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Objective: To establish a controlled pulp damage repair model in miniature pigs by using a diode laser. Background: Laser is a novel kind of controllable energy, and it is widely used in dentistry....

IBD is an idiopathic, chronic autoimmune disease associated with intense oxidative stress. As a master modulator of oxidative stress, Nrf2 has an important anti-inflammatory role in colitis by activating HO-1 transcription. Meanwhile, HO-1 expression is transcriptionally suppressed by Bach1. The Nrf2-activated HO-1 transcription depends on the inactivation of Bach1. However, how Bach1 is inactivated and how Nrf2, Bach1 and HO-1 participate in IBD remains elusive. We found that in response to inflammatory stimuli, Nrf2-induced transcription of miR-23a-27a-24-2 cluster directly inhibits Bach1 expression by binding to the 3′UTR and thereby relieved the Bach1-mediated suppression of HO-1. Besides, elevated miR-23a, miR-27a and miR-24-2 promotes the proliferation and wound healing through regulating Bach1/HO-1 expression in SW480 cell. Additionally, miR-23a, miR-27a and miR-24-2 exert a protective effect on the intestinal mucosa in DSS-induced colitis mouse model. In conclusion, our study revealed that the Nrf2/miR-23a-27a-24-2/Bach1/HO-1 regulatory axis promotes the damage repair of intestinal mucosa during the development of inflammatory bowel diseases.

Summary Many biological materials endow organisms with the capacity for sophisticated mechanical operation. To date, recapitulating such dynamic mechanical processes with engineered living materials (ELMs) has remained elusive. Here, we engineer living glue systems to perform on-demand mechanical operations. By rationally combining diverse genetic circuits, we develop chemical- and light-regulated glue systems capable of accomplishing tasks, including the capture of microspheres from solution, to form living composite coatings and light-regulated spatially targeted damage repair. Moreover, we demonstrate a glue system for autonomous repair: upon sensing blood leaking from a purposely damaged microfluidic device, bacterial strains comprising this glue system localize to the damage site, communicate via a cell-cell communication network, and plug the leak with their amyloid glue components. Thus, beyond demonstrating how living glue systems can be programmed to implement mechanical operations, our study represents the first step toward smart ELMs for autonomous repairs in both industrial and medical settings.

The repair of historical masonry columns damaged by earthquakes is a complex engineering procedure. In most cases, these elements support important vertical loads, and, for this reason, the repairi...

Background Essential oils have great interest among the increasing demand for herbal cosmetics in the market. They are natural sources of biologically active ingredients due to the wide application of such compounds as well as their particular chemical composition. Several researches have evaluated the effectiveness of these bioactive ingredients for use in cosmeceuticals, mainly in both hair scalp and shaft hair damage repair. Thus, the amounts and their associations define the properties of these compositions with interest for hair cosmetic use, such as antioxidant, inflammatory, and antimicrobial activities. Because they are complex compounds, their actions on the skin, hair scalp, and shaft are not yet fully understood. Aims The purpose of this review is to highlight the relevant researches and findings on essential oils in hair care. Methods In order to achieve this objective, the present work comprises an updated bibliographic review related to essential oils used in hair care. Results It was possible to observe that cosmeceuticals containing essential oils applied to the scalp are preferable for topical activity. Also, it was noticed that there are few reports regarding their use in hair shaft. However, it was found that some oils are used to intensify the brightness and fix the hair color. Conclusions This work demonstrated that the use of essential oils in both cosmetic products (industrial application) and those associated with oils carriers (as individual protocols) may lead to satisfactory results in the treatment of some scalp dysfunctions.

With the advent of nanotechnology in commercial products, the risk of exposure of nanomaterials to humans and the environment is increasing at an accelerating rate. The impact of nanomaterials on humans is complex and not yet fully understood. A comprehensive understanding of the adverse effect of long-term exposure to nanomaterials on humans is warranted, and a balance between benefits and risks is required before nanomaterials are unleashed in large quantities as a part of commercial products. Most data on the consequences of nanomaterial exposure are obtained using in vitro and in vivo studies using animal models. The risk to human health is implied by these studies. In this chapter, the possible methods of exposure of humans to nanomaterials, the effect of some frequently used nanomaterials on human cells, and animal models are discussed. The primary methods of exposure to nanomaterials include oral, dermal, intravenous, and inhalation. The route of exposure can cause variation in the adverse effect on the human health. Nanomaterials elicit different negative effects/damage repair pathways depending on the type of cell, and the toxicity may vary vastly based on the type of nanomaterial. Also, the psychochemical parameters of nanomaterials such as size, shape, functionalization, and defects as well as the gender of the person can significantly alter the adverse effect on biological entities.

Damage to grasslands is mainly caused by wild boar during foraging. Farmers in Germany thereby register yield losses and expenses for damage repair. This contribution analyzes the acquisition and processing of aerial images to orthomosaics and image segmentation to perform spatial measurements of damaged patches in grasslands. A sample set of manually annotated orthomosaics is analyzed. Preliminary classification results applying a convolutional neural network approach to segment damaged patches are presented. First results show the applicability of the applied methods in the detection of damage caused by wild boar and suggest that other damage causes (e.g., mole damage) should be considered to improve results.

Sensorimotor function can improve for years, even after a spinal cord injury (SCI). We also know that an effective intervention that can improve motor function is re-engagement of the spinal neural networks through supraspinal control and that this regularity in re-engagement is fundamental to learning within the activated sensorimotor circuits. Several interventions, ranging from monoclonal antibodies against neurit outgrowth inhibitors to epidural electrical stimulation, have been developed allowing individuals with a SCI to re-engage sensorimotor circuits. These interventions enable spinal neural circuits to neuromodulate the level of excitability closer to a near motor threshold state. This is because of the built-in level of automaticity within the spinal circuits that then is translated into motor commands specified by the sensory input. Another increasingly apparent feature of the spinal circuitry is the highly integrated nature of multiple physiological systems linked to load bearing sensory input. Thus, it is clear that multiple physiological systems are highly responsive to activity-dependent interventions after a severe SCI and that this responsiveness can persist for years post-injury and be therapeutically modulated.

At present, most of the research studies on the seismic performance of the durability degraded reinforced concrete structure only consider the influence of a single factor. This paper comprehensively considers the factors such as concrete carbonization, steel corrosion, and bond slip performance degradation caused by other durability factors and durability damage repair and studies the influence of the above factors on the seismic performance of bridge structures. Based on the finite element model considering the bond slip and the material parameters of time-varying durability damage, the seismic performance analysis model of the pier is established considering material durability damage repair in different service periods. Then, the effect of material durability damage repair on the seismic performance of the pier is examined. The results show that the displacement of the pier top increases, the curvature of the pier bottom decreases, and the moment-curvature curve pinching phenomenon is further evident when considering the bond slip. When considering the durability damage repair of materials, the curvature considerably decreases (the maximum value is approximately 16.04%) with the extension of the service time of the bridge, and the pier damage is substantially reduced.

Concrete road surfaces may crack due to shrinkage from drying. Often, cracks are induced at predetermined locations to solve this problem. However, the impact loads from vehicles are concentrated on these pre-induced transverse joints, often resulting in palm-sized spall damage. Repairing this damage with cast-in-place concrete leads to indirect losses from road blockages that occur during curing. This research presents a new method of repairing spall damage that minimizes indirect loss. A three-dimensional concrete patch is prepared in advance and placed over the damaged area. When using cast-in-place concrete to repair spall damage, road use must be restricted for a minimum of seven days. The proposed method reduces road closure to 2 h. According to the US Department of Transportation guidelines, the proposed method is estimated to reduce indirect losses from road repair from USD $140,000 to USD $1700. A three-dimensional concrete patch attached to a damaged surface can withstand a shear load of up to 15.7 MPa. The proposed method can withstand at least 91% of this load. Moreover, given the friction between the patch and the damaged surface, the structural stability of a concrete patch in response to shear loads may be even greater than 91%. This study presents the proposed methodology and discusses its economic value and structural practicality.

This investigation assesses the change of aerodynamic characteristics of triangular and star-shaped damaged airfoils with repair patches. Both experimental and numerical methods to determine aerodynamic coefficients are used in this study. The test model is a NACA 641-412 airfoil full span, which is considered by using five schematics: Clean model, damaged model, upper repaired model, lower repaired model, and fully repaired model. Repair patches are chosen based on the Aircraft battle damage repair (ABDR) manuals. Various effects of repair schemes on triangular and star-shaped damages are quantitatively and qualitatively illustrated. A novel visualization method by paint and oil is used in wind tunnel tests to study the effects of repair patches on the damaged airfoil.

e21163 Background: Deleterious somatic DNA damage repair (DDR) gene mutations are frequent in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and are associated with improved clinical outcomes of immunotherapy. DDR gene mutations are associated with higher tumor mutational burden (TMB) in cancer. However, the effect of germline DDR-related genes mutation with different functional annotations on TMB in NSCLC patients is still unclear. Methods: 1671 Chinese patients with NSCLC were enrolled in this study. Genomic profiling was performed on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tumor samples or peripheral blood by next generation sequencing (NGS) with 733 cancer-related genes panel. The germline mutation data were obtained. All annotations in clinical significance were according to the 2015 American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics-Association for Molecular Pathology (ACMG-AMP) guidelines. Results: 1076 patients (64.39%) had germline DDR-related gene mutations and 595 (35.61%) had no germline DDR-related gene mutations. Among patients with DDR-related gene mutations, 78 (7.25%) patients had the pathogenic (P) mutations or likely pathogenic (LP) mutations and 1056 (98.14%) had variants of unknown significance (VOUS) mutations. In total, the median TMB was 3.91 mutations/MB (range, 0-68.16) and 4.47 mutations/MB (range, 0-51.40) in patients with P, LP or VOUS mutations and no germline DDR-related gene mutations, respectively. To the further analysis, we divided patients with germline DDR-related gene mutations into three groups: only P or LP mutations (Group 1), only VOUS mutations (Group 2) and concurrence with P/LP/VOUS mutations (Group 3). Compare to the DDR-negative group, TMB was significantly lower in Group 2 (P < 0.001). No significant differences in Group 1 and Group 3 were observed. In addition, we found that mutations in different DDR pathway could not affect TMB value significantly. Conclusions: Germline DNA damage repair-related genes mutation may be not associated with TMB.

Summary. The increasing use of composite structures in aircraft constructions has made it necessary to develop repair methods that will restore the component’s original design strength without compromising its structural integrity. In this paper, the complex repair technology of the composite wing of a light plane, which was damaged during an aircraft crash, is described. The applied repair scheme should meet all the original design requirements for the plane structure.

Recent military operations have highlighted the need for new expedient pavement repair capabilities to improve current guidance on airfield damage repair. Damaged or distressed military airfield pavements must be repaired with expedient methods and durable materials to minimize the time the pavement is removed from service and to reduce or eliminate additional closure times for subsequent repairs. Extensive research was conducted to develop several airfield pavement repair techniques that could be applied across the full spectrum of military airfield repair operations. This paper focuses on the research conducted to develop a new foam backfill technology for airfield pavement repairs. Results of initial laboratory and field tests showed that rigid, poured polyurethane foam is the most applicable backfill solution for deployed locations because of its ability to expand to several times its shipped liquid volume when mixed, reducing the logistical burden of transporting aggregate backfill materials. This paper describes laboratory and field experiments that used foam backfill and prototype equipment to develop a pavement repair technique that supports threshold and objective aircraft pass levels defined for expedient airfield repairs. The research included laboratory testing, full-scale field testing, and simulated and actual aircraft traffic tests with C-17 and F-15 aircraft. Results of these tests validated and certified the foam backfill repair technique for military aircraft use. However, these experiments also identified material and equipment limitations that will require additional research before the repair technique is adopted by military repair teams. Conclusions and recommendations for future equipment and material improvements are provided.

Background The frequency and significance of the germline variants in DNA damage repair genes still need to be elucidated in patients with sporadic pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Our purpose was to determine whether germline variants in DNA damage repair genes were associated with survival of patients with sporadic PDAC. Study Design We retrospectively identified 854 patients with sporadic PDAC with germline DNA sequenced in targeted 22 DNA damage repair genes by next-generation sequencing. Outcomes were compared in terms of clinicopathologic features, disease-free survival (DFS), and overall survival (OS). Results Nineteen patients had deleterious mutations; 103 had variant(s) of unknown significance (VUS). Germline DNA damage repair deleterious variant carriers had superior DFS (median, 19.1 months vs 11.9 months, p = 0.012) and OS (median, 29.7 months vs 20.2 months, p = 0.034), as compared with wild-type patients. Germline DNA damage repair VUS variant carriers also had superior DFS when compared with wild-type patients. In subgroup analysis, this improved survival was limited to patients receiving adjuvant chemotherapy, deleterious variant carriers vs wild-type patients DFS (median 36.3 months vs 13.1 months, p = 0.006) and OS (median 43.7 months vs 24.3 months, p = 0.045), VUS variant carriers vs wild-type patients DFS (16.5 months vs 13.1 months, p = 0.007). Conclusions Having a deleterious variant in a DNA damage repair gene is associated with improved survival after resection and adjuvant chemotherapy for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.

e16746 Background: Ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) protein is a DNA damage repair enzyme and regulates normal cell-cycle mechanisms. Germline ATM mutations are associated with increased risk for developing pancreatic cancer (PC), occurring in approximately 2% of PC patients (pts). The role of germline ATM mutations in PC is not well defined. The objective of this study was to compare survival outcomes in patients with germline ATM mutations compared to somatic ATM mutations in PC. Methods: Tumor genomic profiling was completed in 144 PC patients at a single institution in the US, where pts were included in the analysis if they had either germline ATM mutations or somatic ATM mutations. Clinical outcomes were compared between pts with germline ATM mutations and pts with somatic ATM mutations only. Adjusted Cox regression models were fit to evaluate the impact of ATM mutation on overall survival (OS), calculated from treatment (tx) initiation to death, and progression free survival (PFS) calculated from tx initiation to first progression. Results: From 144 PC pts evaluated, 7 pts (4.9%) had germline ATM mutations, all of whom presented with metastatic disease, and 14 pts (9.7%) with somatic ATM mutations only, of whom 10 presented with metastatic disease and 4 who initially presented with locally advanced PC. The majority of pts (15/21), including all 7 pts with germline ATM mutations and 8 with somatic ATM mutations, were treated with first line gemcitabine and abraxane. Median OS was not reached in patients with germline mutations, and 11 months for patients with somatic mutations. Pts with germline ATM mutations had significantly higher OS (HR: 0.12, 95% CI 0.03-0.62, p = 0.01) and PFS (HR:0.26, 95%CI 0.07-0.91, p = 0.04) compared to patients with somatic ATM mutations only after adjusting for age, sex, and first-line tx. Conclusions: Pts with germline ATM mutations may experience greater survival benefit from tx compared to those with only somatic ATM mutations. Further research into the underlying mechanism is warranted.

Purpose The biological effectiveness of proton beams may decrease with irradiation time because of sublethal damage repair (SLDR). The purpose of this study is to systematically evaluate this effect in hypofractionated proton therapy for various target sizes, depths, and prescribed doses per fraction. Methods and Materials Plans with a single spread-out Bragg peak beam were created using a constant relative biological effectiveness (RBE) of 1.1 to cover targets of 6 different sizes located at 3 different depths in water. Biological doses of 2, 3, 5, 10, and 20 Gy (RBE) were prescribed to the targets. First, to investigate the depth variation of the biological effectiveness, the biological dose in instantaneous irradiation was recalculated based on the microdosimetric kinetic model. SLDR was then taken into account in the microdosimetric kinetic model during treatments to obtain the irradiation time–dependent biological effectiveness for irradiation time T of 5 to 60 minutes and beam interruption time τ of 0 to 60 minutes. The tumor control probabilities were calculated for single-fraction proton therapy fields of different T s and τ s, and the curative doses were evaluated at a tumor control probability of 90%. Results The biological effectiveness decreased with longer T and τ and higher prescribed dose. The maximum decrease in the biological effectiveness was 21% with a 20 Gy (RBE) prescribed dose. In single-fraction proton therapy, the curative dose increased linearly by approximately 33% to 35% with the increase of T from 0 to 60 minutes. Conclusions The biological effectiveness varies largely with T and τ because of SLDR during treatments. This effect was pronounced for high prescribed doses per fraction. Thus, the effect of SLDR needs to be considered in hypofractionated and single-fraction proton therapies in relation to size and depth of the target.

The National Ignition Facility (NIF) regularly operates at fluences above the onset of laser-induced optics damage. To do so, it is necessary to routinely recycle the NIF final optics, which involves removing an optic from a beamline, inspecting and repairing the laser-induced damage sites, and re-installing the optic. The inspection and repair takes place in our Optics Mitigation Facility (OMF), consisting of four identical processing stations for performing the repair protocols. Until recently, OMF has been a labor-intensive facility, requiring 10 skilled operators over two shifts to meet the throughput requirements. Here we report on the implementation of an automated control system—informed by machine learning— that significantly improves the throughput capability for recycling of NIF optics while reducing staffing requirements. Performance metrics for mid-2018 show that approximately 85% of all damage sites can be automatically inspected and repaired without any required operator input. Computer keystrokes have been reduced from about 6000 per optic to under 300.

In the future, the Royal Netherlands Navy (RNLN) will face growing challenges at sea in an environment of ever increasing complexity, variety and speed. Ship systems will continue to evolve and become more interconnected. The ship’s crew will be expected to do more with fewer numbers in less available time. To be able to meet these challenges the RNLN have started the Manning and Automation roadmap to realize effective and integral support for operations on board. A critical requirement for these steps to be made is the integration of information to enable automation to integrally support the crew in their operations. On current ships, information and automation of separate systems often are not integrated and survival relies on the crew connecting the dots of an ever-increasing complexity of data. Furthermore, during incidents crews rely on paper-based systems for Battle Damage Repair management to create an overview and support the ship’s operations. These paper-based systems are slow, fault-sensitive, manpower-intensive and will potentially result in missed opportunities or critical errors, especially in a time-critical State 1 environment. The RNLN have started several projects on the Manning and Automation roadmap to develop integration and automation of the Internal and External battle into an Integrated Mission Management System. This paper will describe the current process and foreseen improvement for Battle Damage Repair management to support a more effective Internal and External Battle on ships of the RNLN with optimised crew numbers. It will demonstrate a large step in effectiveness and crew optimisation can be made by employing existing and emerging technology.

Biallelic mutations in RECQL4 gene, a caretaker of the genome, cause Rothmund-Thomson type-II syndrome (RTS-II) and confer increased cancer risk if they damage the helicase domain. We describe five families exemplifying clinical and allelic heterogeneity of RTS-II, and report the effect of pathogenic RECQL4 variants by in silico predictions and transcripts analyses. Complete phenotype of patients #39 and #42 whose affected siblings developed osteosarcoma correlates with their c.[1048_1049del], c.[1878+32_1878+55del] and c.[1568G>C;1573delT], c.[3021_3022del] variants which damage the helicase domain. Literature survey highlights enrichment of these variants affecting the helicase domain in patients with cancer outcome raising the issue of strict oncological surveillance. Conversely, patients #29 and #19 have a mild phenotype and carry, respectively, the unreported homozygous c.3265G>T and c.3054A>G variants, both sparing the helicase domain. Finally, despite matching several criteria for RTS clinical diagnosis, patient #38 is heterozygous for c.2412_2414del; no pathogenic CNVs out of those evidenced by high-resolution CGH-array, emerged as contributors to her phenotype.

In vitro models of smoking-related diseases and disease processes are valuable for mechanistic understanding and assessment of novel tobacco products. Many laboratories have used particulate phase or aqueous extracts of cigarette smoke as an exposure system for in vitro models. However, this may not be the most relevant method of exposing cells to smoke and its toxicants.Here we have examined the use of human serum as an exposure system. Cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells were exposed in vitro to sera (50% dilution in culture media) from human volunteers (9 smokers; 10 non-smokers) for 20h.Statistically-significant differential changes were detected in endothelial migration in an endothelial damage repair model, such that smokers’ sera had an inhibitory effect on migration compared with sera from non-smokers (p

This is an Accepted Manuscript of an article published by Taylor & Francis Group in Structure and Infrastructure Engineering on 2016, available online at: http://www.tandfonline.com/10.1080/15732479.2014.993660 This paper investigates the seismic behaviour of closely spaced fixed-base and isolated building structures in near-fault (NF) zones. Seismic pounding of fixed-base structures is considered at different heights, being from one or both opposite sides and at different seismic gap width. The response evaluation results of fixed-base buildings drive towards providing limited, but adequate, seismic gaps to perform seismic isolation. This aims at reducing structural responses with no seismic pounding under limited gaps, minimising the possible damage repair and diminishing the needed maintenance works due to strong NF earthquakes. To achieve that untraditionally, the paper presents a recently proposed seismic isolation system, named roll-in-cage (RNC) isolator, as a non-traditional solution to avoid direct seismic pounding of isolated buildings with their surrounding adjacent structures. It was found that the RNC isolator’s buffer mechanism is able to draw down any possible pounding of the isolated superstructure to be within the isolator solid limits. This entirely prevents direct structure-to-structure pounding but on the account of amplifying its acceleration and drift responses. However, such amplified responses might lead to only minor or moderate structural damage under sever NF earthquakes with 1.20g peak ground acceleration. Nevertheless, such damage could be avoided entirely using stiffer RNC isolators to achieve reduction of seismic response up to 69.0% under the same severe loading conditions and limited seismic gaps with no seismic pounding. Consequently, the RNC isolator could be an efficient solution for aseismic design in NF zones considering limited seismic gaps.

This report describes the development and evaluation of prototype foam dispensing equipment, foam materials, and repair tactics, techniques, and procedures (TTPs) for rapid airfield damage repair (RADR) using foam backfill technology. Three different prototype foam dispensing systems were evaluated, two of which were developed in-house, along with foam products from two vendors and different repair methods and techniques to improve the TTPs for foam backfill technology. Results from full-scale field testing showed that the top performing prototype system was a hose pump system, and the top performing foam material was Foam-iT! 10 Slow. Plastic liners were a successful technique for a moisture barrier to ensure the quality of the repair material. Foam cutting methods, such as scarfer and reciprocating saw, were good options; how-ever, both methods have safety concerns and add time and manpower to the repair process. Overall, the technology proved to be effective in meeting RADR requirements. Repair times were comparable to those of the standard flowable fill backfill method. Repair performance under simulated F-15E aircraft traffic was satisfactory. All repairs met the 2-hr requirement of 100 passes and the expedient repair requirement of 500 passes. Only one repair met the RADR requirement of 3,500 passes.

Remyelination in the CNS is the natural process of damage repair in demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS). However, remyelination becomes inadequate in many people with MS, which results in axonal degeneration and clinical disability. Enhancement of remyelination is a logical therapeutic goal; nevertheless, all currently licensed therapies for MS are immunomodulatory and do not support remyelination directly. Several molecular pathways have been identified as potential therapeutic targets to induce remyelination, and some of these have now been assessed in proof-of-concept clinical trials. However, trial design faces several obstacles: optimal clinical or paraclinical outcome measures to assess remyelination remain ill-defined, and identification of the ideal timing of therapy is also a crucial issue. In addition, realistic expectations are needed concerning the probable benefits of such therapies. Nevertheless, approaches that enhance remyelination are likely to be protective for axons and so could prevent long-term neurodegeneration. Future MS treatment paradigms, therefore, are likely to comprise a combinatorial approach that involves both immunomodulatory and regenerative treatments.

Research was conducted at the U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center to evaluate leaner, lighter equipment for deployable debris removal post missile strikes for airfield damage repair (ADR). LiDAR scans were obtained prior to and after the initial debris removal and were also used in the final debris removal process when using vacuums and sweepers. Photogrammetry was used to obtain measurements and to calculate volumes. A market survey of available loading and sweeping equipment was conducted to populate a database of physical dimensions and time relationships according to identified ADR tasks. Selected equipment was evaluated for maneuverability and efficiency in a realistic environment. Results indicate that mini track loaders with a maximum rated weight of 3,000 lb are capable of performing all identified ADR tasks with an efficiency at or better than the currently utilized 10,000-lb track loaders. Results also indicate that sweeper vacuums with a maximum rated weight of 3,500 lb are capable of performing all identified ADR tasks with an efficiency at or better than the currently utilized 20,000-lb vacuum trucks.

Effective implementation of BDAR(Battlefield Damage Assessment and Repair) can compensate equipment for battlefield losses, maintain combat effectiveness at the meantime. Under the conditions of modern information warfare, a variety of advanced reconnaissance, detection methods and widely used precision strike weapons, are making the battlefield highly transparent, however,the living environment of weaponry will become very seriously, more brutal battlefield injuries of weaponry will come up simultaneously. Equipment battlefield damage repair is facing new challenges,therefore,the BDAR military equipment which can maintain and enhance the combat capability has great practical significance under conditions of informationalization.

Localized infrared (IR) laser heating of fused silica optics has proven highly effective in reducing or removing surface flaws, which tend to limit performance in high power laser systems. Here, we present both simulation and experimental results to examine the use of IR laser light to polish, anneal, and micro-shape fused silica surfaces used in high power laser systems. We show how the resulting material response can be tuned by considering the temperature-dependent optical constants of the material and choosing the appropriate laser parameter set. For example, non-evaporative laser polishing of glass surfaces to heal crack networks is shown most effective when using mid-IR lasers, which lead to laser energy coupling up to ≈1 mm in depth. In contrast, long-wave IR light tuned to the Restrahlen frequency of the material is shown to evaporate material most efficiently with penetration depths of

Laboratory technicians are typically portrayed as manual workers following routine procedures to produce scientific data. However, technicians in vertebrate paleontology laboratories often describe their work in terms of creativity and artistry. Fossil specimens undergo extensive preparation – including rock removal, damage repair, and reconstruction of missing parts – to become accessible to researchers. Technicians called ‘fossil preparators’ choose, apply, and sometimes invent these preparation methods. They have no formal training, no standard protocols, and few publications to consult on techniques. Despite the resulting diversity of people and practices, preparators and their work are usually absent from research publications, making them ‘invisible technicians’ in Steven Shapin’s sense. But preparators reject the view of their work as predictable or simple; in particular, many preparators value art training, the aesthetics of prepared fossils, and the process of creative problem-solving in their work. Based on interviews and participant observation and drawing from literature in science studies, sociology of work, and anthropology of craft, I ask why these technicians compare themselves with artists and how this portrayal affects scientific practice and social order in laboratories. I argue that associating artistry and creativity with their work distances preparators from ideas of unskilled technical work and technicians’ low status, thus improving their social role in the laboratory community and preserving their power over laboratory practices.

By means of computation and analysis of damage tolerance of composite laminates with hole or crack, the conclusion is brought forth that crack on laminates can’t be cut into hole to improve the residual strength; otherwise the damage will become more serious. The method and conclusion can be reference and basis for battle damage repair of airplane composite component.

Against the sticking patch design problems of pass damage of aircraft skin repair, by using the calculation method of mechanical analysis, the stress analysis of pass damage is completed. The calculation methods are used quantitatively to determine the sticking patch dimension of pass damage repair, which is compared with analysis sticking patch design method calculated by the repair empirical equation of aircraft skin of Airline Company. The reason of error is analyzed and the measure to correct empirical equation method is put forward. The optimization of the critical parameters of pass damage empirical equation is completed.

New World cutaneous leishmaniasis is an infectious and parasitic disease caused by protozoan species of the genus Leishmania. The disease is transmitted by the biteoffemaleinsects of the genus Lutzomyia and is endemic in some countries of the New World, including Bolivia, Peru and Brazil. The diagnosis of New World mucocutaneous leishmaniasis encompasses epidemiological, clinical and laboratory aspects. Usually, the combination of some of these elements is necessary for the final diagnosis. Oral lesions of leishmaniasis can be challenging to diagnose and represent a complication to the overall health of the individual. We report the case of a 28-year-old man who presented multiple lesions in the soft palate, upper and lower lips. So, we highlight the important role of the dentist in the diagnosis of oral leishmaniasis lesions, which are uncommon and can be confused with other diseases, thus contributing to the identification and appropriate treatment of cases, especially in geographical regions where the parasite is endemic.

Recent military operations have highlighted the need for modernisation of airfield damage repair capabilities for concrete pavements to eliminate long closure periods. Damaged or distressed military airfield pavements must be repaired using expedient methods and durable materials to minimise the time the pavement is removed from service, and to reduce or eliminate additional closure times for subsequent repairs. As a result of this need, extensive research was conducted to develop multiple concrete pavement repair techniques that could be applied across the full spectrum of military airfield repair operations. Developed methods included placing rapid-setting cementitious materials, foreign object debris covers and precast concrete panels over various backfill materials. Newly developed backfill techniques included poured and injected polyurethane foams and dry-placed, rapid-setting flowable fill. The combination of these materials resulted in several new repair techniques that could return a damaged pavement to aircraft traffic within 4–6 h of initiation of the repair. This paper summarises the development of these repair technologies, and describes their performances under accelerated pavement testing and aircraft validation tests. The paper also includes recommendations as to the suitability of each technique for specific operational scenarios, based on field evaluations.

e13041 Background: Prostate cancer is a worldwide most occurred malignancy in male population. Genetic aberrations of homologous recombination repair (HRR) pathway were proved to be associated with aggressive disease and poorer outcome but may also lead cancer cells more vulnerable to PARP inhibitors. Other than HRR, germline variants in mismatch repair (MMR), nucleotide excision repair (NER) were also identified. Thus, it is important to clarify the distribution of germline alterations of DDR pathways in Chinese prostate cancer patients. Methods: Sixty-five prostate cancer patients unselected for family history, stage of disease, or age at diagnosis were collected. DNA from peripheral blood was extracted. Whole-exon was captured and sequenced subsequently using MGI-SEQ 2000 platform. A total of 229 DDR genes were selected for further analysis. Germline variants were determined to be deleterious according to the ACMG 2015 guidelines. Results: Ten of 65 patients (15.38%) had 7 pathogenic/likely pathogenic germline variants involving 5 different genes: FANCD2 (n = 5), BRCA2 (n = 3), CHEK2 (n = 1), ATM (n = 1) and RECQL (n = 1). Nine patients (13.84%) carried variants predicated to be deleterious via in silico predicators. Taken together, deleterious/potential deleterious germline variants were categorized into 5 DDR pathways which were Fanconi Anemia (9.2%), HRR (9.2%), MMR (4.6%), BER (4.6%) and NER (1.5%). Patients with pathogenic/likely pathogenic germline variants had tendency to be early-onset (mean age [range] at diagnosis, 52[43-67] versus 64[37-80] years, P = 0.001). PSA level at initial diagnosis and self-reported family history did not have significant difference between deleterious mutation carriers and non-carriers (P = 0.396 for PSA level, P = 0.753 for family history). Moreover, metastasis and Gleason score were not associated with deleterious germline variants. Conclusions: Our data showed approximately 52% DDR mutation occurred in other DNA repair pathways besides HRR and MMR, which was a unique spectrum of germline variants in Chinese prostate cancer patients. This indicated distinct genetic etiology and potential therapeutic targets of prostate cancer in Chinese population. Moreover, early-onset in patients with deleterious germline variants is an important clinical character. Whole DDR pathway genes’ testing and counseling should be considered for application for young individuals.

229 Background: Current guidelines recommend genetic testing for patients (pts) who have BRCA1/2 mutations on tumor-only testing, where germline is not subtracted. The clinical utility of this approach, and possible inclusion of other DDR genes associated with cancer susceptibility, has not been examined in men with prostate cancer. Methods: Pts with mostly advanced prostate cancer were prospectively enrolled to a matched tumor-germline DNA sequencing protocol and consented for disclosure of germline results. Germline analysis was done with an institutional, CLIA-certified next generation sequencing (NGS) platform (MSK-IMPACT) and analyzed for likely pathogenic or pathogenic germline mutations in at least 76 cancer susceptibility genes. Clinical data was retrieved from the medical record. We report on the frequencies in the germline and in the tumor of a subset of DDR genes. Results: 1243 men had analysis of both germline and tumor. Median age 64 (range 35-90). 12% had a second malignancy and 40% reported a relative with prostate cancer. 19% were of Ashkenazi Jewish (AJ) descent. 330 (27%) had any mutation in BRCA1/2, ATM, CHEK2, PALB2, RAD51C, RAD51D, MSH2, MSH6, MLH1, PMS2. 127 (10%) had a germline mutation, of which 36% were AJ founder mutations. For each gene, the percentage of mutations found in germline and tumor is shown in the table. Conclusions: Of prostate cancer pts found to have any DDR mutation on tumor-germline testing, 29% had a germline mutation. Proportion of germline mutations was highest for PALB2, CHEK2 and BRCA2. These findings not only support germline testing when BRCA1/2 mutations are found tumor-only sequencing, but also support germline testing when other DDR mutations are seen. Clinical trial information: NCT01775072. [Table: see text]

A new damage-adaptive bone remodeling model, in which an algorithm incorporating both strain and damage stimuli, is developed in this paper. Typically, a human proximal femur model is established to predict the bone mass distribution during bone remodeling process. And human physiology damage-repair cycle is considered in the model. The governing equations of the mathematical model, digesting the predecessors’ ideas, are numerically solved and implemented into ANSYS software via the user interface of finite element algorithm. With the aid of this novel model, the whole healing behavior of human proximal femur is elucidated properly.

Modeling of laser-induced optics damage has been introduced to benchmark existing optic usage at the National Ignition Facility (NIF) which includes the number of optics exchanged for damage repair. NIF has pioneered an optics recycle strategy to allow it to run the laser at capacity since fully commissioned in 2009 while keeping the cost of optics usage manageable. We will show how the damage model is being used to evaluate strategies to streamline our optics loop efficiency, as we strive to increase the laser shot rate without increasing operating costs.

In vitro survival measurements using two human head-and-neck cancer (HNC) cell lines were performed. The specially designed split-dose surviving fraction was obtained and fitted to the linear-quadratic formalism. The repair halftime (Tr), the potential doubling time (Td), a/β and radiosensitivity a, were estimated. Other radiobiological models: EUD, BED, TCP, etc., were used to examine the potential treatment effectiveness of different IMRT techniques. Our data indicated the repair halftime of ~17 min based on two HNC cell lines. The combined a/β, a and Td are a/β = 8.1 ± 4.1 Gy, a = 0.22 ± 0.08 Gy−1, Td = 4.0 ± 1.8 day, respectively. The prolonged IMRT dose delivery for entire HNC treatment course could possibly result in the loss of biological effectiveness, i.e., the target EUDs decreased by 11% with fraction dose delivery time varying from 5 to 30 min. We determined the sublethal damage repair halftime and other radiobiological parameters for HNC cells, and to evaluate treatment effectiveness of the prolonged dose delivery times associated with different IMRT techniques. The estimated repair halftime for HNC is relatively short and may be comparable to the step-and-shoot IMRT fraction dose delivery time. The effectiveness of IMRT treatment may be improved by reducing the fraction delivery time for HNC treatment.

The potential dangers of sun exposure to skin health, as well as a need for sun protection, are well documented in both the lay and professional press. However, there are variations between UK, EU and US regulations and guidelines, different interpretations of the term ‘sun protection’, and ongoing debate between advisory bodies on the level and frequency of application of sun protection factor (SPF) necessary to offer adequate protection. This article reviews the effects of exposure to ultraviolet radiation, the relevant regulations (including the imminent regulatory changes in the USA), and new ingredients that are making an impact on cosmeceutical sun protection and damage repair.

The ability to repair battle damage is an important capability for helicopter structures, as they are vulnerable to ballistic impact damage from small arms fire and therefore more likely than fixed wing aircraft to suffer damage in a combat environment. This paper outlines computational investigations to aid the development of a battle damage repair capability for a helicopter composite main rotor blade. The effectiveness of the proposed repair concept was assessed using a finite element analysis that involved a relative comparison of three models, namely the pristine, damaged and repaired models.

Recent developments in external beam radiotherapy, both in technical advances and in clinical approaches, have prompted renewed discussions on the potential influence of dose-rate on radio-response in certain treatment scenarios. We consider the multiple factors that influence the dose-rate effect, e.g. radical recombination, the kinetics of sublethal damage repair for tumors and normal tissues, the difference in alpha/beta ratio for early and late reacting tissues, and perform a comprehensive literature review. Based on radiobiological considerations and the linear-quadratic (LQ) model we estimate the influence of overall treatment time on radio-response for specific clinical situations. As the influence of dose-rate applies to both the tumor and normal tissues, in oligo-fractionated treatment using large doses per fraction, the influence of delivery prolongation is likely important, with late reacting normal tissues being generally more sensitive to the dose-rate effect than tumors and early reacting tissues. In conventional fractionated treatment using 1.8-2Gy per fraction and treatment times of 2-1 min, the influence of dose-rate is relatively small. Lastly, the dose-rate effect in external beam radiotherapy is governed by the overall beam-on-time, not by the average linac dose-rate, nor by the instantaneous dose-rate within individual linac pulses which could be as high as 3 x 10(6)MU/min.

This paper summarises recent research conducted at the Defence Science and Technology Organisation in the area of aircraft battle damage repair, covering aspects such as ballistic testing, ballistic damage prediction, non-destructive damage inspection, structure residual-strength assessment, repair materials and techniques, repair design approaches, repair implementation and demonstration. The research has been focused on military helicopter composite structures. This paper provides an overview of a wide range of research conducted and detailed information in selected areas. Considerations for future research directions are also briefly discussed.

The function of the Airport is like a terminal which in this case serves passenger aircraft as a stop, departure, or just an airplane stopover. at the airport there are various kinds of series of activities related to aircraft, such as transporting / dropping passengers and goods, conducting refueling, aircraft maintenance, aircraft damage repair, and so forth. The apron is part of the airport which is the area used in accommodating the aircraft to load and disassemble or degrade passengers and freight, park, and refuel. Pavement is the main structure in apron construction. This means that the apron is required to be able to accept and bear the aircraft load and traffic on it is planned properly. This study aims to calculate the rigid apron pavement construction designed so as to obtain pavement with carrying capacity capable of serving air traffic in accordance with the aircraft traffic plan.Keywords: Airport, Apron, Rigid Pavement

The rapid repair of battle damage to composite aircraft structure has been investigated by Defence Science and Technology Organisation and Cooperative Research Centre for Advanced Composite Structures, Australia. Part of this investigation was to select candidate composite repair materials. The material systems considered require a long shelf life, high mechanical performance and the ability to be processed in the field or at depot with minimum equipment. The material system must also be able to withstand elevated temperature environment without significant degradation in repair performance. Several candidate adhesive and patch material systems were investigated including two-part adhesive epoxy resin and dry fabric for wet-layup applications, room temperature curing acrylic adhesive and room temperature storage epoxy resin/prepreg material systems. A series of material property characterisation tests were carried out to evaluate the performance of these materials. Test results showed that these materials could be applied in various situations for battle damage repair (BDR). The property data generated from these tests may be used in BDR design analyses.

An explosion of electric furnace caused a local damage of the roof in steel industrial building. This building has a saw-tooth roof covering, constructed from prestressed plates with 12.62 m of span. The explosion caused a local damage of plates prestressed ribs, which are the roof main structural elements. The technical condition of the plates has been assessed as an emergency state due to the loss of the plates’ strength and the hazard of their fall down. The damage repair has been presented herein.

The Defence Science and Technology Organisation (DSTO), Australia, Delegation Generale Pour L’Armement (DGA), France and Eurocopter have carried out collaborative research in the area of battle damage repair techniques for military helicopter structures. Australian and French participants have focused on depot and field repairs, respectively. This paper summarises the research conducted at DSTO to develop battle damage repair methods for a helicopter composite frame-skin junction (FSJ) subjected to damage caused by a typical threat weapon. A generic BDR design approach was successfully applied, which involved use of a reverse engineering approach to determine the load requirements, application of a rapid repair design approach, and validation of the design using finite element analyses and experimental testing.

Subsequent to the devastating fire on September 2, 2004, the library in Weimar, Germany have been especially concerned with establishing an effective infrastructure for a sustainable response to fire damages. At the same time, it was possible to use the resources which were provided by donors and grant funds to develop new materials and technologies in the area of fire damage reduction. Important factors include the development of large-scale processing in the area of bookbinding and paper restoration and of stronger capabilities through networking with restoration specialists. The individual efforts of fire damage repair which were discussed in public in 2004 have been expanded upon through a fire disaster management program which takes a comprehensive perspective over the entirety of all fire-related damages.