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In the musculoskeletal system, bone, tendon, and skeletal muscle integrate and act coordinately as a single multi-tissue unit to facilitate body movement. The development, integration, and maturation of these essential components and their response to injury are vital for conferring efficient locomotion. The highly integrated nature of these components is evident under disease conditions, where rotator cuff tears at the bone-tendon interface have been reported to be associated with distal pathological alterations such as skeletal muscle degeneration and bone loss. To successfully treat musculoskeletal injuries and diseases, it is important to gain deep understanding of the development, integration and maturation of these musculoskeletal tissues along with their interfaces as well as the impact of inflammation on musculoskeletal healing and graft integration. This review highlights the current knowledge of developmental biology and wound healing in the bone-tendon-muscle multi-tissue unit and perspectives of what can be learnt from these biological and pathological processes within the context of musculoskeletal tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Integrating these knowledge and perspectives can serve as guiding principles to inform the development and engineering of musculoskeletal grafts and other tissue engineering strategies to address challenging musculoskeletal injuries and diseases.

High-risk human papillomavirus (hrHPV) persistent infection is the major cause of cervical cancer. Clinical intervention of hrHPV-associated high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL) is critical to prevent cervical cancer, and current treatment is surgery (an invasive therapy). However, some patients refuse to do so for an afraid of potential adverse effects on future fertility or other concerns which creates a critical need for development of non-invasive therapeutic strategies. Here, we report for the first time the cases of non-invasive intervention with REBACIN®, a proprietary antiviral biologics, in clinical treatment of HSIL. From 12,958 visiting patients assessed for eligibility, 18 HSIL-patients with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia-grade 2, positive of both diffused overexpression of p16 and high-risk HPV were enrolled in this non-invasive clinical intervention mainly due to concerns of future fertility. REBACIN® was administered intravaginally every other day for 3 months (one-course) except during menstrual period, and were followed up for 6-36 months for the examination of high-risk HPV DNA, cervical cytology, and histopathology. After one to three course treatments, most cases (16/18) displayed both the regression from HSIL (CIN2) to normal cervical cytology and clearance of high-risk HPV infection. Further studies demonstrated REBACIN® significantly suppressed HPV16 E7 oncoprotein expression in a human cervical cancer cell line, which is consistent with previous finding that REBACIN® inhibits the growth of tumors induced by expression of E6/E7 oncogenes of either HPV16 or HPV18. This report indicates REBACIN® as a novel effective non-invasive clinical intervention for HSIL-patients as well for high-risk HPV persistent infection, providing a new clinical option for the non-invasive treatment of hrHPV-associated high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion, which is worthy of further research on clinical validation and application.

Our body systems are comprised of numerous multi-tissue units. For the musculoskeletal system, one of the predominant functional units is comprised of bone, tendon/ligament, and muscle tissues working in tandem to facilitate locomotion. To successfully treat musculoskeletal injuries and diseases, critical consideration and thoughtful integration of clinical, biological, and engineering aspects are necessary to achieve translational bench-to-bedside research. In particular, identifying ideal biomaterial design specifications, understanding prior and recent tissue engineering advances, and judicious application of biomaterial and fabrication technologies will be crucial for addressing current clinical challenges in engineering multi-tissue units. Using rotator cuff tears as an example, insights relevant for engineering a bone-tendon-muscle multi-tissue unit are presented. This review highlights the tissue engineering strategies for musculoskeletal repair and regeneration with implications for other bone-tendon-muscle units, their derivatives, and analogous non-musculoskeletal tissue structures.

Cell instance segmentation is important in biomedical research. For living cell analysis, microscopy images are captured under various conditions (e.g., the type of microscopy and type of cell). Deep-learning-based methods can be used to perform instance segmentation if sufficient annotations of individual cell boundaries are prepared as training data. Generally, annotations are required for each condition, which is very time-consuming and labor-intensive. To reduce the annotation cost, we propose a weakly supervised cell instance segmentation method that can segment individual cell regions under various conditions by only using rough cell centroid positions as training data. This method dramatically reduces the annotation cost compared with the standard annotation method of supervised segmentation. We demonstrated the efficacy of our method on various cell images; it outperformed several of the conventional weakly-supervised methods on average. In addition, we demonstrated that our method can perform instance cell segmentation without any manual annotation by using pairs of phase contrast and fluorescence images in which cell nuclei are stained as training data.

Parkinson's disease cannot be cured but symptoms can be improved by making use of physical therapy. The objective of the study was to compare the effect of routine exercises and Tai Chi on physical and clinical performance in elderly people suffering from Parkinson's disease. Data from interviews, physical and clinical performance, and levodopa consumption of 500 patients with confirmed Parkinson's disease (severity level I to III) were collected and analyzed. Participants who received 80 min/day Tai Chi 3 times/week for 2 months were included in the Tai Chi (TC) group (n=250) and those who received 90 min/day routine exercise 3 times/week for 2 months were included in routine exercise (RE) group (n=250). Timed up-and-go, 50-foot speed walk, and functional reach were improved by Tai Chi and routine exercise (P

We propose a weakly-supervised cell tracking method that can train a convolutional neural network (CNN) by using only the annotation of “cell detection” (i.e., the coordinates of cell positions) without association information, in which cell positions can be easily obtained by nuclear staining. First, we train co-detection CNN that detects cells in successive frames by using weak-labels. Our key assumption is that co-detection CNN implicitly learns association in addition to detection. To obtain the association, we propose a backward-and-forward propagation method that analyzes the correspondence of cell positions in the outputs of co-detection CNN. Experiments demonstrated that the proposed method can associate cells by analyzing co-detection CNN. Even though the method uses only weak supervision, the performance of our method was almost the same as the state-of-the-art supervised method. Code is publicly available in https://github.com/naivete5656/WSCTBFP.

In Underwater Acoustic Sensor Network (UASN) based fog systems, the monitored messages are transmitted from the sensors deployed under the water to the surface sinks, which act as the fog nodes, for further processing. To ensure the reliability of the data transmission process, effective routing algorithms are necessary to reduce the packet loss rate as well as the transmission delay caused by potential traffic burst and hotspots. For this reason, a reliable routing protocol against hotspots and burst (RRAHB) is proposed in this paper. The fuzzy decision algorithm (FDA) for nodes path selecting is designed firstly. When the node chooses the next hop, the candidate nodes are evaluated by FDA. It eliminates the subjectivity of expert scoring and ensure fairness and effectiveness of the evaluated scores. But, FDA cannot solve the problems of hotspots and the load unbalance effectively, which are two important factors that cause data packets loss. Based on FDA, the random selection and hotspots avoidance mechanism are presented. The probability of the hotspots can be reduced by the random selection, and the hotspots effect is eliminated by the hotspots avoidance mechanism. In addition, in order to guarantee the network load balance, a priority-based traffic scheduling mechanism (PTSM) is proposed. It solves the traffic surge problem caused by emergency events and reduces the possibility of packets loss. The simulation results verify the effectiveness of RRAHB in the network with dynamic topology. Compared with the traditional routing algorithm, it has great advantages in improving network reliability and enhancing network performance.

Axial resolution improvement in the low coherence interferometry (LCI) with a three-zone annular phase filter is demonstrated. The sidelobes resulting from the super-resolving features of the phase filter can be suppressed by the coherence gate of the LCI. The parameters of the filter are optimized to increase the axial gain G A as large as possible while maintaining an acceptable value of the Strehl ratio S and the transverse gain G T through the numerical simulations. The effect of the actual broadband spectrum and Gaussian amplitude profile of the incident light on the performance of the designed filter is investigated. With the designed filter, the experimental axial gain is 1.25 while the intensity loss is about 5.5 dB with the mirror sample, which is also verified with the dimensional measurements of a transparent inertial confinement fusion (ICF) shell.

Tissue-engineered graft substitutes have shown great potential to treat large bone defects. While we usually assume that therapeutic approaches developed for appendicular bone healing could be similarly translated for application in craniofacial reconstruction and vice versa, this is not necessarily accurate. In addition to those more well-known healing-associated factors, such as age, lifestyle (e.g., nutrition and smoking), preexisting disease (e.g., diabetes), medication, and poor blood supply, the developmental origins and surrounding tissue of the wound sites can largely affect the fracture healing outcome as well as designed treatments. Therefore, the strategies developed for long bone fracture repair might not be suitable or directly applicable to skull bone repair. In this review, we discuss aspects of development, healing process, structure, and tissue engineering considerations between calvarial and long bones to assist in designing the tailored bone repair strategies. Impact Statement We summarized, in this review, the existing body of knowledge between long bone and calvarial bone with regard to their development and healing, tissue structure, and consideration of current tissue engineering strategies. By highlighting their similarities and differences, we propose that tailored tissue engineering strategies, such as scaffold features, growth factor usage, and the source of cells for tissue or region-specific bone repair, are necessary to ensure an optimized healing outcome.

Service-oriented computing is a new computing paradigm that uses services to support the rapid development of distributed software systems. The paradigm of software development is built software systems by reusing and combining existing concurrent and distributed services. In order to accomplish a task together, these services must coordinate their execution through interacting with each other. Interactions among a set of services involved in a new system are described from a global point of view using choreography specification languages. The realizability indicates whether peers can be generated from a choreography so that they will behave exactly as formalized in its specification. This paper uses CSP# to analysis the realizability of BPMN2.0 choreography. The main research contents are as follows: 1) Encoding BMPN2.0 choreography in CSP#. 2) The mapping of CSP # choreography to peers. 3) The realizability under synchronous communication and bounded asynchronous communication with CSP#.

The development of highly sensitive HPV-genotyping tests has opened the possibility of treating HPV-infected women before high-grade lesions appear. The lack of efficient intervention for persistent high-risk HPV infection necessitates the need for development of novel therapeutic strategy. Here we demonstrate that REBACIN®, a proprietary antiviral biologics, has shown potent efficacy in the clearance of persistent HPV infections. Two independent parallel clinical studies were investigated, which a total of 199 patients were enrolled and randomly divided into a REBACIN®-test group and a control group without treatment. The viral clearance rates for the REBACIN® groups were 61.5% (24/39) and 62.5% (35/56), respectively, for the two independent parallel studies. In contrast, the nontreatment groups showed self-clearance rates at 20.0% (8/40) and 12.5% (8/64). We further found that REBACIN® was able to significantly repress the expression of HPV E6 and E7 oncogenes in TC-1 and Hela cells. The two viral genes are well known for the development of high-grade premalignancy lesion and cervical cancer. In a mouse model, REBACIN® was indicated to notably suppress E6/E7-induced tumor growth, suggesting E6 and E7 oncogenes as a potential target of REBACIN®. Taken together, our studies shed light into the development of a novel noninvasive therapeutic intervention for clearance of persistent HPV infection with significant efficacy.

Cell shape analysis is important in biomedical research. Deep learning methods may perform to segment individual cells if they use sufficient training data that the boundary of each cell is annotated. However, it is very time-consuming for preparing such detailed annotation for many cell culture conditions. In this paper, we propose a weakly supervised method that can segment individual cell regions who touch each other with unclear boundaries in dense conditions without the training data for cell regions. We demonstrated the efficacy of our method using several data-set including multiple cell types captured by several types of microscopy. Our method achieved the highest accuracy compared with several conventional methods. In addition, we demonstrated that our method can perform without any annotation by using fluorescence images that cell nuclear were stained as training data. Code is publicly available in https://github.com/naivete5656/WSISPDR.

The Chinese mitten crab, Eriocheir sinensis (H. Milne Edwards), is an important economic aquaculture species in China. It is very popular within Chinese consumers for the abundant nutrition and delicious taste. It has been widely cultured and had great yield recently; yet, the short available time of E. sinensis cannot satisfy consumers’ increasing demanding. Thus the overwintering cultivation of E. sinensis has become one problem to urgently await development. Aiming to find the optimal stocking density and time for overwintering rearing E. sinensis using net cages embedded in a circulating pond aquaculture system, in the present study, we analyzed the variations in growth performance, death rate, physiological status, and nutrient contents of E. sinensis at different stocking densities over time periods. The death rate increased significantly after rearing for 90 days, while medium stocking density had a slight advantage than other densities. Interestingly, E. sinensis had no significant weight loss during overwintering period regardless of stocking densities. Our findings suggested that the optimal stocking density is around 21.88 kg/m2 in case of overwintering cultivation less than 90 days; while a medium density of 15.63 kg/m2 is more suitable for longer term overwintering cultivation (more than 90 days). In any case, the optimal overwintering rearing of E. sinensis should not beyond the 2rd, April. We can barely found difference caused by stocking density in activity of digestive enzymes, antioxidant status, or gene expression of hsp70; however, their levels were fluctuant over rearing time. Moreover, we found no significant variation in muscular amino acids composition, but a rising ratio of PUFA/SFA, as well as increased levels of C20:4 and C20:5 in edible tissues after 105-days overwintering cultivation, suggesting an improved nutritional value and eating quality of E. sinensis. Our results provide a reference standard for the overwintering cultivation of E. sinensis. Keywords: Eriocheir sinensis, Stocking density, Cumulative survival rate, Fatty acids, Antioxidant status

Phase contrast time-lapse microscopy is a non-destructive technique that generates large volumes of image-based information to quantify the behaviour of individual cells or cell populations. To guide the development of algorithms for computer-aided cell tracking and analysis, 48 time-lapse image sequences, each spanning approximately 3.5 days, were generated with accompanying ground truths for C2C12 myoblast cells cultured under 4 different media conditions, including with fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2), FGF2 + BMP2, and control (no growth factor). The ground truths generated contain information for tracking at least 3 parent cells and their descendants within these datasets and were validated using a two-tier system of manual curation. This comprehensive, validated dataset will be useful in advancing the development of computer-aided cell tracking algorithms and function as a benchmark, providing an invaluable opportunity to deepen our understanding of individual and population-based cell dynamics for biomedical research. Machine-accessible metadata file describing the reported data (ISA-Tab format)

In order to overcome the influence of complex geographical environment on location of emitter, this paper proposes a passive localization method by signal magnitude reverse calculation based on GIS (Geographical Information System). In this method, the magnitude of suspected signal source for each monitoring station could be acquire by radio propagation models. Through the comparison of magnitude distribution maps of suspected signal source, the position with equal magnitude is the estimated position. This method converts the distance and direction solving problems into the path attenuation problem, which can effectively reduce the influence of electromagnetic wave diffraction and multipath effects. Through simulation and verification of electromagnetic simulation on software WRAP, it is confirmed that this method can achieve the positioning of unknown signal sources in complex geographical environments.

The demulsification dehydration of emulsified lubricating oil is very important in the resource recycling process of industrial waste oil. At present, it is difficult for traditional dehydration processes and devices to accomplish the demulsification dehydration treatment of waste oil with water quickly and efficiently. The coupling of high-voltage pulsed electric field and jet centrifugal field is put forward to accomplish the dehydration of emulsified oil rapidly. By the design of technological process and the use of FLUENT software, the optimal structure parameters of coupling unit, which is applied on the demulsification dehydration treatment of waste oil, are obtained. The double-field coupling demulsification device is designed and manufactured. The performance test results show that, the experimental results are basically consistent with the numerical simulation results, the double-field coupling demulsification dehydration device has a stable working performance and can achieve the oil-water separation of emulsified oil effectively and rapidly.

Objectives To evaluate the association between sleep duration and the incidence of diabetes stratified by sleep-related factors among Chinese men. Methods This study included 34,825 men who provided information on sleep-related questions in the Shanghai Men's Health Study, a population-based cohort study conducted in Shanghai, China from 2002 to 2011. Participants were excluded who had a history of diabetes or who were diagnosed with diabetes within 2 years of recruitment. Cox regression was employed to evaluate the influence of sleep duration and its interaction with sleep-related factors on diabetes risk. Results A total of 1521 incident cases were documented during a median of 5.6 follow-up years. Adjusted hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals were 1.0 (0.9–1.1) and 1.2 (1.0–1.3) for men who slept p trend = 0.01). Stratified analyses revealed that the association between sleep duration and risk of diabetes was only statistically significant among current smokers and regular drinkers, never tea drinkers, men with a high body mass index, hypertension or comorbidity, and men who did not work nightshift or who snored. A statistically significant interaction between tea drinking and sleep duration was observed ( p interaction = 0.01). The above association patterns remained when daytime nappers were excluded from the analyses. Conclusions The data suggested that longer sleep duration, particularly among individuals already exhibiting factors linked to poor quality of sleep, was associated with diabetes. The association between sleep duration and diabetes may be modified by tea drinking, especially in older men or men with more sleep-related factors.

“Spatial resolution” is an important technical parameter of the near-field probes, especially in the board-level Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) problem analysis, the high spatial resolution is very important to locate the position of the emission source. In this paper, the basic connotation of spatial resolution of near-field probe is given firstly. And then taking Coplanar Waveguide with Grounded (CPWG) as a typical example, a method of calibrating for the spatial resolution of the near-field probes, while being in the standing wave state, is proposed based on transmission line theory.

An increase in students who enter higher education in Australia following their studies in the vocational education and training (VET) sector has led to heightened national interest in the transition experiences of these students. This paper reports on the experiences of students who, as a result of their VET studies, entered a relatively new, large, metropolitan university in 2009 and 2010 in the fields of Business and Law, Early Childhood and Nursing. The investigation elicited responses from students about a range of personal, administrative and academic experiences. A total of 529 students responded to a survey, 74 students were interviewed by telephone and 33 students attended focus groups. A major finding of the research was that many students saw the new learning context as a positive factor and responded to challenges with enthusiasm and resilience. Despite this, it seems that the transition period, particularly the first semester of study, is an unnecessarily stressful time for many students and ...

With the explosive growth of mobile malware in mobile internet, many polymorphic and metamorphic mobile malware appears and causes difficulty of detection. A mobile malware network behavior data mining method based on behavior categorization is proposed to detect the behavior of new or metamorphic mobile malware. The network behavior is divided into different categories after analyzing the behavior character of mobile malware and those different behavior data of known malware and normal action are used to train the Naïve Bayesian classifier respectively. Those Naïve Bayesian classifiers are used to detect the mobile malware network behavior. The experiment result shows that Behavior Categorization based Naïve Bayesian Classifier (BCNBC) can improve the detection accuracy and it can meet the requirement of real time process in mobile internet.

In view of the near sea area, the formulae finite depth spectrum is given in the paper, the spectral model under different water depths is obtained, by using Kirchhoff approximation and the modified two-scale method, the scattering coefficient and the Doppler echo signal of near sea area are calculated, the agreement with measured data proved the correctness and validity of the near sea area scattering model.

In electromagnetic compatibility testing, the conducted electromagnetic emission (EMI) of the equipment under test (EUT) are required to meet certain standards of electromagnetic compatibility in order to control its external conducted emission. However, sometimes there is no way to eliminate the internal interference sources of EUT, so the only way to reduce the EMI is to change the coupling channel from the internal interference sources to the external test port. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the characteristic of the coupling channel, so that the EMI of the EUT can be effectively analyzed and restrained. In this paper, a frequency-domain parametric modeling method of the coupling channel based on multi-linear regression model is proposed, and an example to verify the algorithm is presented. The example shows that the modeling method can reflect the characteristic of coupling channel in frequency domain.

In order to solve the problems of power line interference conduction emission test, this paper models and analyzes the power line interference using frequency-domain transmission line theory. Based on TLM and the model, this paper presents a fast computation method for conduction current and voltage distribution caused by common-mode and different-mode signal in power line.

Background: Success with bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) has been widely reported in the osseous reconstruction of large calvarial defects. These efforts have required enormous doses of BMP-2 and are not sufficiently refined to facilitate the detail-oriented repair required for intricate craniofacial structures. We have previously shown that inkjet-based bioprinting technologies allow for precisely customized low-dose protein patterns to induce spatially regulated osteogenesis. Here, we investigate the importance of direct contact between bioprinted BMP-2 and the dura mater (a source of osteoprogenitors) in mediating calvarial healing. Methods: Five-millimeter osseous defects were trephinated in mouse parietal bones (N = 8). Circular acellular dermal matrix (ADM) implants were prepared such that 1 semicircle of 1 face per implant was printed with BMP-2 bio-ink. These implants were then placed ink-toward (N = 3) or ink-away (N = 5) from the underlying dura mater. After 4 weeks, osteogenesis was assessed in each of the 4 possible positions (BMP-2-printed area toward dura, BMP-2-printed area away from dura, unprinted area toward dura, and unprinted area away from dura) by faxitron. Results: The BMP-2-printed portion of the ADM generated bone covering an average of 66.5% of its surface area when it was face-down (printed surface directly abutting dura mater). By comparison, the BMP-2-printed portion of the ADM generated bone covering an average of only 21.3% of its surface area when it was face-up (printed surface away from dura). Similarly, the unprinted portion of the ADM generated an average of only 18.6% osseous coverage when face-down and 18.4% when face-up. Conclusions: We have previously shown that inkjet-based bioprinting has the potential to significantly enhance the role of regenerative therapies in craniofacial surgery. This technology affords the precise control of osteogenesis necessary to reconstruct this region’s intricate anatomical architecture. In the present study, we demonstrate that direct apposition of BMP-2-printed ADM to a source of osteoprogenitor cells (in this case dura mater) is necessary for bio-ink-directed osteogenesis to occur. These results have important implications for the design of more complex bioprinted osseous structures.

Due to the enormous potential and impact that stem cells may have on regenerative medicine, there has been a rapidly growing interest for tools to analyze and characterize the behaviors of these cells in vitro in an automated and high throughput fashion. Among these behaviors, mitosis, or cell division, is important since stem cells proliferate and renew themselves through mitosis. However, current automated systems for measuring cell proliferation often require destructive or sacrificial methods of cell manipulation such as cell lysis or in vitro staining. In this paper, we propose an effective approach for automated mitosis detection using phase-contrast time-lapse microscopy, which is a nondestructive imaging modality, thereby allowing continuous monitoring of cells in culture. In our approach, we present a probabilistic model for event detection, which can simultaneously 1) identify spatio-temporal patch sequences that contain a mitotic event and 2) localize a birth event, defined as the time and location at which cell division is completed and two daughter cells are born. Our approach significantly outperforms previous approaches in terms of both detection accuracy and computational efficiency, when applied to multipotent C3H10T1/2 mesenchymal and C2C12 myoblastic stem cell populations.

Due to the high spatial resolution and contrast, the optical lens coupled X-ray in-line phase contrast imaging system with the secondary optical magnification is more suitable for the characterization of the low Z materials. The influence of the source to object distance and the object to scintillator distance on the image resolution and contrast is studied experimentally. A phase correlation algorithm is used for the image mosaic of a serial of X-ray phase contrast images acquired with high resolution, the resulting resolution is less than 1.0 μm, and the whole field of view is larger than 1.4 mm. Finally, the geometric morphology and the inner structure of various weakly absorbing samples and the evaporation of water in the plastic micro-shell are in situ characterized by the optical lens coupled X-ray in-line phase contrast imaging system.

The recycle fluidization roasting in alumina production was studied and a temperature forecast model was established based on wavelet neural network that had a momentum item and an adjustable learning rate. By analyzing the roasting process, coal gas flux, aluminium hydroxide feeding and oxygen content were ascertained as the main parameters for the forecast model. The order and delay time of each parameter in the model were deduced by F test method. With 400 groups of sample data (sampled with the period of 1.5 min) for its training, a wavelet neural network model was acquired that had a structure of , i.e., seven nodes in the input layer, twenty-one nodes in the hidden layer and one node in the output layer. Testing on the prediction accuracy of the model shows that as the absolute error ±5.0 °C is adopted, the single-step prediction accuracy can achieve 90% and within 6 steps the multi-step forecast result of model for temperature is receivable.

The theoretical and experimental analyses are carried out to investigate the features of the composite scattered field. The reduced-order electric-magnetic current iteration method is proposed to rapidly calculate composite scattering of a target over sea surface. The computation of the surface current radiation integral is accelerated by the fast far field approximation algorithm (FaFFA) with adaptive grouping. Experiments with pulse-Doppler dynamic measurement system are conducted to validate the proposed method. Moreover, the pulse width of the receiver channel is determined based on the multipath effect, and thus the echo signal from the target in the presence of the sea surface can be extracted. It is of great benefit to detect low altitude targets over sea background using the system.

Recently, with the augmentation of the radar frequency and the need for the RCS measurement of the large-sized targets, the work frequency of the scaled RCS measurement system will reach the wave band of terahertz. This article presents two common terahertz measurement systems, discusses the application of the terahertz measurement system on RCS measurement, expounds the system structure, the measurement technique and the data processing method of the terahertz RCS measurement system.

The application of conventional reflector-type compact test ranges becomes increasingly difficult at millimeter wavelength. The main problems are the tight surface accuracy requirements for the reflectors and, therefore, the high manufacturing costs. These problems can be overcome by the use of a grating type of compact range in which a planar grating structure is used. This idea is described and its performance is studied with theoretical analyses and measurement at 40 GHz. Simulations of the quiet-zone field are done with a two dimensional finite difference time domain method (FDTD), combined with physical optics (PO) method. In the quiet-zone, the peak-to-peak amplitude ripple is less than 2 dB and the phase ripple is less than 10°. The quiet zone is tested at 40GHz by moving a probe antenna across the quiet-zone with a linear scanner. The quiet zone can be larger than 110mm. It can be used in antennas measurements and scale model RCS measurements.

Information modernization is an essential process for ore sinter plant. In order to improve information interaction capability, a data acquisition system is designed by integrated OPC (OLE for Process Control), networks and database technology. Its frame is schemed with three layers, i.e. industrial field devices, industrial controllers and information interaction computers. And two kinds of application instances of this frame are discussed. According requirements of data acquisition for ore sinter process, an information communication module is presented and it consists of data acquisition channel, information communication networks and data management interface. A kind of communication mechanism is designed for information interaction between instances of the data acquisition process. The mechanism includes a set of dispose schemes for abnormal socket connecting and a data packing method for information interaction. With Visual C++ programming tool and object orient method, the communication module is realized by combined socket technique. Industrial application indicates that the proposed frame and its instances in this paper are flexible and valid schemes for sinter data acquisition.

The detection of apoptosis, or programmed cell death, is important to understand the underlying mechanism of cell development. At present, apoptosis detection resorts to fluorescence or colorimetric assays, which may affect cell behavior and thus not allow long-term monitoring of intact cells. In this work, we present an image analysis method to detect apoptosis in time-lapse phase-contrast microscopy, which is non-destructive imaging. The method first detects candidates for apoptotic cells based on the optical principle of phase-contrast microscopy in connection with the properties of apoptotic cells. The temporal behavior of each candidate is then examined in its neighboring frames in order to determine if the candidate is indeed an apoptotic cell. When applied to three C2C12 myoblastic stem cell populations, which contain more than 1000 apoptosis, the method achieved around 90% accuracy in terms of average precision and recall.

Current cell culture practices are dependent upon human operators and remain laborious and highly subjective, resulting in large variations and inconsistent outcomes, especially when using visual assessments of cell confluency to determine the appropriate time to subculture cells. Although efforts to automate cell culture with robotic systems are underway, the majority of such systems still require human intervention to determine when to subculture. Thus, it is necessary to accurately and objectively determine the appropriate time for cell passaging. Optimal stem cell culturing that maintains cell pluripotency while maximizing cell yields will be especially important for efficient, cost-effective stem cell-based therapies. Toward this goal we developed a real-time computer vision-based system that monitors the degree of cell confluency with a precision of 0.791±0.031 and recall of 0.559±0.043. The system consists of an automated phase-contrast time-lapse microscope and a server. Multiple dishes are sequentially imaged and the data is uploaded to the server that performs computer vision processing, predicts when cells will exceed a pre-defined threshold for optimal cell confluency, and provides a Web-based interface for remote cell culture monitoring. Human operators are also notified via text messaging and e-mail 4 hours prior to reaching this threshold and immediately upon reaching this threshold. This system was successfully used to direct the expansion of a paradigm stem cell population, C2C12 cells. Computer-directed and human-directed control subcultures required 3 serial cultures to achieve the theoretical target cell yield of 50 million C2C12 cells and showed no difference for myogenic and osteogenic differentiation. This automated vision-based system has potential as a tool toward adaptive real-time control of subculturing, cell culture optimization and quality assurance/quality control, and it could be integrated with current and developing robotic cell cultures systems to achieve complete automation.

The IP-based value-added service and data service develop quickly and become diversified with the evolution of mobile communication network. More and more services are chargeable and billing occurs when mobile subscribers access them. Billing attack to the IP/data service can cause great loss to the telecommunication operator and customer. Traditional fraud detection technologies focus on anomaly analysis on call detail record (CDR) and fraud detection which faces much challenge in detecting the billing attack in the mobile communication network. In this paper, a billing attack detection and prevention technology is proposed which combines the identity authentication, key process monitor and anomaly service traffic identification. An attack detection and prevention system is designed and implemented to inspect the fraudulent traffic and alarm or block the billing attempt.

In multi-hop MANETs, each node acts as an end node as well as a router for other nodes. Routing protocols maybe mis-used to launch denial-of-service attacks. The classic countermeasures by controlling route query rate is difficult to implement when the MANET topology change frequently. In this paper, an effective method to mitigate route query floods is proposed. Each node sets an upper bound number for the storage of the resulting (partial) routes with respect to route queries received from one source node. The simulation results show that, when the bound selected properly, route query floods can be mitigated efficiently. The Packet Deliver Rate (PDR) can reach that without attacks and route overhead can be reduced dramatically. At the same time, the method maintains network throughput when there are no malicious nodes.

Stem cell expansion culture aims to generate sufficient number of clinical-grade cells for cell-based therapies. One challenge for ex vivo expansion is to decide the appropriate time to perform subculture. Traditionally, this decision has been reliant on human estimation of cell confluency and predicting when confluency will approach a desired threshold. However, the use of human operators results in highly subjective decision-making and is prone to inter- and intra-operator variability. Using a real-time cell image analysis system, we propose a data-driven approach to model the cell growth process and predict the cell confluency levels, signaling times to subculture. This approach has great potential as a tool for adaptive real-time control of subculturing, and it can be integrated with robotic cell culture systems to achieve complete automation.

Differential Interference Contrast (DIC) microscopy is a non-destructive imaging modality that has been widely used by biologists to capture microscopy images of live biological specimens. However, as a qualitative technique, DIC microscopy records specimen's physical properties in an indirect way by mapping the gradient of specimen's optical path length (OPL) into the image intensity. In this paper, we propose to restore DIC microscopy images by quantitatively estimating specimen's OPL from a collection of DIC images captured from multiple shear directions. We acquire the DIC images by rotating the specimen dish on the microscope stage and design an Iterative Closest Point algorithm to register the images. The shear directions of the image dataset are automatically estimated by our coarse-to-fine grid search algorithm. We develop a direct solver on a regularized quadratic cost function to restore DIC microscopy images. The restoration from multiple shear directions decreases the ambiguity among different individual restorations. The restored DIC images are directly proportional to specimen's physical measurements, which is very amenable for microscopy image analysis such as cell segmentation.

The proposed novel electromagnetic radiated emission source identification method is based on Independent Component Analysis (ICA). The identification is conducted by processing a suitable number of radiated spectrum data which is obtained by measurements at different points around equipment under test (EUT). Using specific kurtosis-based ICA algorithm, we can not only distinguish EUT's radiated emission from ambient electromagnetic noise, but also can extract emission feature of different radiation sources. Using correlated coefficient of extracted signal and original signal to investigate the accuracy of proposed method, the value can at least reach 0.98 and 0.72 for simulation and measurement data analysis respectively; feasibility and effectiveness of proposed method were verified by such good results.

A logic analysis model for aluminum hydroxide calcinations process was proposed, which includes four kinds of parameters and two units, namely, feeding, operation, structure and index parameters, process control and combustion unit. Integrated fuzzy algorithm, artificial neural networks and genetic algorithms, a kind of fuzzy neural network was constructed and optimized. A strategy for calcinations adjustment that consists of five fuzzy neural network models and a fuzzy linguistic inference model was schemed, whose primary functions include feeding computing, fuel flux computing, the ratio of air to fuel computing, and flux tracking of air and fuel. The application of optimal control indicates that temperature error is ±5?. Optimal control is beneficial to practical operation and energy-saving.

This chapter provides an overview of recent research and development (R&D) activity in the area of educational design patterns and pattern languages. It provides a context for evaluating this line of R&D by sketching an account of the practice of educational design, highlighting some of its difficulties and the ways in which design patterns and other aids to design might play a role. It foregrounds a tension between optimising design performance and supporting the evolution of design expertise. The chapter provides examples of recent research by the authors on design patterns for networked learning, as well as pointers to complementary research by others. Connections are made with R&D work on learning design and other approaches to supporting design activity.

Systemic electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) evaluation method is presented in the paper. Firstly, the relative of all sensitive sub-systems and mathematical models of systemic EMC performance EMC(s) are provided. Secondly, this paper proposes a series, parallel, three basic hybrid sensitive ports electromagnetic compatibility prediction model and its mathematical model. Based on these models, the compatibility probability of all sensitive sub-systems can be analyzed and computed so as that systemic EMC performance EMC(s) can be computed successfully. Finally, systemic EMC(s) evaluation of a kind of military computer is provided as a typical application.

In virtual of the complexities of traditional EMC tests, this paper introduces a framework of automatic testing system for electromagnetic compatibility. Furthermore, some method and ideals on data analysis are presented. The method provides much reliable basis on diagnosing EMC problems. It is much more convincible that this test framework is able to meet most EMC test requirements.

This paper introduces the condition, requirement and method of automatic testing for electromagnetic emission of electronic equipments and discusses in detail how to design the automatic testing software with Labview program to realize the structure and constitute of the software based on GPIB. The method and ideas of this paper can also be applied to the software design of other electronic equipments.

this paper simply introduces the traditional calculation method of the normalized site attenuation (NSA) of electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) test site, and also analyzes some errors of the traditional method. Then based on the theory discussed above, a new method to calculate the theoretical value of the NSA is put forward. The new method has more universality than the traditional one.

The high-speed interconnection solutions have been used in almost all electronic products, so connector's signal transmission quality has also become a critical factor in the design of high-speed applications. Thus, in the design of high-speed connector applications, the impedance matching, cross talk, propagating delay and alignment shape of connector are important factors to be considered. The impedance matching is the prerequisite for solving the signal integrity, this paper proposes the impedance matching rule of high-speed connector through theoretical calculation and software simulation, thereby effectively resolving the problem of signal integrity which impedance mismatching leads to.