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Ossicular discontinuity is one of the most common causes of conductive hearing loss. Ossicular chain reconstruction improves conductive hearing loss. With no additional cost, cartilage ossiculoplasty is easy to perform, and also the cartilage is well tolerated being an autograft. In this study we compared the audiological outcome in ossiculoplasty done by cartilage umbrella, cartilage boomerang and alloplastic TORP. 75 patients of age group 10–50 years clinically diagnosed with chronic otitis media with conductive hearing loss and an air bone gap (ABG) of at least 20 dB posted for surgery were included. Ossiculoplasty was done in three groups with autologous cartilage boomerang, cartilage umbrella and alloplastic TORP. In mucosal disease hearing gain was better in umbrella technique (17.66 ± 1.1) dB than Boomerang (16.9 ± 0.8) dB and TORP (10.68 ± 0.9) dB. ABG closure was higher in Boomerang and TORP. Hearing improvement in patients with squamosal disease managed by canal wall up surgery was 25.01 ± 1.1 dB, 27.73 ± 3.1 dB and 20.12 ± 1.8 dB in Boomerang, Umbrella and TORP group respectively showing that umbrella method gave maximum improvement. ABG closure was better in TORP group. In canal wall down surgery patient’s maximum improvement was seen in Boomerang (29.51 ± 0.9) dB followed by Umbrella (26.67 ± 1.2) dB and TORP (25.27 ± 0.8) dB group. ABG closure was higher in Boomerang group. Cartilage ossiculoplasty is a reliable and effective method of ossicular chain reconstruction for both mucosal and squamosal disease. Cartilage ossiculoplasty has the added advantage of reduced chances of prosthesis extrusion as compared to TORP.

In the survey paper we defined all the topics related to the Internet of Things. All the components related to the internet of things in Details. You will get detailed knowledge about the Internet of things ecosystem, Internet of things Elements, Internet of things Architecture. Also, we will cover all the internet of things protocols and brief about protocols. In this we will provide the details of attack based on Protocols and at the end we justify why RPL is useful over 6Low-PAN in the internet on things network layer.

Epistaxis is one of the most common emergencies. Topical agents such as silver nitrate, is known to be a strong oxidizing agent and have been widely used, especially in recurrent and refractory cases. The extent of depth of coagulative necrosis is dependent on time of exposure and concentration. 2 mm wide bar of nasal septum from 30 patients was taken and AgNO3 was applied for 10, 20, 40 s. H&E staining was then performed to see depth of penetration and intensity of stain deposits. It was observed that with increase time of application, depth of penetration and density of deposits were increased for both 75% and 100% concentration of solution. Distribution in depth of penetration was significant when 75% concentration was applied for more than 20 s. But when 100% concentration was used, similar findings were found even after 10 s in young age group. Our study shows that when silver nitrate is used for chemical cauterization in different concentrations and for different times, their penetration is different. Moreover, the depth of penetration depends more on the time of contact than concentration of silver nitrate. We would recommend using 75% solution for use with a contact time not more than 20 s in adults and 10 s in children.

In this chapter, a nine-level multilevel topology based on the switched capacitor technique which is capable of boosting the output voltage to twice the input voltage is presented for distributed solar PV system. There is no need for an external balancing circuit as the topology has the characteristic of inherently balance the capacitors. There is lower voltage stress at the switches incorporated and which makes it more cost-effective. Also, in this chapter, the integration of two PV modules with the grid is done and the simulation results validating the boosting capability and the low total harmonic distortion at the output side are presented.

Commercial automation has led to profuse research and development on highly sensitive instruments which require quality power for their operation. The development of power electronic technology makes it possible to realize many kinds of power conditioning units (PCU) to obtain high quality electric energy and enhance the control over power system. Nowadays, axial-based PM (AFPM) alternators are being used, which generates a raw output depends on its speed of operation. To condition this raw output from AFPM DG set, power conditioner unit is required which takes a raw output and gives conditioned quality power output. In this paper, analysis and simulation of power conditioning system is done. This power conditioning system has active power factor correction (APFC) IGBT-based front-end converter, which generates a required DC bus and also controls the input power factor. This DC is further inverted via IGBT-based SPWM inverter module which generates constant voltage and frequency output for load system. Six-pulse converter SPWM technique is to be used for inverting purpose. L-C filter is used for filtering any further appearing distortions and to reduce the effects of the harmonics present.

Background: Several studies, as well as licensing bodies, have found that poor communication skill is the most frequent underlying cause of complaints against physicians and malpractice allegations. Objectives: The objectives of the study were to know the perception of the interns as well as the faculty about the communication Skills Training Programme. Methodology: The workshop was conducted to train the interns in communication skills. To know the effect of sensitization program; feedback, of the students and the faculty members as the assessors, was taken after the completion of the posting. Results: Most of the students and faculty agreed on the feasibility of the workshop and appreciated its contribution in medical education. In spite of the known challenges, it was found to be a great approach to ensure it as a part of the curriculum. Conclusions: The perception of the interns as well as the faculty was found to be favorable in all aspects of the introduction of communication Skills Training Programme.

Chronic otitis media is one of the commonest illnesses in otorhinolaryngological practice which requires medical attention. Intact tympanic membrane acts as a shield for round window niche to create a phase difference in sound wave conduction. 700 patients of age 10–70 years with inactive mucosal chronic otitis media were included in the study. Condition of tympanic membrane and site of tympanic membrane perforation was noted and audiometric analysis was performed. 338 (48.28%) were males and 362 (51.71%) were females. In 1400 membranes examined, 769 (54.85%) presented with perforation. 631 (82.03%) had unilateral perforation and 69 (17.97%) had bilateral perforations. In unilateral cases, 289 (37.50%) had right ear perforation and 342 (44.53%) left ear perforation. Single quadrant perforations were present in 168 (21.74%) membranes and 419 (54.55%) involved two quadrants. Three quadrant perforations were seen in 62 (8.09%) and 120 (15.63%) perforations involved all four quadrants. In 171 (22.26%) ears, perforation was present anterior to handle of malleus and in 243 (31.53%) it was present only posterior to handle. In 355 (46.21%) perforations, handle of malleus was involved. Perforations involving posterior half of tympanic membranes showed greater loss than those involving anterior or inferior half of membrane statistically. Maximum loss (51.56 ± 5.1 dB) was seen in perforation involving all four quadrants. In 631 unilateral cases, conductive loss was seen in 424 (67.10%), 101 (16.10%) showed sensorineural and 74 (11.80%) showed mixed loss. Out of 769 perforated ears having hearing loss, 251 (37.69%) had complaints for 5–10 years with mean loss of 51.15 ± 7.8 dB, 172 (25.68%) had COM for 1–5 years with loss of 39.26 ± 5.1 dB. A mean hearing loss of 52.18 ± 4.2 dB was seen in 110 (16.52%) patients suffering from COM for more than 10 years. 134 (20.12%) patients having disease less than 1 year reported hearing loss of 36.46 ± 8.2 dB. The effects of perforation of tympanic membranes on transmission of sound and its dynamics are not easy to correlate because of additional pathological changes in middle ear.

First-principles based density functional theory (DFT) calculations with the HSE functional are performed to predict a new two dimensional (2D) hexagonal GaOOH (h-GaOOH). Thermodynamical and dynamical stabilities are confirmed by calculating the formation energy and phonon dispersion curves respectively. Absence of imaginary phonon modes throughout the Brillouin zone depicts the dynamical stability of 2D h-GaOOH. The electronic band structure shows an indirect band gap of 4.4 eV. The dielectric constants and absorption coefficients show the optical transparency in the visible and near UV region, which makes this material a promising candidate for UV transparent conductors and solar-blind photo-detectors.

Background: Stress is a state of an individual that results from the interaction of the individual with the environment which is perceived as threatening or threat to the well-being. Medical students are expected to learn and master a huge amount of knowledge, attitudes and skills for which they have to work hard which in turn put them under a lot of stress. The present study was conducted with the objectives to assess and quantify the perceived stress, stressors and their severity and to assess the stressors associated with stress. Methods: The present cross sectional study was under taken at Rohilkhand Medical College and Hospital, Bareilly, India. The study was conducted during October - November 2014. All students pursuing under-graduation in Allopathy Medicine (MBBS) were invited to participate in this study. Perceived stress was measured using the perceived stress scale (PSS-10). The students were asked to indicate if any of the 29 stressors had been affecting them. Binary logistic regression analysis was carried out to access the stressors significantly influencing the stress. Results: 48.0% of the students were found to be stressed. Most frequently occurring academic sources of stress, psychosocial, and health related stressors reported by students as often/always were performance in examination (40.3%), lack of entertainment in the institution (48.5%) and quality of food in mess (50.7%). Feeling of adoption of wrong carrier field, frequency of examination and lack of time for recreation, lack of entertainment in the institution and sleep disorder were found to be significantly associated with stress. Conclusions: Medical education renders significant amount of stress to the students. There is need for measures to reduce such stress and future research.

Background: Malnutrition is one of the most important health problems throughout the world, particularly in developing countries, and has undesirable effects on the mental and physical health of children. Objectives: The objectives of this study were to find out the prevalence of malnutrition in children under 5 years of age (under-five children) and epidemiological determinants associated with it. Materials and Methods: This community-based cross-sectional study was conducted on under-five children in Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India belonging to the field practice area of the Rural Health and Training Centre of the Department of Community Medicine of Rohilkhand Medical College and Hospital, Bareilly, applying multistage simple random sampling methodology. Data were collected through measuring weight and height, structural schedules, anthropometric nutritional indicators, and face-to-face interviews with mothers. Malnutrition was measured on the basis of the indices underweight, wasting, and stunting. The obtained data were entered and analyzed using SPSS. Multiple logistic regression analysis was applied as the test of significance. Results: The prevalence of underweight, wasting, and stunting was 33.11%, 46.88%, and 10.44%, respectively. The total prevalence of malnutrition was 57.11%. Malnutrition was found to be significantly associated with age (0-12 months and 25-36 months), sex, socioeconomic status, and maternal education. Conclusion: Malnutrition was found to be more in children aged less than 1 year and in those aged 2-3 years. It was more common in female children, in children of low socioeconomic status, in children from nuclear families, and among those whose mothers were illiterate.

Introduction In conditions like recurrent perforations, atelectatic tympanic membrane and poor eustachian tube function, temporalis fascia graft fails to give the desired result. In such cases cartilage is used for tympanoplasty. It was demonstrated that if the thickness of cartilage is reduced to around 0.5 mm, the sound conduction is comparable to that of normal tympanic membrane with excellent mechanical stability. Aim To intra-operatively measure the mean thickness of tragal and conchal cartilage and compare it for age and sex variations. Material & methods A total of 114 tragal and conchal cartilage samples of 86 patients were included in the study. Thickness of cartilages was measured intra-operatively after removing the perichondrium from both sides. Results Out of 58 tragal cartilages, 32 were from males and 26 from females. Mean thickness was 1.18 ± 0.11 mm among males and 1.12 ± 0.14 mm among females. Out of 56 conchal cartilage taken, 29 were from males and 27 females. Mean thickness among males were 1.38 ± 0.13 mm and 1.35 ± 0.08 mm in females. In 28 patients both tragal and conchal cartilage was taken. Mean thickness of both tragal (1.22 mm) and conchal cartilage (1.36 mm) increased with increase in age. Among 16 males in whom both cartilages were taken, mean thickness of tragal cartilage was 1.25 ± 0.11 mm and conchal cartilage was 1.41 ± 0.12 mm. Similarly among 12 females where both cartilages were taken, mean thickness of tragal cartilage was 1.20 ± 0.13 mm and conchal cartilage was 1.35 ± 0.07 mm. Conclusion Sliced cartilage tympanoplasty is a relatively better technique. When using cartilage splitter to get sliced cartilage, ideally thickness of every graft should be known. As it is difficult to measure the exact thickness in every case, so knowing the mean for age and sex for cartilage thickness is important to have an idea of which plates to use for a successful outcome of slicing. We concluded that thickness of tragal cartilage is significantly less than the thickness of conchal cartilage. Also there is significant age related difference between mean thickness of cartilages, both for tragal and conchal cartilage. Surprisingly the difference between thickness in male and female is not statistically different.

Aim: To study the pattern of mortality as affected by age, season and various diseases in local goats of Rohilkhand region maintained at the Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly. Materials and Methods: Post-mortem records of 12 years (2000-01 to 2011-12) were used, and total 243 mortality data were collected and analyzed. The causes of mortality were classified into seven major classes viz. digestive disorders, respiratory disorders, cardiovascular disorders, musculoskeletal disorder, parasitic disorders, mixed disorders (combination of digestive, respiratory, parasitic, and cardiovascular disorders) and miscellaneous disorders (cold, hypoglycemia, emaciation, endometritis, traumatic injury, etc.). Results: The average mortality was 10.93%. The overall mortality was more during rainy season followed by winter and summer season. The mortality in 4-6 months of age was high (2.52%) followed by 0-1 month (2.34%) and 2-3 months (1.35%). The average mortality among adult age groups (>12 months) was 3.42%. The mortality showed declining trend with the advancement of age up to 3 months and then again increased in 4-6 months age group. The digestive diseases (3.51%) followed by respiratory diseases (1.89%) and parasitic diseases (1.48%) contributed major share to the total mortality occurred and the remaining disorders were of lesser significance in causing death in goats. There is significant (p

Background: The magnitude of incidence of femoral shaft fracture is approximately 15-20 fractures per 1,00,000 person years. Most commonly intramedullary nailing is preferred for adult femoral shaft fracture. The objective of this study was to assess the intra-medullary femoral nail length in adults by various methods in fracture shaft of femur and to access correlation between these lengths. Methods: Study was conducted on 100 adult healthy volunteers including 41 males and 59 females attending the orthopaedic O.P.D of a tertiary medical college in North India. The length from tip of olecranon to the tip of little finger and the length from tip of the greater trochanter to the upper pole of patella of the same side were measured using a measuring tape on a couch. Results: Analysis showed that the mean length from tip of olecranon to the tip of little finger and the length from tip of the greater trochanter to the upper pole of patella of the same side were 42.175 (SD, 2.0641) and 42.093 (SD, 2.0846) respectively. The mean difference between these two measurements was 0.083 (95% CI, 0.020 to 0.145). The significant correlation was found between these 2 lengths i.e. 0.987 by Pearson co-relation (95% CI, 0.977 to 0.994) (p

This paper proposes a pole climbing robot that has an ability to climb pipes. The novelty of this design is that it uses no motors to climb on the pole. Till now many robots have been fabricated with the ability to climb pipes but most of them solely depend on DC motors. The use of DC motor induces the risk of loosening the grip of the robot in case of power failure that may lead to disastrous situations if robot is working on high altitudes. This could be easily avoidable by the use of electro-pneumatics and by using self-locking circuits. We used two pairs of pneumatic cylinders as linear actuators for gripping the pole i.e. one pair for one claw. Besides this two more cylinders are used for climbing purpose. Unlike other mechanisms, installation is extremely easy. It is like controlling a radio controlled car. This mechanism can be easily modified for different payload capacities by simply using the appropriate diameter of the pneumatic cylinders. The robot can be controlled in tele-operated mode as well as autonomous mode which is a closed loop system. It has a high accuracy with 4mm error per cycle that has a cycle time period of 5 seconds. This robot can be very useful in oil industries for inspection of pipes and power poles in electric industries. It can serve of great help in cases of emergency situation caused during fire accidents.

Background: Tuberculosis (TB) is a major public health concern worldwide. It has been seen that TB control efforts worldwide are although impressive, but not sufficient. Information, Education, and Communication (IEC) are an integral and important strategy of the program to create awareness among general public. Objective: The study was conducted to assess the impact of sensitization workshop regarding tuberculosis among graduate students of rural area of Bareilly district.Material & Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from March 2017 to July 2017 by interviewing 146 students in a college in rural area of Bareilly district, U.P after multistage sampling. A pre-designed and pre-tested questionnaire was used to collect the pre-workshop and post-workshop data. The data obtained was compiled and statistical analysis was done using SPSS version 23.Results: A paired-samples t-test was conducted to analyse the impact of sensitization workshop among the students. The mean scores for knowledge regarding TB symptoms pre-workshop was 3.20 ± 1.90 and post-workshop was 5.68 ± 1.58.Conclusion: Knowledge about various aspects of TB was significantly improved after students attended a training workshop. Efforts should be geared towards education in terms of training and retraining regarding TB, as it is known that IEC activities can create awareness among students, thus eradicating the stigma and fear associated with it.

Chemical communication plays an important role in mammalian behaviour and reproductive processes. Pheromones is one means of transmiting such information. Pheromones are air-borne chemical substances (“signals”) released in the urine or feces of animals or secreted from cutaneous glands that are perceived by the olfactory system and that elicit both behavioural and endocrine responses in conspecifics. In mammals, signalling and priming pheromones are thought to act either singly or in combination through olfaction, auditory, visual (sight) or tactile stimuli. Extensive studies in livestock have established the importance of pheromones in influencing the reproductive performance both in males and females. Pheromones and other allelomimetic cues can exert profound effects on reproductive activity via the hypothalamic system that generates pulses of gonadotropin-releasing hormone. Manipulations of these factors and other pathways linking environmental inputs to reproductive output can lead to developing the concept of “control systems technologies”, aimed at controlling reproductive performance. The knowledge acquired on the effectiveness of biostimulation; the factor which conditions it and the biological mechanism which produces it in livestock species, allows its use as a breeding management tool. The understanding of the role of pheromones could be of potential economic importance in addressing some of the problems associated with livestock production in the tropics. The biostimulation technique offers a potentially useful and practical way to improve reproductive efficiency in livestock species in the tropics. The exact nature of the cues and the role of biostimulation in livestock species especially swine, sheep, goats and cattle in developing countries require more attention.

Background: Cervical cancer is the most common cancer among females in India. It is also one of the major causes of deaths among them. Papanicolaou (Pap) cytological test helps in detecting the early epithelial abnormalities in cervical cells. The morbidity and mortality due to cervical cancer has come down in countries with well-established screening programmes at national level. This study was conducted to emphasize the value of cervical screening as a tool for early detection of non-neoplastic and neoplastic lesions of cervix. Slide positivity rate was computed and clinico-pathological correlation was done. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted from January 2012 to December 2014 (3 years), on 2202 women aged between 20-70 years coming for a Pap smear examination in a tertiary care hospital in Bareilly, India. After staining with conventional Papanicolaou technique, all cases were classified as per Bethesda nomenclature (2001). Results: Out of 2202 cases, 85.16% slides were found to be negative for intraepithelial abnormalities and 14.84% slides were labelled as positive for epithelial lesions. 97.67% of high grade lesions were found in women more than 40 years. Smears with epithelial cell abnormality were found more common in older age groups whereas smears negative for epithelial cell abnormality were found more common in young age groups. Conclusion: Pap test is a cost effective cancer screening and is a simple method to detect various lesions of cervix, non-neoplastic as well as neoplastic. High risk screening programmes should be directed to all women >40 years. Pap test is especially useful to diagnose precancerous lesions of cervix, thereby early detection of these lesions & subsequent proper treatment can be helpful in prevention of cervical cancer.

45 pregnant Ganjam does were randomly distributed into three treatment groups (T1, T2, T3), 15 in each for evaluating the effect of concentrate supplementation 2 months before expected date of kidding on their haematobiochemical profiles. All the does were maintained on browsing besides additional concentrate supplementation @ 200 g /day and @ 300 g/day in T2 and T3 respectively. Blood samples were collected at the beginning and 60th day of experiment for analysis of hemoglobin, serum glucose, urea, total protein, albumin, globulin and A/G. Significant differences (Pevel in does after compensating the energy needs of growing foetus.

An attempt was made here to study udder morphology and establish its relationship with milk production in 25 local goats of Rohilkhand region. Udder morphological traits recorded were udder length, udder row width, udder column width, udder depth, udder circumference, teat length, teat diameter, teat circumference, teat height from ground, distance between teats and udder volume. Total milk produced during 90 days was measured and average daily milk yield was calculated. Body weight was also recorded. The udder volume in primiparous and multiparous goats was 516.54± 74.52 and 940.76± 46.47 ml, respectively which differ significantly (P< 0.05). The values of all udder morphological parameters were significantly (P< 0.05) higher in multiparous than primiparous goat except Teat height from ground, where it is vice versa. Average daily milk yield was positive and significantly (P< 0.01) correlated with all udder morphological traits except for teat height from ground (THG) as correlation was found negative. All udder morphological traits had positive and significant (P< 0.05) correlation with doe's body weight at different intervals. It was concluded from this study that mammary system of this local goat is comparable with any other dual purpose Indian goat breed.

Background: Transfusion transmitted infections (TTIs) are a major problem associated with blood transfusion practices. Aims & Objectives: The present study was conducted to estimate the prevalence of transfusion transmitted infections among blood donors in one of the blood bank in Bareilly city. Materials and Methods: In this retrospective study, we reviewed healthy blood donors, over a period of one year (Jan 2013 – Dec 2013), from the records of the blood bank of Indian Medical Association (IMA) at Bareilly for HBsAg, Hepatitis C Virus (HCV), HIV and Syphilis, by using the appropriate enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. HIV infection was confirmed using a standard immunoblotting technique. Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) was tested for surface antigen (HBsAg) and HCV by the immune chromatographic method. The Venereal Disease Reference Laboratory (VDRL) test was used for estimation of syphilis infection. The study was designed for a duration of four months from April 2012 to July 2012. Medical reports of the donors were accessed from the hospital records and analyzed. Results: A total of 28,395 blood donors were screened. 60.43% were replacement donors, and 39.57% were voluntary donors. 95.21% were males. The overall seroprevalence of HBV, HCV, HIV and Syphilis were 1.93%, 1.02%, 0.27% and 0.16% respectively. Conclusion: Strict selection of blood donors with emphasis on getting voluntary donors, and comprehensive screening of donors for