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Resumen: La acuicultura se ha convertido en una actividad clave para el desarrollo costero. Pese a sus efectos positivos sobre el empleo, es cuestionada por los efectos que genera en el entorno. Este trabajo analiza las motivaciones de una comunidad rural en Chile para rechazar la instalación de una empresa acuícola. Los resultados revelan que riesgos de impactos ambientales, cambios en la forma de vida y organización del trabajo, disminución del turismo, y demanda de trabajo especializada explican este rechazo. Experiencias pasadas de la industria en el sur de Chile, y un insuficiente diálogo entre la comunidad y la empresa refuerzan esta percepción.

Seawater is deemed as renewable energy and supplemental water source in coastal development. Utilizing seawater resources in air conditioning and plumbing system involves implementation of innovative technology such as seawater air conditioning (SWAC), seawater heat pump (SWHP), landscape irrigation system, potable water and greywater recycling. The research aims to demonstrate seawater usage as water efficiency option to reduce energy consumption, save freshwater and environment. The research had adopted systematic literature review (SLR) method to analyze the application of seawater building air conditioning and plumbing system on current publications and papers, and conclude with summary of benefits and challenges.

There is increasing concern over anthropogenically driven changes in our oceans and seas, from a variety of stressors. Such stressors include the increased risk of storms and precipitation, offshore industries and increased coastal development which can affect the marine environment. For some coastal cetacean species, there is an increased exposure to low salinity waters which have been linked with a range of adverse health effects in bottlenose dolphins. Knowledge gaps persist regarding how different time–salinity exposures affect the health and survival of animals. In such data-poor instances, expert elicitation can be used to convert an expert’s qualitative knowledge into subjective probability distributions. The management implications of this stressor and the subjective nature of expert elicitation requires transparency, we have addressed this here, utilizing the Sheffield Elicitation Framework. The results are a series of time response scenarios to estimate time to death in bottlenose dolphins, for use when data are insufficient to estimate probabilistic summaries. This study improves our understanding of how low salinity exposure effects dolphins, guiding priorities for future research, while its outputs can be used to support coastal management on a global scale.

Southern region of west Java province has a potential coastal geological outcrop archaic form of pre-tertiary to tertiary, believed to be the oldest rocks exposed on the surface. The region is planned to become a center growth area, that not only can provide economic benefits for regional development, but also protection for the sustainability of geological resources, and other surrounding natural resources. Using rap-sustainability dev methods, the paper descriptively investigates the sustainability status of the southern region of west Java includes the dimension of geology, ecology, economy, social, institutional and infrastructure/technology, as a basis for the development of the southern region of west java province. Furthermore, the paper outlines the multidimensional planning of the site, which is not only concentrated to the development in the field of coastal development alone, but also to develop various aspects, such as: biodiversity, geodiversity and culture diversity, including sites of ecological, archaeological, historical and cultural heritage, through conservation principles, and regional spatial planning, towards southern region of west java as a renowned tourist destination. This study contributes ideas, especially in incorporating socioeconomic and environmental variables in the southern region of west Java development.

Low-lying coastal zones are home to around 10% of the world’s population and to many megacities. Coastal zones are largely vulnerable to the dynamics of natural and human-induced changes. Accurate large-scale measurements of key parameters, such as bathymetry, are needed to understand and predict coastal changes. However, nearly 50% of the world’s coastal waters remain unsurveyed and for a large number of coastal areas of interest, bathymetric information is unavailable or is often decades old. This lack of information is due to the high costs in time, money and safety involved in collecting these data using conventional echo sounder on ships or LiDAR on aircrafts. Europe is no exception, as European seas are not adequately surveyed according to the International Hydrographic Organisation. Bathymetry influences ocean waves and currents, thereby shaping sediment transport which may alter coastal morphology over time. This paper discusses state-of-the-art coastal bathymetry retrieval methods and data, user requirements and key drivers for many maritime sectors in Europe, including advances in Satellite-Derived Bathymetry (SDB). By leveraging satellite constellations, cloud services and by combining complementary methods, SDB appears as an effective emerging tool with the best compromise in time, coverage and investment to map coastal bathymetry and its temporal evolution.

Mapping of coastline changes assists in coastal development and monitoring. Athens Riviera, located in the southwestern coastal zone in Attica in central Greece, has undergone major and radical changes generated by human interference during the last decades. The aim of this paper is to map record and measure the coastline changes in Athens Riviera over the past 76 years. Aerial photographs and satellite images from 1945 to 2021 as well as geographic information system (GIS) techniques were used to depict the spatial and temporal variations of the coastline. The results show that 60% of the total length of the coastline is artificial coast, while 29% is rocky coast and 12% beach. The study of seven subareas showed that human interventions caused significant coastline changes in Faliro Bay, Alimos and Glyfada. The adjacent coastal regions to Athens metropolitan area illustrate the highest modifications in the coastline. The main changes in the coastlines are recorded from 1960 to 1987, while the rate of changes in coastline slowed down from 1987 to 2021. The total changes in the coastline of Athens Riviera demonstrate that, during the past 76 years, the coastline was enhanced by 40% while land reclaimed to the sea area approaches 2.67 km2. The applied method is effective and rapid and may utilize in the coastal monitoring and management.

Meaningful conservation goals require setting baselines derived from long‐term ecological records and information that is rare in many regions of the world. Historical data allow us to shift baselines back in time in order to strengthen conservation outcomes in the future.To explore how different histories of land use and development influenced coastal ecosystems in two Fijian cities (Suva and Savusavu), we compared a series of historical navigational charts. These charts recorded change in coral reef area and coastal mangrove forests, as well as expansions of hardened shorelines. We used geographic information systems (GIS) to georeference and make quantitative comparisons starting in 1,840 in Suva and 1876 in Savusavu.Our findings show that, despite increasing urbanization in the capital Suva, available coral reef habitat has not significantly changed in over 150 years, but development has hastened a nearly 50% loss of mangroves. Meanwhile, in the smaller city of Savusavu, coral habitats suffered significant loss in area and an increase in patchiness. As in Suva, shoreline hardening increased in Savusavu, but this change was not accompanied by a loss of mangroves.Nautical charts provided hitherto unavailable information on the long‐term loss and alteration of coastal habitats in Fiji. Historical ecology allows scientists to combat shifting baseline syndrome and set measured standards for conservation objectives., We use over 150 years of historical maps for two harbors in Fiji—including the first in‐depth navigational chart made of the region in 1,840—to chronicle the changes these coastal ecosystems, especially coral reefs and mangrove forests, have undergone through the 19th through 21st centuries. We specifically look at two harbors, the capital Suva and a smaller city Savusavu to explore how different land‐use histories have led to divergent indicators of ecosystem integrity.

This paper provides a high-level assessment of Vietnam's sea dike system and its prescribed dike safety standards. The assessment estimates that 65 percent of the sea dike system does not meet the safety standards and that about $2 billion in capital investment is necessary to meet the standards, mainly in the Red River Delta. It also shows that current safety standards need finetuning, especially in areas with high risk and growth. This paper acts as a technical background paper to the report Resilient Shores: Vietnam's Coastal Development between Opportunity and Disaster Risk (Rentschler et al. 2020).

The Mediterranean coastal zone is particularly vulnerable to climate-induced sea-level rise due to rapid coastal development, leading to increased flood exposure in coastal areas. In Croatia, the share of developed coastline is still lower than in other Mediterranean countries, but development has accelerated since the 1960s. Available assessments of future coastal flood risk take into account adaptation by hard structural protection measures but do not consider other options, such as retreat from exposed areas or restricting future development. In this study, we provide the first assessment of the effects of setback zones on future coastal flood impacts on national scale. We extend the flood impact and adaptation module of the DIVA modelling framework with models of restricted future development and slow retreat (managed realignment) in the form of setback zones. We apply this model to a downscaled database of coastal segments of the coastline of Croatia. We find that setback zones are an effective and efficient measure for coastal adaptation. Construction restriction and managed realignment reduce the future cost of coastal flooding significantly, especially in combination with protection. If protection and construction restriction by setback zones are combined, the future cost of coastal flooding can be reduced by up to 39%. Combining protection and managed realignment by setback zones can reduce the future cost of coastal flooding by up to 93%.

Japan's national tourism policy retaining outworn strategies while implementing new ones at the national and prefectural levels but were tested especially in the Great Hanshin Earthquake of 1995. Difficult to implement in this period due to project carry-over (an early indicator of economic problems nationally), Hyogo's complex tourism policy was made more so by the demands placed on the systems for regional development. Various tourism and coastal development projects crossed between departments and authorities, resulting in overlays of responsibility, possible exclusions or repetitions in and of projects, while dealing with inherited projects and strategies for growth from previous policies. Competing demands in the private, administrative, and public sectors, and inequitable distribution of funds and other resources had compounded issues. This chapter extricates tourism's roles and at the two government levels highlighting not only repetition played across these levels but also the role of construction roleplayers and their influence in tourism strategies for unfettered development at the munipality level.

Climate change and coastal urbanization are driving the replacement of natural habitats with artificial structures and reclaimed land globally. These novel habitats are often poor surrogates for natural habitats. The application of integrated greening of grey infrastructure (IGGI) to artificial shorelines demonstrates how multifunctional structures can provide biodiversity benefits whilst simultaneously serving their primary engineering function. IGGI is being embraced globally, despite many knowledge gaps and limitations. It is a management tool to compensate anthropogenic impacts as part of the Mitigation Hierarchy. There is considerable scope for misuse and ‘greenwashing’ however, by making new developments appear more acceptable, thus facilitating the regulatory process. We encourage researchers to exercise caution when reporting on small-scale experimental trials. We advocate that greater attention is paid to when experiments ‘fail’ or yield unintended outcomes. We advise revisiting, repeating and expanding on experiments to test responses over broader spatio-temporal scales to improve the evidence base. Synthesis and applications. Where societal and economic demand makes development inevitable, particular attention should be paid to avoiding, minimizing and rehabilitating environmental impacts. Integrated greening of grey infrastructure (IGGI) should be implemented as partial compensation for environmental damage. Mutual benefits for both humans and nature can be achieved when IGGI is implemented retrospectively in previously developed or degraded environments. We caution, however, that any promise of net biodiversity gain from new developments should be scrutinized and any local ecological benefits set in the context of the wider environmental impacts. A ‘greened’ development will always impinge on natural systems, a reality that is much less recognized in the sea than on land.

Coastal infrastructure provides extensive habitat for marine nonindigenous species (“NIS”), especially biofouling species. Ecosystem transplants can arise when static maritime structures (“SMS”) are relocated under slow towing speeds following long periods of biofouling accumulation. Translocations of SMS occur more often than acknowledged and represent a high-risk vector of marine NIS that is largely overlooked and unregulated. We compiled geolocations and movement patterns for oil platforms, derelict/obsolete vessels, barges, dry docks, floating lodges, homes and docks, aquaculture gear and buoys for the NE Pacific coast. We related these data to NIS richness within the region and to global examples of SMS movement. Our review and synthesis of SMS, paired with biofouling surveys before and after dock towing events, reveal the growing NIS vector opportunities resulting from sprawling coastal infrastructure. As coastal development continues apace in the Anthropocene, this emerging management challenge will require strong frameworks and workable solutions for a global issue that currently lacks incentives to prevent species transfers and invasions.

Mangroves are one of the most productive ecosystems in the world, sustaining millions of coastal livelihoods. However, their area of occurrence has been greatly reduced over the last century. In this study, we identify potential drivers of land use and land cover change adjacent to mangroves on the Pacific shorelines of Colombia, Panama and Costa Rica. We also evaluate the effectiveness of protected areas at halting mangrove deforestation between 2000 and 2012. Across all countries, agriculture was the most dominant land use type adjacent to mangroves, inside and outside protected areas. Results show that a combined total of 564 ha were lost, representing an average loss rate of only 0.02% per year. 75% of the total mangrove loss occurred in locations outside protected areas, with only 138 ha cleared from inside protected areas. Results suggest current conservation policies for mangrove protection in the study countries are effective at reducing deforestation and set a positive example for regions where mangroves are in decline. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd

Fishery planning and management require environmental, social, and economic assessment that should take into account multiple sustainability criteria as well as the preferences and priorities of decision-makers involved in these complex issues. Therefore, this research aims to identify in a straightforward way the most sustainable coastal development plan (CDP) among a set of several CDPs and to investigate in depth the effective sustainable use of the public fishery's fund among the considered CDPs. This is accomplished by implementing a multiple criteria decision aiding (MCDA) framework that has been tested by six fisheries' local action groups (FLAGs) CDPs in a territorial system strongly affected by fishery activities in the Apulia region of Southern Italy. In particular, the framework was classified into 12 criteria grouped into three sustainability dimensions according to the actions identified by the CDPs; the data collection was carried out by consulting the CDPs. After collecting the data, the MCDA framework was applied by involving the regional consultant on fishery affairs. An analysis of the results clearly showed that the best performances in the distribution of the available funding were related to the coherence of the CDPs with specific environmental, social, and economic features. The proposed MCDA framework can represent support for decision-makers and stakeholders to consider and evaluate in a systematic and robust way different possibilities for funding distribution to detect optimal alternatives within European fishery policies.

One of the greatest concerns for the Omani coastal infrastructure and developmental planning is the impacts of sea level rise (SLR) flooding in association with the extreme storm events. This paper argues that if coastal infrastructure in Oman is to be resilient, it is necessary to measure the extent of storm surge inundation effects to provide a better understanding for future coastal infrastructural development and planning. A hydrodynamic model, 3Di, developed by TU-Delft, the Netherlands, is used to simulate the May 9–11, 2002 storm surge inundation of Dhofar’s coast in Oman. The model simulation is based on 60-min-interval water-level data for a 72-h, extreme storm event, coupled with 0.5, 1.0, and 1.41 m SLR for different inundation scenarios. 3Di’s results included a series of inundated areas with 1-h-interval time steps that provided spatial inundation extents and water depth at every hour of an event. The study reveals that with SLR at 1.0 m and at 1.41 m, in terms of coastal development and infrastructure, it is largely roads that are vulnerable. This study provides a database to allow planners and decision makers to make informed decisions regarding the location of future infrastructure as a path toward resiliency in future coastal developmental and infrastructural planning in Oman.

The present study is an attempt to examine the Land Use Land Cover changes in parts of Kundapura Taluk in Karnataka for the period 2006 and 2016 and its impact on coastal tourism. IRS satellite images of 2006 and 2016 have been used and processed using ERDAS Imagine and ArcGIS. The result indicated tremendous changes, particularly in mixed urban and agricultural land and proved that RS/GIS has advantages over conventional techniques. The result obtained, based on the multi-dated satellite data study, will assist in decision making and help to take appropriate measures to monitor and regulate coastal development in order to achieve sustainable and integrated coastal development.

This research aims to examine the relationship between information technology and coastal development in Asahan Regency, North Sumatera Province, Indonesia. Through this research, coastal community opinions were collected using structured questionnaires. A structural equation modeling (SEM) approach was employed to test a hypothesized model constructed based on theories and previous studies. In addition, a new combination of existing indicators was used as a novelty of this research. The research result indicates that information technology has not significantly affected coastal development. Theoretical and practical implications of the research findings for policymakers are discussed.

Taiwan's coastal development and use in the past focused on the economy over the environment, neglecting the overall balance and sustainability of the coasts. Overall coastal planning, integrated laws and policies, and dedicated management agencies were lacking. This led to multiple incompatible patterns of land use and numerous coastal management problems. In this study, the disappearance of the historical Toucheng Beach, in Yilan County in Northeastern Taiwan served as an example to explicate these domestic coastal management problems. We analyzed the resulting problems and proposed management strategies as a reference for subsequent development of coastal management in Taiwan.

As one of the international waterways connecting the Indian and Pacific Oceans, the Strait of Malacca has different degrees of influence on the surrounding coastal development and construction. In this study, the Landsat MSS/TM images during four periods (1980, 1990, 2000, and 2010) were selected in order to extract the coastlines of both banks of the Strait of Malacca, as well as the development and utilization intensity information on the landward side within a 20 km area, for the purpose of conducting research regarding the development processes and regional differentiation of both of the banks. The results revealed that during the past 30 years, due to the construction of the coastal cities and the river diversion and sediment accumulation, the Malaysian west coast has been extended by 4.8%. In the study area on the eastern coast of Sumatra, the coastline has been extended by 2.96%. Furthermore, after 30 years of land development processes, the urban construction land areas have respectively expanded by 2.3 times and 3.5 times on the Malaysian western coast and the Sumatra eastern coast. In regards to the agricultural land, the areas with moderate development intensity and above (>0.5) were respectively expanded from 36.37% to 54.96% and 22.02%–44.56% on the western coast of Malaysia and eastern coast of Sumatra. Up until 2010, the urban construction land areas of Singapore accounted for 61.66%, and 58.2% of the areas were high-intensity development zones (>0.6). The differences between each of these are obvious. The regional differentiation in the coastal development degree of the Strait of Malacca was found to be closely related to port construction, channel distances, economic policies, infrastructure, and security. The development and construction degrees were different on each of the banks, which also produced certain effects on the stability of the strait.

Marine protected areas (MPAs) are an important marine conservation strategy; however, managing MPAs is challenging due to threats such as coastal development, non-compliance and recreational pressures. We conducted semi-structured interviews with MPA managers and rangers in Queensland, New South Wales and Victoria to discuss the opportunity to apply models to support management decision-making in MPAs. The utilisation of models for risk analyses, social learning and forecasting was considered of high relevance for decision makers. However, the utility of a tool depends on the nature of the management problem at hand. For instance, conceptual models can bring a systems perspective to management whereas probabilistic models may indicate the likelihood of a management outcome. We recommend selecting a tool based on decision support requirements. Furthermore, participating MPA managers recommended the need to collaborate with scientists to develop and apply decision support tools to address routine as...

As disaster threats are inevitable, efforts should be directed to reduce the disaster risks via the implementation of risk mitigation measures to lessen the impacts. Current studies on disaster risks mostly focus on disaster risk reduction along with pre-disaster and post-disaster processes while the study on factors influencing the perception of risks is not sufficiently addressed. This paper aims to investigate the underlying factors that influenced disaster risk perception to ensure effective risk governance for a successful sustainable coastal development projects from the perspective of stakeholders with a credible engineering backgrounds. Analysis of this study is based on a survey conducted among 311 engineering students in Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM) regarding factors considered as part of the risk governance with respect to sustainable coastal development. It was found out that the environmental (92.93%), economic (73.63%) and health and safety (54.98%) factors were considered as the three most important factors by the students.

Despite interventions intended to reduce impacts of coastal hazards, the risk of damage along the US Atlantic coast continues to rise. This reflects a long-standing paradox in disaster science: even as physical and social insights into disaster events improve, the economic costs of disasters keep growing. Risk can be expressed as a function of three components: hazard, exposure, and vulnerability. Risk may be driven up by coastal hazards intensifying with climate change, or by increased exposure of people and infrastructure in hazard zones. But risk may also increase because of interactions, or feedbacks, between hazard, exposure, and vulnerability. Using empirical records of shoreline change, valuation of owner-occupied housing, and beach-nourishment projects to represent hazard, exposure, and vulnerability, here we present a data-driven model that describes trajectories of risk at the county scale along the US Atlantic coast over the past 5 decades. We also investigate quantitative relationships between risk components that help explain these trajectories. We find higher property exposure in counties where hazard from shoreline change has appeared to reverse from high historical rates of shoreline erosion to low rates in recent decades. Moreover, exposure has increased more in counties that have practised beach nourishment intensively. The spatio-temporal relationships that we show between exposure and hazard, and between exposure and vulnerability, indicate a feedback between coastal development and beach nourishment that exemplifies the “safe development paradox”, in which hazard protections encourage further development in places prone to hazard impacts. Our findings suggest that spatially explicit modelling efforts to predict future coastal risk need to address feedbacks between hazard, exposure, and vulnerability to capture emergent patterns of risk in space and time.

Delimiting the red line of ecologically functional space is an important content of ecological management in China. This study proposed a method of delimiting the red line of ecologically functional space based on patch-matrix-corridor model in Dafeng District, China. A set of ecological network was built from the view of maintaining the integrity of regional ecological system. Resistance surface, regional potential ecological corridors and important ecological corridors were identified using the minimum cumulative resistance model, the minimum path method, and the gravity model, respectively. The results showed that the area located within ecological red line accounted for 34.00% of the total area in Dafeng District. The proposed method of delimiting the red line of ecologically functional space was feasible in practice. The study provided an important reference for ecological management, control and ecological protection in the coastal development zone.

The coastal area of Kulon Progo Regency has a batik industry center that makes this batik unique enough that the Lendah sub-district. Bugel Beach Tourism in Galur Subdistrict is also a good tourist area to be enjoyed by tourists, there is a center of dragon fruit gardens in the bugel beach area to beautify the panoramas in Galur sub-district. Tourism development studies in these two sub-districts need to be carried out so that the development of the coastal tourism area in Kulon Progo area becomes more crowded and popular, so this research has the theme of the Strategy of South Coast Coastal Development as a Tourism Object of Kulonprogo Regency. Data processing technique using the SWOT analysis conducted to identify strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats faced in the development of tourism in the coastal area of Sub Sub Lendah and Galur. A descriptive analysis was used to derive trends, developments, a comparison, in the management of the area The position of the southern coast (sub Galur and Lendah) as a region which will declare the tourist development program exists at the position among the high market growth due to tourism being one of the more improved and also more sights and position a strong competitive because there has been an object of interest in the vicinity which already stands.Thus the position of the South coast there are in quadrant I have match the tendency to carry out the following strategies managerial training effort for entrepreneur Key word: the coast, swot analysis, object tourism

Coastal settlements worldwide have suffered significant damage and loss to tsunami hazards in the last few decades. This period coincides with socio-economic changes that have heightened spatio-temporal risk through increased coastal development and infrastructure. In this study, we apply a spatio-temporal loss model to quantify the changes in direct economic losses to residential buildings from tsunami hazards over a 20-year period in Omaha Beach, New Zealand. The approach reconstructed temporal urban settlement patterns (1992, 1996, 2006 and 2012) for an area potentially exposed to regional source tsunami inundation hazard. Synthetic depth–damage functions for specific building classes were applied to estimate temporal damage and loss from tsunami inundation exposure at each building location. Temporal loss estimates were reported for a range of risk metrics, including probable maximum loss, loss exceedance and average annual loss. The results showed that an increase in the number of buildings and changes to building design (i.e., storeys, floor area, foundations) influenced the increasing risk to direct economic loss over the study period. These increases were driven by conversion from rural to urban land use since 1996. The spatio-temporal method presented in this study can be adapted to analyse changing risk patterns and trends for coastal settlements to inform future tsunami mitigation measures and manage direct economic losses.

Tourism is a growing business in Dubai. The demand for more infrastructure to accommodate the growing number of tourists has become high. Most of these infrastructure projects were built on the coastal line and even in the Gulf. Large number of coastal developments: beaches, resorts, hotels, marinas are already constructed or under construction. Ecosystems that may have been intact for many years suddenly become a major sources of thriving activities and environmental changes. Given the enormous amount of change in the coastal zone, the ecosystem in the area needs to be evaluated to search for possible impacts of the coastal development and to provide sufficient mitigation measures for the sustainability in the coastal zone areas. This paper reports the results of a multi-site comparative analysis of the coast condition in Dubai. A practical approach, based on the assessment of key components of bathymetry, coastal morphology, marine ecology, and sea water quality, was developed to evaluate the potential impacts of coastal development.

Coral reefs have experienced a global decline due to overfishing, pollution, and warming oceans that are becoming increasingly acidic. To help halt and reverse this decline, interventions should be aimed at those threats reef experts and managers identify as most severe. The survey included responses from 170 managers, representing organizations from 50 countries and territories, and found that respondents generally agreed on the two major threats: overfishing and coastal development. However, resource allocation did not match this consensus on major threats. In particular, while overfishing receives much attention, coastal development and its attendant pollution are largely neglected and underfunded. These results call for a re-examination of how resources are allocated in coral reef conservation, with more attention given to aligning how money is spent with what are perceived to be the primary threats.

The coast along an urban area, when it is healthy, can play a role in the city, affecting the urban identity, enriching the visual aspects of life there, and overall affecting the quality of life in a positive way. Management and planning recommendations for the coast of Cide are presented. Cide is feeling the effects of rapid changes in land use. Studies conducted with geographic information systems (GISs) in order to analyze this process have shown that the natural structure of the user area of a coast changes over time. In particular, change manifests itself in an increase in construction, forests, and people living there. As for coastal planning, research priorities in the Cide coastal area, including some external environmental factors such as the social and economic factors affecting coastal development, were investigated. A method based on land use classification has been developed in the GIS environment. The data were supported by surveys conducted with residents. Based on the GIS results,...

Results of the first stage of territory development in the Gulf of Finland near the western coast of Vasilyevsky Island in Saint Petersburg are rated unsatisfactory. Results in the field of aesthetics, ecology, social stability and functional arrangement of the urban environment on new lands are negative. According to the analysis of experience in coastal areas' reconstruction in Amsterdam, Rotterdam and Hamburg, ambitious goals that were set for the project in Saint Petersburg were not achieved due to defects of the urban planning system — there was no centralized project management, activities of contractors, who neglected exclusive potential of the coastal area and its proximity to the historical core of the city, were insufficiently coordinated and controlled. It is argued that this is due to inertia of the Saint Petersburg design and construction system. During many years, it was focused on large-scale residential development of vast peripheral territories and, therefore, it was not capable to resolve issues related to development of highly urbanized environment in the city center. Omissions made during construction of a highway through the residential area are identified. The highway design does not provide reliable protection against negative impact on residential quarters. The route of the highway was designed as a bypass of the city center, but it became the shortest route to the center. It is noted that further development will offer opportunities for partial correction of the errors made. The new management team of the city architectural services considers the territory perspective for expansion of the Saint Petersburg center towards the water area of the Gulf of Finland.

The construction of the New Hondsbossche Dunes adds a contemporary twist to the rich history of coastal protection and water management in the Netherlands. The New Hondsbossche Dunes are therefore a valuable case study for illustrating the success of sand nourishment as a coastal engineering measure in the Netherlands and its potential application in other coastal areas. The design of the New Hondsbossche Dunes is underpinned by various design principles: Safety is the principle objective for the construction of a sandy coastal defense system, a systems approach must be utilized that follows the principles of "building with nature." In 2007, the Cabinet appointed the Sustainable Coastal Development Committee, a "new" Delta Committee mandated to formulate a vision on the long-term protection of the Dutch coast and its hinterland. West 8's design vision is based on the premise that it is possible to construct a safe and sustainable coastal landscape by utilizing the powerful, dynamic processes that dominate the coastal environment.

This study intends to employ the decision-making trial and evaluation laboratory (DEMATEL) method to identify the influential factors contributed towards coastal erosion. This investigation specifically studies the coastal erosion in Setiu Wetlands coastal areas which located in Terengganu, Malaysia. The single valued neutrosophic set (SVNS) is used into the DEMATEL instead of crisp numbers. Twelve factors of coastal erosion with three dimensions were identified from literature review and consultation with group of experts. By considering the interrelationships among factors, DEMATEL is applied to acquire the importance and cause-effect relationships among the influential factors of coastal erosion. Obtained result reveals that coastal development gives a significant influence in contributing coastal erosion. The result from this study offers an insight for stakeholders to understand cause-effect relationships among coastal erosion factors in which can provide a precautious short or long term strategies.

Sri Lanka is an island nation where ~59% of the population live in coastal regions. The main income source in these areas is fishing, which contributes to ~44% of the national GDP. Fishery resources depend on mangroves, especially in estuaries and lagoons, as mangroves provide the best nursery grounds for both brackish and marine species that are significant for the island’s fishing industry. However, growing pressures from an increasing population and development are causing substantial damage to mangroves resulting in loss of mangrove diversity. We analyzed whether variation in mangrove diversity within a lagoon system affects fishery production and livelihoods. Along the lagoon we selected three sites, which were 5 km apart from each other, for the survey. We used three 50 m long transects at each site for faunal and floral diversity assessments. The fishery catch was recorded from three crafts in each side. The socio-economic survey was conducted in 30 households per site using a standard questionnaire. In the site with the highest floral and faunal diversity, we also recorded the highest fish catch, but not the highest crab or shrimp catches. Our results confirm that higher mangrove diversity—and not just area—supports higher income generation. Thus, future development should prioritize biodiversity conservation in coastal regions.

Coastal areas are very dynamic and fragile environment, demanding for policies to preserve these areas as materialized in the Resilient Coastal Development Program (PKPT) by the Indonesian government. Amongst the targeted area was Timbulsloko Village in Sayung District, Demak Regency, which coastal areas is severely damaged by erosion. This article analyzed the development of the Coastal Community Group (CCG) related to the PKPT program in Timbulsloko village, especially in how the group is empowered to increase the community’s resilient in facing the disaster. This study, applied an analytical descriptive method, used the development of the CCG as phenomenon. Primary data was collected through observation and in-depth interviews with stakeholders, accompanying the secondary data. The result shows that the PKPT funding was mostly spent on infrastructure development and used for project management, not for optimizing local economic empowerment. After the completion of the PKPT, there are no actions or following programs to keep the physical results constructed by the CCG. Accordingly, the orientation towards the CCG building capacity for Timbulsloko community’s ecological resilience had not been optimally implemented. This study recommended a "putting the last first" policy approach to preparing the local community. The government must play a stronger role in encouraging a self-help local group for strong human development

This chapter presents an introduction to the biogeography of southeastern Australian seagrasses, explaining the distribution and basic ecology of the 22 species that inhabit this 10,000 km stretch of coastline, from the northern limit of Queensland’s temperate zone through to Tasmania. The chapter draws on 25 years of new information (peer-reviewed literature, books, personal communications, etc.) that has been generated since the previous biogeography chapter of its kind was written by Larkum et al. (Biology of Seagrasses—a treatise on the biology of seagrasses with special reference to the Australian region. Elsevier, The Netherlands, 1989). The influence of local (e.g. geomorphic environment) and large-scale (e.g. temperature) factors on the distribution of species are discussed. Also, we present up-to-date information on the status (declining, increasing, or no change) of each species from a conservation point of view on a state-by-state basis. Not surprisingly, many species are reported to have declined for a variety of reasons, including: flood events, boat moorings, and coastal development (e.g. dredging). Fortunately, there are also reports of recovery. Thanks to developments in genetic sequencing we have been able to present new data on genetic connectivity, gene flow, and source-sink populations for a handful of species. In the coming years we expect and hope that improvements in remote sensing technology will allow for more accurate, more frequent, and higher resolution mapping of seagrasses along this stretch of coast.

Owing to a combination of increase in coastal population and processes related to global climate change, intense coastal development is inevitable. Shallow-water habitats are prone to be replaced by structures such as seawalls and breakwaters. While adding ample hard substrate to the seascape, these structures are not surrogates to natural habitats, and are often associated with nuisance and invasive species. These differences are attributed to design features including high inclination, low complexity and high homogeneity – all atypical of natural habitats. To date, coastal infrastructure has been designed with limited consideration to marine life developing on it. Consequently, its ability to provide ecosystem services similar to those offered by natural habitats has been severely compromised. This paper presents two case studies implementing ecological enhancement at the Brooklyn Bride Park waterfront. Both strategies are examples for restoring viable ecosystem services while also serving structural and societal goals. The first is an example of structural repairs of aging pier piles, by applying innovative technology of ecological concrete encasement which creates valuable habitat. The second is an example of boosting the ecological performance of a constructed riprap waterfront, by integrating precast tide-pools that add water-retaining habitat features lacking from standard coastal infrastructure.

The current approach to coastal development set-back delineation in South Africa is producing high-tech empirical methodologies that attempt to pinpoint areas at risk from physical coastal processes and the subsequent positioning of set-backs in relation to these risk areas. Experience in the Western Cape province of South Africa has shown that this approach contributes only partially to coastal risk management. In the context of an urban and peri-urban environment, and bearing in mind that set-backs have significant socioeconomic implications, the development of a set-back line at the local scale requires an expansion beyond just relying on the numerical modeling of physical coastal processes. This research reveals that such an approach is parochial and socially detached and a more inclusive and integrated approach grounded in and spanning localized social, cultural, economic, political, and ecological intricacies of the coastal space is required. Fundamental to achieving this is a re-consideration of th...

The intention of integrated coastal zone management is the integration of the variety of interests and needs which can be found at the coast. The way on how to achieve a sustainable coastal development might be the establishment of a continuous and adaptive process. Despite this goal ICZM is mainly conducted as project either inter- or multidisciplinary. The amount of literature on project management and planning is awesome, here, selected references are introduced to exemplify basic aspects of project initiation and management. One has to consider that each project is unique even though you are already experienced because a variety of uncertainties have to be managed.

Environmental impact assessments must be addressed at a scale that reflects the biological organization for the species affected. It can be challenging to identify the relevant local wildlife population for impact assessment for those species that are continuously distributed and highly mobile. Here, we document the existence of local communities of Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops aduncus) inhabiting coastal and estuarine waters of Perth, Western Australia, where major coastal developments have been undertaken or are proposed. Using sighting histories from a 4-year photo-identification study, we investigated fine-scale, social community structure of dolphins based on measures of social affinity, and network (Half-Weight Index—HWI, preferred dyadic association tests, and Lagged Association Rates—LAR), home ranges, residency patterns (Lagged Identification Rates—LIR), and genetic relatedness. Analyses revealed four socially and spatially distinct, mixed-sex communities. The four communities had distinctive social patterns varying in strength, site fidelity, and residency patterns. Overlap in home ranges and relatedness explained little to none of the association patterns between individuals, suggesting complex local social structures. The study demonstrated that environmental impact assessments for mobile, continuously distributed species must evaluate impacts in light of local population structure, especially where proposed developments may affect core habitats of resident communities or sub-populations. Here, the risk of local extinction is particularly significant for an estuarine community because of its small size, limited connectivity with adjacent communities, and use of areas subject to intensive human use. In the absence of information about fine-scale population structure, impact assessments may fail to consider the appropriate biological context.

As the world's human population increases along the coastal zone, with major alteration of coastal embayments, increased on-water activities and a plethora of other intrusions into the coastal zone, there is a simultaneous increase in pressures on marine mammals. Growing evidence indicates that many marine mammals are highly susceptible to declines resulting from direct and indirect impacts arising from diverse human activities. Too frequently, assessment of the impact from coastal developments on marine mammals has been inadequate or completely lacking. At worst this has led to catastrophic decline in some populations. Without rigorous ecological assessments along with adaptive management frameworks prior to the initiation of developments, the number of marine mammal populations likely to be adversely impacted will continue to rise. To address these shortcomings, we present a globally applicable best practice framework by; (i) describing guiding principles and; (ii) reviewing appropriate procedures for assessment and monitoring of impacts of coastal developments on marine mammals. The approach outlined is embedded in Environmental Impact Assessment processes as a means by which decision makers and stakeholders can be informed. Recommendations presented are designed to encourage the application of robust scientific evaluation that applies appropriate survey design with sufficient statistical power to detect changes before trigger thresholds are reached. We emphasize that there is an urgent need to ensure assessments are comprehensive, effective and integrated with monitoring and adaptive management actions in order to minimize or effectively mitigate the impacts of human activities on marine mammal populations.

Biodiversity offsets are increasingly used in policy frameworks to regulate the environmental impacts of development including projects located in marine environments. Scientific knowledge gaps and other practical challenges have necessitated flexibility concerning the manner in which key offsetting principles are implemented in policy frameworks relevant to such environments. The potential trade-off of such flexibility is that consequent marine offsetting practice may not be compatible with the ultimate objective of no net loss of biodiversity. Here we present a systematic review of marine and coastal development projects in Australia, examining how offsetting is being implemented in practice. Forty-two (42) projects were assessed, predominantly located in Queensland and Western Australia and associated with the development and operation of ports. We find that application of key biodiversity offsetting principles (e.g. ecological equivalence) was frequently incomplete or absent. For approximately 50% of reviewed projects we were unable to identify public information concerning how offsetting requirements were established. The current environmental outcomes of marine biodiversity offsetting in Australia are unclear but there are indications that it is unlikely to achieve no net loss of biodiversity. Refereed/Peer-reviewed

Submitted manuscript version. Published version available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2017.03.019. Coastal areas are especially important to human well-being with half the world's population living within 60 km of the sea and three-quarters of all large cities located in the coastal zone. Supporting and regulatory ecosystem services in coastal areas have received considerable research attention given human vulnerability to climate change, but cultural ecosystem services in the coastal zone are less understood. This study describes and analyzes the distribution of cultural ecosystem values found in coastal areas in multiple countries (n=5) and compares the results with non-coastal areas. Mapped cultural ecosystem values were collected from public participation GIS (PPGIS) processes in the U.S., Australia, New Zealand, Norway, and Malaysia and analyzed to identify the type and intensity of ecosystem values located in coastal areas. Mapped ecosystem values were significantly more abundant in all coastal zones, regardless of ecosystem value category, country, population, or dominant land use. Compared to cultural ecosystem values, biological and life-sustaining values were mapped less frequently in the coastal zone. Economic and social values were significantly associated with developed (built) coastal zones, while aesthetic and recreation values were more strongly associated with natural coastal zones. Coastal access, especially by road, influences the mix of perceived values from nature-based values to anthropocentric values. Coastal zones will continue to be the principle location for potential future land use conflict given their high social and cultural value relative to other ecological values. Understanding trade-offs in coastal zone planning and management requires a systematic inventory of the full range of ecosystem services, including cultural services.

This paper is aimed at evaluating the impact of tourism development on coastal ecosystem in Calabar, Cross River State. Ten water samples were collected from each of the sample location and taken to the laboratory for analyses. Questionnaires were designed and distributed. Findings shows that pollutants migrated from the upstream and were deposited along the downstream. It was revealed that tourism development in Calabar has caused both ecological and socio-economic problems in the area. Tourism framework that would safeguard the coastal ecosystem in Calabar was recommended.

Based on pressure-state-response (PSR) model and relavant references,the the evaluation index system,the evaluation method and the grading criteria of ecological environment effect were established.Using this evaluation system,the influence of Hebei coastal development activities onecological environmental was analysed.The results show that the influence of coastal development on ecological environment in Hebei Province showed the trend of smaller→general→greater from 1984 to 2010 and acceptance degree evolved from the acceptable to unacceptable level.The main reason for this change is reclamation activities,the development of marine industry and population growth.The influence of development activity on ecological environment also show some difference in space,of which Qinhuangdao is smaller,followed by Cangzhou and Tangshan is greater.Moreover,the influence on ecological environment of Cangzhou and Tangshan reaches unacceptable level and need to further strengthen the restoration and protection of ecological environment.

The Sydney rock oyster (Saccostrea glomerata) (SRO) is an oyster species that only occurs in estuaries along Australia's east coast. The SRO industry evolved from commercial gathering of oyster in the 1790s to a high production volume aquaculture industry in the 1970s. However, since the late 1970s the SRO industry has experienced a significant and continuous decline in production quantities and the industry's future commercial viably appears to be uncertain. The aim of this study was to review the history and the status of the SRO industry and to discuss the potential future prospects of this industry. This study summarised findings of the existing literature about the industry and defined development stages of the industry. Particular focus was put on the more recent development within the industry (1980s-present) which has not been covered adequately in the existing literature. The finding from this study revealed that major issues of the industry are linked to the management of prevailing diseases, the handling of water quality impairments from increasing coastal development, increasing competition from Australia's Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) industry and the current socio-economic profile of the industry. The study also found that policy makers are currently confronted by the dilemma of saving a "dying art". Findings from this industry review may be vital for current and future fisheries managers and stakeholders as a basis for reviewing industry management and development strategies. This review may also be of interest for other aquaculture industries and fisheries who are dealing with similar challenges as the SRO industry.

Although human interventions have influenced many coastal areas around the world, research has rarely assessed the environmental impacts of these anthropogenic perturbations. To understand the dominant coastal interventions in countries with tropical areas, this study established a baseline along the continental Caribbean coast of Colombia (approximates 1700 km), based on 29 types of human interventions cataloged via Google Earth images. In total, of the 2742 human interventions identified, the most common were low-density-settlements (n = 971), groins (n = 738), and luxury settlements with piers (n = 188). In addition, the study assessed the environmental impact of each type of intervention based on the extent, intensity, reversibility, and persistence of their effect on coastal processes, as well as their frequency of appearance in the study area. The three most impactful types of human intervention were equivalent to those with the highest frequency: a. Low-density settlements; b. Groins/Jetties; c. Luxury settlements with a pier. In addition, the highest values of environmental impact correspond to material extractions and infrastructure assets such as breakwaters and seawalls. None of these anthropogenic disturbances, however, were within the ten most impactful interventions identified in the study area. The socio-natural patterns of coastal development identified by this study can steer integrated environmental management in coastal tropical countries with rapid economic growth, diversity of human interventions and heterogeneous geographical distribution.

India's coastline is under tremendous pressure. The current processes of development are becoming a threat to the ecology and livelihoods housed on the coast. If left unchecked, there will not be much of a coast left for our future generations. GIS provides tremendous opportunities to map spatial information for better decision-making. Government agencies generate maps, but they are localized and inaccessible, preventing an actual assessment of the damage that is already happening to our coast. The Coastal Area Mapping Project (CAMP) envisions creating a collaborative GIS platform using open source technologies. CAMP's vision is to use Free and Open Source Software (FOSS) for collaboration and cocreation and collective problem solving. CAMP foresees a vision for India's coastline where power is equalized among all constituencies (Government, corporations, media, communities, civil societies, etc.), by capturing the big picture and patterns, thus enabling the creation of strategies for stewardship of India's coastline for human wellbeing, coastal protection and sustainable coastal development.