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It is highly predicted that the roads and parking areas will be extremely congested with vehicles to the point that searching for a novel solution will not be an optional choice for conserving the sustainability rate of the overall humanity's development growth. Such issue could be overcome by developing modified generations of the Urban Air Mobility (UAM) vehicles that essentially depend on the Vertical and/or Short Take-Off and Landing (V/STOL) feature to increase the efficiency of landing capabilities on limited-space parking areas. The complexity of integrating an efficient and safe V/STOL feature in such UAM vehicles is notably difficult comparing with the conventional and normal techniques for landing and take-off. The efficient V/STOL feature should be carried out by a complete and collaborative Cyber-Physical System (CPS) processing architecture, such as the CPS-5C architecture. In this paper, we only proposed two CPS-5C physical layers of a V/STOL Autonomous Landing Guidance Assistant System (ALGAS2) processing unit to increase the reliability of the vertical landing mechanism. The proposed V/STOL-ALGAS2 system depends on Fuzzy Logic System (FLS) as the advanced control unit. Furthermore, the proposed ALGAS2 system depends on four symmetric and segregated processing ALGAS2 cores that processing the data in a fully parallel and independent manner to enhance many essential security and safety factors for the futuristic UAM vehicles. The proposed ALGAS2 digital circuits architecture has been designed using MATLAB and VHDL. Also, it has been further analyzed for the implementation and validation tests using the Intel Altera OpenVINO FPGA board. The proposed ALGAS processing unit attained a maximum computational processing performance of about 21.22 Giga Operations per Seconds (GOPS)., Comment: 2021 Integrated Communications Navigation and Surveillance Conference (ICNS), Dulles, VA, USA

With the vast expansion of data loads across numerous safety and infotainment applications, the software-defined paradigm has become a critical component for 5G-enabled and intelligent vehicular networks. By transforming the network’s rigid hardware devices into programmable units, SDVN offers a broad view of the entire network status and a standard interface between heterogeneous wireless access technologies. However, deploying a centralized control unit carries several problems, such as bottleneck issues and densification issues. A distributed control plane is a potential alternative to a centralized control plane. Still, it poses many questions about the optimal location of local control units and the number of control units required for a given network structure. In this article, we propose an efficient proactive controller deployment and assignment strategy for distributed 5G-enabled software-defined Vehicular Networks based on predictive vehicles’ traffic flow information and communication delays between switch-enabled roadside units. A thorough performance evaluation is conducted under different vehicular network’s mobility scenarios. We assess the performance of the proposed method in terms of communication latency and load on the subsequent control units and their assigned set of switches. The proposed proactive clustering method is compared to different forms of controller placement methods. The results showed that the proposed approach reduced the network’s communication delays while maintaining a balanced distributed load among controllers over the simulation time.

Edge caching has become an effective solution to cope with the challenges brought by the massive content delivery in cellular networks. In device-to-device (D2D) enabled caching cellular networks with time-varying content popularity distribution and user terminal (UT) location, we model these dynamic networks as a stochastic game to design a cooperative cache placement policy. The cache placement reward of each UT is defined as the caching incentive minus the transmission power cost for content caching and sharing. We consider the long-term cache placement reward of all UTs in this stochastic game. In an effort to solve the stochastic game problem, we propose a multi-agent cooperative alternating Q-learning (CAQL) based cache placement algorithm. The caching control unit is defined to execute the proposed CAQL, in which, the cache placement policy of each UT is alternatively updated according to the stable policy of other UTs during the learning process, until the stable cache placement policy of all the UTs in the cell is obtained. We discuss the convergence and complexity of CAQL, which obtains the stable cache placement policy with low space complexity. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm can effectively reduce the backhaul load and the average content access delay in dynamic networks.

Droop control has been well adopted for multi-source multi-load DC microgrids (MGs) due to its inherent modularity and reliability by only using local measurements, especially with the most commonly-used voltage-current droop (V-I) mode. While another implementation named current-voltage droop (I-V) mode also can be adopted. With the same value of droop gain in these two modes, a DC MG will have the same steady-state feature, but its dynamic performance of DC voltage control may be different. Our primary motivation is to investigate this phenomenon from the perspective of equivalent RLC circuits. This paper proposes a generic reduced-order modeling method suitable for exploring the dynamic stability of DC voltage control with these two modes. By ignoring fast inner current control dynamic, each droop based DC voltage control unit can be modeled as a RLC parallel circuit in these two modes, which is convenient for modular modeling and extension. In addition, if the inner current control with slow dynamic cannot be ignored in some specific scenarios, a modified RLC model can be still obtained to analyze its influence. Tthe effectiveness of the proposed reduced-order modeling method has been verified by detailed simulation and experiment results.

The development process of on-board software applications can benefit from model-driven engineering techniques. Model validation and model transformations can be applied to drive the activities of specification, requirements definition, and system-level validation and verification according to the space software engineering standards ECSS-E-ST-40 and ECSS-Q-ST-80. This paper presents a model-driven approach to completing these activities by avoiding inconsistencies between the documents that support them and providing the ability to automatically generate the system-level validation tests that are run on the Ground Support Equipment and the matrices required to complete the software verification. A demonstrator of the approach has been built using as a proof of concept a subset of the functionality of the software of the control unit of the Energetic Particle Detector instrument on-board Solar Orbiter.

In this article, a standalone solar tracking system is intended and successfully synchronized using proteus 7.6 ISIS. Best at instantly aligning a solar panel with the position of the sun, resulting in a 40% increase in efficiency. A low-cost solar tracking detector is being used to rotate the solar panel paired to the motor at such a specific angle to rotate 180°s in 8 steps per day with better accuracy. A microcontroller (Atmega3285P) is used as a control unit, and ADC ports are used to interconnect sensor units. To interconnect a solar array, the motor driver ULN 293D is also used to rotate the solar panel at the highest solar power angle. The modeling is performed in two ways, using four LDRs and eight LDRs, and the results of both are measured. The simulation and analysis results show that the maximum current drawn by the solar tracking sensor is less than 0.5 mA. “Proteus 7.6 ISIS” and “Arduino UNO” and “Code Vision AVR” are used to write the program code and to burn over Atmega3285P for parameters estimation.

Maneuvering motions of a ship in calm water are studied through the concept of MMG model. Governing forces are defined by the use of available empirical formulae that require only main ship particulars as input variables. In order to validate the calculation tool, a full-scale sea experiment was carried out in Osaka Bay using a 17-m twin-screw passenger ferry. Test execution and data measurement were performed through the utilization of an autopilot control unit and satellite compass. The result of a straight running test confirms the acceptable accuracy in addressing the surge motion problem. Reasonable agreement between simulation and experiment is also confirmed for 5 ∘ / 5 ∘ and 10 ∘ / 10 ∘ zig-zag tests despite the strong environmental disturbance. The current model can generally represent the subject ship maneuvering motions and is promising for the application to other ship hulls.

A control system for the electric drive of roller tables has been developed. Basic electrical and connection diagrams have been developed. The characteristics of all devices included in the system are given. The main advantages of using frequency regulation are described. The algorithm of the control program is described in detail.

Agriculture is still a major occupation in rural areas of India. Increase in technology creates many opportunities in different fields and attracts human resources from rural areas. Farmers are facing sever human and natural resource problems. Monitoring crops with low man power is the major problem. Smart crop monitoring and automation irrigation system deals with these problems by developing a mobile application which helps farmer to get detailed information about plant diseases and to use irrigation system efficiently. This model uses image processing techniques to identify the picture of the leaf and also provides information about temperature and moisture on field. The Raspberry Pi is the project's control unit, which controls and executes the entire system's operation. Pi camera is placed at the face of the moving vehicle to take the pictures of the leaves. These pictures are analyzed using convolution neural network which is an efficient machine learning algorithm. If the captured leaf image has a disease that is already in the given dataset then farmer will get output message which contains disease cause and pesticide or fertilizers we need to provide to eradicate the disease. Mobile application also sends the data which is sensed using sensors.

A two-level control system for the temperature mode of smelting, out-of-furnace processing and preparation for casting of low-carbon steel G/ET is proposed in the conditions of BOF shop-2 of JSC “United West Siberian Metallurgical Combine”. Depending on the technological scheme, it is possible to design various control systems for the steelmaking complex with sequential, parallel and combined inclusion of individual operations and processes. The control system of a sequential group of objects is considered on the example of steel G/ET. The control system includes an external control loop that allows coordinated control of the shop departments by optimizing the mode of technological process conducting at the facility, taking into account the actual operation performed at the previous facility. The implemented nonparametric algorithm of dual control allows the decision-maker to perform joint operational adjustment of control actions for local control loops. The temperature mode of the melts of low-carbon steel G/ET is analyzed and it is revealed that the processing time of the steel ladle at each stage of the BOF – CCM technological route has a significant impact on the steel temperature mode. In accordance with this, the criteria for temperature control quality are formed. The results of computational experiment showed that the introduction of a control unit with a decision-maker contributes to the rational control of metal temperature mode in the BOF – CCM site, and as a result, obtaining a given chemical composition and temperature of steel within narrower limits. It allows one to eliminate deviations from the contact schedule of the main units, and to increase the number of melts in the series and the rate of continuous casting.

The aggregation behavior shown by swarm robots to establish coordination among each other is a basic behavior that is used in swarm robotics. This study proposes an aggregation method based on flocking for self-organizing aggregation behavior in swarm robotics. In the proposed method, a decision-making structure that determines robot movements for the swarm robots to show aggregation behavior is utilized. Each swarm robot can aggregate by decision-making only by itself without needing a control unit by using the proposed aggregation method. In the study, with swarm robots that have basic features, the aggregation method is applied in the simulation environment for different arena sizes, different numbers of robots and different detection distances. The performance of the proposed aggregation method is statistically examined for different arena sizes, different detection limits and different numbers of robots. Additionally, the proposed method is compared to a method in the literature in terms of aggregation completion time. According to the results, the proposed method realizes the aggregation behavior in a shorter time than the other method in all systematic simulations.

In this paper, we present a general target tracking and following architecture for multirotor unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), and provide pointers to related work. We restrict our discussions to tracking ground-based objects using a monocular camera that is not gimballed. Target tracking is accomplished using a novel visual front end combined with a recently developed multiple target tracking back end. The target following is accomplished using a novel, nonlinear control algorithm. We present an end-to-end target tracking and following architecture that uses a visual front end to obtain measurements and compute the homography, a tracking algorithm called Recursive Random Sample Consensus (R-RANSAC) to perform track initialization and tracking, a track selection scheme, and a target-following controller. Target tracking and following is accomplished using a monocular camera, an inertial measurement unit, an on-board computer, a flight control unit, a sensor to measure altitude, and a multirotor UAV under the assumption that the target is moving on fairly planar ground with nearly constant velocity.

Quasi-cyclic low-density parity-check (QC-LDPC) codes, which have been adopted by the Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems (CCSDS), are widely used in Deep-Space (AR4JA) and Near-Earth (C2) communications. A large number of encoder architectures with CCSDS recommended standard have been proposed. But the existing architectures are not efficient enough in high-throughput implementations, many architectures have a lot of logical resources and registers. In this brief, we introduce a novel architecture with low resource utilization. A grouping algorithm is used to extract the common subexpressions (CS) of the encoding algorithm. Similar circuit structures are integrated through a two-layer architecture, which further reduces logical resources. For the special size of the generator’s matrix, we introduce a preprocessing method. In addition, configuration registers are used to replace the control unit. Implemented and verified on FPGA, the proposed architecture achieves a throughput of 4.69 Gbps using only 1658 LUTs and 1038 FFs. Compared with the previous architectures, this architecture achieves lower resource utilization and multi-Gbps throughput.

Co-bots - collaborative robots are designed to interact directly with humans in close proximity. Some human-robot collaborative applications like surveillance, clinical services, media outlets, defense, and social associations, may require an autonomous robot to have the ability to distinguish and track a person and to follow him around. Smart suitcases and smart trolleys are practical applications of human detection and following co-bots. Initially seen as a special case of object tracking, the task of person following with autonomous robots before long turned into a challenging task of its own especially when using a short-range sensor like laser range scanner. Therefore, we have proposed and implemented an effective algorithm forintelligent detection, tracking, and following a specified target person. The decision is being made by the control unit based on the information obtained from 2D LIDAR mounted at knee height, hence, enabling the mobile co-bot to follow the target in a dynamic environment without any collision.

Modern industrial technologies require raw materials of high purity from suppliers, especially due to the possible presence of inclusions of heterogeneous metals in them. The existence of metallic inclusions of heterogeneous metals in the raw materials leads to equipment failure, a decrease in the quality of output products, and, consequently, large financial losses. Since the main method of transporting raw materials in the industry is still a conveyor belt, this imposes additional conditions to control and remove metallic inclusions. For various reasons, current methods for removing metallic inclusions in the conveyor belt do not fully meet the needs of modern production. The main issue related to existing removal systems is the lack of intelligent interaction between these systems and the absence of information exchange between systems that detect and remove metallic inclusions. An alternative method for removing metallic inclusions of heterogeneous metals from loose medium has been proposed, which implies the tandem operation of the system that detects metallic inclusions and the system that removes them. The tandem operation of the two systems makes it possible to exchange information about a detected metallic inclusion and, as a result, to more flexibly use tools for the removal of metallic inclusion depending on the size and location of the metallic inclusion relative to the conveyor belt axis. At the same time, the control unit of the removal system makes it possible to control the conveyor belt itself, which allows the removal of complex metallic inclusions using the reverse of the electric drive of the belt, as well as enables a control check of the fact of removal. The developed algorithm of the removal system was implemented in the programming environment TIA-Portal. The introduction of this removal system could reduce the number of metallic inclusions in raw materials by 15‒20 %; moreover, its application is not limited to only one sector of the national economy

The paper presents an approach for online centralized control in active distribution networks. It combines a proportional integral (PI) control unit with a corrective control unit (CCU), based on the principle of Model Predictive Control (MPC). The proposed controller is designed to accommodate the increasing penetration of distributed generation in active distribution networks. It helps in continuously satisfying the reactive power requirements of the transmission system operators (TSOs), while maintaining an acceptable voltage profile in the active distribution network, and simultaneously minimizing the total active power losses. The controller also ensures compliance to operation requirements of distribution network operators (DNOs). By replacing the full load flow (LF) calculation with sensitivities, derived from a linearized model of the network, the controller can work in real-time applications. Moreover, the computational burden of the proposed controller is reduced since the CCU is activated only when a voltage violation or considerable change of operation condition occurs. The performance of the proposed controller is demonstrated on a 11-kV test network with 75 buses and 22 distributed generators.

Приводится методика программно-аппаратного способа компенсации теплового дрейфа напряжения, возникающего в измерительных каналах резистивных датчиков давления и температуры в блоке управления зарядно-разрядным устройством никель-водородной аккумуляторной батареи. Рассмотрена проблема повышения точности и надежности измерения контролируемых параметров для более точного управления режимами батареи в системе энергоснабжения при колебаниях температуры окружающей среды. Показана функциональная схема тракта преобразования аналогового сигнала в цифровую форму с использованием встроенного аналого-цифрового преобразователя микроконтроллера. Приведены экспериментальные данные исследований влияния температуры на точность измерения сигналов, а также графические иллюстрации максимальной приведенной погрешности 40 каналов измерения. Исследован разброс характеристик температурных датчиков, реализованных в кристаллах нескольких микроконтроллеров. На основании полученных данных выявлены узлы и элементы, вносящие максимальную температурную погрешность в каналы измерения датчиков давления и температуры аккумуляторной батареи. Разработана методика для программно-аппаратной компенсации температурной погрешности преобразования сигналов датчиков. Описаны алгоритм и условия практической реализации метода компенсации суммарной погрешности канала измерения с использованием аналого-цифрового преобразователя микроконтроллера. Проведена экспериментальная оценка примененного метода расчета в узле формирования телеметрии управления блока электроники, предназначенного для преобразования аналоговых сигналов с датчиков давления и температуры в цифровой код The article presents the method of hardware-software compensation of thermal voltage drift in the measuring channels of resistive pressure and temperature sensors in the control unit of the charging and discharging device of a nickel-hydrogen battery. We considered the problem of increasing the accuracy and reliability of the measurement of controlled parameters for more precise control of the operating modes of the batteries in the power supply system when the ambient temperature changes. We show the functional diagram of the path for converting an analog signal into a digital form using the built-in analog-to-digital converter of the microcontroller. We present experimental data on the influence of temperature on the accuracy of signal measurement, as well as graphic illustrations of the maximum reduced error of 40 measuring channels. We investigated the spread of the characteristics of temperature sensors implemented in the crystals of several microcontrollers. Based on the obtained data, we determined the nodes and elements that make up the maximum temperature error in the measurement channels of the pressure and temperature sensors of the battery. We developed a method of hardware-software compensation of the temperature error of the sensor signal conversion. Here we describe the algorithm and conditions of practical implementation of the method of compensation of the total error of the measuring channel using the analog-to-digital converter of the microcontroller. We carried out an experimental evaluation of the applied calculation method in the telemetry generation unit of the electronics unit designed to convert analog signals of pressure and temperature sensors into a digital code

Рассматривается модуль GY-521, на котором установлена микросхема MPU6050, объединяющая в одном корпусе акселерометр, гироскоп и температурный датчик. Такие датчики изготовлены на основе микромеханических систем (МЭМС), основным преимуществом которых является малый размер, низкое энергопотребление и небольшая стоимость. Одновременное использование акселерометра и гироскопа позволяет определить изменение движения тела в трехмерном пространстве. Рассмотрены основные характеристики используемого модуля. Управление микросхемы осуществляется с помощью архитектуры интерфейса IC «ведущий-ведомый». В работе ведомым является MPU6050, а ведущим (производит запрос на чтение или запись данных) является микроконтроллер, имеющий в своем составе аппаратную шину передачи данных IC. Показана возможная программная реализация алгоритма подключения нескольких ведомых устройств (шести микросхем MPU6050). Представлена принципиальная схема подключения к одному порту ввода-вывода микроконтроллера. Рассмотрен алгоритм работы микроконтроллера с подключенными микросхемами (шестью) MPU6050. Приведены пример программы (с использованием языка ассемблер) инициализации связи с MPU6050, а также программа считывания данных для снятия последних измерений акселерометра, гироскопа, температурного датчика. Применение нескольких модулей с одновременным считыванием с них информации позволяет осуществлять контроль систем управления полетом, имеющих совокупность нескольких управляющих поверхностей и устройств The paper considers the GY-521 module, which is equipped with the MPU6050 chip, which combines an accelerometer, a gyroscope and a temperature sensor in one housing. Such sensors are made on the basis of micromechanical systems (MEMS), the main advantages of which are small size, low power consumption and low cost. The simultaneous use of an accelerometer and a gyroscope allows you to determine the change in the movement of a body in three-dimensional space. We considered the main characteristics of the module used. The control of the chip is carried out using the architecture of the IC interface "master-slave". In operation, the MPU6050 is the host, and the master (makes a request to read or write data) is a microcontroller that has an IC hardware data bus. We show a possible software implementation of the algorithm for connecting multiple slave devices (six MPU6050 chips). We present a schematic diagram of the connection to a single I/O port of the microcontroller. We consider the algorithm of operation of the microcontroller with connected chips (six) MPU6050. We give an example of a program (using the assembly language) for initializing communication with the MPU6050, as well as a program for reading data for taking the latest measurements of the accelerometer, gyroscope, and temperature sensor. The use of several modules with simultaneous reading of information from them allows you to control flight control systems that have a set of several control surfaces and devices

In the light of user-side energy power control requirements, a power control strategy for a household-level EPR based on HES droop control is proposed, focusing on the on-grid, off-grid and seamless switching process. The system operating states are divided based on the DC bus voltage information with one converter used as a slack terminal to stabilize the DC bus voltage and the other converters as power terminals. In the on-grid mode, the GCC and the HES are used as the main control unit to achieve on-grid stable operation, whereas in the off-grid mode, the PV, HES and LC are used as the main control unit at different voltages to achieve stable operation of the island network. Finally, a DC MG system based on a household-level EPR is developed using the PSCAD / EMTDC simulation platform and the results show that the control strategy can effectively adjust the output of each subunit and maintain the stability of the DC bus voltage.

Security and energy-consumptiont are two conflicting challenges in the design and operation of the smart cities that use Internet-of-Things (IoT). Providing power to IoT things (i.e., sensors and their communications) is a challenge as battery have a limited lifetime, and their maintenance and disposal are costly and hazardous. System on chip (SoC) power requirements for IoT ultra-low-power realm is different and is a challenge for the design engineers to provide uninterrupted power. In this paper, a paradigm shift research that addresses a secure self-sustainable solar-energy harvesting system (EHS) with a security mechanism is proposed. This design incorporates Physically Unclonable Functions (PUFs) for the security of EHS along with an aging sensor for recycled IC detection. The control unit monitors the computational load, recharging of the battery, and security mechanism. Capacitor value modulation (CVM) is used for impedance matching between solar cell and converter during maximum power point tracking (MPPT) to avoid quiescent power consumption. The existing resources of EHS used for designing the PUFs and aging sensor. The secure EHS is designed and fabricated in CMOS 90nm technology. The resulting output is in the range of 3-3.55 V with an input 1-1.5 V. The proposed EHS is consuming 22 $\mu$ μ W of power, that satisfies the ultra-low-power requirements of IoT smart nodes.

Whole world is suffering from the problem of the energy crisis. This is happening because of the enormous growth of population and industries across the globe. Therefore the whole world is looking to adopt the concepts of green communication technologies and power/energy efficient devices. This work is just towards these technologies. In this work, a power-efficient Control Unit (CU) is designed and implemented on Kintex-7 Ultrascale FPGA. The simulation and power analysis of the control unit is done on VIVADO HLx Design Suite. The power analysis of control unit is observed for different frequency values and it is observed that as the frequency increases the total power consumption also increases. Hence the control unit is more suitable to operate at low frequency values in order to minimize the power consumption. Also, there is a 36% saving in total power consumption when we scale down the device operating frequency of the control unit from 5 GHz to 100 MHz.

In this article, the resilience of a coordinated control system for a set of PV-based distributed energy resources (DERs) against false data injection (FDI) attacks is evaluated. The evaluation is performed using a functional mock-up interface (FMI)-compatible cosimulation platform which enables the interaction of multi-domain simulators (EMTP, MATLAB/Simulink, and NS-3). The cosimulation platform permits rigorous analysis of cybersecurity through detailed modeling of all system components. The DER coordinated control and communication systems implemented on the IEEE-34 bus benchmark consist of measurement, control and monitoring components including substation central controller, DER local controllers, synchrophasor network and advanced metering infrastructure (AMI). Some DERs are equipped with an energy storage system (ESS) and coordinated by the central control unit in order to correct voltage disturbances resulting from the intermittent solar photovoltaic (PV) generation. The FDI attack targets the AMI system and aims at manipulating the load profile messages reported by the smart meter collector, thus yielding a central control failure. To detect the attacks and mitigate their impacts, a neural network-based algorithm is proposed and incorporated in the central control unit. The effectiveness of the proposed detection and mitigation algorithm is confirmed through simulations using the proposed FMI-compatible cosimulation platform.

This article proposes a demand-side management (DSM) mechanism for energy management based on user behavior monitoring in a smart home. In the proposed mechanism, first through an analytic hierarchy process, the most influential factors related to power consumption are extracted. Next, by employing the K-means algorithm on the extracted factors, users are clustered. The user's clusters, the power grid state, and the user's real-time power consumption are inputs for a control unit. We present an interactive algorithm for the control unit, which causes peak reduction using peak clipping techniques. We also develop a day-ahead scheduling mechanism, which optimizes the load based on load shifting techniques. The proposed system is implemented in an Internet of Things (IoT) testbed consisting of four tiers—sensors, home gateways, server, and web portal. The central server is based on the Kaa IoT platform, an open-source platform widely used in the IoT domain. The performance of the proposed system is evaluated through simulation and a case study. Results confirm that the proposed system reduces the power consumption and costs for users and improves power grid performance in terms of the peak-to-average ratio.

A control unit based-on web in smarthome system has been designed and constructed. The control unit can be integrated into the smarthome system platform for gate operation via a smartphone. The research objectives, namely (i) integration of hardware and availability of raw files for applications, (ii) programming for control unit, and (iii) availability of control unit and implementation of validation tests. The result of integration is a form of successful hardware handshaking. The programming result is a form of successful software handshaking, including (i) a flowchart-based algorithm, while the syntax structure is based on the Arduino IDE, (ii) the comfiling and uploading stages of the syntax structure to the Arduino UNO R3 module, including the process online control based on RemoteXY version 4.5.1 via a web browser, and (iii) uploading files from personal computers and smartphones based on Android. The availability of the control unit physical building for the validation test process is the achievement of handshaking in hardware and software, in the form of performance measurement of the control unit with 3 (three) kinds of observations, namely (i) “open”, (ii) “close”, or (iii) lock/unlock state. In general, it is concluded that the web-based control unit on the smarthome system for gate operation can function and perform according to plan., Telah dirancang dan dipabrikasi sebuah unit kontrol berbasis web pada sistem smarthome. Unit kontrol tersebut dapat diintegrasikan ke platform sistem smarthome untuk pengoperasian pintu gerbang melalui smartphone. Sasaran penelitian ini, yaitu (i) pengintegrasian perangkat keras dan ketersediaan file mentah untuk aplikasi, (ii) pemrograman untuk unit kontrol, dan (iii) ketersediaan unitr kontrol dan pelaksanaan uji validasi. Hasil integrasi merupakan bentuk keberhasilan rantai jabat-tangan secara perangkat keras. Hasil pemrograman merupakan bentuk keberhasilan rantai jabat-tangan secara perangkat lunak, meliputi (i) algoritma berbasis diagram alir, sedangkan struktur sintaks berbasis kepada Arduino IDE, (ii) tahapan comfiling dan pengunggahan struktur sintaks ke modul Arduino UNO R3, termasuk proses pengontrolan berbasis RemoteXY versi 4.5.1 secara online melalui web browser, dan (iii) pengunggahan file dari komputer personal dan smartphone berbasis Android. Ketersediaan bangunan fisis unit control untuk proses uji validasi merupakan ketercapaian rantai jabat-tangan secara perangkat keras dan lunak, berupa pengukuran kinerja terhadap unit kontrol dengan 3 (tiga) macam pengamatan, yaitu (i) “membuka”, (ii) “menutup”, atau (iii) keadaan lock/unlock. Secara umum disimpulkan, bahwa unit kontrol berbasis web pada smarthome system untuk pengoperasian pintu gerbang dapat berfungsi dan berkinerja sesuai perencanaan.

By considering the application requirements of automatic welding of labels on the heads of bundled rebars in the iron and steel industry, an automatic label welding robot system is developed based on machine vision and image processing. The system consists of six modules: pickup unit, image unit, control unit, welding stud unit, label unit, and rebar unit. It can automatically pick up welding studs, pick up labels, perform welding, detect dropped labels, and detect dropped welding studs. The development process of label welding mainly includes the following steps. First, the Cascade RCNN object detection algorithm is used to detect the rebar head, so that the number of rebars and the pixel coordinates of the rebar head centers can be obtained. The detection accuracy of the number of rebars can reach 100%, and the Cascade RCNN average score is 0.9801. Then, an algorithm to identify the center of bundled rebar heads based on the variable-scale method (Davidon–Fletcher–Powell formula (DFP)) is proposed. In addition, limiting conditions, and a process for selection of weldable points for double-label welding are provided. And the coordinate conversion equations of weldable points in different coordinate systems are derived. Finally, a serious of functional verification tests of the robot system were carried out on an actual rebar production line, which verified the accuracy of the weldable point image recognition process, and the usability of the robot system. The results indicate that the accuracy of weldable point recognition can reach 98.99%.

With the development of wind turbines to the large scale with high rated powers, how to reduce fatigue loads is the key factor for modern wind turbine control. Aiming at reducing the wind turbine structural fatigue loads, an individual pitch control (IPC) method based on SVM estimation of blade root loads was proposed in this paper. The blade root loads were dynamically estimated by a SVM model according to light detection and ranging (LIDAR) wind speed data. Two approximate decoupling systems for yaw moments and pitch moments were then obtained through Coleman transform. Meanwhile, two individual pitch controllers were designed to reduce the loads and a wind speed feedforward controller was adopted to improve the pitch control performance. The proposed method was verified by a FAST, LIDAR and RT-LAB semi-physical real-time combined simulation system. On this basis, a master control unit was developed and the overall unit was further verified by a CRRC wind turbine master control and pitch joint test platform. Compared with collective pitch control (CPC) and the IPC based on azimuth, the proposed method is effective on reducing fatigue loads and vibration.

This paper describes a model-driven environment for configuration control and deployment of on-board satellite software. The solution enables platform-aware software development through the use of modelling artefacts provided by a framework called MICOBS. The paper describes the proposed platform model, as well as the supporting models needed to control the configuration of on-board software. The solution allows managing the models of on-board software projects in such a way that several alternatives for deploying and configuring the packages can be defined. The configuration control during validation and deployment of the on-board software of the control unit of the Energetic Particle Detector instrument on-board Solar Orbiter is presented as a use case. The example shows the versatility of the proposed approach in managing the deployment of software on the different boards resulting from the model philosophy of the space projects, as well as on any possible simulation environments used for software validation. Finally, it is noteworthy to highlight that this approach can also be used in software projects that were not initially following a model-driven paradigm, and that its adoption facilitates the configuration control of reusable software on new platforms adopted in new space missions.

The sun tracking became of high necessity for increasing the efficiency and reducing the cost of photovoltaic systems and solar concentrators. This system is used for maximizing the normal incident direct solar radiation on the surface of these devices. This is essential in solar water pumping for irrigation and power generation. In the present study, a new prototype sun tracker (heliostat) is designed, constructed and tested. This sun tracker tracks the sun on two axes and uses a real time control unit and hybrid stepper motors. The control unit uses a low cost microcontroller compared to the other controllers. The microcontroller provides a large number of input/output pins for controlling the hybrid stepper motors and the LCD screen. Also, its internal memory size and the processing power are high making it the most suitable device for solving solar energy equations in real time. The proposed sun tracker is seen to be simpler in operation and more reliable than the PLC, microprocessor and electro-optical controlled systems. Results show that this sun tracker has a good accuracy for tracking the sun and that the experimental data are closely fit the theoretical results. Hybrid stepper motors with their advantages and the control system are suitable for these applications. Thus, this sun tracker is also seen to be suitable for the photovoltaic panel used for solar pumping, power generation and the dish type solar concentrators.

Self-healing is the ability of a distribution system to automatically restore power after permanent faults. This paper investigates the impact of outages in the distribution network elements following the occurrence of a fault. The work aims to restore maximum available power to consumers in the affected areas, after the isolation of faulted parts, by optimal procedure of switching operations. In this work, CYMDIST software was used for the simulation and analyses of a distribution network in Samawa City. MATLAB 2017b/Simulink was used to implement self-healing, through the simulation of smart protection system that is controlled remotely by a central control unit. The results of implementing the proposed self-healing system on Samawa a New 11 kV network show a maximum power restoration with a minimum number of switching operations that have been achieved after fault isolation without violating constraints.

Robotic farming will play an undeniably significant role in future sustainable agriculture. Autonomous agricultural vehicles for arable crops and their components are reviewed herein, and their differing possible components, advantages and disadvantages are discussed. The autonomous agricultural vehicles are qualified from technical points of view, including each vehicle's hardware unit (platform development, platform, transporter system, operation functions, communication, sensors [positional sensor, attitude sensor, and safety sensor], and control unit), the physical environment, and the control algorithm. The development process for different vehicles is described. As an operational case study, all investigations conducted at Hokkaido University between 1990 and 2018 are discussed and evaluated based on the described classification. The development procedure, the process of component selection, developmental challenges, and the performance indicators of the vehicles are discussed in detail. The development process and applicability of each component are then presented, and recommendations for future studies are noted. Finally, the most important experiences and lessons, and some recommendations are outlined.

The objective of this work is to present the design and testing of a Wireless Sensor Network, powered by solar energy, to be installed on freight trains with the purpose of performing on-board monitoring operations. A complete Wireless Sensor Network requires a certain number of Wireless Sensor Nodes, installed in significant points of a vehicle, provided with sensors and capable of elaborating raw data, transmitting them via wireless network as synthesis information to an on-board control unit. The on-board control unit periodically communicates the data gathered from different sensors to a ground central control unit through the Internet. Each Wireless Sensor Node needs to be powered independently. To achieve this purpose a small solar panel was used to provide the Wireless Sensor Node with the necessary amount of energy. Integrated circuits were designed for power management, acquisition, elaboration and wireless transmission of data and analyzed in terms of performances and energy consumption. The communication protocol between the Wireless Sensor Node and the control unit was first laboratory-tested and finally the whole system was installed on a real wagon, and on-field tests were conducted for a period of almost one year.

The study was carried out (2020) to reduce the effect of electromagnetic interference generated by a device for the formation of temperature effects based on Peltier element on a plant biopotential meter. Four variants of equipment grounding circuits are considered in the absence of a separate grounding bus for power equipment; graphs of biopotential signals are given. The type of interference that the device for the formation of temperature effects induces on the biopotential measurement channel is shown. The control unit case for the temperature-controlled stage based on Peltier element and the power cable shield for connecting Peltier element to the control unit must be grounded at a separate point from the biopotential meter. Biopotential meter electrodes should be grounded as far as possible from the control unit case and at a separate point from the grounding of the plate of the temperature-controlled stage. Recommendations are given for the grounding of high impedance input measuring devices and the power equipment emitting powerful inductive interference and causing interference in the grounding bus located in the same laboratory room, in the absence of separate grounding for power equipment. To reduce interference to an acceptable level, in addition to the selection of the grounding point, filtering is required. If the grounding point is selected incorrectly, a signal with a high level of interference is present at the filter output. The application of the proposed recommendations for grounding a device for the formation of a temperature effect based on Peltier element and a biopotential meter makes it possible to assess the response of a plant placed on the temperature-controlled stage to a temperature effect and not complicate programmed filtering of the signal received by the biopotential meter.

The proposed system uses an algorithm that works on the admittance of the system, for estimating the reference values of generated currents for an off-grid wind power harnessing unit (WPHU). The controller controls the voltage and maintains the frequency within the limits while working with both linear and nonlinear loads for varying wind speeds. The admittance algorithm is simple and easy to implement and works very efficiently to generate the triggering signals for the controller of the WPHU. The wind power harnessing unit comprising of a squirrel cage induction generator, a star-delta transformer, a battery storage system and the control unit are modeled using Matlab/Simulink R2019. An isolated transformer with a star-delta configuration connects the load and the generator circuit with the controller to reduce the dc bus voltage and mitigate current in the neutral line. The response of the system during the dynamic loading depends on the best possible compensator proportional-integral (PI) gains. The antlion optimization algorithm is compared with particle swarm optimization and grey wolf optimization and is found to have the advantages of good convergence, high efficiency and fast calculating speed. It is therefore used to extract the optimal values of frequency and voltage PI gains. The simulation results of the control algorithm for the WPHU are validated in a real-time environment in a dSpace1104 laboratory set up. This algorithm is proven to have a quick response, maintain the required frequency, suppress the current harmonics, regulate voltage, help in balancing the load and compensating for the neutral current.

A liquid balancer mounted at the top for reducing the vibration of a top loading washing machine may tilt to the side of unbalanced laundry and cause more vibration. In this study an active two degree-of-freedom balancer with a central mass and a pair of outer masses was developed to reduce the vibration caused by unbalanced laundry. If the position and weight of unbalanced laundry are known, the central mass and the outer masses are moved to the opposite side of the unbalanced laundry, and the angle between the central mass and the outer masses is modulated to cancel out the extra centrifugal force created by the unbalanced laundry. Three motors and a control unit to move the masses and to modulate the angle were installed inside the central mass. Experiments were conducted for three different unbalanced laundry conditions to evaluate the performance of the new balancer, which was proven to be quite effective in reducing the vibration of the top-loading washing machine.

A simple and low-cost open electrowetting on dielectric (EWOD)-based dynamic droplet sensing system has been designed and fabricated to measure the droplet parameters. The system has the capability of monitoring and controlling the droplet position by using electrical and optical methods. The droplet position is measured electrically by sensing the capacitance between the bottom electrode and top ground wire with a capacitance input range of ±8 pF and resolution of 24 bit. A high-voltage control unit (5–400 VDC) is designed for actuation of voltage on different electrode pads. The printed circuit board (PCB) technology is used for the cost-effective open EWOD device fabrication, whereas polypropylene (PP) is used as a dielectric as well as a hydrophobic layer. Open source computer vision (OpenCV) libraries are used in the optical method for processing of the droplet images. The speed of droplet movement at 300 VDC is 7.1 mm/s. Because of its portability, automation, and low cost, the dynamic sensing system has the potential to be useful in many of the existing lab-on-chip (LOC) applications.

Purpose: The conventional flexible ureteroscope has limited access into the lower calix and often causes biomechanical stress to surgeons. Recently, a novel flexible ureteroscope with an omnidirect...

The population of nano satellites has increased dramatically in recent years, but there are few launch vehicles providing dedicated launch opportunities for them. This paper presents the conceptual design of an innovative nano air launch vehicle, dedicated to providing exclusive launch opportunity to nano satellites weighing 10 kg or less. This nano launcher is a three-stage launch vehicle carried by a twin-fuselage unmanned aerial vehicle and released at an altitude of 10 km from a velocity of 0.5Ma. The air launch vehicle is innovative in two senses: firstly, it adopts a novel air launch method. Before separation, the launch vehicle is adjusted to a large angle of attack by the carrier aircraft. The launch vehicle only needs to keep attitude stable after separation, and sequentially when first stage ignites, the orientation of the thrust is inclined upward so that the thrust can provide enough vertical force to pull up the flight path angle rapidly, without aid from large wings; secondly, a terminal lumped control unit is applied to undertake the flight control task on its own. The terminal lumped control unit is a combination of four thrusters that share the liquid propellant with the last stage's main engine. With the terminal lumped control unit, the air launch vehicle needs no movable attitude control instruments, including thrust vectoring gimbals and movable wings. This innovative flight control strategy makes the launch vehicle very simple in structure and light in weight. Multidisciplinary modeling of the nano launcher is performed and genetic algorithm is applied for optimization. Among all the disciplines, trajectory optimization is key in checking the feasibility of the design, for which the Radau pseudospectral method is successfully implemented to obtain the optimal ascent trajectory. The optimal nano launcher has a gross take-off weight of 1365 kg. Finally, a sensitivity analysis is performed to check the robustness of the result using Monte Carlo simulation method.

Smart mobile pharmacy has become a necessary requirement in improving the quality of healthy life in the last five years. Determining the type of medication and calculating the dose for each patient according to the patient's condition, monitoring the patient at the post and how to take the doses on time have a great effect on improving the patient's condition as soon as possible. In this paper, a system of monitoring, monitoring, and guidance based on potency management have been designed to contain a cloud data storage platform and its implementation to solve the above problem. The system is achieved by connecting each item (Medicine bottle) to a device (RFID) to verify that the patient has arrived in the bottle the correct medicine and is equipped with suppression of the treatment of the drug contains the sensors of weight to be sent all information to the control unit to be over the Internet through the routing portal. All data is stored in the first two data folders, which are static and the second is mobile. Synchronization between the two stations is performed to update the information and will be executed on a server that uses an MQTT protocol to register and integrate messages on the platform. The results of the experiment show the speed of guidance and reduce cost and reduce energy.

A major concern associated with the connection of distributed generators (DGs) to distribution systems is the voltage rise problem. A solution introduced in many voltage control schemes is DG active power curtailment. However, this measure has a negative effect on both DG revenue and DG investment. This paper proposes the use of existing system resources to mitigate the voltage rise problem. Based on the big bang-big crunch optimization and the reactive power compensation method, the new technique controls the distribution system voltage profile while avoiding DG active power curtailment. The proposed method minimizes voltage deviations by determining the regulator taps and reactive power contributions of both the capacitors and the DGs. The approach is implemented online by a central control unit that optimally determines appropriate control decisions and then communicates them to the voltage regulators, capacitors, and DGs. Eliminating the voltage deviation problem associated with the network installation of DGs provides a cost-effective means of increasing DG penetration. The new algorithm was implemented and tested on the 33-bus test feeder. The results demonstrate the effective control of the voltage profile and fast convergence speed provided by the developed technique.

This paper reports variants for checking the median error of the 2Е36 weapon stabilizer under conditions of a standard path by means of video recording with a film camera followed by film processing and performing all operations in a manual mode. A procedure of measuring the median error of the SVU-500 weapon digital stabilizer has been given. To ensure the possibility of determining the errors of stabilization in each set of stabilizers, the enterprise-manufacturer has devised and implemented for the customer's main product, without using a standard path, a new procedure for measuring a dynamic stabilization error. This work involved methods of mathematical modeling, which has made it possible to determine the point of sending a sinusoidal signal to the control circuit of the stabilizer. The experimental confirmation of the results obtained during modeling involved the test of a stabilizer kit at the technological bench and at the actual training turret, which made it possible to refine the parameters of the sinusoidal signal. To conduct such tests, special algorithmic software was developed, which was installed, in addition to the main program at the time of testing, in the stabilizer control unit. Subsequent tests confirmed correctness of results obtained during mathematical modeling, which made it possible to introduce verification of one of the main parameters of stabilization of dynamic error to the acceptance tests of each stabilizer kit, В статье приведены варианты проверки серединной погрешности стабилизации стабилизаторов вооружения 2Е36 в условиях типовой трассы методом кинофотографирования с помощью кинокамеры с последующей обработкой кинопленки и выполнения всех операций в ручном режиме. Приведена методика измерения серединной погрешности цифровых стабилизаторов вооружения СВУ-500. Для обеспечения возможности определения погрешностей стабилизации каждого из комплектов стабилизатора на предприятии-изготовителе и в условиях главного изделия заказчика, без применения типовой трассы, разработана и внедрена в производство методика измерения динамической погрешности стабилизации. Данная разработка проводилась с применением методов математического моделирования, что позволило определить точки подачи синусоидального сигнала в контур управления стабилизатора. Для экспериментального подтверждения полученных результатов моделирования были проведены испытания комплекта стабилизатора на технологическом стенде и на реальной учебной башне, что дополнительно позволило уточнить параметры синусоидального сигнала. Для проведения таких испытаний была разработана специальная программа алгоритмического обеспечения, которая была установлена в дополнение к основной программе на время проведения испытаний в блок управления стабилизатора. Испытания подтвердили правильность результатов математического моделирования, что позволило ввести проверки одного из основных параметров стабилизации динамической ошибки стабилизации в состав приемо-сдаточных испытаний каждого из комплектов стабилизатора, У статті наведено варіанти перевірки серединної похибки стабілизатора озброєння 2Е36 в умовах типової траси методом кінофотографування за допомогою кінокамери з подальшою обробкою кіноплівки і виконання всіх операцій в ручному режимі. Наведено методику вимірювання серединної похибки цифрових стабілизаторів озброєння СВУ-500. Для забезпечення можливості визначення похибок стабілізації кожного з комплектів стабілізатора на підприємстві-виробнику і в умовах головного виробу замовника, без застосування типової траси, була розроблена і впроваджена у виробництво нова методика вимірювання динамічної похибки стабілізації. Дана розробка проводилася з застосуванням методів математичного моделювання, що дозволило визначити точку подачі синусоїдального сигналу в контур управління стабілізатора. Для експериментального підтвердження отриманих результатів моделювання були проведені випробування комплекту стабілізатора на технологічному стенді і на реальній навчальній башті, що додатково дозволило уточнити параметри синусоїдального сигналу. Для проведення таких випробувань була розроблена спеціальна програма алгоритмічного забезпечення, яка була встановлена в додаток до основної програми на час проведення випробувань у блок управління стабілізатора. Проведені подальші випробування підтвердили правильність результатів математичного моделювання, що дозволило ввести перевірки одного з основних параметрів стабілізації динамічної помилки стабілізації до складу приймально-здавальних випробувань кожного з комплектів стабілізатора

The utility model patent provides an observation-class underwater robot. This robot has a great underwater kinematic dexterity and reliability in direction control. The fuselage is divided into upper and lower layers. It can deflect certain angle in both horizontal and vertical direction, which improves it's flexibility a lot. This robot has 8 individually controlled propellers which can perform complex underwater motions such as leaning forward, leaning back and rolling. Meanwhile, this robot is equipped with sonar, DVL sensor and other sensors, which can detect the underwater surroundings precisely. This robot uses both motive seal and static seal, which serve a great leakproofness and make it easy for maintenance and assembling. In the electronic system aspect, this robot uses a modular design motherboard, the required control unit can be used only by directly inserting the template, which is simple, quick and easy to repair and check. ISoystick s 18V PowerKuOpical Supply Tansceiveri -Opl ivl Fiher Tthire1 lo I' ot ical Conver er.Elo' Tai cIerne ia I) ro i ISACompass Figlre1 ESC Bard 1

A traditional propeller can easily become entangled with floating objects while operating. In this paper, we present a newly developed electromagnetic-valve-control-based water-jet propulsion system (ECWPS) for an unmanned surface cleaning vessel that can be flexibly controlled via a micro control unit (MCU). The double-structure was adapted to the unmanned surface cleaning vessel for floating-collection missions. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software for operating effect simulation was also used to reveal the working principle of the ECWPS under different conditions. Neglecting the assembly technique, the design level, controlling strategy, and maneuvering performance of the ECWPS reached unprecedented levels. The ECWPS mainly consists of an electromagnetic-valve array (EA), pipeline network, control system, and water-jet source. Both CFD analyses and experimental results show that the hydraulic characteristic of the ECWPS was predicted reasonably, which has enormous practical value and development prospects.

The aim of this thesis is to make a smart umbrella which can reduce human effort due to its functionality and can target the market due to its unique design, is really important in modern society at risk of rainfall and wind without coverage in place. The purpose of this project is to make such an umbrella that is really sensitive in the incidences of rain and sunlight at domestic and market level. Specifically, in summer season the floor of open areas gets so warm due to sun light that makes difficulty for working. This umbrella covers the entire hall during the rain and sunlight. This umbrella operates with the help of different sensors like temperature sensors, water sensors and wind sensors. The opening and closing of umbrella is being controlled through a motor. Motor can give a quick and instant response to the shaft so that shaft can play a major role of power transmission for opening and closing of umbrella. Motor provides required rpm to the shaft. Whenever temperature of the atmosphere goes above 35°, temperature sensor sends signal to Arduino which is control unit box. Then Arduino sends signal further to the motor so that motor may activate and deliver required rpm to the coupling shaft. This project is a cost-effective way of providing automated controlled shade from high intensity sunlight and rain. So, the problems of open and vast areas can be solved by using such types of automated umbrellas.

In current years, warfare plays a vital role in the nation's security. Army soldiers play an important and major role in combats as well as in providing peace to the nation. Soldiers provide security to the nation; it is important to safeguard their lives with minimum social responsibilities as they are risking their lives in protecting us. To improve their security, advanced devices are equipped with the soldiers to view their status of the health and as well as the live location of the soldier and a lot more. In this paper, it is focused to provide the safety to the soldiers in all aspects by giving the smart wearable's using WSN (Wireless Sensor Network) technology. Smart wearable like a smart vest, smart helmet, and the smart strap is equipped with BSN (Body Sensor Network) to determine the various psychological parameters and mental state of the solider. These smart wearable devices are capable of monitoring the health of soldier and ability to track the live location in real-time, by this if a soldier gets injured in the battlefield within no time the information transmitted to the control unit using LoRaWAN (Long Range Wide Area Networking) and to the nearby soldiers using Zigbee module by forming a Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET), so that the control unit can take any necessary actions for saving the life of the soldier.

In designing a servo drive operating in a high-precision tracking mode, its motion trajectory should be shaped so that none of the specified drive state variables exceeded the preset constraints. This is one of the most important factors essential for securing the required accuracy and stability of system operation. On the other hand, if the drive operation parameters are kept far from the constraints, the drive equipment is underused; it will have excessive capacity and overall dimensions and, hence, excessive capital cost. Therefore, from the economic point of view it is important to set up the drive operation close to the constraints imposed on it. The article considers the constraints imposed on a direct servo drive equipped with a permanent-magnet synchronous machine (either a linear or rotary one). A constraint consideration concept is presented, according to which the constraints are conditionally subdivided into internal (constraints relating to the servo drive components) and external ones (constraints connected with the technological process and environment). Dedicated software for analyzing the constraints is presented, and its underlying principles are described. By using this software, it is possible to determine the permissible coordinates of a servo drive composed of the preset components (electrical machine, servo amplifier, position sensor, etc.) subject to the specified external constraints. Proceeding from the servo drive components (a synchronous machine, control unit, position sensor) selected from an editable library and the process installation parameters specified by the user as the input data, the software produces the domain of static mechanical characteristics individually for the electrical machine, for the machine together with the control unit and position sensor, and for the servo drive with taking into account the constraints specified by the user. As a result, the following positive aspects become available. First, the compatibility of the selected components is checked, and the possibility of using the selected equipment for implementing the required motion law is determined. Second, the components limiting the servo drive performance indicators are revealed. And third, the possibility of improving the servo drive performance characteristics in the case of using sophisticated control algorithms is analyzed. In particular, it has been shown that weakening of the field does not always make it possible to broaden the servo drive speed range. By using the proposed constraint consideration concept, a direct drive and its control systems can be designed and optimized much more rapidly, so that the newly developed drive can become commercially available within a shorter period of time.

The output of inhalational agents from modern vaporisers are both electronically and pneumatically controlled. They are designed to deliver set agent concentrations accurately with low fresh gas flows and possess enhanced safety features. The purpose of this review article is to give an overview of three modern vaporisers, namely, the Aladin cassette vaporiser, injection vaporisers and AnaConDa™. The Aladin cassette is integrated with Datex Ohmeda S/5 ADU and GE Aisys anaesthesia machines. The electronic vapour control unit is incorporated within the anaesthesia machine. The agent specific cassettes act as a detachable vaporising chamber. The system can work as a variable bypass and measured flow vaporiser but requires a power supply to function. Injection vaporisers can achieve the set end-tidal agent concentration very rapidly with even metabolic flow rates. Hence, anaesthetic depth can be rapidly altered with minimal wastage and theatre pollution. The two types of injection vaporisers, namely, Maquet and DIVA™ are customised to function with Maquet FLOW-i and the Drager Zeus anaesthesia machine, respectively. AnaConDa™ is a combination of vaporiser and humidity and moisture exchange filter which can be fitted in the ventilatory circuit. It is primarily designed for use in intensive care for sedation and out of operating room use.

The advancement in embedded systems, which includes the mass deployment of internet-connected electronics, allows the concept of Internet of Things (IoT), to become a reality. This paper discusses one example of how an internet-connected embedded system is utilized in an automotive system. An Electronic Control Unit (ECU), which functions as a control unit in a fuel injection system, are equipped with Wi-Fi capability and installed on 110cc motorcycle. The ECU is connected to multiple sensors that is used by the ECU as part of control system, as well as giving raw data in real time to the server by using Wi-Fi as the communication medium. The server will accumulate data transmitted from ECU by using MQTT protocol, chosen due to its minimal data profile. The data can be visualized through web portal, or opened by any other web-enabled devices. The data collected may also be used later for any other purposes, such as On-Board Diagnostics (OBD) system, etc.

The process of dosing demulsifier is considered by changing its consumption depending on the consumption of oil emulsin at the installation inlet. The oil emulsion flow ratio and the rate of change of the demulsifier level, which leads to a change in the consumption of the demulsifier, is determined. The proposed process allows to reduce the cost of oil refining by increasing the accuracy of dosing. The whole complex oil processing unit (COPU) is a single block module. The delivery set includes a technological unit, a control unit, furnaces and heat exchangers, automatic furnishing and maintenance units. COPU should be equipped with valves and flow sensors as well as, other means of monitoring, control and regulation, as well as, instruments for testing and emergency protection systems. Operation of COPU control is carried out using an automated system, both remotely and locally. In the process of oil preparation, monitoring and measurement must be carried out the regulation of technological parameters, if necessary. Various comprehensive training facilities correspond to various indicators of economic efficiency, in particular: indicator of energy consumption, complexity of technology; costs of installation, operation, maintenance of installations (including the cost of servicing personnel); the complexity of the oil preparation process.

The primary goal of introducing digital information systems in healthcare organisations is to improve care processes and outcomes, however, studies that investigate the impact of digital information systems on the day-to-day operations management from the perspective of workflow and consumer satisfaction in emergency departments are scarce. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the impact of a digital clinical logistics system on the duration of patient care, consumer satisfaction and shift leaders' experience of workload in emergency departments. A longitudinal prospective design was used. Three units participated in the study; an intervention unit, a control unit A (no implemented system) and a control unit B (system already in use). We collected data on care duration, consumer satisfaction and shift leaders' experience of workload for four weeks at five time points both before system implementation (summer 2015, spring 2016) and after system implementation (summer 2016, autumn 2016, winter 2016). The average care duration time increased in the postimplementation period in the intervention and control B units (p < 0.001). Duration of care was higher in the intervention unit than control unit B in summer 2016 (p < 0.001) and winter 2016 (p = 0.009). Similarly, duration of care in control unit A was higher than control unit B in spring 2016 (p < 0.001). Consumer satisfaction decreased in the intervention unit, in winter 2016 (p < 0.001) and the experience of workload increased in the intervention unit, in summer 2016 and autumn 2016 (p < 0.05). However, the patients-to-nurses ratio was doubled in the intervention unit in the last time point postimplementation when compared to the first timepoint, while it remained similar in the control units throughout the study period. This work demonstrated that a digital care logistics system may support in increasing the number of patients treated with the same nursing resources. However, this seems to connect to other outcome variables such as increased care duration, increased experience of workload and decreased consumer satisfaction in some postimplementation time points.