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Background and Objectives: The surgical choice treatment of the breast cancer mostly depends on the stage of the disease. In the last years, breast cancer surgery has moved from being destructive to being more respectful of the anatomical and physiological integrity of the gland. The aim of the breast surgery should be finalized to obtain the best aesthetic and functional results, respecting the principles of oncologic radicality. The present study is a retrospective analysis aimed to evaluate the long-term outcomes of a conservative technique like the nipple-sparing mastectomy. Materials and Methods: We observed 894 patients with a median age of 47.5 years old, underwent nipple-sparing mastectomy between 2002&ndash, 2017. The data acquired include population and tumor characteristics, patient reconstructive outcomes, including locoregional, regional, and distant metastases, other variables, among nipple&ndash, areola complex necrosis and infection were collected. Results: The complications detected were considered as &ldquo, early&rdquo, within 1 month later the nipple-sparing mastectomy or &ldquo, late&rdquo, after this time. The overall complications rate (early and late) and the overall survival and the relapses detected by this study were comparable with those reported in the literature. In order to identify factors that correlate with complications, either early or later, it has been processed an evaluation of the univariate analysis showing adjuvant chemotherapy as the only predictive factor for late complications, while we encountered no predictors for early complications. Conclusions: The present study adds to the data already present in literature, demonstrating that the nipple-sparing mastectomy is a safe procedure, providing good oncological and aesthetic results in patients carefully selected.

PURPOSE To assess the best technique and the diagnostic accuracy of Quasistatic Ultrasound Elastography (QUE) in thyroid nodules. Interobserver agreement was also evaluated. MATERIALS AND METHODS A preliminary study of 50 patients with 54 thyroid nodules was performed with quantitative software in order to define the best cut-off value of different imaging methods. All patients underwent total thyroidectomy and histopathology findings served as the standard of reference. Thereafter, 154 nodules in 137 consecutive patients were prospectively evaluated by three operators. Findings at fine-needle aspiration cytology and histopathology (N = 60) served as the standard of reference. RESULTS The most accurate technique was the axial peri-intranodular measurement method which achieved an area under the ROC curve of 0.961 (95 %CI 0.848 - 1.00) and had an optimal cut-off value of 3.00. QUE in the differentiation of thyroid nodules showed for operator 1: sensitivity 90 % (95 %CI 73.5 - 97.9 %), specificity 92.7 % (95 %CI 86.7 - 96.6 %), LR+ 12.40 (6.54 - 23.50), LR- 0.11 (0.04 - 0.32) and accuracy 91.4 % (95 %CI 85.4 - 97.3 %); for operator 2: sensitivity 86.7 % (95 %CI 69.3 - 96.2 %), specificity 87.1 % (95 %CI 79.9 - 92.4 %), LR+ 6.72 (4.16 - 10.80), LR- 0.15 (0.06 - 0.38) and accuracy 86.9 % (95 %CI 80.0 - 93.7 %); for operator 3: sensitivity 80 % (95 %CI 61.4 - 92.3 %), specificity 83.9 % (95 %CI 76.2 - 89.9 %), LR+ 4.96 (3.20 - 7.70), LR- 0.24 (0.12 - 0.49) and accuracy 81.9 % (95 %CI 74.0 - 89.9 %). Interobserver agreement values between operator 1 and operator 2 (k = 0.79) (p

Acute calculous cholecystitis is one of the most common surgical conditions. About one third of all cholecystectomies are performed for this disease. Nevertheless, many aspects about its management are controversial. The literature about acute calculous cholecystitis clarifies that laparoscopic surgery is the gold standard treatment for this disease. In particular, early laparoscopic cholecystectomy appears to be more advantageous than delayed surgery, and surgery should be performed as soon as possible. However, a few particular conditions deserve separate considerations. In fact, the management of the disease should consider its severity and the general status of the patient; but we do not have reliable instruments to stratify the surgical risk and choose an appropriate treatment for each situation. A delayed approach, often preceded by gallbladder drainage (cholecystostomy), has been advocated for severe (empyema, gangrenous or perforated) cholecystitis. Yet, many studies suggest that early cholecystectomy is still the best possible treatment for it, and cholecystostomy cannot be considered a standard procedure. Old age is a relevant risk factor and the best treatment for elderly and frail patients is not defined. The endoscopic gallbladder drainage procedures appear to be promising in poor surgical candidates but they are not widely available, and more studies are needed.

Background Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (SG) has gained great popularity as a stand-alone bariatric procedure because short- and mid-term outcomes in terms of weight loss and resolution of co-morbidities have been very positive. However, long-term results from large series still are sparse. Objectives To evaluate the long-term clinical outcomes of SG in a large series of patients undergoing SG as a stand-alone procedure. Setting University hospital in Italy. Methods A retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data from 182 patients undergoing SG between 2006 and 2008 in the authors' institution. Long-term outcomes at 6 and 7 years were analyzed in terms of weight loss and co-morbidities resolution. Results Mean initial body mass index (BMI) was 45.9±7.3 kg/m 2 . Major postoperative complications occurred in 8 patients (5.4%): 4 leaks, 2 bleeding, 1 abdominal collection, and 1 dysphagia. All complications were managed conservatively. One hundred forty-eight patients (81.4%) completed the 72-month (6-year) follow-up. Thirty-seven patients (25%) reached a follow-up of 84 months. At year 6 follow-up the mean BMI and the mean percentage of excess weight loss (%EWL) were 30.2 kg/m 2 and 67.3%, respectively. Mean total body weight loss was 44.9 kg, while a %EWL >50 was registered in 123 patients (83.1%). Preoperative BMI did not significantly influence postoperative %EWL. Remission of type 2 diabetes mellitus, arterial hypertension, obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, and gastroesophageal reflux disease symptoms occurred in 83.8%, 59.7%, 75.6%, and 64.7% of patients, respectively. Conclusion %EWL and resolution of co-morbidities appear to be sustained 6 and 7 years after SG. Preoperative BMI is not predictive for weight loss outcomes.

Since the great diffusion of laparoscopic treatment of obesity, there is a growing interest concerning the learning process for those surgeons who undertake the bariatric activity. However, papers analyzing the learning curve (LC) for sleeve gastrectomy (SG) are still scarce. This study aims to investigate whether the LC for SG of a novice bariatric surgeon might be positively influenced by the training in a high-volume bariatric center (HVBC). Between October 2010 and January 2014, 128 patients underwent SG by the same young surgeon who previously attended a 2-year training in a HVBC. His LC has been divided into three consecutive periods: in the first period (1st–47th SGs) he operated in the HVBC, while in the second (48th–88th SGs) and third period (89th–128th SGs) he moved to a novel department where surgical and ancillary staff were initially not confident with bariatric procedures but progressively owned the proper experience. Preoperative characteristics, operative data, complications and postoperative results of the three periods were compared. Mean follow-up was 1 year. Preoperative patients’ characteristics were homogeneous. No significant differences have been registered among the three periods concerning operative data, mortality, intra- and post-operative complications, weight loss outcomes and comorbidities’ resolution. Post-operative follow-up rates at 6 and 12 months were 98.4 and 92.1 %, respectively. Long-lasting fellowship in a HVBC might allow the novel bariatric surgeon to safely and proficiently overcome the LC for SG, even in a new established bariatric setting.

Wanting to find a way of identifying patients suitable for early discharge after thyroidectomy, we set out to establish whether ionized calcium concentration is a better predictor of post-surgical hypocalcemia than total serum calcium. Data were analyzed to establish whether serum ionized calcium concentrations are correlated with total serum calcium levels and symptomatic hypocalcemia after thyroidectomy. Sixty-two patients undergoing total thyroidectomy at the Department of Surgical Sciences of the "Sapienza" University of Rome, Italy, in 2010. Ionized calcium was measured before (day 0) and after surgery (days 1, 2 and 60) in all the patients. These measurements were compared with preoperative (day 0) and postoperative total serum calcium levels (days 1, 2 and 60). The preoperative ionized calcium levels differed from the ionized calcium levels recorded on days 1 and 2; this pattern was not observed for the total calcium concentrations. Conversely, total calcium on days I and II correlated significantly with the various ionized calcium measurements. The presence of parathyroid glands in the surgical specimen did not seem to affect suitability for discharge. The statistical analysis showed that ionized calcium measurements are more reliable than total calcium measurements in the immediate and long-term follow-up of total thyroidectomy patients. Applying a 95% confidence interval we established reference values for both total serum calcium and ionized calcium, below which all patients develop postoperative symptomatic hypocalcemia. In conclusion, measurement of ionized calcium, as opposed to total calcium, should be strongly recommended in the immediate and longterm follow-up of total thyroidectomy patients.

Anatomy of the thyroid has been extensively studied but the presence of pyramidal lobe varies in percentages from 15% to 75% of cases according to different authors. We therefore investigated systematically this peculiar anatomical aspect. From January 2001 to December 2011, 1002 patients underwent total thyroidectomy in our Division of General Surgery. We analyzed the data collected on the latest 200 thyroidectomies: for all patients pyramidal lobe was measured at removal of the specimen then dimension of the pyramidal lobe after fixation was checked. We found the pyramidal lobe in all cases. In most cases, it was approximately 2 cm (range 1 - 8 cm on fresh specimen). At histology it was described in 72% of cases, after fixation size decreased by a third approximatively. This is the first systematic intraoperative study to verify the prevalence of the thyroid pyramidal lobe. In our experience, the pyramidal lobe is always present and the thyroglossal duct is identifiable.

Cardiac echinococcus is a rare affliction of the heart caused by the tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus. Primary echinococcosis of the heart represents 0.5–2% of all hydatid disease cases in endemic regions. It evolves slowly, explaining its rarity in children. We report the case of a 11-year-old child affected by a giant cardiac cyst of the left ventricle (LV). The patient underwent cardiac surgery and medical treatment. A retrospective review of the current literature was realized. We found 18 cases: the mean age was 11-years old. Nine cysts were localized in the LV, four in the interventricular septum, three in the right ventricle, and two in the right atrium. All underwent surgery except six patients. Routine echocardiographic screening may be useful in endemic regions where infestation is common. Cardiac echinococcus should be diagnosed in the early and uncomplicated stages and be removed surgically even in asymptomatic patients. © 2014 Libertas Academica Ltd.

Introduction Lungs and liver are the most common sites of colorectal cancer metastases after regional lymph nodes, but metastases to unusual sites are reported. Heterotopic bone formation in soft tissues from colorectal cancer is a rare metastatic occurrence. Case presentation We present the case of a 29-year-old Caucasian man affected by colon adenocarcinoma with multiple soft tissue metastases visualized by magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography scan and scintigraphic bone scan. We suppose that these findings can be due to the fact that the tracer is concentrated in the ossification nidus of soft metastases. Conclusions Our experience suggests that, in the presence of colon adenocarcinoma, a bone scan could be a sensible tool to highlight bone lesions or heterotopic bone nidus in soft tissues and that any subcutaneous lesion should be resected to avoid underestimating a potential malignancy.

Background Video-games have become an integral part of the new multimedia culture. Several studies assessed video-gaming enhancement of spatial attention and eye-hand coordination. Considering the technical difficulty of laparoscopic procedures, legal issues and time limitations, the validation of appropriate training even outside of the operating rooms is ongoing. We investigated the influence of a four-week structured Nintendo® Wii™ training on laparoscopic skills by analyzing performance metrics with a validated simulator (Lap Mentor™, Simbionix™). Methodology/Principal Findings We performed a prospective randomized study on 42 post-graduate I–II year residents in General, Vascular and Endoscopic Surgery. All participants were tested on a validated laparoscopic simulator and then randomized to group 1 (Controls, no training with the Nintendo® Wii™), and group 2 (training with the Nintendo® Wii™) with 21 subjects in each group, according to a computer-generated list. After four weeks, all residents underwent a testing session on the laparoscopic simulator of the same tasks as in the first session. All 42 subjects in both groups improved significantly from session 1 to session 2. Compared to controls, the Wii group showed a significant improvement in performance (p

Fibroblast growth factor receptor-2 (FGFR-2) plays an important role in tumorigenesis. In thyroid cancer it has been observed a FGFR-2 down-modulation, but the role of this receptor has not been yet clarified. Therefore, we decided to examine the expression of both FGFR-2 isoform, FGFR-2-IIIb and FGFR-2-IIIc, in different histological thyroid variants such as hyperplasia, follicular adenoma and papillary carcinoma. Immunohistochemistry and quantitative Real-Time PCR analyses were performed on samples of hyperplasia, follicular adenoma and papillary carcinoma, compared with normal thyroid tissue. Thyroid hyperplasia did not show statistically significant reduction in FGFR-2 protein and mRNA levels. Interestingly, in both follicular adenoma and papillary carcinoma samples we observed a strongly reduced expression of both FGFR-2 isoforms. We speculate that FGFR-2 down-modulation might be an early event in thyroid carcinogenesis. Furthermore, we suggest the potential use of FGFR-2 as an early marker for thyroid cancer diagnosis.

Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome is an inflammatory disease ofthe liver capsule that occurs as a complication of pelvicinflammatory disease in approximately 25% of cases. Themost common etiological agents are Chlamydia trachomatisand Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Classically, it manifests as acuteright upper quadrant pain, which can sometimes beconfused with pyelonephritis or a primitive condition ofhepatobiliary origin or the digestive tract. A correctdiagnosis is often difficult. Ultrasonography and computedtomography (CT) may be helpful in the differentialdiagnosis of other forms of peritonitis localized in the rightabdominal quadrants, and serology, urine cultures andcervical swabs are generally used to isolate the responsibleorganism. The differential diagnosis could include Chilaiditisyndrome (interposition of a colonic segment between theliver and diaphragm with occlusion) or exudative peritoni-tis from salpingitis. We describe the clinical case of a 24-year-old Caucasian woman who presented with acute rightupper quadrant pain, positive Murphy’s sign, neutrophilicleukocytosis, and fever.

The term “relapse carcinoma” is used improperly to indicate either a local or loco-regional relapse or a systematic metastatsis [1]. Local relapse (LR) after thyroidectomy for cancer is “the repetition of the neoplastic lesion in proximity of the previous intervention of excision” [2]. According to Duren [3] relapses of thyroidal carcinoma need to be classified as: local (LR): that may present itself in the residual thyroid lobe or in the thyroid bed where surgery was performed; loco-regional (RLR): that may present in the cervical lymph nodes of the central compartment or lateral-cervical nodes; and metastasis in distance (MD). The MD are frequently synchronous with LR or RLR; they have haematogenous genesis and concern most frequently the lungs and skeleton. There is controversy over how to catergorize the relapse in the thyroidal bed with infiltrations of neighbouring organs (periodontal structures muscles, thyroidal cartilage, cricoid, laryngeal nerves, etc. and the neighbouring organs oesophagus, trachea, larynx). As per the classification proposed by Duren [3] these should be considered as LR, whereas according to Mozzillo and Pezzullo [1] they are categorised as RLR. The RLR at the level of the cervical lymphnodal stations represents an ulterior problem: are these true relapses, residual cancer, or recurrence in progression? Caraco [4], in his report to the ninety-fourth Congress of the Italian Society of Surgery, specified that local recurrences are only those recurrences that are characterized by the appearance of neoplastic tissue in the thyroidal lodge, in the residual parenchyma, and in the adjacent structures, excluding the lymph nodes [5,6]. In nearly 53% of cases the relapse is reported in RLR, in 28% in LR, and in 13% the MD is present of these 6% of cases have mixed relapses [7]; the prognosis of LR is however, better than that of the others [8]. The differentiated tumors of the thyroid are slow growing and due to this rarely reach notable dimensions or result in metastasis in lymph and/or haematic systems [2]. Only 10% of patients die from differentiated thyroid cancer [9]. Most of the local relapses occur within the first five years of the excision of the primary cancer [5,6,10-12], however, the recurrence can occur as late as 20 years after the initial diagnosis and treatment [13]. An accurate evaluation of incidence of LR is possible solely with a considerable number of treated patients and lengthy follow-up that is not available at most centres and hence this kind of information can be obtained from the date from centres that have high volume of thyroid carcinoma and good follow-up like Mayo Clinic or Lahey Clinic [5,6,13] or through observational studies at several other medical centres [14]. Currently relapses represent a rare event in patients who undergo removal of thyroidal carcinoma (3-13%) [5,6,10-12,15-17]. This is due to the ever increasing frequency of total thyroidectomy for management of cancer [18]. The complete excision of the thyroidal parenchyma prevents local recurrence. Giovanni Razzaboni in “Treatise on Prognostic Surgery” (1938) stated that “The most rational operating method, so long as not free from grave consequences of another kind, remains the total extra-capsular thyroidectomy, so as is used, when possible, for the surgical removal of whatever other tumour” [19]. he further emphasized in his work published after his death in 1956 entitled “Treatise on Clinical Therapeutic Surgery” that “Only an removal of this capacity justifies, in the face of a proven malignant tumour, surgical intervention, any other incomplete or partial demolition does nothing but accelerate the ready reoccurrences, even in a very short time” [20]. * Correspondence: cirocchiroberto@yahoo.it General and Emergency Surgical Unit. Department of Surgical Sciences, Radiology and Dentistry. University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy Full list of author information is available at the end of the article Cirocchi et al. World Journal of Surgical Oncology 2011, 9:89 http://www.wjso.com/content/9/1/89 WORLD JOURNAL OF SURGICAL ONCOLOGY

Background We conducted a systematic review to evaluate the role of Ultrasonic dissector (UAS) versus conventional clamp and tie in thyroidectomy. Materials and methods We searched for all published RCT in into electronic databases. To be included in the analysis, the studies had to compare thyroidectomy with UAS versus conventional vessel ligation and tight (conventional technique = CT). The following outcomes were used to compare the total thyroidectomy group with UAS versus CT group: operative duration, operative blood loss, overall drainage volume during the first 24 hours, transiet laryngeal nerve palsy, permanent laryngeal nerve palsy, transiet hypocalcaemia and permanent hypocalcaemia. Results There are currently 7 RCT on this issue to compare thyroidectomy with UAS versus CT. From the analysis of these studies it was possible to confront 608 cases: 303 undergoing to thyroidectomy with UAS versus 305 that were treated with CT. Actually, it was shown a relevant advantage of cost-effectiveness in patients treated with UAS; there is a statistically significant reduction of the operative duration (weighted mean difference [WMD], -18.74 minutes; 95% confidence interval [CI], (-26.97 to -10.52 minutes) (P = 0.00001), intraoperative blood loss (WMD, -60.10 mL; 95% CI, -117.04 to 3.16 mL) (P = 0.04) and overall drainage volume (WMD, -35.30 mL; 95% CI, -49.24 to 21.36 mL) (P = 0.00001) in the patients underwent thyroidectomy with UAS. Although the analysis showed that the patients who were treated with USA presented more favourable results in incidence of post-operative complications (transient laryngeal nerve palsy: P = 0.11; permanent laryngeal nerve palsy: not estimable; transient hypocalcaemia: P = 0.24; permanent hypocalcaemia: P = 0.45), these data didn't present statistical relevance. Conclusion This meta-analysis shown a relevant advantage only in terms of cost-effectiveness in patients treated with UAS; it is subsequent to statistically significant reduction of operation duration, intraoperative blood loss and of overall drainage volume during the first 24 hours. Although the analysis showed that the patients who were treated with UAS presented more favourable results in incidence of post-operative complications (transiet laryngeal nerve palsy; transiet hypocalcaemia and permanent hypocalcaemia), these data didn't present statistical relevance.

Background Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) is an important cause of morbidity and is the first cause of maternal death after delivery in Western Nations. The risk of venous thromboembolism is present throughout the pregnancy and is maximal during postpartum, especially after twin delivery. Many of the signs and symptoms of DVT overlap those of a normal pregnancy causing difficulty for diagnosis. Case report We report the case of a 33 year-old woman transferred to our Department one week after caesarean section for twin delivery. She presented with severe abdominal pain, fever, abdominal distension and shortness of breath. She had no personal or family history of thromboembolism. Computerized Tomography Scan revealed right ovarian vein thrombosis, left renal vein thrombosis extending up to the Inferior Vena Cava and pulmonary embolism with bilateral pleural effusion. Caval filter was positioned and anticoagulation therapy associated with antibiotics was instituted. Pancreatitis showed up two days after and was promptly treated. Three months after discharge the caval filter was removed and oral anticoagulation was stopped. During a 12-months follow-up, she remained stable and symptom free. Results Ovarian vein thrombosis is rare but recognition of signs and symptoms is fundamental to start adequate therapy and avoid potential serious sequelae. The risk for maternal postpartum ovarian vein thrombosis is increased by caesarean section delivery of twins. Such patients should be closely monitored. We illustrated how an underestimated condition can lead to massive complications.

Background The rising interest towards minimally invasive surgery has led to the introduction of laparo-endoscopic single site (LESS) surgery as the natural evolution of conventional multiport laparoscopy. However, this new surgical approach is hampered with peculiar technical difficulties. The SPIDER surgical system has been developed in the attempt to overcome some of these challenges. Our study aimed to compare standard laparoscopy and SPIDER technical performance on a surgical simulator, using standardized tasks from the Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery (FLS). Methods Twenty participants were divided into two groups based on their surgical laparoscopic experience: 10 PGY1 residents were included in the inexperienced group and 10 laparoscopists in the experienced group. Participants performed the FLS pegboard transfers task and pattern cutting task on a laparoscopic box trainer. Objective task scores and subjective questionnaire rating scales were used to compare conventional laparoscopy and SPIDER surgical system. Results Both groups performed significantly better in the FLS scores on the standard laparoscopic simulator compared to the SPIDER. Inexperienced group: Task 1 scores (median 252.5 vs. 228.5; p = 0.007); Task 2 scores (median 270.5 vs. 219.0; p = 0.005). Experienced group: Task 1 scores (median 411.5 vs. 309.5; p = 0.005); Task 2 scores (median 418.0 vs. 331.5; p = 0.007). Same aspects were highlighted for the subjective evaluations, except for the inexperienced surgeons who found both devices equivalent in terms of ease of use only in the peg transfer task. Conclusions Even though the SPIDER is an innovative and promising device, our study proved that it is more challenging than conventional laparoscopy in a population with different degrees of surgical experience. We presume that a possible way to overcome such challenges could be the development of tailored training programs through simulation methods. This may represent an effective way to deliver training, achieve mastery and skills and prepare surgeons for their future clinical experience.

BackgroundsThe suspicion of a hyperparatiroidism is mostly guidedby the finding of an increase in serum calcium levels byroutine measurements. Primary hyperparathyroidism is acommon disease occurring in 0.2 to 0.5% of the popula-tion. The incidence in the United States is approxi-mately 100000 new cases per year and increases withage affecting up to 2% of elderly people [1].Materials and methodsFrom January 1995 to December 2009, 172 patientsunderwent operations for Hyperparathyroidism, 130 ofthese were Primary Hyperparathyroidism at our Depart-ment of General Surgery. Patients were divided into twogroups: patients of≤ 69 years old (Group A) andpatients of ≥ 70 years old (Group B). The following vari-ables were studied: demographic characteristics, co-mor-bidities, preoperative symptoms, laboratory values,operative procedures, postoperative complications andanatomo -pathological findings.ResultsGroup A: 110 patients operated 25 were male, 85 werefemale with a M:F ratio of 0.3:1. Mean age at admissionwas52.4(SD±12.9).Wereportedamorbidityrateof5.4% (6 patients) and a mortality rate of 0%. Group B:20 patients operated 6 were male, 16 were female with aM:F ratio of 0.25:1. Mean age at admission was 74.2 (SD±3.7). We reported a morbidity rate of 5% (1 patient)and mortality rate 0%.ConclusionsElderly patients with Hyperparathyroidism present avariety of symptoms that are often different from thoseseen in younger patients. They are more likely to mani-fest fatigue and psychiatric symptoms that are difficultto distinguish from those due to their age, therefore inthe majority of cases the suspicion of hyperparathyroid-ism is guided by the finding of an increase in serum cal-cium levels on a routine measurement. If serum calciumlevel is high or if hypercalcaemia is discovered, measure-ment of PTH confirms the diagnosis [2,3]. Cervicotomyand parathyroidectomy is still to be considered as thetreatment of choice in elderly patients with primaryhyperparathyroidism.