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1. DEVELOPMENT OF MACHINE FOR HOT FORMING OF AVIATION GLAZING FROM ORGANIC GLASS USING ADDITIVE TECHNOLOGIES

Author

K. D. Lisov, M. S. Shatov, E. D. Semenov, and Ts. A. Batuev

Subjects
Glazing, Materials science, Aviation, business.industry, Organic glass, Metallurgy, business
Abstract

This article discusses the issues of improving hot forming technology of aviation glazing parts from organic glass using modern methods of additive technologies, relevance of development and implementation of this technology in production.

Published
2021

2. BOX SELECTIVITY IN DIFFERENT CONTAINER CARGO-HANDLING SYSTEMS

Author

Anton D. Semenov, Inland Shipping, Yanino Logistics Park Llc, Aleksandr L. Kuznetsov, and Anna A. Radchenko

Subjects
Materials science, Complementary and alternative medicine, business.industry, Container (abstract data type), Pharmaceutical Science, Pharmacology (medical), Selectivity, Process engineering, business
Published
2020

3. Phantoms for Nuclear Medicine

Author

Alexey A. Trukhin, Pavel O. Rumyantsev, D. Semenov, K. Sergunova, A. Bubnov, N. Makarova, Ya. Sirota, and E. Ahmad

Subjects
03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, business.industry, Computer science, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, Nuclear medicine, business, 030218 nuclear medicine & medical imaging
Abstract

The nuclear medicine phantom development is based on the step by step description of the computational and experimental biological object model. Computational phantoms are used for geometry of the object description and simulate physics of particle interactions with matter, while experimental phantoms are used for quality control tests and standardization of functional research protocols. Common examples are the dosimetry planning of radionuclide therapy and post-therapeutic scintigraphy with 131I. This review provides a list of methods for computational and experimental phantoms. Examples of existing phantoms created for the nuclear medicine tasks are also given.

Published
2020

4. Box Selectivity in Different Container Cargo-handling Systems

Author

Alexander Kirichenko, Alexander Kuznetsov, and Anton D. Semenov

Subjects
business.industry, simulation model, lcsh:TC601-791, Ocean Engineering, Transportation, container cargo-handling system, Oceanography, container, artificial intelligence (ai), cargo handling system, lcsh:HE1-9990, theoretical selectivity, cargo handling, lcsh:Canals and inland navigation. Waterways, Container (abstract data type), Environmental science, box selectivity, lcsh:Transportation and communications, Selectivity, Process engineering, business
Abstract

The box selectivity in operational stack of container terminal is a quite common and long studied question. The pure random choice is governed by the theory of probability offering some combinatorial estimations. The introduction of operational rules like import/export separation, storage by shipping lines, sorting by rail or truck transportation etc., as well as the most notorious ‘sinking’ effect, i.e. covering of boxes arrived earlier by next cargo parties – all these blur the clear algebraiс picture and lead to appearance of many heuristic outlooks of the problem. A new impetus to this problem in last decades was given by the rapid development of IT, AI and simulation techniques. There are quite many examples of the models described in the scientific publication reflecting many real and arbitrary terminals, which embed very advanced and complicated mechanisms reflecting selected features and strategies. Unfortunately, these models usually are created ad hoc, with some pragmatic objectives and under the demand of closest possible proximity to the simulating objects. There are much less models designated to pure scientific study of the deep inner mechanisms responsible for the primal behavior of the operating container stack, enabling to introduce step by step new rules and restrictions, providing regular proving of every next stage’s adequacy and easy to use. This paper describes one attempt of this kind to create a new theoretical tool to put into the regular toolkit of the container terminal designer. The study starts with mathematical (combinatorial) considerations, proceeds with some restrictions caused by physical and technological characteristics, and ends up with the simulation model, which adequacy is confirmed by practical results.

Published
2019

5. THE METHOD OF SYNTHESIS OF THE DIGITAL CONTROLLER FOR A SOLAR ENERGY CONVERSION CHANNEL OF THE SOLAR BATTERY IN THE POWER SUPPLY SYSTEM OF A SPACECRAFT

Author

V. A. Kabirov, D. S. Torgaeva, Maxim P. Sukhorukov, V. N. Shkolnyi, V. D. Semenov, and Jsc 'Academician M. F. Reshetnev 'Information Satellite Systems'

Subjects
Solar battery, Spacecraft, business.industry, Computer science, Electrical engineering, Solar energy conversion, Digital control, business, Communication channel, Power (physics)
Published
2019

6. Superconducting nanostrip single-photon detectors some fundamental aspects in detection mechanism, technology and performance

Author

A. D. Semenov

Subjects
Superconductivity, Materials science, business.industry, superconducting nanostrips, fluctuations, Photon detector, Metals and Alloys, Condensed Matter Physics, Materials Chemistry, Ceramics and Composites, Optoelectronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, business, Photon detection, Mechanism (sociology), photon detection
Abstract

The paper is devoted to several recent rather fundamental achievements in the field of superconducting nanostrip single-photon detectors which make an impact on understanding the detection mechanism, technological challenges and performance metrics important for applications. Special attention is given to static and temporal fluctuations of different origin affecting key metrics of these detectors. Some salient points of older models such as detection criteria or real-time evolution of an electro-thermal domain are also highlighted. Recent technical and instrumental advances are intentionally left beyond the scope of this paper.

Published
2021

7. Enhancing the performance of superconducting nanowire-based detectors with high-filling factor by using variable thickness

Author

A. D. Semenov, Karl K. Berggren, Saman Jahani, Ekkehart Schmidt, Ilya Charaev, Reza Baghdadi, Di Zhu, Konstantin Ilin, Zubin Jacob, Michael Müller, Michael Siegel, and Marco Colangelo

Subjects
Superconductivity, Materials science, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, business.industry, Filling factor, Condensed Matter - Superconductivity, Detector, Metals and Alloys, Nanowire, Current crowding, SNSPD, FOS: Physical sciences, Superconducting nanowire single-photon detector, Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det), Condensed Matter Physics, Superconductivity (cond-mat.supr-con), current crowding, Materials Chemistry, Ceramics and Composites, Optoelectronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Thin film, business, superconducting nanowires, Current density
Abstract

Current crowding at bends of superconducting nanowire single-photon detector (SNSPD) is one of the main factors limiting the performance of meander-style detectors with large filling factors. In this paper, we propose a new concept to reduce the influence of the current crowding effect, a so-called variable thickness SNSPD, which is composed of two regions with different thicknesses. A larger thickness of bends in comparison to the thickness of straight nanowire sections locally reduces the current density and reduces the suppression of the critical current caused by current crowding. This allows variable thickness SNSPD to have a higher critical current, an improved detection efficiency, and decreased dark count rate in comparison with a standard uniform thickness SNSPD with an identical geometry and film quality.

Published
2021

8. Morphometric Parameters of the Corneal Flap after FemtoLASIK Using Various Femtosecond Laser

Author

A. V. Doga, I. A. Mushkova, A. D. Semenov, A. N. Karimova, E. V. Kechin, and I. N. Shormaz

Subjects
femto visum, Materials science, optical coherence tomography, Corneal curvature, genetic structures, business.industry, Femto, corneal flap, RE1-994, eye diseases, Absolute deviation, Ophthalmology, femtosecond laser, femto ldv z6, femtolasik, Nuclear medicine, business
Abstract

Purpose:to make a comparison of the corneal flap parameters after the FemtoLASIK procedure using femtolaser systems Femto Visum (Russia) and Femto LDV Z6 (Switzerland).Patients and methods.The study was carried out in 192 eyes from 192 patients with mild and moderate myopia who had undergone FemtoLASIK prodecure. Group 1 (Femto Visum) included 98 eyes (n = 98) on which flap were formed using femtolaser Femto Visum (“Optosystems”, Russia), group 2 (Femto LDV Z6) included 94 eyes (n = 94) and Femto LDV Z6 was used (“Ziemer Ophthalmic Systems AG”, Switzerland). The Femto Visum and Femto LDV Z6 groups were comparable in terms of pre-operative data (age, sex, corneal curvature, central corneal thickness, sphere, cylinder, spherical equivalent) (p > 0.05). The intended flap thickness was 100 μm and diameter was 9.0 mm in both groups. One month after surgery the achieved flap thickness in the horizontal and vertical meridians (14 measurement points) and the flap diameter in the horizontal meridian were measured using Visante OCT (Carl Zeiss, Germany), also we determined the shape of the flap and the mean deviation of the values from morphometric parameters of the corneal flap relative to the intended values.Results.In group 1 (Femto Visum), the total average thickness of the flap was 98.89 ± 3.96 μm with the mean deviation 2.91 ± 2.91 μm, the mean flap diameter was 8.96 ± 0.13 mm with the mean deviation 0.11 ± 0.07 mm, in group 2 (Femto LDV Z6) the same parameters were 99.11 ± 3.89 μm, 2.99 ± 2.64 μm and 8.91 ± 0.14 mm, 0.13 ± 0.10 mm, respectively. The configuration of the corneal flap was uniform in both groups. For all studied parameters it was no any statistically significant differences between studied groups (p > 0.05, Student’s t-test).Conclusions.The Femto Visum and Femto LDV Z6 femtolaser systems allow to shape the uniform and highly predictable corneal flap morphometric parameters, similar measurements were obtained from both systems.

Published
2018

9. Comparing 48V mild hybrid concepts using a hybrid-simulation-toolkit

Author

Anita Bongards, W. Wenzel, D. Semenov, and Sara Mohon

Subjects
Boosting (machine learning), Electrification, Powertrain, business.industry, Computer science, Key (cryptography), Automotive industry, Sensitivity (control systems), business, Original equipment manufacturer, Automotive engineering
Abstract

The automotive sector is undergoing significant changes. Most of those are driven by stricter legislation and higher sensitivity of customers to environmental issues. Electrification of the powertrain is one of the key elements for OEMs to meet the strict CO2 emission targets, especially in Europe. A mild hybridization with 48V systems can be a cost-efficient means to reduce CO2 emissions. In addition, a 48V power supply system enables efficient electrification of other components like pumps and the usage of electrified air boosting devices to provide additional benefits.

Published
2019

10. Modelling of normal domain evolution after single-photon absorption of a superconducting strip of micron width

Author

N. N. Manova, Alexander Korneev, M. Dryazgov, Yu. P. Korneeva, and A. D. Semenov

Subjects
Superconductivity, History, Materials science, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, business.industry, Optoelectronics, Single photon absorption, business, Computer Science Applications, Education, Domain evolution
Abstract

The present paper describes a modelling of normal domain evolution in superconducting strip of micron width using solving differential equations describing the temperature and current changes. The solving results are compared with experimental data. This comparison demonstrates the high accuracy of the model. In future, it is possible to employ this model for improvement of single photon detector based on micron-scale superconducting strips.

Published
2020

11. Analysis of the Effect of Metal Lining Defects on the Technical Condition of Penstocks

Author

V. B. Shtil’man, Yu. D. Semenov, and Yu. V. Shevchenko

Subjects
Engineering, business.industry, Forensic engineering, Energy Engineering and Power Technology, Structural engineering, Operating life, business, Penstock
Abstract

Numerous inspections of HPP penstocks reveal typical defects in metal liners that appeared during penstock construction and operation. This paper analyzes such defects with the aim of estimating their effect on the remaining operating life of penstocks.

Published
2016

12. Immunopathogenetic changes at the women infected of the human papilloma virus

Author

D. Semenov

Subjects
Human papilloma virus, business.industry, Medicine, business, Virology
Abstract

Objective: study of immunological parameters in women infected with different types of HPV and the development of a comprehensive approach to the treatment of women with cervical disease caused by HPV infection. Materials and methods: The study involved 47 women with HPV infection and 20 healthy women. To evaluate the intensity of the cellular immune response to antigens (L1) HPV 6, 11, 16, 18 types of immunological tests performed: the reaction of blast transformation of lymphocytes (RBTL) on HPV antigens, RBTL HPV antigens, mixed culture blast interleukin-2 (IL-2) cells, determination immunophenotype lymphocytes CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, CD25+, CD22+, reaction lymphocyte sensitization to antigens, by definition they enhance the expression of the receptor for interleukin-2 under the influence of HPV antigens 6, 11, 16, 18 types, determination of serum immunoglobulins G, M, A. Main results: In article the analysis immunological changes at women of reproductive age at various clinical variants papillomavirus infection. Are formulated prognosis criteria defining a current of pathological process. Ways of increase of efficiency of treatment HPV of an infection are planned. Conclusion: HPV infection is determined by the decrease in CD2+, CD3+, CD4+ lymphocyte receptors, reducing immunoregulatory index CD4+ / CD8+. Defective helper T cell immunity in patients with HPV infection explains the long duration of infection and susceptibility to activation with the development of subclinical and clinical manifestations. High expression of IL2R-α (CD25+) and increase in the proliferation of T-lymphocyte blast cells in the cultures to AG HPV after addition of interleukin-2 in patients with HPV infection, indicating insufficient production of endogenous IL-2. Normalization of cellular immunity system and eliminate the deficit of endogenous production of IL-2 will facilitate an adequate immune response and, in the end, – the elimination of HPV.

Published
2016

13. Analysis of structures of energy conversion complexes of spacecraft power supply systems in development of their digital control systems

Author

V. D. Semenov, S. S. Tyunin, Vagiz A. Kabirov, Yu. A. Shinyakov, N. P. Vintonyak, and D. B. Borodin

Subjects
Development (topology), Spacecraft, business.industry, Computer science, Energy transformation, Digital control, business, Automotive engineering, Power (physics)
Abstract

The paper discusses the principle of construction of automatic control systems for the energy conversion complex of a spacecraft with a digital control system. It is shown that the proposed digital control system is able to solve all the tasks assigned to it. The results are tested on an experimental model.

Published
2019

14. 4π semiconductor beta-spectrometer for measurement of 144Ce – 144Pr spectra

Author

N. Pilipenko, V. N. Muratova, I. Lomskaia, I. Kotina, E. Unzhakov, I. Drachnev, S. Bakhlanov, A. V. Derbin, and D. Semenov

Subjects
Physics, History, Semiconductor, Spectrometer, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, business.industry, Analytical chemistry, Beta (finance), business, Spectral line, Computer Science Applications, Education
Abstract

Precision measurements of beta-spectra have always been and are still playing an important role in several fundamental physical problems, predominantly in neutrino physics. Magnetic and electrostatic spectrometers possess the superior energy resolution, but at the same time such devices appear to be very complex and large-scale setups. Since the electron free path at 3 MeV (which is, basically, the maximum beta-transition energy for long-living isotopes) does not exceed 2 g/cm3, solid state scintillation and ionization detectors were effectively employed for detection of electron. In case of semiconductor detectors there is a significant probability of back-scattering from the detector surface that depends on the detector material. This issue could be overcome by constructing a beta-spectrometer with 4π geometry, fully covering the source and capable of detecting backscattered electrons. Here we present a technology allowing production of a beta-spectrometer based on silicon detectors and having 4π geometry. The spectrometer developed had been fitted with a 144Ce-144Pr radioactive source and has demonstrated capability of performing precision beta-spectrometry for this nuclides.

Published
2019

15. Intrinsic Jitter in Photon Detection by Straight Superconducting Nanowires

Author

Mariia Sidorova, Artem Kuzmin, Michael Siegel, Ilya Charaev, Steffen Doerner, and A. D. Semenov

Subjects
Photon, Optical fiber, media_common.quotation_subject, Nanowire, Dispersion jitter, Physics::Optics, 02 engineering and technology, 01 natural sciences, Asymmetry, law.invention, Optics, law, Computer Science::Multimedia, 0103 physical sciences, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, 010306 general physics, media_common, Jitter, Coupling, Physics, business.industry, Detector, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Condensed Matter Physics, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Computer Science::Performance, Wavelength, wire bends, Physics::Accelerator Physics, timing jitter, 0210 nano-technology, business, superconducting nanowires
Abstract

Timing jitter inherent in photon detection by superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors has different values and behaves differently for detection events originating in bends and in straights of nanowires. Generally, jitter is larger for events in bends. Although, for typical meandering nanowire, contribution of bends to the integral jitter is almost negligible due to small geometric weight of bends in the meander, it reduces the accuracy of extracting the value of local jitter in straights. Here we report on the intrinsic jitter, which was measured in a straight nanowire without bends. Standard deviation in the intrinsic jitter for detection events in the straight nanowire is smaller than 6.5 ps for photons with the wavelength 794 nm and 7.7 ps for 1560 nm. This value is less than jitter magnitudes in straights, which were extracted from the jitter measured previously for the meandering nanowire. Coupling of photons to the nanowire through sufficiently long optical fiber increases integral jitter and causes asymmetry in the jitter histogram. However, this optical asymmetry differs qualitatively from the asymmetry caused by the detection process itself at small photon energies.

Published
2018

16. Methodology to synthesis of digital regulator for solar battery energy conversion channel in the spacecraft power supply system

Author

Yu. A. Shinyakov, Maxim P. Sukhorukov, D. S. Torgaeva, V. D. Semenov, Vagiz A. Kabirov, and R. S. Cevastyanov

Subjects
Engineering, Spacecraft, business.industry, Photovoltaic system, Simulation modeling, Electrical engineering, Regulator, Solar battery, Physics::Space Physics, Energy transformation, ComputerSystemsOrganization_SPECIAL-PURPOSEANDAPPLICATION-BASEDSYSTEMS, Digital control, Commutation, business
Abstract

The methodology to synthesis of a digital regulator for a solar battery energy conversion channel in a spacecraft power supply system is presented. The mathematical model of a shunt converter in the basis of commutation function has been developed, it is linearized and simplified. Simulation modeling power supply system with digital control has been carried out in solar battery energy converter operation mode.

Published
2017

17. Coherent detection of weak signals with superconducting nanowire single photon detector at the telecommunication wavelength

Author

M. Shcherbatenko, Yury Lobanov, Vadim Kovalyuk, Alexander Korneev, R. V. Ozhegov, A. D. Semenov, N. S. Kaurova, Gregory Goltsman, and Boris M. Voronov

Subjects
Heterodyne, Physics, business.industry, Local oscillator, Detector, Bandwidth (signal processing), Superconducting nanowire single-photon detector, 01 natural sciences, Photon counting, 010309 optics, Laser linewidth, Optics, 0103 physical sciences, Optoelectronics, 010306 general physics, business, Telecommunications, Jitter
Abstract

Achievement of the ultimate sensitivity along with a high spectral resolution is one of the frequently addressed problems, as the complication of the applied and fundamental scientific tasks being explored is growing up gradually. In our work, we have investigated performance of a superconducting nanowire photon-counting detector operating in the coherent mode for detection of weak signals at the telecommunication wavelength. Quantum-noise limited sensitivity of the detector was ensured by the nature of the photon-counting detection and restricted by the quantum efficiency of the detector only. Spectral resolution given by the heterodyne technique and was defined by the linewidth and stability of the Local Oscillator (LO). Response bandwidth was found to coincide with the detector’s pulse width, which, in turn, could be controlled by the nanowire length. In addition, the system noise bandwidth was shown to be governed by the electronics/lab equipment, and the detector noise bandwidth is predicted to depend on its jitter. As have been demonstrated, a very small amount of the LO power (of the order of a few picowatts down to hundreds of femtowatts) was required for sufficient detection of the test signal, and eventual optimization could lead to further reduction of the LO power required, which would perfectly suit for the foreseen development of receiver matrices and the need for detection of ultra-low signals at a level of less-than-one-photon per second.

Published
2017

20. High-Speed Y–Ba–Cu–O Direct Detection System for Monitoring Picosecond THz Pulses

Author

Vitali Judin, C. Szwaj, Heinz-Wilhelm Hübers, Naoto Yamamoto, Masahiro Katoh, Masahiro Adachi, A.-S. Müller, S. Tanaka, Masahito Hosaka, Stefan Wünsch, P. Thoma, Alexander Scheuring, Nigel Smale, A. D. Semenov, Shin-ichi Kimura, Eléonore Roussel, Konstantin Ilin, Serge Bielawski, and Michael Siegel

Subjects
Cryostat, Radiation, Materials science, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Terahertz radiation, business.industry, Detector, Physics::Optics, Synchrotron radiation, YBa2Cu3O7-δ terahertz picosecond pulses, Full width at half maximum, Optics, Picosecond, Temporal resolution, Physics::Accelerator Physics, Time domain, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, business
Abstract

A high-speed YBa2Cu3O7-δ direct detection system was developed to monitor terahertz picosecond pulses in the time domain. High-TC superconducting thin-film YBa2Cu3O7-δ microbridges with critical temperatures of TC = 85 K were embedded into a planar log-spiral antenna to couple the broadband terahertz radiation (0.1 -2 THz) of several picosecond pulsed sources. The YBa2Cu3O7-δ detectors were installed in a liquid nitrogen cryostat equipped with 18 GHz effective bandwidth readout electronics. THz pulses generated at the electron storage rings ANKA and UVSOR-II have been resolved with a temporal resolution of 30 ps (full width at half maximum) limited by the readout electronics bandwidth. Beam dynamic effects of bursting coherent synchrotron radiation were successfully monitored.

Published
2013

21. Potential of a Superconducting Photon Counter for Heterodyne Detection at Telecommunication Wavelength

Author

Boris M. Voronov, Yury Lobanov, Vadim Kovalyuk, R. V. Ozhegov, A. D. Semenov, A. Kazakov, Gregory Goltsman, Alexander Korneev, and M. Shcherbatenko

Subjects
Physics, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, business.industry, Local oscillator, Detector, Bandwidth (signal processing), Quantum noise, FOS: Physical sciences, Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det), 01 natural sciences, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, Photon counting, 010309 optics, Optics, Intermediate frequency, 0103 physical sciences, Heterodyne detection, 010306 general physics, Telecommunications, business, Free-space optical communication
Abstract

Here, we report on successful operation of a NbN thin film superconducting nanowire single-photon detector (SNSPD) in a coherent mode (as a mixer) at the telecommunication wavelength of 1550 nm. Providing the Local Oscillator power of the order of a few picowatts, we were practically able to reach the quantum noise limited sensitivity. The intermediate frequency gain bandwidth was limited by the spectral band of single-photon response pulse of the detector, which is proportional to the detector size. We observed gain bandwidth of 65 MHz and 140 MHz for 7x7 um^2 and 3x3 um^2 devices respectively. Tiny amount of the required Local Oscillator power and wide gain and noise bandwidths along with the needless of any Low Noise Amplification opens possibility for a photon counting heterodyne-born megapixel array development., Comment: The paper contains 10 pages, 4 figures, and is now under review for Optics Express

Published
2016
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22. Superconducting YBa2Cu3O7−δ Thin Film Detectors for Picosecond THz Pulses

Author

J. Hänisch, Vitali Judin, Bernhard Holzapfel, A.-S. Müller, Stefan Wünsch, Matthias Hofherr, A. D. Semenov, Alexander Scheuring, P. Probst, Konstantin Ilin, Michael Siegel, and Heinz-Wilhelm Hübers

Subjects
Superconductivity, High-temperature superconductivity, Materials science, Terahertz radiation, business.industry, Transition temperature, Condensed Matter Physics, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, Pulsed laser deposition, law.invention, law, Picosecond, Optoelectronics, General Materials Science, Thin film, business, Storage ring
Abstract

Ultra-fast THz detectors from superconducting YBa2Cu3O7−δ (YBCO) thin films were developed to monitor picosecond THz pulses. YBCO thin films were optimized by the introduction of CeO2 and PrBaCuO buffer layers. The transition temperature of 10 nm thick films reaches 79 K. A 15 nm thick YBCO microbridge (transition temperature—83 K, critical current density at 77 K—2.4 MA/cm2) embedded in a planar log-spiral antenna was used to detect pulsed THz radiation of the ANKA storage ring. First time resolved measurements of the multi-bunch filling pattern are presented.

Published
2012

25. Waveguide integrated superconducting single-photon detector for on-chip quantum and spectral photonic application

Author

M. Shcherbatenko, Alexander Korneev, Oliver Kahl, Wolfram H. P. Pernice, V. Kovalyuk, Yu. Lobanov, G.N. Gol'tsman, S. Ferrari, and A. D. Semenov

Subjects
Physics, Superconductivity, History, Waveguide (electromagnetism), business.industry, Photon detector, Photonic integrated circuit, Computer Science Applications, Education, Optics, Optoelectronics, Photonics, business, Quantum
Published
2017

26. Detektion verborgener Objekte mittels eines abbildenden Terahertz-Heterodynempfängers (Detection of Hidden Objects with an Imaging Terahertz Heterodyne Receiver)

Author

Heiko Richter, Heinz-Wilhelm Hübers, A. D. Semenov, and Ute Böttger

Subjects
Physics, Optics, business.industry, Terahertz radiation, law, Superheterodyne receiver, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, business, Instrumentation, law.invention
Abstract

In diesem Artikel wird über ein abbildendes Heterodynspektrometer berichtet, das bei einer Frequenz von 0,8 THz arbeitet. Mit dem System ist es möglich, unter der Kleidung verborgene Objekte innerhalb weniger Sekunden und in einem Abstand von 20 m zu detektieren. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass ein echtzeitfähiges, abbildendes THz-Heterodynspektrometer machbar ist.

Published
2008

27. Spectral Sensitivity and Spectral Resolution of Superconducting Single-Photon Detectors

Author

Philipp Haas, Konstantin Ilin, H.-W. Hübers, A. D. Semenov, Andrey Smirnov, P.J. Beyer, Thomas Schurig, Alexander Kirste, Michael Siegel, and Andreas Engel

Subjects
Physics, Photon, business.industry, Detector, Photon energy, Condensed Matter Physics, Kinetic inductance, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Amplitude, Spectral sensitivity, Optics, Quantum efficiency, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Photonics, business
Abstract

Single photon detectors based on meanders from 5-nm thin B1 niobium nitride nanostrips show moderate spectral resolution along with the spectral cut-off of the quantum efficiency occurring in the near-infrared spectral range. Beyond the cut-off there is a gradual decrease of the quantum efficiency. To describe the response beyond the cut-off we combine the previously developed hot-spot detection mechanism with the photon-induced unbinding of the vortex-antivortex pairs, which appear in the superconducting film below the Kosterlitz-Thouless phase transition. The detector responds to the absorption of a single photon with a voltage pulse whose amplitude depends on the photon energy. We report the observation of a photon-energy dependent statistical distribution of the pulse amplitude that defines the energy resolution of the detector. We analyzed the detector response to continuous and femtosecond-pulse radiation using broadband microwave amplifiers and a fast single-shot oscilloscope as well as integrating SQUID amplifiers. Our analysis suggests that both the amplitude and the duration of the response pulses are jointly controlled via the kinetic inductance of the meander line and the Joule power dissipated in the meander by the bias current.

Published
2007

28. Terahertz Performance of Integrated Lens Antennas With a Hot-Electron Bolometer

Author

Burghardt Günther, J.P. Karamarkovic, A. D. Semenov, H. Richter, Andrey Smirnov, Heinz-Wilhelm Hübers, Konstantin Ilin, and Michael Siegel

Subjects
Physics, Noise temperature, Radiation, Directional antenna, business.industry, Terahertz radiation, Bolometer, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Condensed Matter Physics, Physical optics, Fourier transform spectroscopy, Radiation pattern, law.invention, terahertz receivers, Optics, law, quasi-optical coupling, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Integrated lens antenna, superconducting bolometers, business, Electrical impedance, Computer Science::Information Theory
Abstract

Radiation coupling efficiency and directive properties of integrated lens antennas with log-spiral, log-periodic, and double-slot planar feeds coupled to a hot-electron bolometer were experimentally studied at frequencies from 1 to 6 THz and compared with simulations based on the method of moments and physical-optics ray tracing. For all studied antennas, the modeled spectral dependence of the coupling efficiency fits to the experimental data obtained with both Fourier transform spectroscopy and noise temperature measurements only if the complex impedance of the bolometer is explicitly taken into account. At high frequencies, the radiation pattern of integrated antennas exhibits sidelobes, which are higher than those predicted by the antenna model

Published
2007

29. Towards local oscillators based on arrays of niobium Josephson junctions

Author

F. Muller, Matvey Finkel, V V Kurin, Gregory Goltsman, A. D. Semenov, Alexander M. Klushin, S V Seliverstov, T. Scheller, and M A Galin

Subjects
Josephson effect, Physics, hot-electron bolometer, Josephson junctions, Terahertz radiation, business.industry, Local oscillator, Superheterodyne receiver, Bolometer, Planar array, Metals and Alloys, heterodyne receiver, local oscillator, Physics::Optics, Condensed Matter Physics, law.invention, Resonator, law, Materials Chemistry, Ceramics and Composites, Continuous wave, Optoelectronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, business
Abstract

Various applications in the field of terahertz technology are in urgent need of compact, wide-tunable solid-state continuous wave radiation sources with a moderate power. However, satisfactory solutions for the THz frequency range are scarce yet. Here we report on coherent radiation from a large planar array of Josephson junctions (JJs) in the frequency range between 0.1 and 0.3 THz. The external resonator providing the synchronization of JJ array is identified as a straight fragment of a single-strip-line containing the junctions themselves. We demonstrate a prototype of the quasioptical heterodyne receiver with the JJ array as a local oscillator and a hot-electron bolometer mixer.

Published
2015

30. Superconducting hot-electron bolometer mixer for terahertz heterodyne receivers

Author

A. D. Semenov, Matvey Finkel, S.V. Antipov, G.N. Gol'tsman, H.-W. Hübers, Konstantin Smirnov, Heiko Richter, Manfred Birk, Y. Vachtomin, V. N. Drakinski, B. M. Voronov, Michail Krocka, Ulrich Mair, and N. S. Kaurova

Subjects
Physics, Noise temperature, business.industry, Terahertz radiation, Bolometer, heterodyne receiver, hot electron bolometer, Condensed Matter Physics, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, law.invention, Radiation pattern, Optics, Intermediate frequency, law, K band, Heterodyne detection, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, business, Frequency mixer
Abstract

We present recent results showing the development of superconducting NbN hot-electron bolometer mixer for German receiver for astronomy at terahertz frequencies and terahertz limb sounder. The mixer is incorporated into a planar feed antenna, which has either logarithmic spiral or double-slot configuration, and backed on a silicon lens. The hybrid antenna had almost frequency independent and symmetric radiation pattern slightly broader than expected for a diffraction limited antenna. At 2.5 THz the best 2200 K double side-band receiver noise temperature was achieved across a 1 GHz intermediate frequency bandwidth centred at 1.5 GHz. For this operation regime, a receiver conversion efficiency of -17 dB was directly measured and the loss budget was evaluated. The mixer response was linear at load temperatures smaller than 400 K. Implementation of the MgO buffer layer on Si resulted in an increased 5.2 GHz gain bandwidth. The receiver was tested in the laboratory environment by measuring a methanol emission line at 2.5 THz.

Published
2003

31. Alignment of the ALICE Inner Tracking System with cosmic-ray tracks

Author

F. Carena, Rainer Arno Ernst Renfordt, Petr Nomokonov, Taku Gunji, Juyeon Yi, Udo Kebschull, Rashmi Raniwala, Boris Batyunya, Claude Andre Pruneau, F. Furano, S. Antinori, Roberto Barbera, H. Delagrange, T. Dobrowolski, Marian Krivda, M. Sano, Xu Cai, Zhongbao Yin, Philippe Pillot, L. Cunqueiro, E. Cattaruzza, J. Pluta, Andreas Petridis, Evgeny Ryabinkin, R. Grajcarek, Bruce Becker, L. Molnar, F. Formenti, Grzegorz Andrzej Wilk, T. Samanta, Matthias Richter, S. Huber, Raul Arteche Diaz, Hyun-Chul Kim, Konrad Tywoniuk, P. Rosinský, Fernando Scarlassara, F. Yermia, Rajeev Singh, Subhasis Chattopadhyay, Agneta Oskarsson, Sergey Nazarenko, M. Zynovyev, Krzysztof Redlich, G. Herrera Corral, D. Truesdale, J. Hamblen, Lokesh Kumar, M. Nicassio, Lawrence Pinsky, W. Sommer, X. Yuan, B. H. Han, C. Di Giglio, Jochen Klein, B. Fenton-Olsen, A. Szostak, A. Matyja, C. Bortolin, Brigitte Cheynis, C. Baumann, Janusz Oleniacz, Y. Berdnikov, Ana Vargas, T.A. Pocheptsov, Csaba Soos, I. Maldonado Cervantes, J. Gebelein, Hannes Jung, Vladislav Manko, S. Sano, Marian Putis, Bogdan Vulpescu, H. Gottschlag, Trine Spedstad Tveter, Vladimir Peskov, Sevil Salur, Sergey Kiselev, M. R. Cosentino, Hideki Hamagaki, Gunnar Løvhøiden, Elena Bruna, S. Beole, Lennart Osterman, Christian Holm Christensen, Yu.N. Pestov, F. Orsini, G. Torralba, Dayong Wang, Madan M. Aggarwal, D. Tlusty, Andreas Morsch, Alexander Mamonov, A. Pepato, Anselmo Margotti, Evgeny Kryshen, D. Perini, Klaus Johannes Reygers, C.W. Fabjan, Shih-Chang Lee, M. Fragkiadakis, T. Iwasaki, F. Lackner, R. Ichou, I. K. Yoo, N. Abel, Panagiotis Christakoglou, Dirk Hutter, M. Rodríguez Cahuantzi, S. H. Kim, Teodor Siemiarczuk, S. Rousseau, Andrei Ionut Herghelegiu, V. Kushpil, A. Palmeri, M. Bregant, A. Pesci, H. Yang, V. Grigoriev, J. W. Harris, Yu.V. Zanevsky, Mauro Gallio, Y. Corrales Morales, Hans Rudolf Schmidt, Xuan Zhang, J. Bartke, A. Raḿirez Reyes, Petra Riedler, M. Venaruzzo, Ken Oyama, L. Jirden, Rosario Nania, Roberto Preghenella, P. Crochet, Alexander Philipp Kalweit, C. Ivan, Olja Dordic, Sona Pochybova, B. S. Chang, R. Bala, G. Steyn, Satyajit Jena, Natasha Sharma, Andre Mischke, Jean-Yves Grossiord, L. K. Mangotra, H. Oeschler, I. Ilkiv, V. Altini, E. Serradilla, F. Nendaz, Cristina Terrevoli, Federico Ronchetti, V. Chambert, A. Jacholkowski, E. Nappi, I. Rashevskaya, A. Lozea Feijo Soares, Silvia Masciocchi, Z. Fodor, M. Krus, G. Sharkov, T. Sugitate, H. Taureg, S. Di Liberto, Toralf Bernhard Skaali, C. Tagridis, A. G. Agocs, Kenta Shigaki, I. Doḿinguez, Hanna Paulina Zbroszczyk, Michele Floris, C. Pastore, Laurent Ducroux, Juha Äystö, Hans Hjersing Dalsgaard, V.A. Polyakov, Marek Chojnacki, Q. Wen, G. T. Jones, Federico Carminati, Z. Buthelezi, Laurent Bernard Aphecetche, C. Nygaard, G. Martínez García, Herve Borel, J. Sarkamo, G. de Vaux, I. Sgura, V. Demanov, Michal Sumbera, A. Colla, T. Kalliokoski, Branislav Sitar, G.V. Russo, A. van den Brink, M. Boccioli, Alexey Kurepin, S. Rath, Jana Bielcikova, Cynthia Marie Hadjidakis, Vikas Singhal, Paulus Gerardus Kuijer, Kilian Eberhard Schwarz, J. Mlynarz, Catia Petta, Paolo Camerini, Sergey Voloshin, C. Lal, Gyulnara Eyyubova, A. Fernández Téllez, Wisla Carena, Martino Gagliardi, G. Luparello, Andrey Reshetin, J. Munoz, R. A. Fini, Daniela Fabris, F. Painke, Marcello Lunardon, A. K. Dutta Majumdar, E. Fragiacomo, R. Platt, A. Rachevski, H. A. Gustafsson, Y. Le Bornec, Ian Gardner Bearden, Chiara Oppedisano, B. Pastirčák, P. González-Zamora, E. Camacho, V. I. Yurevich, Natalia Kondratyeva, A. Michalon, Alberica Toia, Kjetil Ullaland, N. De Marco, Magdalena Malek, D. Di Bari, E. Belmont-Moreno, P. T. Hille, Andrei Gheata, R. Gomez, M. De Gaspari, D. Krumbhorn, V. Lafage, V. Lenti, K. Aamodt, Paolo Giubellino, B. Grinyov, Ulrich Fuchs, Francesco Riggi, O. Sokolov, Siegfried Valentin Foertsch, Panagiota Foka, V. Nikolic, Kirill Voloshin, D. 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Alt, Peter Graham Jones, C. Cavicchioli, Enrichetta Maria Fiore, Subrata Pal, L. Manceau, Atsushi Takahara, Giacomo Bruno, D. Hatzifotiadou, Frederick Kramer, M. Tavlet, Marian Ivanov, A. Borisov, D. Y.-U. Peressounko, Predrag Buncic, Tinku Sarkar Sinha, F. Posa, Premomoy Ghosh, Marco De Petris, A. Turvey, Gualtiero Volpe, A. Alici, Prithwish Tribedy, B. K. Srivastava, Alina Gabriela Grigoras, Livio Bianchi, Stefano Piano, Laszlo Boldizsar, J. Takahashi, E. López Torres, A. Musso, Smbat Grigoryan, A. Kolojvari, C. García Trapaga, M. Mastromarco, Leonid Vinogradov, Chiara Zampolli, Sara Vallero, A. A. Rademakers, G.F. Segato, G. de Cataldo, R. Tanabe, Vito Manzari, Johanna Stachel, Alexander Akindinov, Rainer Martin Schicker, P. Stolpovsky, Alessandro Grelli, P. Gros, Latchezar Betev, E. Crescio, Federico Cindolo, C. D. Anson, S. Jangal, D. Swoboda, B.V. Zagreev, R. Romita, Anju Bhasin, C. Lara, I. Vassiliev, G. S. Pappalardo, Peter Chochula, Mikhail Malaev, Sami Sakari Rasanen, M. 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López-Raḿirez, H. León Vargas, C. Lazzeroni, B. Polichtchouk, Massimo Masera, R. Alfaro Molina, N. Pitz, D. Felea, L. Luquin, R. Glasow, T. Aronsson, P. Ostrowski, K. Watanabe, B. S. Nilsen, Marek Kowalski, Andre Augustinus, H. Snow, Angelo Rivetti, J. P. Revol, J. Mercado Pérez, P. La Rocca, M. Meoni, A. Belogianni, M. Basile, A. Hayrapetyan, H. Caines, D. Mayani, Adela Kravcakova, Ki-Seok Choi, D. M. Madagodahettige-Don, Stefan Kirsch, W. W. Jung, A. Vacchi, I. Kraus, Henner Buesching, D. Budnikov, M. Mohisin Khan, L. Jancurová, J.A. Mares, Matevz Tadel, D. Derkach, A. Devaux, Min Jung Kweon, R. Kolevatov, I. Berceanu, Borge Svane Nielsen, Motoi Inaba, V.N. Borshchov, Xing Long Li, Tomasz Traczyk, N. van der Kolk, Ivana Hrivnacova, Volker Lindenstruth, V. Chibante Barroso, A. Charpy, Junlee Kim, T.M. Steinbeck, V. Wagner, E. G. Ferreiro, M. A. Lisa, Heng-Tong Ding, B. Hicks, Adrian Sevcenco, Nikolai Smirnov, R. Stock, Raphael Noel Tieulent, H. Ricaud, Bastian Bathen, A. De Falco, R. Salgueiro Domingues da Silva, Ciprian Mihai Mitu, G. Batigne, F. Padilla, H. K. Soltveit, M. Heide, A. Nyiri, M. Pachr, C. Pérez, Kai Schweda, Annalisa Mastroserio, Jan Fiete Grosse-Oetringhaus, Nicola Bianchi, J. Thäder, G. D'Erasmo, Mads Stormo Nilsson, Paraskevi Ganoti, Rene Brun, Raghunath Sahoo, Dagmar Adamová, M. Bogolyubsky, C. Xu, Markus Fasel, A. R. Reolon, G. Bruckner, Sedat Altinpinar, T. K. Nayak, K. Safaŕik, A. Badalà, A. Ochirov, D. De Gruttola, D. T. Larsen, H. Tydesjö, Alexander Kurepin, Sven Gotovac, Rosario Turrisi, P. R. Pujahari, A.G. Fedunov, Steffen Schreiner, P. Vande Vyvre, A. Hiei, D. Hasegan, L. Bimbot, M. van Leeuwen, Hyungsuk Son, J. Seo, I. Rusanov, Mihai Petrovici, Henning Kværnø, D. Elia, Bernd Stefan Windelband, Sangeeta Das, Vladimir Samsonov, S. Gorbunov, A. Klovning, Giacomo Ortona, Linda Vickovic, Varlen Grabski, Valerie Ramillien Barret, Néstor Armesto, F. Piuz, M. Kutouski, Eleazar Cuautle, K. Mizoguchi, Y. Hori, A. Szanto de Toledo, J. 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Bossú, Ante Bilandzic, T. Pawlak, G. O.V. de Barros, David Dobrigkeit Chinellato, E. Berdermann, David Olle Rickard Silvermyr, D. Miśkowiec, I. Makhlyueva, A. Pulvirenti, Alexandre Alarcon Do Passo Suaide, A. Konevskih, A. Peters, A. Ortiz Velasquez, Stefano Bagnasco, Airton Deppman, Giuseppe Giraudo, Barbara Guerzoni, Peter Christiansen, Marta Verweij, A. Uras, Tatjana Susa, Dai-Mei Zhou, Yves Roland Schutz, Dmitry Mal'kevich, Alexandr Tumkin, A. Nedosekin, Sang Un Ahn, J. Zhu, Alexander Kluge, F.F. Guber, Zubayer Ahammed, Giacomo Vito Margagliotti, Xavier Bernard Lopez, Jaroslav Bielcik, Marco Monteno, N. Herrmann, Kalliopi Kanaki, J. Pouthas, C. Garabatos, M. C.S. Williams, Michele Caselle, D. P. Mahapatra, P. Petrov, R. Panse, A. Wilk, Navneet Kumar, Rui Ma, D. S. Kim, Arturo Alejandro Menchaca-Rocha, Marek Bombara, Cristian Andrei, M. Kim, C.J. Oskamp, Kei Okada, A. Harutyunyan, Johan Alme, Luciano Ramello, Alla Maevskaya, H. Pereira, P. Saturnini, Mihaela Gheata, M. I. 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Campbell, I. León Monzón, C. Cicalo, T. V. Moukhanova, Guy Paic, Roberto Divia, G. Cara Romeo, Yvonne Chiara Pachmayer, D. J. Tapia Takaki, Lamia Benhabib, Mohd Danish Azmi, Peter Malzacher, S. Kniege, Jason Newby, C. W. Son, C. Bombonati, M. López Noriega, T. S. Räihä, F. Osmic, Dmitry Blau, C. Roy, Frederic Lefevre, H. H. Gutbrod, Jean-Pierre Cussonneau, Andres Sandoval, Roberta Arnaldi, U. Abeysekara, Romualdo Santoro, Gilda Scioli, A. Palaha, Richa Gupta, L. Díaz, I. E. Yushmanov, A. Tournaire, Lijiao Liu, C. Hernández, D. Vranic, Vitaly Loginov, Pablo Saiz, Yongwook Baek, Kenneth Francis Read, Podist Kurashvili, A. Kamal, Y. P. Viyogi, A. V. Kazantsev, N. Miftakhov, Jogender Saini, Håvard Helstrup, G. Laurenti, G. Tsiledakis, T. Malkiewicz, T. C. Awes, Kyoichiro Ozawa, G. Tejeda Muñoz, G. Puddu, Ozgur Cobanoglu, A. Jusko, T. Breitner, R. Varma, Z. Vilakazi, Giuseppe Simonetti, D. P. Kikola, Ralf Peter Averbeck, Paolo Pagano, B. V.K.S. Potukuchi, E. Chiavassa, V. Petráček, Ruben Shahoyan, Janka Vrlakova, Tomoya Tsuji, A. Yasnopolsky, D. Semenov, Myunggeun Song, Jurgen Schukraft, V. Posṕisil, Christian Lippmann, Rama Narayana Singaraju, Julien Faivre, Djuvsland, J. R. Lutz, Laboratoire SUBATECH Nantes (SUBATECH), Mines Nantes (Mines Nantes)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherches sur les lois Fondamentales de l'Univers (IRFU), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay, Laboratoire de Physique Corpusculaire - Clermont-Ferrand (LPC), Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand 2 (UBP)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien (IPHC), Université Louis Pasteur - Strasbourg I-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Physique Nucléaire d'Orsay (IPNO), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Physique Nucléaire de Lyon (IPNL), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie (LPSC), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Institut Polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ALICE, Institut de Physique des 2 Infinis de Lyon (IP2I Lyon), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Centre de Calcul de l'IN2P3 (CC-IN2P3), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Mines Nantes (Mines Nantes), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3), Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut Polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), K., Aamodt78, N., Abel43, U., Abeysekara30, A., Abrahantes Quintana42, D., Adamova ́86, M. M., Aggarwal25, G., Aglieri Rinella40, A. G., Agocs18, S., Aguilar Salazar66, Z., Ahammed55, A., Ahmad2, N., Ahmad2, S. U., Ahn50 i, R., Akimoto100, A., Akindinov68, D., Aleksandrov70, B. A. l. e. s. s. a. n. d. r. o. 1 0 2, R. . A. l. f. a. r. o. M. o. l. i. n. a. 6 6, A. . A. l. i. c. i. 1 3, E. . A. l. m. a. r. a. ́ z. A. v. i. n. ̃ a. 6 6, J. . A. l. m. e., 8, T., Alt43 ii, V., Altini5, S., Altinpinar32, C., Andrei17, A., Andronic32, G., Anelli40, V., Angelov43 ii, C., Anson27, T., Anticˇic ́113, F., Antinori40 iii, S., Antinori13, K., Antipin37, D., Anton ́czyk37, P., Antonioli14, A., Anzo66, L., Aphecetche73, H., Appelsha ̈user37, S., Arcelli13, R., Arceo66, A., Arend37, N., Armesto92, R., Arnaldi102, T., Aronsson74, I. C., Arsene78 iv, A., Asryan98, A., Augustinus40, R., Averbeck32, T. C., Awes76, J. A., ̈ysto ̈49, M. D., Azmi2, S., Bablok8, M., Bach36, A., Badala`24, Y. W., Baek50 i, S., Bagnasco102, R., Bailhache32 v, R., Bala101, A., Baldisseri89, A., Baldit26, J., Ba ́n58, R., Barbera23, G. G., Barnafo ̈ldi18, L., Barnby12, V., Barret26, J., Bartke29, F., Barile5, M., Basile13, V., Basmanov94, N., Bastid26, B., Bathen72, G., Batigne73, B., Batyunya35, C., Baumann72 v, I. G., Bearden28, B., Becker20 vi, I., Belikov99, R., Bellwied34, E., Belmont Moreno66, A., Belogianni4, L., Benhabib73, S., Beole101, I., Berceanu17, A., Bercuci32 vii, E., Berdermann32, Y., Berdnikov39, L., Betev40, A., Bhasin48, A. K., Bhati25, L., Bianchi101, N., Bianchi38, C., Bianchin79, J., Bielcˇ ́ık81, J., Bielcˇ ́ıkova ́86, A., Bilandzic3, L., Bimbot77, E., Biolcati101, A., Blanc26, F., Blanco23 viii, F., Blanco63, D., Blau70, C., Blume37, M., Boccioli40, N., Bock27, A., Bogdanov69, H., Bøggild28, M., Bogolyubsky83, J., Bohm96, L., Boldizsa ́r18, M., Bombara12 ix, C., Bombonati79 x, M., Bondila49, H., Borel89, V., Borshchov51, A., Borisov52, C., Bortolin79 xl, S., Bose54, Bosisio, Luciano, F., Bossu ́101, M., Botje3, S., Bo ̈ttger43, G., Bourdaud73, B., Boyer77, M., Braun98, P., Braun Munzinger32, 33, Ii, L., Bravina78, Bregant, Marco, T., Breitner43, G., Bruckner40, R., Brun40, E., Bruna74, G. E., Bruno5, D., Budnikov94, H., Buesching37, P., Buncic40, O., Busch44, Z., Buthelezi22, D., Caffarri79, X., Cai111, H., Caines74, E., Camacho64, Camerini, Paolo, M., Campbell40, V., Canoa Roman40, G. P., Capitani38, G., Cara Romeo14, F., Carena40, W., Carena40, F., Carminati40, A. Casanova D., ́ıaz38, M., Caselle40, J., Castillo Castellanos89, J. F., Castillo Hernandez32, V., Catanescu17, E., Cattaruzza103, C., Cavicchioli40, P., Cerello102, V., Chambert77, B., Chang96, S., Chapeland40, A., Charpy77, J. L., Charvet89, S., Chattopadhyay54, S., Chattopadhyay55, M., Cherney30, C., Cheshkov40, B., Cheynis62, E., Chiavassa101, V., Chibante Barroso40, D. D., Chinellato21, P., Chochula40, K., Choi85, M., Chojnacki106, P., Christakoglou106, C. H., Christensen28, P., Christiansen61, T., Chujo105, F., Chuman45, C., Cicalo20, L., Cifarelli13, F., Cindolo14, J., Cleymans22, O., Cobanoglu101, J. P., Coffin99, S., Coli102, A., Colla40, G., Conesa Balbastre38, Z., Conesa del Valle73 xii, E. S., Conner110, P., Constantin44, Contin, Giacomo, G. J., Contreras64, Y., Corrales Morales101, T. M., Cormier34, P., Cortese1, I. Corte ́ s., Maldonado84, M. R., Cosentino21, F., Costa40, M. E., Cotallo63, E., Crescio64, P., Crochet26, E., Cuautle65, L., Cunqueiro38, J., Cussonneau73, A., Dainese59 iii, H. H., Dalsgaard28, A., Danu16, I., Das54, S., Das54, A., Dash11, S., Dash11, G. O. V., de Barros93, A., De Caro90, G. de Cataldo6 J., de Cuveland43 ii, A., De Falco19, M., De Gaspari44, J., de Groot40, D., De Gruttola90, A. P. de Haas106 N., De Marco102, S., De Pasquale90, R., De Remigis102, R., de Rooij106, G., de Vaux22, H., Delagrange73, G., Dellacasa1, A., Deloff107, V., Demanov94, E., De ́nes18, A., Deppman93, G., D’Erasmo5, D., Derkach98, A., Devaux26, – 27 – D., Di Bari5, C., Di Giglio5 x, S., Di Liberto88, A., Di Mauro40, P., Di Nezza38, M., Dialinas73, L. D., ́ıaz65, R. D., ́ıaz49, T., Dietel72, H., Ding111, R., Divia`40, Ø., Djuvsland8, V., Dobretsov70, A., Dobrin61, T., Dobrowolski107, B., Do ̈nigus32, I., Dom ́ınguez65, D. M. M. Don46 O., Dordic78, A. K., Dubey55, J., Dubuisson40, L., Ducroux62, P., Dupieux26, A. K., Dutta Majumdar54, M. R., Dutta Majumdar55, D., Elia6, D., Emschermann44 xiv, A., Enokizono76, B., Espagnon77, M., Estienne73, D., Evans12, S., Evrard40, G., Eyyubova78, C. W., Fabjan40 xv, D., Fabris79, J., Faivre41, D., Falchieri13, A., Fantoni38, M., Fasel32, O., Fateev35, R., Fearick22, A., Fedunov35, D., Fehlker8, V., Fekete15, D., Felea16, B., Fenton Olsen28 xvi, G., Feofilov98, A., Ferna ́ndez Te ́llez84, E. G., Ferreiro92, A., Ferretti101, R., Ferretti1 xvii, M. A. S., Figueredo93, S., Filchagin94, R., Fini6, F. M., Fionda5, E. M., Fiore5, M., Floris19 x, Z., Fodor18, S., Foertsch22, P., Foka32, S., Fokin70, F., Formenti40, Fragiacomo, Enrico, M., Fragkiadakis4, U., Frankenfeld32, A., Frolov75, U., Fuchs40, F., Furano40, C., Furget41, M., Fusco Girard90, J. J., Gaardhøje28, S., Gadrat41, M., Gagliardi101, A., Gago64 xviii, M., Gallio101, S., Gang111, P., Ganoti4, M. S., Ganti55, C., Garabatos32, C., Garc ́ıa Trapaga101, J., Gebelein43, R., Gemme1, M., Germain73, A., Gheata40, M., Gheata40, B., Ghidini5, P., Ghosh55, G., Giraudo102, P., Giubellino102, E., Gladysz Dziadus29, R., Glasow72 xix, P., Gla ̈ssel44, A., Glenn60, R., Gomez31, H., Gonza ́lez Santos84, L. H., Gonza ́lez Trueba66, P., Gonza ́lez Zamora63, S., Gorbunov43 ii, Y., Gorbunov30, S., Gotovac97, H., Gottschlag72, V., Grabski66, R., Grajcarek44, A., Grelli106, A., Grigoras40, C., Grigoras40, V., Grigoriev69, A., Grigoryan112, S., Grigoryan35, B., Grinyov52, N., Grion104, P., Gros61, J. F., Grosse Oetringhaus40, J. Y., Grossiord62, Grosso, Raffaele, C., Guarnaccia90, F., Guber67, R., Guernane41, B., Guerzoni13, K., Gulbrandsen28, H., Gulkanyan112, T., Gunji100, A., Gupta48, R., Gupta48, H. A., Gustafsson61, H., Gutbrod32, Ø., Haaland8, C., Hadjidakis77, M., Haiduc16, H., Hamagaki100, G., Hamar18, J., Hamblen53, B. H., Han95, J. 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MUSA, A. MUSSO, B. K. NANDI, R. NANIA, E. NAPPI, F. NAVACH, S. NAVIN, T. K. NAYAK, S. NAZARENKO, G. NAZAROV, A. NEDOSEKIN, F. NENDAZ, J. NEWBY, A. NIANINE, M. NICASSIO, B. S. NIELSEN, S. NIKOLAEV, V. NIKOLIC, S. NIKULIN, V. NIKULIN, B. S. NILSEN, M. S. NILSSON, F. NOFERINI, P. NOMOKONOV, G. NOOREN, N. NOVITZKY, A. NYATHA, C. NYGAARD, A. NYIRI, J. NYSTRAND, A. OCHIROV, G. ODYNIEC, H. OESCHLER, M. OINONEN, K. OKADA, Y. OKADA, M. OLDENBURG, J. OLENIACZ, C. OPPEDISANO, F. ORSINI, A. ORTIZ VELAZQUEZ, G. ORTONA, C. OSKAMP, A. OSKARSSON, F. OSMIC, L. OSTERMAN, P. OSTROWSKI, I. OTTERLUND, J. OTWINOWSKI, G. OVREBEKK, K. OYAMA, K. OZAWA, Y. PACHMAYER, M. PACHR, F. PADILLA, P. PAGANO, G. PAIC, F. PAINKE, C. PAJARES, S. PAL, S. K. PAL, A. PALAHA, A. PALMERI, R. PANSE, G. S. PAPPALARDO, W. J. PARK, B. PASTIRCAK, C. PASTORE, V. PATICCHIO, A. PAVLINOV, T. PAWLAK, T. PEITZMANN, A. PEPATO, H. PEREIRA, D. PERESSOUNKO, C. PEREZ, D. PERINI, D. PERRINO, W. PERYT, J. PESCHEK, A. PESCI, V. PESKOV, Y. PESTOV, A. J. PETERS, V. PETRACEK, A. PETRIDIS, M. PETRIS, P. PETROV, M. PETROVICI, C. PETTA, J. PEYRE, S. PIANO, A. PICCOTTI, M. PIKNA, P. PILLOT, L. PINSKY, N. PITZ, F. PIUZ, R. PLATT, M. PLOSKON, J. PLUTA, T. POCHEPTSOV, S. POCHYBOVA, P. L. M. PODESTA LERMA, F. POGGIO, M. G. POGHOSYAN, K. POLAK, B. POLICHTCHOUK, P. POLOZOV, V. POLYAKOV, B. POMMERESCH, A. POP, F. POSA, V. POSPISIL, B. POTUKUCHI, J. POUTHAS, S. K. PRASAD, R. PREGHENELLA, F. PRINO, C. A. PRUNEAU, I. PSHENICHNOV, G. PUDDU, P. PUJAHARI, A. PULVIRENTI, A. PUNIN, V. PUNIN, M. PUTIS, J. PUTSCHKE, E. QUERCIGH, A. RACHEVSKI, A. RADEMAKERS, S. RADOMSKI, T. S. RAIHA, J. RAK, A. RAKOTOZAFINDRABE, L. RAMELLO, A. RAMIREZ REYES, M. RAMMLER, R. RANIWALA, S. RANIWALA, S. RASANEN, I. RASHEVSKAYA, S. RATH, K. F. READ, J. REAL, K. REDLICH, R. RENFORDT, A. R. REOLON, A. RESHETIN, F. RETTIG, J. -P. REVOL, K. REYGERS, H. RICAUD, L. RICCATI, R. A. RICCI, M. RICHTER, P. RIEDLER, W. RIEGLER, F. RIGGI, A. RIVETTI, M. RODRIGUEZ CAHUANTZI, K. ROED, D. ROHRICH, S. ROMAN LOPEZ, R. ROMITA, F. RONCHETTI, P. ROSINSKY, P. ROSNET, S. ROSSEGGER, A. ROSSI, F. ROUKOUTAKIS, S. ROUSSEAU, C. ROY, P. ROY, A. J. RUBIO-MONTERO, R. RUI, I. RUSANOV, G. RUSSO, E. RYABINKIN, A. RYBICKI, S. SADOVSKY, K. SAFARIK, R. SAHOO, J. SAINI, P. SAIZ, D. SAKATA, C. A. SALGADO, R. SALGUEIRO DOMINQUES DA SILVA, S. SALUR, T. SAMANTA, S. SAMBYAL, V. SAMSONOV, L. SANDOR, A. SANDOVAL, M. SANO, S. SANO, R. SANTO, R. SANTORO, J. SARKAMO, P. SATURNINI, E. SCAPPARONE, F. SCARLASSARA, R. P. SCHARENBERG, C. SCHIAUA, R. SCHICKER, H. SCHINDLER, C. SCHMIDT, H. R. SCHMIDT, S. SCHREINER, S. SCHUCHMANN, J. SCHUKRAFT, Y. SCHUTZ, K. SCHWARZ, K. SCHWEDA, G. SCIOLI, E. SCOMPARIN, G. SEGATO, D. SEMENOV, S. SENYUKOV, J. SEO, S. SERCI, L. SERKIN, E. SERRADILLA, A. SEVCENCO, I. SGURA, G. SHABRATOVA, R. SHAHOYAN, G. SHARKOV, N. SHARMA, S. SHARMA, K. SHIGAKI, M. SHIMOMURA, K. SHTEJER, Y. SIBIRIAK, M. SICILIANO, E. SICKING, E. SIDDI, T. SIEMIARCZUK, A. SILENZI, D. SILVERMYR, E. SIMILI, G. SIMONETTI, R. SINGARAJU, R. SINGH, V. SINGHAL, B. C. SINHA, T. SINHA, B. SITAR, M. SITTA, T. B. SKAALI, K. SKJERDAL, R. SMAKAL, N. SMIRNOV, R. SNELLINGS, H. SNOW, C. SOGAARD, O. SOKOLOV, A. SOLOVIEV, H. K. SOLTVEIT, R. SOLTZ, W. SOMMER, C. W. SON, H. S. SON, M. SONG, C. SOOS, F. SORAMEL, D. SOYK, M. SPYROPOULOU-STASSINAKI, B. K. SRIVASTAVA, J. STACHEL, F. STALEY, I. STAN, G. STEFANEK, G. STEFANINI, T. STEINBECK, E. STENLUND, G. STEYN, D. STOCCO, R. STOCK, P. STOLPOVSKY, P. STRMEN, A. A. P. SUAIDE, M. A. SUBIETA VASQUEZ, T. SUGITATE, C. SUIRE, M. SUMBERA, T. SUSA, D. SWOBODA, T. J. M. SYMONS, A. SZANTO DE TOLEDO, I. SZARKA, A. SZOSTAK, M. SZUBA, M. TADEL, C. TAGRIDIS, A. TAKAHARA, J. TAKAHASHI, R. TANABE, J. D. TAPIA TAKAKI, H. TAUREG, A. TAURO, M. TAVLET, G. TEJEDA MUNOZ, A. TELESCA, C. TERREVOLI, J. THADER, R. TIEULENT, D. TLUSTY, A. TOIA, T. TOLYHY, C. TORCATO DE MATOS, H. TORII, G. TORRALBA, L. TOSCANO, F. TOSELLO, A. TOURNAIRE, T. TRACZYK, P. TRIBEDY, G. TROGER, D. TRUESDALE, W. H. TRZASKA, G. TSILEDAKIS, E. TSILIS, T. TSUJI, A. TUMKIN, R. TURRISI, A. TURVEY, T. S. TVETER, H. TYDESJO, K. TYWONIUK, J. ULERY, K. ULLALAND, A. URAS, J. URBAN, G. M. URCIUOLI, G. L. USAI, A. VACCHI, M. VALA, L. VALENCIA PALOMO, S. VALLERO, A. VAN DEN BRINK, N. VAN DER KOLK, P. VANDE VYVRE, M. VAN LEEUWEN, L. VANNUCCI, A. VARGAS, R. VARMA, A. VASILIEV, I. VASSILIEV, M. VASSILIOU, V. VECHERNIN, M. VENARUZZO, E. VERCELLIN, S. VERGARA, R. VERNET, M. VERWEIJ, I. VETLITSKIY, L. VICKOVIC, G. VIESTI, O. VIKHLYANTSEV, Z. VILAKAZI, O. VILLALOBOS BAILLIE, A. VINOGRADOV, L. VINOGRADOV, Y. VINOGRADOV, T. VIRGILI, Y. P. VIYOGI, A. VODOPIANOV, K. VOLOSHIN, S. VOLOSHIN, G. VOLPE, B. VON HALLER, D. VRANIC, J. VRLAKOVA, B. VULPESCU, B. WAGNER, V. WAGNER, L. WALLET, R. WAN, D. WANG, Y. WANG, K. WATANABE, Q. WEN, J. WESSELS, J. WIECHULA, J. WIKNE, A. WILK, G. WILK, M. C. S. WILLIAMS, N. WILLIS, B. WINDELBAND, C. XU, C. YANG, H. YANG, A. YASNOPOLSKY, F. YERMIA, J. YI, Z. YIN, H. YOKOYAMA, I. -K. YOO, X. YUAN, I. YUSHMANOV, E. ZABRODIN, B. ZAGREEV, A. ZALITE, C. ZAMPOLLI, YU. ZANEVSKY, S. ZAPOROZHETS, A. ZAROCHENTSEV, P. ZAVADA, H. ZBROSZCZYK, P. ZELNICEK, A. ZENIN, A. ZEPEDA, I. ZGURA, M. ZHALOV, X. ZHANG, D. ZHOU, S. ZHOU, J. ZHU, A. ZICHICHI, A. ZINCHENKO, G. ZINOVJEV, M. ZINOVJEV, Y. ZOCCARATO, V. ZYCHACEK, UNIVERSIDADE DE ESTADUAL DE CAMPINAS, Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Institut Polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3), and Helsinki Institute of Physics

Subjects
Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, perspective, High Energy Phisics, Detector alignment and calibration methods (lasers, sources, particle-beams), Particle tracking detectors (Solid-state detectors), Instrumentation, Mathematical Physics, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, law.invention, High Energy Physics - Experiment, High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex), law, Particle tracking detectors, [PHYS.HEXP]Physics [physics]/High Energy Physics - Experiment [hep-ex], Tracking detectors, Heavy Ion Physics, Detectors and Experimental Techniques, Detector alignment and calibration methods, Nuclear Experiment, physics.ins-det, detectors, Physics, Large Hadron Collider, Solenoidal vector field, Detector, Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det), particle-beams), collisions, Detector alignment and calibration methods (lasers, sources, collaboration, detector alignment and calibration methods (lasers, particle tracking detectors (solid-state detectors), performance, quark-gluon plasma, Colliding beam accelerators, collisions, Pb-Pb collisions, QUARK-GLUON PLASMA, Detector alignment and calibration method, FOS: Physical sciences, Cosmic ray, 114 Physical sciences, Nuclear physics, Optics, 0103 physical sciences, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-INS-DET]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Instrumentation and Detectors [physics.ins-det], 010306 general physics, Collider, Pixel, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, business.industry, hep-ex, Quark–gluon plasma, ALICE (propellant), business
Abstract

ALICE (A Large Ion Collider Experiment) is the LHC (Large Hadron Collider) experiment devoted to investigating the strongly interacting matter created in nucleus-nucleus collisions at the LHC energies. The ALICE ITS, Inner Tracking System, consists of six cylindrical layers of silicon detectors with three different technologies; in the outward direction: two layers of pixel detectors, two layers each of drift, and strip detectors. The number of parameters to be determined in the spatial alignment of the 2198 sensor modules of the ITS is about 13,000. The target alignment precision is well below 10 micron in some cases (pixels). The sources of alignment information include survey measurements, and the reconstructed tracks from cosmic rays and from proton-proton collisions. The main track-based alignment method uses the Millepede global approach. An iterative local method was developed and used as well. We present the results obtained for the ITS alignment using about 10^5 charged tracks from cosmic rays that have been collected during summer 2008, with the ALICE solenoidal magnet switched off., 37 pages, 15 captioned figures, 1 table, published version, figures at http://aliceinfo.cern.ch/ArtSubmission/node/3907

Published
2010

32. 4.7-THz local oscillator for SOFIA based on a quantum-cascade laser

Author

Martin Wienold, Kerstin Rösner, Michael Greiner-Bär, Lutz Schrottke, H. T. Grahn, Klaus Biermann, Heinz-Wilhelm Hübers, A. D. Semenov, and Heiko Richter

Subjects
Heterodyne, Physics, Spectrometer, Terahertz radiation, business.industry, Local oscillator, Bolometer, Superheterodyne receiver, Laser, law.invention, heterodyne spectrometer, Optics, law, QCL, THz, GREAT, Quantum cascade laser, business, SOFIA
Abstract

— We report on the development of a 4.7-THz local oscillator (LO) for the heterodyne spectrometer GREAT on SOFIA. The design of the LO and its performance in terms of output power, frequency accuracy, frequency stability, and beam profile as well as its implementation in GREAT will be presented. I. INTRODUCTION H ETERODYNE spectroscopy of molecular rotational lines and atomic fine-structure lines is a powerful tool in astronomy and planetary research. It allows for the study of the chemical composition, the evolution, and the dynamical behaviour of astronomical objects such as molecular clouds and star-forming regions. For frequencies beyond 2 THz, SOFIA, the Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy, is currently the only platform which allows for heterodyne spectroscopy at these frequencies. One example is the OI fine-structure line at 4.7448 THz, which is a main target to be observed with GREAT, the German Receiver for Astronomy at Terahertz Frequencies, on board of SOFIA. II. RESULTS The local oscillator (LO) combines a quantum-cascade laser (QCL) with a compact, low-input-power Stirling cooler. The 4.7-THz QCL is based on a hybrid design and has been developed for continuous-wave operation, high output powers, and low electrical pump powers [1]. Efficient carrier injection is achieved by resonant longitudinal optical phonon scattering. This design allows for an operating voltage below 6 V. The amount of generated heat complies with the cooling capacity of the Stirling cooler of 7 W at 65 K with 240 W of electrical input power [2]. The QCL has a lateral first-order distributed feedback (DFB) grating, which is optimized for 4.745 THz. This yields single-mode emission over most of the driving current of the laser. Outcoupling is achieved through one of the end facets of the single-plasmon waveguide. The beam of the QCL is shaped with a dedicated lens and a spatial filter into an almost Gaussian profile. The M2 value which can be achieved with this method is approximately 1.2 [3]. The peak output power of the QCL is 0.5 mW. Frequency stabilization is achieved by using a low-noise current source for the QCL and a dedicated temperature stabilization of the heat sink of the QCL. In this way, a frequency stability better than 1.6 MHz (full width at half maximum, FWHM) is achieved. This can be further reduced by locking the emission from the QCL to an absorption line of CH3OH at low pressures (approximately 1 hPa). Using a pyroelectric detector and a proportional-integral-derivative controller, an additional improvement of the frequency stability is achieved [4]. Using this scheme, the FWHM of the laser line is below 0.5 MHz within 30 minutes measurement time. The absolute frequency of the LO has been determined by measuring the absorption spectrum of CH3OH and comparing this with data from the literature. It has been found that the LO emits in a range of ±4 GHz around the OI line. III. SUMMARY We have developed an LO for the heterodyne spectrometer GREAT on board of SOFIA. The LO is based on a QCL with a lateral DFB grating and a single-plasmon waveguide. The LO provides up to 0.5 mW output power in an almost Gaussian beam with an M2 value of 1.2. Its frequency is tunable by current and temperature within approximately ±4 GHz around the OI line. The LO fulfills all requirements and will be operated on SOFIA in 2014 for the first time. REFERENCES [1]. L. Schrottke, M. Wienold, R. Sharma, X. Lu, K. Biermann, R. Hey, A. Tahraoui, H. Richter, H.-W. Hubers, and H. T. Grahn, “Quantum-cascade lasers as local oscillators for heterodyne spectrometers in the spectral range around 4.745 THz,” Semicond. Sci. Technol. vol. 28, 035011 (2013). [2]. H. Richter, M. Greiner-Bar, S. G. Pavlov, A. D. Semenov, M. Wienold, L. Schrottke, M. Giehler, R. Hey, H. T. Grahn, and H.-W. Hubers, “A compact, continuous-wave terahertz source based on a quantum-cascade laser and a miniature cryocooler,” Opt. Express vol. 18, pp. 1017710187 (2010). [3]. H. Richter, A. D. Semenov, S. G. Pavlov, L. Mahler, A. Tredicucci, H. E. Beere, D. A. Ritchie, K. S. Il’in, M. Siegel, and H.-W. Hubers, “Terahertz heterodyne receiver with quantum cascade laser and hot electron bolometer mixer in a pulse tube cooler”, Appl. Phys. Lett. vol. 93, 141108 (2010). [4]. H. Richter, S. G. Pavlov, A. D. Semenov, L. Mahler, A. Tredicucci, H. E. Beere, D. A. Ritchie, and H.-W. Hubers, “Submegahertz frequency stabilization of a terahertz quantum cascade laser to a molecular absorption line”, Appl. Phys. Lett. vol. 96, 071112 (2010).

Published
2014

33. Fabrication and properties of an ultrafast NbN hot-electron single-photon detector

Author

A. Lipatov, C. Williams, Boris M. Voronov, Konstantin Smirnov, Roman Sobolewski, G. M. Chulkova, G.N. Gol'tsman, A. D. Semenov, O. Okunev, and A. Dzardanov

Subjects
Physics, Resistive touchscreen, Photon, business.industry, Supercurrent, Detector, Photodetector, Condensed Matter Physics, Photon counting, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Wavelength, Optics, Condensed Matter::Superconductivity, Optoelectronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, business, Ultrashort pulse
Abstract

A new type of ultra-high-speed single-photon counter for visible and near-infrared wavebands based on an ultrathin NbN hot-electron photodetector (HEP) has been developed. The detector consists of a very narrow superconducting stripe, biased close to its critical current. An incoming photon absorbed by the stripe produces a resistive hotspot and causes an increase in the film's supercurrent density above the critical value, leading to temporary formation of a resistive barrier across the device and an easily measurable voltage pulse. Our NbN HEP is an ultrafast (estimated response time is 30 ps; registered time, due to apparatus limitations, is 150 ps), frequency unselective device with very large intrinsic gain and negligible dark counts. We have observed sequences of output pulses, interpreted as single-photon events for very weak laser beams with wavelengths ranging from 0.5 /spl mu/m to 2.1 /spl mu/m and the signal-to-noise ratio of about 30 dB.

Published
2001

34. Raman study of fractal voids in hot-pressed SiO2

Author

Alexandre Chmel, A. D. Semenov, V. S. Shashkin, and A. N. Smirnov

Subjects
Condensed matter physics, Chemistry, business.industry, Frequency dependence, Condensed Matter Physics, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, symbols.namesake, Optics, Fractal, Thermal, Materials Chemistry, Ceramics and Composites, symbols, business, Raman spectroscopy, Fracton, Intensity (heat transfer), Raman scattering
Abstract

The sensitivity of the dynamic (vibrational) properties of fractal nanocracks in hot-pressed silica to the thermal and mechanical prehistory of the material was studied by low-frequency Raman scattering. Samples were prepared from gel-derived and fused powdery products. The Raman data demonstrate the fractality of elementary continuity defects. From the frequency dependence of the Raman intensity, the values of the fracton (spectral) dimension that reflects the mid-range order in glass, and the dimensions of fractals in real space were calculated.

Published
2001

35. Heterodyne receiver at 2.5 THz with quantum cascade laser and hot electron bolometric mixer

Author

Lukas Mahler, A. D. Semenov, H. Richter, S.G. Pavlov, Alessandro Tredicucci, Harvey E. Beere, David A. Ritchie, Heinz-Wilhelm Hübers, Jonas Zmuidzinas Wayne S. Holland Stafford Withington William D. Duncan, H. W., Hüber, S. G., Pavlov, H., Richter, A. D., Semenov, L., Mahler, Tredicucci, Alessandro, H. E., Beere, and D. A., Ritchie

Subjects
spectroscopy, heterodyne, Gas laser, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Local oscillator, Superheterodyne receiver, Terahertz, heterodyne receiver, local oscillator, Physics::Optics, quantum cascade laser, law.invention, Laser linewidth, Resonator, Optics, law, Physics::Atomic Physics, Terahertz, quantum cascade lasers, spectroscopy, heterodyne, Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics, Physics, Noise temperature, quantum cascade lasers, business.industry, hot electron bolometer, Laser, business, Quantum cascade laser
Abstract

Quantum cascade lasers (QCLs) operating at 2.5 THz have been used for gas phase spectroscopy and as local oscillator in a heterodyne receiver. One QCL has a Fabry-Perot resonator while the other has a distributed feedback resonator. The linewidth and frequency tunability of both QCLs have been investigated by either mixing two modes of the QCL or by mixing the emission from the QCL with the emission from a 2.5 THz gas laser. The frequency tunability as well as the linewidth is sufficient for Doppler limited spectroscopy of methanol gas. The QCLs have been used successfully as local oscillators in a heterodyne receiver. Noise temperature measurements with a hot electron bolometer and a QCL yielded the same result as with a gas laser as local oscillator.

Published
2006

36. Current dependent noise in a YBa/sub 2/Cu/sub 3/O/sub 7-δ/ hot-electron bolometer

Author

E. M. Gershenzon, Karl Friedrich Renk, Yu. P. Gousev, A. D. Semenov, E. V. Pechen, G.N. Gol'tsman, I. G. Goghidze, and A. V. Varlashkin

Subjects
Superconductivity, High-temperature superconductivity, Materials science, business.industry, Bolometer, Johnson–Nyquist noise, Substrate (electronics), Condensed Matter Physics, Noise (electronics), Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, law.invention, law, Optoelectronics, Flicker noise, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Current (fluid), business
Abstract

We investigated the output noise of a YBa/sub 2/Cu/sub 3/O/sub 7-/spl delta// (YBCO) superconducting hot-electron bolometer (HEB) in a large frequency range (10 kHz to 8 GHz); the bolometer either consisted of a structured 50 nm thick YBCO film on LaAlO/sub 3/ or a 30 nm thick film on a MgO substrate. We found that flicker noise dominated at low frequencies (below 1 MHz), while at higher frequencies Johnson noise and a current dependent noise were the main noise sources.

Published
1997

37. Spiral antenna NbN hot-electron bolometer mixer at submm frequencies

Author

E. L. Kollberg, H. Ekstrom, Boris M. Voronov, E. M. Gershenzon, Sergey Cherednichenko, G.N. Gol'tsman, S.I. Svechnikov, A. D. Semenov, Victor Belitsky, Pavel A. Yagoubov, Karl Friedrich Renk, and Yu. P. Gousev

Subjects
Spiral antenna, Superconductivity, Noise temperature, Materials science, Condensed matter physics, Terahertz radiation, Frequency band, business.industry, Bandwidth (signal processing), Bolometer, Condensed Matter Physics, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, law.invention, law, Sapphire, Optoelectronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, business
Abstract

We have studied the phonon-cooled hot-electron bolometer (HEB) as a quasioptical mixer based on a spiral antenna designed for the 0.3-1 THz frequency band and fabricated on sapphire and high resistivity silicon substrates. HEB devices were produced from superconducting 3.5-5 nm thick NbN films with a critical temperature 10-12 K and a critical current density of approximately 10/sup 7/ A/cm/sup 2/ at 4.2 K. For these devices we reached a DSB receiver noise temperature below 1500 K, a total conversion loss of L/sub t/=16 dB in the 500-700 GHz frequency range, an IF bandwidth of 3-4 GHz and an optimal LO absorbed power of /spl sime/4 /spl mu/W. We experimentally analyzed various contributions to the conversion loss and obtained an RF coupling factor of about 5 dB, internal mixer loss of 10 dB and IF mismatch of 1 dB.

Published
1997

38. Passive stand-off THz imaging using lock-in phase information

Author

R. Bretfeld, H. Richter, A. D. Semenov, H-W Hubers, Sven Augustin, Ute Böttger, and H. Hirsch

Subjects
Optics, Spatial light modulator, Computer science, business.industry, Terahertz radiation, Robustness (computer science), Phase space, ComputingMethodologies_IMAGEPROCESSINGANDCOMPUTERVISION, business, Terahertz metamaterials, Edge detection
Abstract

A method for directly detecting edges in images which are obtained with a passive stand-off terahertz (THz) imaging system is presented. This novel method can improve the signal-to-noise ratio of THz images as well as it may contribute to solving the privacy problem of body scanners. In addition the proposed method when used with a suitable Spatial Light Modulator (SLM) allows imaging in the lock-in phase space where the trade-off between detection robustness and temperature resolution can be adapted to the situation at hand.

Published
2013

39. Quasi optical Schottky diode detectors for fast ultra-wideband detection

Author

C. Weickhmann, Oleg Cojocari, A. D. Semenov, R. Jakobi, N. Sobornytskyy, Alvydas Lisauskas, Ralf Müller, Arne Hoehl, and H.-W. Hübers

Subjects
Materials science, Directional antenna, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Terahertz radiation, business.industry, Detector, Physics::Optics, Ultra-wideband, Schottky diode, Response time, Optics, Optoelectronics, business, Monolithic microwave integrated circuit, Diode
Abstract

We present ultra-wideband zero-bias Schottky diode detector modules with monolithically integrated log-spiral antenna. Detectors exhibit a broad-band response with a stronger roll-off above 800 GHz and the minimum noise-equivalent power of 10 pW/√Hz. The intrinsic diode response time to a short THz radiation has been measured to be less than 25ps.

Published
2013

40. Effect of the Wire Width and Magnetic Field on the Intrinsic Detection Efficiency of Superconducting Nanowire Single-Photon Detectors

Author

A. D. Semenov, Konstantin Ilin, R. Lusche, Heinz-Wilhelm Hübers, Gregory Goltsman, Alexander Korneev, Y. Korneeva, Michael Siegel, and A. Trifonov

Subjects
Superconductivity, Physics, Intrinsic detection efficiency, business.industry, Detector, Nanowire, Physics::Optics, Condensed Matter Physics, Spectral line, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Magnetic field, Wavelength, Perpendicular, Optoelectronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Photonics, business, superconducting nanowires, photon detection
Abstract

We present thorough measurements of the intrinsic detection efficiency in the wavelength range from 350 to 2500 nm for meander-type TaN and NbN superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors with different widths of the nanowire. The width varied from 70 nm to 130 nm. The open-beam configuration allowed us to accurately normalize measured spectra and to extract the intrinsic detection efficiency. For detectors from both materials the intrinsic detection efficiency at short wavelengths amounts at 100% and gradually decreases at wavelengths larger than the specific cut-off wavelengths, which decreases with the width of the nanowire. Furthermore, we show that applying weak magnetic fields perpendicular to the meander plane decreases the smallest detectable photon flux.

Published
2013

41. Effect of the wire width on the intrinsic detection efficiency of superconducting-nanowire single-photon detectors

Author

Alexander Korneev, Y. Korneeva, Denis Yu. Vodolazov, Michael Siegel, Konstantin Ilin, Andrey Trifonov, R. Lusche, A. D. Semenov, H.-W. Huebers, and Gregory Goltsman

Subjects
Superconductivity, Materials science, Condensed matter physics, business.industry, Condensed Matter - Superconductivity, Photon detector, Nanowire, General Physics and Astronomy, FOS: Physical sciences, Supraleiter, Superconductivity (cond-mat.supr-con), Quanteneffizienz, Wavelength, Wire width, NbN, Optoelectronics, Cooper pair, business, Photonenzähler
Abstract

Thorough spectral study of the intrinsic single-photon detection efficiency in superconducting TaN and NbN nanowires with different widths shows that the experimental cut-off in the efficiency at near-infrared wavelengths is most likely caused by the local deficiency of Cooper pairs available for current transport. For both materials the reciprocal cut-off wavelength scales with the wire width whereas the scaling factor quantitatively agrees with the hot-spot detection models. Comparison of the experimental data with vortex-assisted detection scenarios shows that these models predict a stronger dependence of the cut-off wavelength on the wire width., 16 pages, 6 figures

Published
2013

42. Broad-band coupling of THz radiation to an hot-electron bolometer mixer

Author

A. D. Semenov, E V Pechen, Karl Friedrich Renk, R. S. Nebosis, A. V. Varlashkin, and Yu . P. Gousev

Subjects
Spiral antenna, Heterodyne, Noise temperature, Materials science, business.industry, Terahertz radiation, Bolometer, Metals and Alloys, Condensed Matter Physics, Radiation pattern, law.invention, Optics, Intermediate frequency, law, Materials Chemistry, Ceramics and Composites, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Antenna (radio), business
Abstract

We report on broad-band coupling of THz radiation to an superconducting hot-electron bolometer. The bolometer - a micro-bridge of an film with a protection layer - was built in a hybrid quasioptical antenna system consisting of a planar self-complementary spiral antenna on a dielectric substrate and an extended hyperhemispherical lens. The planar antenna was integrated into a coplanar transmission line for broad-band intermediate-frequency matching. Measurements performed in the direct detection regime between 2.5 THz and 4.2 THz delivered a system coupling efficiency for the radiation in the fundamental Gaussian mode of about 0.1 and a beam width of the radiation pattern of less than one degree. The pattern was consistent with the far-field radiation pattern that we calculated with a ray-tracing technique. At an intermediate frequency of 1.5 GHz we measured an output noise temperature of for the bolometer driven in the resistive state by both dc and THz current and estimated, for the heterodyne regime, a system noise temperature of . We studied the effect of a protection layer on the rate of phonon escape from the micro-bridge and, thus, on the output frequency bandwidth of the device. We discuss possibilities of a significant improvement of the device performance.

Published
1996

43. Measurement of the time jitter of coherent terahertz synchrotron radiation with a superconducting detector

Author

J. Feikes, P. Probst, Alexander Scheuring, Andreas Pohl, Gerhard Ulm, Godehard Wüstefeld, Matthias Hofherr, A. D. Semenov, Arne Hoehl, Michael Siegel, Heinz-Wilhelm Hübers, Stefan Wünsch, Markus Ries, Konstantin Ilin, and R. Muller

Subjects
Superconductivity, Materials science, business.industry, Terahertz radiation, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Detector, Physics::Optics, Synchrotron radiation, Yttrium barium copper oxide, Synchrotron, law.invention, chemistry.chemical_compound, Nuclear magnetic resonance, Optics, chemistry, law, Condensed Matter::Superconductivity, Physics::Accelerator Physics, business, Ultrashort pulse, Jitter
Abstract

We have applied an ultrafast superconducting YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7-δ (YBCO) detector to study the time jitter of the propagating electron bunches in a synchrotron. The jitter was determined from the coherent terahertz (THz) synchrotron radiation (CSR).

Published
2012

44. Nonthermal response of YBa2Cu3O7−δthin films to picosecond THz pulses

Author

Stefan Wünsch, Godehard Wüstefeld, Yves-Laurent Mathis, Markus Ries, A.-S. Müller, Konstantin Ilin, P. Probst, Jens Hänisch, B. Holzapfel, Gerhard Ulm, A. D. Semenov, Michael Siegel, P. Rieger, Arne Hoehl, Vitali Judin, H.-W. Hübers, Alexander Scheuring, R. Muller, and Nigel Smale

Subjects
Physics, business.industry, Terahertz radiation, Synchrotron radiation, Nanosecond, Condensed Matter Physics, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Wavelength, Orders of magnitude (time), Picosecond, Femtosecond, Optoelectronics, Optical radiation, business
Abstract

The photoresponse of YBaCuO thin film microbridges with thicknesses between 15 and 50 nm was studied in the optical and terahertz frequency range. The voltage transients in response to short radiation pulses were recorded in real time with a resolution of a few tens of picoseconds. The bridges were excited by either femtosecond pulses at a wavelength of 0.8 μm or broadband (0.1–1.5 THz) picosecond pulses of coherent synchrotron radiation. The transients in response to optical radiation are qualitatively well explained in the framework of the two-temperature model with a fast component in the picosecond range and a bolometric nanosecond component whose decay time depends on the film thickness. The transients in the THz regime showed no bolometric component and had amplitudes up to three orders of magnitude larger than the two-temperature model predicts. Additionally THz field-dependent transients in the absence of DC bias were observed. We attribute the response in the THz regime to a rearrangement of vortices caused by high-frequency currents.

Published
2012

45. Ultra-thin TaN Films for Superconducting Nanowire Single-Photon Detectors

Author

Andreas Schilling, A. D. Semenov, K. Inderbitzin, A. Aeschbacher, Mathias Hofherr, D. Rall, Michael Siegel, Andreas Engel, Konstantin Ilin, University of Zurich, and Il'in, K

Subjects
3104 Condensed Matter Physics, Materials science, 530 Physics, Nanowire, 10192 Physics Institute, 02 engineering and technology, 3107 Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, Tantalum nitride, Sputtering, 0103 physical sciences, General Materials Science, 010306 general physics, Superconductivity, business.industry, Filling factor, Transition temperature, Detector, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Condensed Matter Physics, 2500 General Materials Science, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, TaN · Superconducting thin films · Superconducting detectors, chemistry, Sapphire, Optoelectronics, 0210 nano-technology, business
Abstract

Ultra thin films of superconducting tantalum nitride are deposited by reactive magnetron sputtering on heated sapphire substrates. The critical temperature T_C = 10.5 K is reached for films thicker than 10 nm. A superconducting nanowire single photon detector in the form of a meander line with a width of 110 nm was made from 5 nm thick TaN film. The detector had a transition temperature of 8.3 K and a critical current density of 4 MA/cm^2 at 4.2 K. A photon detection efficiency of 20 has been obtained for the detector with a filling factor of 0.55 at wavelengths up to 700 nm.

Published
2012

46. THz quantum-cascade laser as a local oscillator for SOFIA

Author

A. D. Semenov, Holger T. Grahn, H.-W. Hübers, M. Giehler, Lutz Schrottke, Heiko Richter, Martin Wienold, Rudolf Hey, and S.G. Pavlov

Subjects
Physics, Infrared astronomy, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Terahertz radiation, business.industry, Local oscillator, Bolometer, Detector, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Physics::Optics, Laser, law.invention, Terahertz spectroscopy and technology, Optics, law, Optoelectronics, Quantum cascade laser, business, Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics
Abstract

We report on the development of a compact local oscillator (LO) for operation on board of SOFIA, namely for GREAT, the German Receiver for Astronomy at Terahertz Frequencies. The LO is a combination of a quantum-cascade laser (QCL) with a compact, low-input-power Stirling cooler. The output power is sufficient for pumping a hot-electron bolometer mixer. Frequency stabilization is achieved by locking to a molecular absorption line. Detectors operating at room temperature can be used for the stabilization as well. High-resolution molecular spectroscopic experiments demonstrate the usability of the QCL as a LO for SOFIA.

Published
2011

47. Frontend for a 2.5-THz heterodyne spectrometer without liquid cryogen

Author

Harvey E. Beere, David A. Ritchie, Michael Siegel, S.G. Pavlov, Lukas Mahler, A. D. Semenov, Heiko Richter, Konstantin Ilin, Alessandro Tredicucci, H.-W. Hübers, Richter, H., Semenov, A. D., Pavlov, S. G., Mahler, L., Tredicucci, Alessandro, Beere, H. E., Ritchie, D. A., Il'In, K., Siegel, M., and Hubers, H. W.

Subjects
Heterodyne, Physics, Spectrometer, business.industry, Terahertz radiation, Terahertz- und Infrarotsensorik, Local oscillator, Bolometer, pulse tube cooler, Laser, law.invention, Terahertz spectroscopy and technology, Full width at half maximum, Optics, law, QCL, HEB, business, SOFIA
Abstract

As part of a study for a second generation heterodyne spectrometer on SOFIA we are developing a 2.5-THz frontend which is implemented in a pulse-tube cooler . It consists of a quantum-cascade laser as local oscillator and a phonon-cooled NbN hot electron bolometric mixer. Frequency stabilization to below 300 kHz full width at half maximum is achieved by locking to a molecular absorption line. We will present the design and performance of the frontend and discuss the prospects for an application on board of SOFIA.

Published
2011

48. Molecular spectroscopy with a multimode THz quantum-cascade laser

Author

Rudolf Hey, Heiko Richter, Martin Wienold, M. Giehler, H.-W. Hübers, René Eichholz, S.G. Pavlov, Lutz Schrottke, Holger T. Grahn, and A. D. Semenov

Subjects
spectroscopy, Materials science, Spectrometer, Terahertz radiation, business.industry, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Terahertz- und Infrarotsensorik, Far-infrared laser, Physics::Optics, multimode QCL, Laser, law.invention, Terahertz spectroscopy and technology, Photomixing, terahertz, Optics, law, Optoelectronics, THz, spectrometer, Quantum cascade laser, business, Terahertz time-domain spectroscopy, Nuclear Experiment
Abstract

A terahertz absorption spectrometer for high-resolution molecular spectroscopy is realized. The spectrometer is based on a multimode quantum-cascade laser. The design and performance of the spectrometer are presented. Three aspects are discussed: sensitivity, frequency calibration, and frequency multiplexing.

Published
2011

49. Picosecond superconducting single-photon optical detector

Author

B. M. Voronov, G. M. Chulkova, A. D. Semenov, C. Williams, A. Dzardanov, Konstantin Smirnov, Roman Sobolewski, O. Okunev, A. Lipatov, and Gregory Goltsman

Subjects
Physics, Photon, Physics and Astronomy (miscellaneous), business.industry, Detector, Physics::Optics, Photodetector, Superconducting nanowire single-photon detector, Photon counting, Optics, Condensed Matter::Superconductivity, Picosecond, Optoelectronics, Quantum efficiency, business, Ultrashort pulse
Abstract

We experimentally demonstrate a supercurrent-assisted, hotspot-formation mechanism for ultrafast detection and counting of visible and infrared photons. A photon-induced hotspot leads to a temporary formation of a resistive barrier across the superconducting sensor strip and results in an easily measurable voltage pulse. Subsequent hotspot healing in ∼30 ps time frame, restores the superconductivity (zero-voltage state), and the detector is ready to register another photon. Our device consists of an ultrathin, very narrow NbN strip, maintained at 4.2 K and current-biased close to the critical current. It exhibits an experimentally measured quantum efficiency of ∼20% for 0.81 μm wavelength photons and negligible dark counts.

Published
2001

50. Performance of a compact, continuous-wave terahertz source based on a quantum-cascade laser

Author

Rudolf Hey, Heiko Richter, A. D. Semenov, Holger T. Grahn, S.G. Pavlov, Lutz Schrottke, Martin Wienold, Michael Greiner-Bär, M. Giehler, and Heinz-Wilhelm Hübers

Subjects
Physics, Stirling engine, Terahertz radiation, business.industry, Cold finger, Laser, law.invention, Power (physics), Optics, Electricity generation, law, Continuous wave, business, Quantum cascade laser
Abstract

We report on the development of a compact, easy-to-use terahertz radiation source, which combines a quantum-cascade laser (QCL) with a compact, low-input-power Stirling cooler. The QCL, which is based on a two-miniband design, has been developed for high output and low electrical pump power. Special care has been taken to achieve a good thermal coupling between the QCL and the cold finger of the cooler. The whole system weighs less than 15 kg including the cooler and power supplies. The maximum output power is 8 mW at 3.1 THz. With an appropriate optical beam shaping, the emission profile of the laser is fundamental Gaussian. The applicability of the system is demonstrated by imaging and molecular-spectroscopy experiments.

Published
2010

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