 0,05); z é o grau de precisão requerido a 95% de nível de confiança. Inicialmente, as voluntárias foram submetidas a responderem o questionário sociodemografico, e após, ao questionário de McGill, que avalia vários aspectos da dor, e receberam aplicações durante 2 meses e 3 semanas, 2 vezes por semanas, por 20 minutos. RESULTADOS: A média de idade das participantes desta pesquisa é de 19,8 anos, com predominância na etnia parda e com ciclo menstrual regular, e 55% apresenta dor dois dias antes da menstruação. Depois das aplicações de auriculoterapia os dados dos questionários de McGill após intervenção apresentaram valores estatísticos significantes nos domínio de aspectos sensitivos, afetivos, domínios avaliativos e aspectos miscelâneos. CONCLUSÃO: O presente estudo obteve o delineamento nos aspectos sociodemograficos da população que possui dismenorreia primária. E em relação às influências da auriculoterapia sobre as características da dor, o método apresentou se estatisticamente significativo.

Anaemia is a global health problem. Anemia many occurs in women and adolescents. This is due to menstruation experienced every month which causes low levels of hemoglobin. Adolescence is a period of growth that requires more nutritional intake. Anemia in adolescent impacts on decreased body immunity and the concentration is reduced. The purpose of this research was to find out the adolescents’ characteristics with anemia in Senior High School Muallimat Yogyakarta. This research is descriptive analytic research with cross sectional approach, a population of 425 of class X students, 40 sample students, purposive sampling technique. The results showed a description of the characteristics of adolescent in Senior High School Muallimat Yogyakarta, showed that the majority of respondents aged 16 years of the 22 respondents (63.0%). The majority of adolescents experienced menarche at age 12 as many as 12 respondents (30.0%). Adolescents having menstrual periods 1 time a month that a majority of 35 respondents (87.5%). In addition, long menstrual majority in the normal category is 3-7 days as many as 29 respondents (72.5%). It is expected that adolescents can consume vegetables and fruits containing iron, as well as Fe tablets during menstruation.

Dysmenorrhea is pain during menstruation, usually with felt cramp and concentrated in the lower abdomen. Pain complaints from mild to severe. Based on the causes, dysmenorrhea was divided into two, namely primary and secondary dysmenorrhea. The method to treat dysmenorrhea was used painkillers, take a rest, take a deep breath, calm down, exercise lightly, eat vegetables and fruits, compress the pain parts with hot water. One of nonfarmacology method is use carrot juice. The purpose of this research is to find out carrot juice can reduce primary dysmenorrhea pain on adolescent girls in dorm Poltekkes Kemenkes Pontianak. This research was used the quasy experiment method with a pre and post test without control approach. The sampling technique was used purposive sampling. Data collections conduct from May to June 2019 used the NRS questionnaire, Sheet Procedure for Giving Carrot Juice. Data was analyzed by Wilcoxon test. The research results showed that before be given carrot juice, the middle value of primary dysmenorrhea pain was 6.00. After be given carrot juice, the middle value of primary dysmenorrhea pain was 2.00, which means there is a difference in pain around 4.00 and a value of p = 0,000 (p. 0.05). The conclusion is there are differences in the pain of primary dysmenorrhea before and after be given carrot juice.

Menstrual hygiene management services among female inmates should be in a professional manner equivalent to what is provided in the country. Female prisoners' menstrual patterns could differ from normal due to stress and uncertainty about the future. This cross-sectional survey was aimed to assess the menstrual bleeding pattern of the female prisoners and their menstrual hygiene. It was conducted among three selected Prisons in Kano. Ethical approval was obtained from Ethical Committee of Kano State Ministry of Health. Information such as socio-demographic characteristics, menstrual hygiene and pattern were recorded on a questionnaire. All consenting female prisoners were recruited for the survey. Data collected were analyzed using SPSS Version 26.0.A p-value of < 0.05 was considered significant. Their mean age (±SD) was 30.1±3.42 years. The mean menstrual cycle was 28.9 ±4.42 days. The average duration of menstrual flow was 3 ± 1. Thirty-two (33.0%) of the female prison inmates experienced pains during menstruation (dysmenorrhea) while 43 (44.3%) had no dysmenorrhea. Majority of the inmates 83(85.6%) took bath once during menstrual period. More than 4/5th (81.4%) changed their absorbent twice a day during the period. Majority of the female inmates used toilet (80%) as the method of absorbent disposal. In conclusion; the survey showed that female prisoners relatively showed regular and normal menstrual patterns. Menstrual hygiene was relatively poor.

Menstruation is one of the most important women's life cycles. Hormonal changes that occur during the menstrual cycle will cause physical and psychological changes before and during menstruation. The symptoms experienced by women before menstruation begin are called premenstrual syndrome (PMS). Having a good dietary pattern and adequate carbohydrate intake is one of several ways to reduce premenstrual syndrome symptoms. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship of dietary pattern and carbohydrate intake to the incidence of premenstrual syndrome in students of Midwifery Bachelor Program University of Brawijaya. The design of this study was cross sectional. Diettary pattern was measured by questionnaire, carbohydrat intake was measured through interviews using SQ - FFQ (Semi-Quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaires), and PMS was measured by sPAF (Shortened Premenstrual Assessment Form). The sample of this study were students of 2015, 2016, and 2017 class (n = 74) selected by purposive sampling method. The results of this study indicate that dietary pattern and the incidence of premenstrual syndrome has a significant relationship ( p value = 0.049) with OR = 3.578, and carbohydrate intake with the incidence of premenstrual syndrome also has a significant relationship (p value = 0.006) with OR = 7.622. The conclusion of this study is there is a relationship between diettary pattern and carbohydrate intake to the incidence of premenstrual syndrome (PMS) in respondents who have a normal BMI.

Dysmenorrhea is known as a painful period during menstruation. It is the widely prevalent and common complaint among young women, which affects their quality of life. The aim is to assess the prevalence of menstrual symptoms and primary dysmenorrhea during menstruation among medical undergraduates and its effects on the quality of their life. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 60 Medical undergraduates atSaveetha Medical college. The participants were asked to complete a self-reported questionnaire on menstrual symptoms and primary dysmenorrhea. Primary dysmenorrhea was reported in 43.9% (27) of participants. Abdominal pain was reported in 78% (46), and 52% (31) of girls felt weak and tired during menses. In 40% (24) of girls, there has been a family history of primary dysmenorrhea. Abdominal pain was found to be highly prevalent among adolescent girls. Family history, bleeding duration, tiredness are some of the risk factors associated with primary dysmenorrhea.

BACKGROUND Almost a quarter of India's population comprises of girls below 20 years. One of the major physiological changes that take place in adolescent girls is the onset of menarche, which is often associated with problems of irregular menstruation, unwarranted bleeding, and dysmenorrhea. We wanted to evaluate the prevalence, severity, knowledge aspect of treatment and impact of dysmenorrhea in females of reproductive age group in a tertiary care teaching hospital in Koshi Region (Northern Bihar) India. METHODS This was a survey based, cross sectional study conducted over a period of six months from June 2019 to January 2020. After obtaining consent, the study included 100 women in the age group of 18-28 years, studying or functioning (general college, college students and nursing students and personnel) in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Lord Buddha Koshi Medical College and Hospital, Saharsa, Bihar, and Associated Hospital of Bihar. Patients suffering from DM, HTN. Renal disorders and hepatic disorders were excluded from the study. RESULTS In this study it was found that they often use over the counter pain medication. Those who self-medicated with over the counter preparations use sub beneficial dose and of substandard drugs. By experience they knew that which medicine could relieve dysmenorrhea. Dysmenorrhea is a common gynaecological problem among adolescents in Saharsa, Bihar. CONCLUSIONS Dysmenorrhea is common gynaecological problem among adolescents in Saharsa, Bihar. Mild and moderate dysmenorrhea do not cause absenteeism from school, college and work place. In this study only 6% were absent from school, college or work place during menstruation .But several studies had reported 34 to 50% absenteeism from school, college or work place During menstruation.13,14 Adolescent girls, almost always, silently suffer the pain due to dysmenorrhea and the embarrassment associated with it due to lack of knowledge about reproductive health.

Reproductive Tract Infections (ISR) occur because of the process of entering and breeding the germs that cause infections into the female reproductive tract. Caring for sexual organs is often not done as often as caring for other organs. Though sexual organs need extra attention. In these sexual organs, the resulting sweat is quite excessive. So that the sexual organs become moist. prevention that can be done to prevent the occurrence of sexually transmitted diseases that is with care and maintain the cleanliness of the reproductive organs. Treatments that can be done are consuming healthy and nutritious eating, avoid using tight pants, check with your doctor if you experience vaginal discharge for a very long time, make it a habit to cleanse the genitals after sexual intercourse, do not use pantyliner, avoid having sexual intercourse with multiple partners. Washing the genitals every day, changing clothes frequently, at least twice a day in the bath, during menstruation, use soft pads, always wash hands before touching the genitals, avoid using other people's towels or washcloths and shave a portion of pubic hair to prevent bacterial growth

Introduction: Some somatic and psychological disorders have been associated with handgrip strength, which is an easy, inexpensive and noninvasive method for assessment of muscle strength. We conducted a cross-sectional study to clarify the relationship of handgrip strength and menstruation-related symptoms. Material and Methods: Handgrip strength was measured and a self-administered questionnaire was performed in female university students in Japan. Results: Handgrip strength did not significantly differ among the menstrual phases. The mean handgrip strength level (n = 260) was 26.0 ± 3.9 kg. We divided the subjects into three groups according to the handgrip strength level. Handgrip strength was associated with degrees of depression and anxiety during menstruation. Conclusion: This can be used as fundamental data in further clarifying the relationship between muscle strength and menstruation-related symptoms.

This study on Menstrual Hygiene Management (MHM) was carried out in two secondary schools in the Bamako district, “Chaine Grise” and “Cheick Modibo Diarra” located respectively on the right bank and the left bank depending on the geographic position of the Niger river. This work took place over a period of 6 months from January 2019 to June 2019. The objective of this study was to study menstrual hygiene management in school setting for girls aged 16 to 18 in two secondary schools in Bamako. It was a transversal and qualitative description. The study population consists of girls aged 16 to 18 years enrolled in one of the selected secondary schools. At the end of this study, we arrived at the following results: *50% of the girls in our study have poor knowledge about menstruation; *10% of girls miss school at least one day a month during menstruation; *90% of girls use hygienic cotton to absorb menstrual blood; *90% of the sources of supply for hygienic products are mothers. The unsanitary conditions of the toilets, lack of light and the non-separation of the toilets according to gender guidelines were found in 99% of the cases: *99% of girls say that the poor state of health infrastructures was one of the causes of genital infections linked to poor management of menstrual hygiene; *lack of water in the toilets (99%). Through these results, we conclude that, in our context, menstruation remains a taboo and shameful subject for girls. In addition, some of their menstrual hygiene practices are a real danger to their health.

Out of various Paricharya mentioned in Ayurveda, Rajaswala Paricharya holds an important one. The Charya or code of conduct mentioned for a Rajaswala stree is termed as Rajaswala Parichara. Due to changing lifestyle, physical and mental stress, Mithya Aahar, Woman in reproductive age groups suffer from various conditions related to menstrual cycle like dysmenorrhoea, menorrhagia, irregular menses, PCOS, endometriosis, adenomyosis which increase incidence of infertility also Rajaswala charya is the most neglected part in the society. Acharyas mentioned Aaharas and Charyas which are indicated and contracted for maintaining the health. By the concept of Shuddha Shukra & Shuddha Aartava in the formation of Garbha its very clear that concept of Supraja Jananam i.e., healthy progency begins at the very level of preconceptional care or even before to that in the form of Rajaswala Paricharya. If it followed during menstruation it will get relief from conditions of menstrual abnormalities, infertility and to gain better healthy life of woman.

Background: The onset of menstruation denotes a landmark event in pubertal development of the adolescent girl. Lack of adequate knowledge and good menstrual hygiene management can have far reaching consequences on the girl’s wellbeing, dignity and reproductive health. Objectives: This study assessed the menstrual knowledge and hygiene practices of adolescent school girls in Taraba State, Nigeria. Methods: A descriptive cross sectional study conducted among 297 adolescent school girls. Participants were selected using multistage sampling technique. A self-administered, structured questionnaire was used for data collection. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 22.0 was used for the analysis of data. Results: The mean age at menarche was 13.7 years (± 6.7). Over three-quarter (76.1%) of the girls knew about menstruation before experiencing it. Mothers (48.1%) were the leading source of information about menstruation to the students. The study found that 207 (69.7%) of respondents had good knowledge about menstruation while 171 (57.58%) had good men- strual hygiene management. Knowledge was significantly associated with good menstrual hygiene management (p

espanolObjetivo: conocer la influencia de los habitos alimentarios en la presencia de dismenorrea y su intensidad, averiguar las preferencias de alimentos durante la menstruacion y las creencias sobre la relacion de la nutricion con el dolor menstrual. Metodo: se realizo un estudio descriptivo transversal con mujeres entre 18 y 45 anos estudiantes de Enfermeria de una universidad de Barcelona (Espana) (n= 74). Se administro una encuesta online sobre la frecuencia de consumo de varios grupos alimentarios, padecimiento de dismenorrea, preferencias dieteticas durante la menstruacion y percepciones de alimentos perjudiciales o beneficiosos para su dolor. Se utilizaron pruebas estadisticas no parametricas con una significacion p≤ 0,05. Resultados: participaron 67 mujeres (90,5%), de las cuales un 61,2% padecia dismenorrea. No consumir comida precocinada, pasteles, refrescos y algunas especias favorecio no padecer dismenorrea (p Conclusiones: dietas bajas en azucares, ricas en grasas no saturadas y en determinadas especias resulta en un tratamiento no farmacologico efectivo de la dismenorrea. Se precisan estudios con muestras mayores para concluir resultados mas solidos EnglishObjective: to understand the influence of dietary habits in the presence and intensity of dysmenorrhoea, to find out the types of food preferred during menstruation, and the beliefs regarding the relationship between nutrition and menstrual pain. Method: a descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on 18-to-45-year-old female Nursing students from a university in Barcelona (Spain) (N= 74). An online survey was administered on the frequency of use of different food groups, suffering dysmenorrhea, dietary preferences during menstruation, and perceptions of types of food as damaging or beneficial for pain. Non-parametric statistical tests were conducted, with a p≤ 0,05 significance. Results: the study included 67 women (90.5%); 61.2% of them suffered dysmenorrhea. Not eating ready-made meals, cakes, soft drinks, and some spices, contributed to not suffering dysmenorrhoea (p Conclusions: diets with low sugar content, and rich in non-saturated fats and certain spices, result in an effective non-pharmacological treatment for dysmenorrhea. Studies are required with larger samples in order to draw conclusions with stronger outcomes.

Menstrual pain or commonly known as dysmenorrhea is muscle cramps felt in the lower abdomen that appear before or during menstruation (menstruation). Menstrual pain is caused by the muscles of the uterine wall contracting, compressing the surrounding blood vessels, as a result, the oxygen supply to the uterus is blocked and triggers pain. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of giving green coconut water in reducing dysmenorrhoea pain in adolescent girls in the Stikes Dormitory of Pasapua Ambon. This study uses a pre-design experimental design with static group comparison: randomized control group only. The results showed that there was an effect of giving green coconut water to dysmenorrhea in adolescent girls in the Stikes Dormitory of Pasapua Ambon with p = 0.000 (p

Cyclic variation of sex hormones occurs throughout the menstrual cycle in reproductive women. This variation causes physiological alteration of cardiovascular activities and ultimately affects Electrocardiogram (ECG) parameters. The aim of this study is to analyze the changes in the atrial ECG in reproductive women during menstruation. Thirty-five healthy women volunteers aged between 20–25 with regular menstrual cycles were enlisted for this study. ECG was recorded during the first phase of menstrual cycle (study group) and other phases of menstrual cycle from 14th to 26th day (control group) using the EDAN SE-1010 PC ECG system. Among all atrial ECG components, the P wave duration (PWD) decreased in the study group. Menstruation caused alteration in the P wave axis, and P wave amplitude in ECG Leads II and aVF. PR Interval, PR segment, and PP Interval did not show significant variation between the groups. Hence, cyclic alteration of sex hormones and electrolytes concentration may cause decreased PWD at the time of menstruation. Therefore, reproductive women have a lower occurrence of Atrial Fibrillation (AF).

Background: Primary dysmenorrhea is a cramping pain in the lower abdomen occurring just before or during menstruation without pelvic pathology. One of the methods used to decrease this condition's severity is exercise. Objective: The aim of this study was to compare the effects of aerobic and isometric exercises on primary dysmenorrhea. Methods: This was a randomized clinical trial that included 105 females aged 18-25 years complaining of primary dysmenorrhea. The participants were divided into three groups equal in number: (1) aerobic exercise (n = 35), (2) isometric exercise (n = 35), and (3) control group (n = 35). The two intervention groups performed exercises three times a week for eight weeks (two menstrual cycles). Participants were assessed using the plasma progesterone levels, visual analogue scale, and modified menstrual symptom questionnaire. Results: The within-group comparisons before and after the training program demonstrated significant differences in the aerobic exercise group regarding the visual analogue scale (p = .001, d = 0.652), plasma progesterone levels (p = .001, d = 0.688), and modified menstrual symptoms questionnaire (p = .001, d = 0.607). Also, there were significant differences in the isometric exercise group regarding the visual analogue scale (p = .001, d = 0.633), plasma progesterone levels (p = .001, d = 0.502), and modified menstrual symptoms questionnaire (p = .001, d = 0.462); however, no significant differences were observed in the control group. In addition, after the end of the exercise program when compared with their corresponding values measured before intervention significant differences were observed regarding these parameters between the aerobic and control group (p = .001) as well as between the isometric and control group (p = .001). On the other hand, after the end of the exercise program no significant differences were observed between the aerobic and isometric groups regarding the visual analogue scale (p = .14) or plasma progesterone level (p = .14); however, a significant difference was observed in the modified menstrual symptoms questionnaire between these two groups (p = .001) with favor to the aerobic exercise group. Conclusions: Both aerobic and isometric exercises are effective in reducing the severity of dysmenorrhea.