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With the increasing complexity of wind turbines, the current situation of high failure rates and high maintenance costs has attracted the attention of wind power operators. The research on the heal...

In this paper, the stiffness degradation index previously proposed by the authors is used as a seismic performance index for circular concrete-filled steel tubular (CFT) columns. Four performance levels for CFT columns are defined – that is, virtually intact; minor damage; moderate damage; and severe failure. A total of 144 CFT columns are numerically analysed to obtain the stiffness degradation index values for each performance level. The effects of several parameters (i.e. the axial compression ratio, slenderness ratio, diameter-to-thickness ratio, yield strength of a steel tube, and compressive strength of concrete cylinder) on the stiffness degradation index for each performance level are investigated. The results show that the axial compression ratio has a substantial effect on all performance levels; the diameter-to-thickness ratio has a significant effect on the virtually intact and minor damage performance levels; and the slenderness ratio has a significant effect on the moderate damage performance level. An equation that estimates the value of the performance level is proposed by the regression analysis and is further verified using existing experimental results. Based on parameter expansion analysis, the preliminary limit of the stiffness degradation index for each performance level is proposed.

Reinforced concrete (RC) walls have been widely used in tall building construction to resist lateral loads. However, RC walls behave low ductility and limited deformation capacity under high axial force ratio. Due to the brittle behaviour of high-strength concrete, it was seldom used in RC walls though it has a vast of merits compared with normal-strength concrete. To further push up the limit of concrete strength, i.e., beyond 80 MPa in practical wall construction and to figure out a possible alternative of river sand due to the sustainability and environmental friendly requirement, an innovative wall, namely ring-stirrup concrete-filled-steel-tube (CFST) composite wall with high-strength manufactured sand concrete is proposed. The proposed composite wall consists of two CFST columns embedded at each boundary element and several stirrups in the form of continuous ring along the entire section. A series of quasi-static tests based on orthogonal experimental design method (Taguchi method) are conducted to investigate the seismic behaviour of the composite walls. The experimental parameters are axial force ratio, steel ratio in CFST columns and volume ring-stirrup ratio. From the experimental tests, it is concluded that the proposed confining schemes are highly effective in improving the seismic behaviour of the walls. Moreover, the effects of these three parameters on the peak strength, ductility and energy dissipation capacity of the walls have been investigated. Finally, a design approach considering the confinement effect of CFST columns is proposed and verified to evaluate the lateral load-carrying capacity of the proposed walls.

Breast cancer is a leading cause of death in women, influencing on 1.7 million patients every year in the whole world. So regarding to the treatments of the breast cancer it is very important to summarize and review. Although there are many treatments to the breast cancer, the comparison among these were not addressed. In this review, we did a comprehensive literature research and summarized treatments for breast cancer, especially going through the popular therapy for human breast cancer, analyzing the clinical trial data and the adverse effect of the way. We all know breast cancer contains many subtypes and we summarized the treatments in terms of different cancer subtypes.A deep understanding of human breast cancer could bring a better effect of curing the disease, based on the known therapies we also predicted the future directions of the treatments for human breast cancer, which potentially showed a great achievements in breast cancer treatment.

Background: Previous studies have revealed the important role of alveolar macrophages (AMs) in the pathogenesis of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and potential anti-inflammatory propert...

The extent of damage to structures after an earthquake can be quantified by using damage indices in performance-based seismic design. Several damage indicators are discussed and evaluated for their applicability in seismic damage evaluation. The correlation between a new performance index proposed previously by some of the authors and energy-based damage indicators is studied numerically. To this aim, a six-storey reinforced-concrete frame structure is designed according to current seismic codes. Pushover analyses with three load patterns, as well as dynamic time histories for typical ground motions scaled for varying intensities, are performed on the structure. The grade of interdependency between the proposed performance index and the energy-based damage indices is quantified using a correlation coefficient. The results show that the proposed performance index exhibits high correlation with the energy-based damage indicators; some are almost perfectly correlated. What is more, this index is proved to be not sensitive to the lateral load patterns of pushover analysis. Therefore, it is recommended that the proposed performance index can be used as a substitute for energy-based damage measures to assess the seismic performance of structures.

When the height-width ratio of isolated high-rise building is excessive large, elastomeric isolators may suffer from tension accompanying with large horizontal shear strains under strong earthquake excitations. It may be not safe if only considering isolators suffering from purely tension without considering horizontal shear strain. In order to investigate the critical behavior of isolator under tension–shear load, five linear natural rubber bearings with the same inner structure have been experimentally evaluated at different horizontal strain amplitudes, ranging from zero to 483%, including axial tension and purely shear. At the same time, test results have been compared with the theory results. Test results show that the critical load decreases nonlinearly with the increase of horizontal shear strain, which reveals that it is unreasonable to define the threshold value of tension independent of amount of horizontal shear strain. Comparing with test results of five rubber bearings, the theory results overestimate the ultimate tension strength of elastomeric seismic isolators in most cases. The photos of damage show isolator may occur in different damage pattern at different shear strains, 100% shear strain can be thought as the dividing line. All of the before-mentioned conclusions are drawn by only five isolators, more researches needs to be done in the future.

With the widely application of the Wireless Sensor Network, it is particularly significant to assure a secure communication mechanism between the nodes. In order to meet the needs of sensor nodes on low power consumption and less resource, lightweight cryptographic algorithm designed well is the key to constructing a riskless WSN scheme. In this paper, we propose an improved elliptic curve cryptography digital signature scheme by means of optimizing the multiplicative inverse module of ECDSA, based on ECC lightweight cryptographic algorithm. Moreover, we implement ECDSA scheme improved on Micaz, which is a kind of sensor network platform. And then, experimental results demonstrate that the performance of improved scheme is superior to the previous, not only on the speed but also on the efficiency, under the same experimental environment and encryption intensity. In a word, our scheme has stronger practicability.

In order to elevate the automation degree of square-rectangular steel tube packing and achieve better welding effect, a square-rectangular steel tube packing belt resistance spot welding automatic control system is designed based on OMRON CP1L in this paper. The resistance spot welding (RSW) machine and two axis servo motors are controlled by PLC. The touch screen is used to set the servo motion parameters and the welding parameters of resistance spot welding. According to the local circumstance, the form of single-side single spot welding is adopted by the system. The operation form of traditional manual arc welding is converted into automatic resistance spot welding system. The system can automatically invoke the corresponding welding parameters in the light of the specification of the steel tube packing. The practical application shows that the whole system is uncomplicated, stable, efficient and environmentally friendly compared with artificial arc welding. The utilization of the system not only enhances the welding efficiency, but also reduces the cost of human and environmental governance, so that the enterprise productivity efficiency has been greatly improved.

ObjectivesWe investigated the analgesic effects of lidocaine (LDC) and lidocane derivative, QX-572, co-application on the evoked pain behaviour (complete Freund's Adjuvant (CFA)-induced) and spontaneous pain behaviour (formalin-induced) in mice.MethodsThe experiments were performed using adult male Kunming mice. Formalin-induced acute pain model and CFA-induced chronic pain model was established by injecting formalin and CFA, respectively. Separate injections of LDC and QX-572, or co-injection of LDC and QX-572, were performed to observe the differences in neurobehavioural responses, paw withdrawal latency (PWL) and mechanical withdrawal threshold (MWT).Key findingsQX-572 injection alone did not influence PWL and MWT, but injection of LDC alone led to a substantial, but short-lived, elevation in PWL and MWT (45 min). Co-injection of LDC and QX-572, however, resulted in a significant increase in PWL and MWT (120 min) compared with the LDC group. Injection of LDC and QX-572 combination in the adjacent sciatic nerve also produced a long-lasting sensory-specific nerve block. Additionally, intraplantar co-injection of LDC and QX-572 combination inhibited spontaneous pain in formalin-treated mice, but did not detectably attenuated hyperalgesia and allodynia in CFA-treated mice.ConclusionsOur results provide evidence that QX-572 induced sensory-selective blockade and co-injection of QX-572 and LDC enhance pain blockade, as evident from formalin-treated mice.

Two waste heat recovery systems of barbershops were presented to increase its heat utilization efficiency. One was the waste heat recovery system with water-to-water heat exchanger (WHR-HE). The other is the waste heat recovery system with both water-to-water heat exchanger and heat pump (WHR-HE-HP). The two waste heat recovery systems were analyzed by both economics and thermodynamics principles. Compared to conventional heat utilization systems of barbershops, the WHR-HE decreases annual energy consumption by 54.2%, and the WHR-HE-HP decreases annual energy consumption by 87.5%. The gain investment recovery periods of WHR-HE and WHR-HE-HP are below half one year. Compared to the WHR-HE, the WHR-HE-HP is with larger energy-saving potential, lower running cost, larger first cost and larger gain investment recovery period. The critical value of energy-saving financial subsidy is 0.778 ¥/W for the WHR-HE-HP. The WHR-HE-HP is very suited to the large and medium-sized barbershops, especially in the cold climate zone.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) on focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury in hyperglycemic rats and the possible involved mechanisms. In this study, we established the transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) for 30min in the rats with diabetic hyperglycemia. The neurological deficit score, 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining and pathohistology are applied to detect the extent of the damage. The expression of Fis1, Mfn2 and Lc3 in the brain is investigated by immunohistochemical and Western blotting techniques. The results showed that the streptozotocin-induced diabetic hyperglycemia and MCAO-induced focal cerebral ischemia were successfully prepared in rats. In the hyperglycemic group, the neurological deficit scores, infarct volumes, and number of pyknotic cells were higher than that in the normalglycemic group at 24h and/or 72h reperfusion. Pretreated with CoQ10 (10mg/kg) for four weeks could significantly reduce the neurological scores, infarct volume, and pyknotic cells at 24h and/or 72h reperfusion of the hyperglycemic rats compared with non-CoQ10 pretreated hyperglycemic animals. Immunohistochemistry and Western blotting showed that pretreatment with CoQ10 or insulin could significantly reduce the expression of Fis1 protein in the brain at 24h and 72h reperfusion. Inversely, a significantly increased expression of Mfn2 was observed in the rats CoQ10 or insulin pretreated at 24h and/or 72h reperfusion when compared with matched hyperglycemic rats. These results demonstrated that hyperglycemia could aggravate ischemic brain injury. Pretreatment with CoQ10 might ameliorate the diabetic hyperglycemia aggravated I/R brain damage in the MCAO rats by maintain the balance between mitochondrial fission and fusion.

Background The molecular mechanisms underlying the development and progression of gastric carcinoma remain poorly understood. The main objective of this study was to investigate the expression level of targeting protein for Xenopus kinesin-like protein 2 (TPX2) and its clinical significance in human gastric carcinoma. Methods Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and western blotting were used to determine the mRNA and protein levels of TPX2 in 20 paired gastric carcinoma tissues and the adjacent normal tissues, and the expression of TPX2 protein in 106 specimens of a gastric carcinoma tissue microarray was determined by immunohistochemistry. The associations of TPX2 expression with the clinicopathological features were analyzed, and the prognosis of gastric carcinoma patients was evaluated. Results The results showed that the expression of TPX2 mRNA was significantly higher in gastric carcinoma than in the adjacent normal tissues in 20 paired samples. Western blotting analysis revealed that TPX2 protein was differentially increased in 17 of 20 specimens from primary human gastric carcinoma tissues compared with those from adjacent non-tumor tissues. Immunohistochemical staining showed that TPX2 over-expression was significantly associated with advanced age (P = 0.001) and tumor T stage (P = 0.003). In addition, TPX2 was an independent prognostic factor for overall survival (OS) in the multivariate analysis [hazard ratio (HR) 0.001; 95 % confidence interval (CI) 2.626–7.198; P = 0.001]. Conclusions TPX2 is up-regulated in gastric carcinoma and is associated with old age and tumor T stage. TPX2 may serve as a good prognostic indicator in patients with gastric carcinoma. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12935-016-0357-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

We put forward exchange agreement certificate mutual authentication and the session key exchange protocol based on wireless sensor network, which is an improved version of the traditional certificate protocol. In the optimization scheme, the adversary cannot obtain the secret value, and each session process generates a different key, so as to ensure the safety of the encrypted information transmission between nodes.

ObjectiveTo observe expression of SIRT3 in normal liver tissue, cirrhotic tissue and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tissues, and to explore the significance of SIRT3 in primary HCC.MethodsSIRT3 expression was detected in 10 normal cases, 30 cases with, 30 HCC cases by immunohistochemical and Western-blotting method.ResultsImmunohistochemical assay showed that the SIRT3 positive expression rates were 100.0% (10/10), 96.7% (29/30) and 60.0% (18/30), respectively in normal group, paracancer group and HCC group. And the SIRT3 expression in HCC group was significantly lower than in normal group and paracancer group (P

Creating a vascular access in the presence of a cardiovascular implantable electronic device (CIED) in a patient with or approaching end-stage renal disease can be challenging. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the impact of a CIED on the outcomes of vascular access creation in hemodialysis patients and determine their effects on vascular access patency. This is a single-center retrospective review of hemodialysis patients who underwent vascular access creation after CIED placement. Outcomes of vascular access creation and need for endovascular interventions were compared between patients with vascular access created ipsilateral and contralateral to the site of CIED. Comparing patients with arteriovenous (AV) access created ipsilateral to CIED placement (n=19) versus the contralateral side (n=17), the primary failure rate was 78.9% versus 35.3% (p=0.02). For AV accesses that were matured, the median primary patency durations for AV accesses created ipsilateral to the CIED was 11.2 months compared to 7.8 months for AV accesses created contralateral to the CIED (p=1.00). AV accesses created ipsilateral to a CIED have a higher primary failure rate compared with the contralateral arm and should be avoided as much as possible.

Silurian sandstone in Tarim Basin has good reservoir properties and active oil and gas shows, especially thick widely-distributed bituminous sandstone. Currently, the Silurian was found containing both bitumen and conventional reservoirs, with petroleum originating from terrestrial and marine source rocks. The diversity of their distribution was the result of “three sources, three stages” accumulation and adjustment processes. “Three sources” refers to two sets of marine rocks in Cambrian and Middle-Upper Ordovician, and a set of terrestrial rock formed in Triassic in the Kuqa depression. “Three stages” represents three stages of accumulation, adjustment and reformation occurring in Late Caledonian, Late Hercynian and Late Himalayan, respectively. The study suggests that the Silurian bitumen is remnants of oil generated from Cambrian and Ordovician source rocks and accumulated in the sandstone reservoir during Late Caledonian-Early Hercynian and Late Hercynian stages, and then damaged by the subsequent two stages of tectonic uplift movements in Early Hercynian and Pre-Triassic. The authors presumed that the primary paleo-reservoirs formed during these two stages might be preserved in the Silurian in the southern deep part of the Tabei area. Except for the Yingmaili area where the Triassic terrestrial oil was from the Kuqa Depression during Late Himalayan Stage, all movable oil reservoirs originated from marine sources. They were secondary accumulations from underlying Ordovician after structure reverse during the Yanshan-Himalayan stage. Oil/gas shows mixed-source characteristics, and was mainly from Middle-Upper Ordovician. The complexity and diversity of the Silurian marine primary properties were just defined by these three stages of oil-gas charging and tectonic movements in the Tabei area.

PurposeThe equipment manufacturing industry, as a strategic industry of China, is experiencing a transition from imitative innovation to independent innovation. The achievements of independent innovation have not been as good as could have been expected. Based on evolutionary economics, the purpose of this paper is to explore the evolutionary path of the two innovation modes, respectively, and analyze the internal and external factors that hinder the mutation from imitative innovation routine to independent innovation routine. According to the results of the evolutionary game model, several policy suggestions are proposed to promote the transition from imitative innovation to independent innovation.Design/methodology/approachThis paper is based on the concepts of evolutionary economics. Routine, mutation, path dependence and selection are included in the analysis of the evolutionary path of the two innovation modes. Especially, the evolutionary game model of innovation modes selection is established to explain how internal and external conditions work in the transition.FindingsThe paper explores the evolutionary path of the transition from imitative innovation to independent innovation in the equipment manufacturing industry of China, and analyses the obstacles and factors (internal path dependence, and the lack of benefit incentive and external mutation conditions such as fiscal support and intellectual property protection) that hinder the mutation from imitative innovation routine to independent innovation routine. The results of the evolutionary game model show that the pursuit of the benefit (innovation return or the profit), as an internal mutation condition, is the most fundamental motivation for independent innovation, while policy incentives, as the external mutation conditions, have a significant impact on the evolutionary transition. According to the results, several policy suggestions are proposed to promote the transition from imitative innovation to independent innovation.Originality/valueTaking the equipment manufacturing industry as a particular object, this paper tries to explain the evolutionary path and the obstacle factors of the transition from imitative innovation to independent innovation from the perspective of evolutionary economics, involving routine, mutation, path dependence, selection, and so on. The evolutionary game model of innovation modes selection is established to investigate the influence of these factors.

Evaluation indexes system has been put forward in this paper for quantifying thesystematical energy consumption, resources consumption, total emissions’ change and waste disposal capacity in road construction with recycled waste materials involved. With help of this evaluation indexes system, the contributions to environmental improvement caused by recycling waste materials in road construction can be quantified through calculating savings on environmental impact potentials, savings on energy consumption, on virgin materials’ consumption and waste disposal capacity provided by road construction. Based on the construction project of a road section numbered No.20 EWK0+400 ~ EWK0+600 of North highway to Shanghai Pudong international airport, which was the first trial project of using several kinds of recycled waste materials including bottom ash from incinerators to replace commonly used materials such as gravel in large scale in road pavement, the results of the four indexes, namely, savings on energy consumption and virgin materials’ consumption, environmental impact potentials as well as waste disposal capacity were obtained. It was found out that with multi recycled waste materials replacing part of the common construction material, systematical energy consumption can be reduced by 30%, a large amount of virgin resource consumption can be avoid and road construction also provides a remarkable large “dumping site” for solid wastes; while at the same time environmental impact potentials were saved for most impact categories except for increase in Ecotoxicity, water chronic, which was caused by heavy metals’ leaching and can be prevented by pre-treatment. Those results are useful for guiding the utilization of recycled waste materials, as well as for developing new technology process and advanced materials in road construction.

Optical fiber interferometric sensors based on [3×3] couplers have been used in many fields. A new technique is proposed to demodulate output signals of this kind of sensors. The technique recovers the signal of interest by fitting coefficients of elliptic (Lissajous) curves between each fiber pair. Different from other approaches, this technique eliminates the dependence on the idealization of [3×3] coupler, provides enhanced tolerance to the variance of photoelectric converters, and is anti-polarization in a certain extent. The main algorithm has been successfully demonstrated both by numerical simulation and experimental result.

There are many disadvantages in the logistics distribution scheme today. The package may be taken by mistake and the information of consumers on the package may be hooked up illegally. What is more, it needs lots of couriers and costs plenty of money. To solve these problems above, a more effective logistics distribution scheme based on Near Field Communication is proposed. Many key technologies, such as the data exchange technology among android APP, server and NFC module, the data transmission technology by NFC and so on, are used in this scheme. The information is encrypted by ASE while transmission from one place to another. By contrasting the existing schemes and the new scheme, it is obvious that the new scheme has more advantages. Finally, the performance of the scheme is tested. The scheme makes logistics distribution automated greatly by the NFC, PN532and arduino. In addition, it can ensure the safety of consumer privacy largely. All in all, the data of the test indicates that the new scheme has better performance.

In the field of wireless communications, Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) offers broadband data transmission for mobile computer and phone users. As a part of UMTS, the UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN) needs to deploy distributed resource management system to meet three key user operations: Apply, Locate and Release. The traditional resource management models are no longer suitable for the increasing user amount and dynamic these operations, and resource consumption is relatively large especially CPU. We propose a new group-based dynamic resource management model, called as GroupDRM, which can meet all demands. Comparing to the traditional static model and complete dynamic model, GroupDRM model greatly reduces the delay of apply. The model also shows its advantages over the traditional dynamic model on the performances of releasing, locating and resource consumption.

Twenty-five to thirty percent of patients with node-negative breast cancer are expected to relapse following surgery, therefore great efforts have been made to identify new prognostic markers that could be useful in defining patients for additional therapy. The expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 has been associated with high potential of metastasis in several human carcinomas including breast cancer. In the present study we examined the prognostic value of immunoreactive MMP-2/MMP-9 protein in 270 consecutive lymph node negative cases who received radical mastectomy or modified radical mastectomy. Among the patients, 211 cases received adjuvant endocrine therapy and/or adjuvant chemotherapy. Using immunohistochemical assay, we found that 56.7% of the resected tumors were positive for MMP-2 whereas 59.6% of the samples were positive for MMP-9. Chi2 test demonstrated a significant direct association between MMP-2 and MMP-9 (p < 0.001); positive immunostaining of MMP-2 was significantly related to higher tumor grade (p < 0.001) and larger tumor size (p = 0.012); positive immunostaining of MMP-9 was significantly related to higher tumor grade (p = 0.002). In univariate analysis, using Cox-proportional hazard model we found MMP-2, MMP-9 and the co-expression of MMPs (MMP2/MMP9) were significantly associated with patients' relapse free survival (p = 0.016, 0.015 and 0.013 respectively) but not overall survival (p = 0.122, 0.320 and 0.091 respectively). Log-rank test also showed that MMP-2, MMP-9 or the co-expression of MMP2/MMP9 was unfavorable prognostic factor for relapse free survival but not overall survival. In subgroup analysis, we found MMPs were more prognostic for patients with no adjuvant treatment than for patients with adjuvant therapy. In multivariate analysis, using Cox-proportional hazard model we found co-expression of MMPs, larger tumor size and higher tumor grade were unfavorable for relapse free survival (p = 0.038, 0.007 and 0.015 for each). We concluded that MMP-2 and MMP-2 are unfavorable prognostic factors in breast cancer patients. They might be potential predictive factor for adjuvant systemic therapy. The co-expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 has significantly prognostic value in node-negative patients.

In the process of transportation construction, the developping trend of government financial investment to transportation engineering is a key that enterprises need to grasp accurately. On the basis of the existing study results of GM(1,1) model, this paper presents a novel procedure unifying improved initial condition value and optimized background value of GM(1,1) model, constructs a novel GM(1,1), and compares original GM(1,1) model with this novel GM(1,1) model in modeling precision through an example about the prediction of government transportation engineering investment. The findings indicate the superiority of this novel GM(1,1) model in forecasting modeling.

Of all the methods for repair of the unilateral cleft lip, none has gained as much popularity as the rotation advancement. Limitation of the technique leads to various modifications. It is well known that different cleft lip patients have different deformities. However, the modifications are always focused on nasal symmetry and alar base position. We found out that some microform incomplete cleft lip patients have distinctive appearance, of which the cleft located on the lower upper lip, nasal deformity is mild, and distinctive appearance presents a terrace before the peak on cleft side where it is always marked no. 9 according to rotation-advancement principle. We describe an individual technique to repair this kind of condition, which is different from Millard rotation-advancement principle. The design marking of the technique is around the cleft, and no additional incisions are located on the white lip and nasal base.

The grey relational analysis is an important branch of grey system theory. It is the foundation of grey clustering, decision-making, and control. The aim of this paper is to further study the properties of algorithms for grey relational analysis. On the basis of analysis on the existing models for grey relational analysis and their properties, this paper first presents the novel definition of affinity for grey relational model. Secondly, the affine property of some models for grey relational analysis is studied. Finally, the study result indicates that the algorithm for grey T-mode relational analysis and the algorithm for grey rate relational analysis are of affinity. This result may enrich the theoretical system of grey relational analysis.

Airway management in neonates with Pierre Robin sequence is often challenging. Advancement of the tongue base using mandibular distraction in neonates can avoid tracheotomy and is increasingly propagated. The surgical indication is very important. We establish indication. The result of the preoperative peripheral oxygen saturation of about 40% in the prone position is considered as indication. The distance from postpharyngeal wall to lingual root of more than 5 mm is considered as contraindication; however, distance of less than 2 mm is considered needing performing mandibular distraction in preoperative lateral cephalometric radiograph. A three-dimensional computed tomographic demonstrating severity of retrognathia was generated preoperatively in the computed tomography room. The osteotomies can be performed by extraoral approaches. Nowadays, for precise bone cutting, Surgybone (Silfradent Co., Sofia, Italy) devices have been introduced in maxillofacial surgery, which we used for extraoral-approach osteotomies in 6 patients presented in this study. Distraction was performed after bilateral oblique osteotomy and removed after 1-month fixation in the second stage. A follow-up examination after removal of the distractors was performed. Normal appearance and no apnea were observed at 6 months' follow-up.

In this paper, Smart Antennas and HSDPA technology in TD-SCDMA will be discussed. It is demonstrated to be inefficient when they are combined together due to the shortage of channelization code resources. To use Smart Antennas more efficiently in TD-SCDMA HSDPA, one SDMA algorithm with combination of generic schedule algorithms is proposed. With SDMA, the system can allocate same channelization codes to different users who are spatially separable well enough. To reduce the complexity, the algorithm is simplified based on some reasonable scenario. The performances of the simplified algorithm with 3 different common schedule algorithms are evaluated through a system simulator, and the parameters affecting the algorithm are studied. In the end, the simulation results show that the system throughputs can be increased with optimized parameters.

This paper researches key techniques and the scheduling strategies in multi-carrier LCR TDD (low chip rate time division duplex) systems. We propose a new PF (proportional fairness) scheduling algorithm based on rate-prediction, and different scheduling strategies combined with SA (smart antenna) or JD (joint detection), which improve the throughput of packet traffics are simulated in dynamic system layer simulation. As some curves are obtained, we can get the dependency relationship between different kinds of technologies.

Both adaptive beam-forming antenna (ABA) and joint detection (JD) are key techniques in the LCR (low code rate) TD-CDMA system. ABA is adopted to suppress multi-path fading with antenna diversity and to increase system capacity by using digital signal processing (DSP) algorithms and dynamically generating the beam patterns, while JD can be used to reduce multiple-access interference (MAI) and inter-symbol interference (ISI) with advanced equalization techniques. As spatial variation of UE has existed in practical system, the system performance will be deteriorated by the DOA (direction-of- arrival) estimation error. In this paper, simulation results on the both downlink and uplink of LCR TD-CDMA in different environments are included, which can provide both the system performance with joint detection or imperfect ABA and the maximum system tolerance of DOA estimation error. Two kinds of packet services, full-buffer FTP and scheduling HTTP, will be adopted in simulation process to simulate DCH (dedicated channel) and DSCH (downlink share channel) features, respectively.

This paper aims to select the most appropriate ground motion intensity measure (IM) that is used in selecting earthquake records for the dynamic time history analysis of long-period structures. For this purpose, six reinforced concrete frame-core wall structures, designed according to modern seismic codes, are studied through dynamic time history analyses with a set of twelve selected earthquake records. Twelve IMs and two types of seismic damage indices, namely, the maximum seismic response-based and energy-based parameters, are chosen as the examined indices. Selection criteria such as correlation, efficiency, and proficiency are considered in the selection process. The optimal IM is identified by means of a comprehensive evaluation using a large number of data of correlation, efficiency, and proficiency coefficients. Numerical results illustrate that peak ground velocity is the optimal one for long-period structures and peak ground displacement is also a close contender. As compared to previous reports, the spectral-correlated parameters can only be taken as moderate IMs. Moreover, the widely used peak ground acceleration in the current seismic codes is considered inappropriate for long-period structures.

A broadband monolithic linear single pole, eight throw (SP8T) switch has been fabricated in 180 nm thin film silicon-on-insulator (SOI) CMOS technology with a quad-band GSM harmonic filter in integrated passive devices (IPD) technology, which is developed for cellular applications. The antenna switch module (ASM) features 1.2 dB insertion loss with filter on 2G bands and 0.4 dB insertion loss in 3G bands, less than -45 dB isolation and maximum -103 dB intermodulation distortion for mobile front ends by applying distributed architecture and adaptive supply voltage generator.

A three-stage 4.8–6 GHz monolithic power amplifier (PA) compatible with IEEE 802.11a/n designed based on an advanced 2 μm InGaP/GaAs hetero-junction bipolar transistor (HBT) process is presented. The PA integrates input matching and closed-loop power control circuits on chip. Under 3.3 V DC bias, the amplifier achieves a ~31 dB small signal gain, excellent wide band input and output matching among overall 1.2 GHz bandwidth, and up to 24.5 dBm linear output power below EVM 3% with IEEE 802.11a 64QAM OFDM input signal.

A study on the single event transient (SET) induced by a pulsed laser in a silicon-germanium (SiGe) heterojunction bipolar transistor (HBT) is presented in this work. The impacts of laser energy and collector load resistance on the SET are investigated in detail. The waveform, amplitude, and width of the SET pulse as well as collected charge are used to characterize the SET response. The experimental results are discussed in detail and it is demonstrated that the laser energy and load resistance significantly affect the SET in the SiGe HBT. Furthermore, the underlying physical mechanisms are analyzed and investigated, and a near-ideal exponential model is proposed for the first time to describe the discharge of laser-induced electrons via collector resistance to collector supply when both base-collector and collector-substrate junctions are reverse biased or weakly forward biased. Besides, it is found that an additional multi-path discharge would play an important role in the SET once the base-collector and collector-substrate junctions get strongly forward biased due to a strong transient step charge by the laser pulse.

Ionizing radiation effects in silicon-germanium (SiGe) heterojunction bipolar transistors (HBTs) at different dose rates were investigated. Experimental results show that the base current increases with increasing accumulated dose for the high and low dose rates of irradiation, causing a significant drop in current gain. Besides, the lower the dose rate, the higher the radiation damage, which demonstrates a significantly enhanced low-date-rate sensitivity (ELDRS) effect in the SiGe HBTs. The different degradation behaviors for high and low dose rates of irradiation are compared with each other and discussed; furthermore, the underlying physical mechanisms are analyzed and investigated in detail.