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Gerenciamento de projetos têm feito parte do cotidiano de muitas empresas em todo o mundo corporativo, e mais especificamente a gestão de riscos sendo considerada em projetos aplicados ao desenvolvimento de novos produtos na indústria química, onde a dinâmica para lançamento, faz considerar o triangulo de ferro do gerenciamento de projetos, como custo, tempo e qualidade, sendo necessário utilizar o gerenciamento de riscos como uma das áreas de conhecimento mais importantes para gerenciamento de projetos. Assim, o objetivo deste artigo está em realizar uma revisão sistemática de literatura, com foco principal em pesquisar e fundamentar como o gerenciamento de riscos, através da estratégia corporativa, vem contribuindo para o sucesso dos projetos para desenvolvimento de novos produtos na indústria química, incluindo métodos e ferramentas utilizados. Com os resultados obtidos nesta pesquisa através da revisão bibliográfica e possíveis lacunas identificadas, foi apresentado um parecer pela continuidade de pesquisa futura para a aplicabilidade do gerenciamento de risco junto ao processo de desenvolvimento de um novo produto na indústria química.

Summary Geological environments, such as petroleum reservoirs, normally exhibit physical discontinuities, for example, fractures and faults. Because of the reduced thickness of these discontinuities, finite element formulations with strong discontinuity have been applied to the numerical modelling of geological environments. Until now, two relevant characteristics of petroleum reservoirs have not been addressed by these formulations. The first is the pore pressure jump in the direction normal to a discontinuity in a fluid-mechanical coupling condition, which is present primarily in sealing faults owing to the contrast of permeability with the porous medium. The absence of this jump can affect the prediction of the deformability of a physical discontinuity. Furthermore, reservoir models frequently use coarse meshes. Thus, the method used to evaluate the pore pressure in the discontinuity may exhibit a strong dependence relative to the mesh refinement. Based on these characteristics, in this study, a formulation of an enriched finite element for application to coupled fluid-mechanical problems with pre-existing physical discontinuities saturated by a single fluid is presented. The formulation employs discontinuous interpolation functions and enables the reproduction of jumps of displacement and pore pressure associated with a discontinuity inside the element without the need to discretise it. An approximation to estimate the pore pressure in the discontinuity was developed, one which seeks to minimise the influence of refinement. The element's response is verified by comparison with a one-dimensional analytical solution and simple examples that are simulated using commercial software. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is characterized by a broad spectrum of liver damage. In a rat model of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), olmesartan attenuated steatosis and fibrosis.To assess the potential preventive action of olmesartan, an angiotensin II type 1 receptor blocker, on NAFLD in hypercholesterolemic rabbits.Thirty-four white adult male rabbits were selected. The animals were divided into three groups: group I (GI), control group, 13 rabbits; group II (GII), olmesartan group, 12 rabbits; and group III (GIII), normal group, 9 rabbits. The animals from GI and GII were fed with a specific diet plus 1% cholesterol. Animals from GIII were fed only with a specific diet. The GII animals were treated with olmesartan.Steatosis was present in all animals from GI and GII; no steatosis was observed in animals from GIII. When GI and GII where compared, the steatosis had higher scores in GI (p0.013). Perisinusoidal and periportal fibrosis occurred in 46.2% of the animals from GI. There was no fibrosis in GII or GIII. Lobular inflammation occurred in 84.6% of the animals from GI. Animals from GII and GIII had no inflammation. The NAFLD activity score was higher in animals from GI when compared to animals from GII and GIII (p0.001 for both groups); the NAFLD score was significantly higher in animals from GII when compared to animals from GIII (p0.001).In hypercholesterolemic rabbits, olmesartan significantly attenuated hepatic steatosis and prevented the development of lobular inflammation and liver fibrosis. Based on the NAFLD activity score, olmesartan significantly weakened the development of NASH in rabbits fed a high cholesterol diet.

Sugar production with high standards of quality and a good yield is the goal of all sugar mills. To obtain excellent product quality with minimal losses, it is extremely important to know the quality of raw material which affects the sugar manufacturing process and the quality of the final product, thus hindering the attainment of productivity and profitability targets. A good broth treatment also ensures good sugar quality and minimal losses. Another important step is the “granagem” (crystallization) for complete sowing and it is extremely important to use good quality seed. The seed of the preparation to the conditions it will be used in seeding should be well cared for, prevented the formation of conglomerates or twin. Another important step is the crystallization of sucrose and driving from cooks. “Spinning” is one of the most important steps in the manufacturing process of the sugar and the results that can be obtained with proper operation are more important than is normally considered. Good projects with correct sizing of equipment and facilities, good automation and standardization in operational procedures of the production process are critical and have great influence on the quality of sugar produced. In addition to all these precautions, it is necessary that the centrifuges and the facilities until the sugar is packed, are all correct and well maintained. Centrifuges, conveyor belts, sugar dryers, hoppers and the environment can contribute and affect the quality of the already processed sugar.

High porosity and low permeability limestone has presented pore collapse. As fluid is withdrawn from these reservoirs, the effective stresses acting on the rock increase. If the strength of the rock is overcome, pore collapse may occur, leading to irreversible compaction of porous media with permeability and porosity reduction. It impacts on fluid withdrawal. Most of reservoirs have been discovered in weak formations, which are susceptible to this phenomenon. This work presents a study on the mechanical behaviour of a porous limestone from a reservoir located in Campos Basin, offshore Brazil. An experimental program was undergone in order to define its elastic plastic behaviour. The tests reproduced the loading path conditions expected in a reservoir under production. Parameters of the cap model were fitted to these tests and numerical simulations were run. The numerical simulations presented a good agreement with the experimental tests. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Demonstrate that the blockade of angiotensin II AT-1 receptors, through the systemic administration of olmesartan, can reduce the MCP-1 expression and the resulting macrophage accumulation in the choroid and sclera of hypercholesterolemic rabbits.Thirty-two New Zealand rabbits were divided into 3 groups: group I (GI) was fed a standard rabbit diet; group II (GII) was fed a hypercholesterolemic diet; and group III (GIII) was fed a hypercholesterolemic diet plus olmesartan. Serum levels of total cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL cholesterol, and blood glucose were determined in fasting rabbits at the beginning of the experiment and on the day of euthanasia. The choroid and sclera were submitted to morphometric analysis as well as immunohistochemical analysis with MCP-1 and RAM-11 (macrophage marker) antibodies.No abnormality was detected in GI. Group II and III had significant increases in choroid-sclera complex thicknesses when compared with group I (P0.001). GII showed a significant increase in immunoreactivity for MCP-1 in relation to GI (P=0.001) and GIII (P=0.004). GII showed a significant increase in immunoreactivity for RAM-11 of the choroid-sclera complex in relation to GI (P0.001) and GIII (P=0.034). A significant increase in immunoreactivity for RAM-11 was observed in GIII in relation to GI (P=0.008).Olmesartan reduced the MCP-1 expression and the resultant macrophage accumulation in the choroid-sclera complex of hypercholesterolemic rabbits.

Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A New Risk Factor for Cardiovascular Disease? The non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), highly prevalent in adult population of developed countries has been widely cited as a hepatic manifestation of metabolic syndrome or as a component of it. Significantly related to cardiovascular disease, its true role in this context remains without adequate elucidation probably due to frequent presence of risk factors for cardiovascular disease in patients with NAFLD.