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Hand replantation is a common surgical procedure worldwide. However, this practice is underdeveloped in many resource-constrained countries in part due to a lack of surgical microscopes. We present a patient successfully managed using loupe magnification. A 17-year-old patient presented with an amputated right hand secondary to a chaff cutter. After an 8-hour surgical procedure, the amputated hand was successfully re-attached to the stump using loupes. The patient's functional recovery was satisfactory after two years of follow-up. In conclusion, replantation of extremities can be successfully achieved using loupe magnification. Loupes should be considered an alternative to operating microscopes for replantation of extremities especially in resource-constrained countries.

Pakistan is an agricultural country where fodder cutter (Tokka) is a commonly used machine on the farms. While using it, farmers often meet with accidents causing injuries which are disastrous, and mainly involve the young generation often causing lifelong disability. This is a hospital-based case series, conducted from June 2018 to January 2019 in the Department of Surgery, Lahore General Hospital, Lahore. For this study the patient's demographic data, site of injury, procedure performed and post-operative outcome were recorded. The study includes a total of 30 cases of tokka injury, (23 males and 07 females) with median age of 25 years. Most commonly injured part of the body was the upper limb, in 26 patients, while the lower limb was involved in 2 patients. There were 18 amputations, 8 stumps formation and 4 debridements. Out of the 18, 9 had to be amputated at the wrist, and 9 amputations were performed higher than the wrist. Post-op recovery was uneventful in all cases. Measures such as safer machine design and education of farmers about the safety procedures can significantly avoid these tragedies.

Background: Over time agriculture has transformed into an industry, both in scale andmechanization. Growing demand for agricultural yield and increasing mechanization has led togrowth in the numbers of agricultural accidents and injuries causing significant morbidity andeconomical loss. Aim: To study the causes, patterns, outcomes of injuries due to agriculturalaccidents, their effect on the productivity of the victims, and to suggest possible remedial measures,a prospective study was undertaken. Methods: A total of 106 patients reporting agricultural injuries(AI) over 14 months in 2019-20 were enrolled and data was recorded on a pre-structured proforma.Results: With the preponderance of male victims, educational status, skill levels, lighting & climaticconditions, intoxication and fatigue were found to be major determinants in the causation of injurieswith upper limbs being the predominantly involved part (75.47%) and most of the cases ended uprequiring some form of surgery (88.68%). Agricultural machinery (56.60%) was the main cause ofAI and Chaff Cutter Machine caused the maximum AI (37.73%). Amputations were the mostcommon injuries sustained (47.16%). Agricultural injuries affected the range of motion of body parts(32.07%) and work (58.49%) & household activities (49.05%); thus impairing work efficiency andeconomy. Conclusion: The present study highlights the need for a robust surveillance and dataanalysis leading to better design of farming machinery and equipment, more relevant education andtraining systems, stronger legislations as well as a comprehensive rehabilitative program aimed atreducing the socio-economic burden caused by agricultural injuries.

Chaff cutters are extensively used in agriculture for cutting fodder to feed livestock. Conventional chaff cutting machines operated manually are linked with large number of injuries in the past. Apart from single incident traumatic events, the machine could be the source of development of WMSDs over time. In the present study, ergonomics of chaff cutting machine have been evaluated through physiological measures. Electromyography (EMG) of four right upper limb muscle viz. biceps brachii (BB), triceps brachii (TB), trapezius (TR), and deltoid (DL) was evaluated for five subjects. Normalized RMS and slope of median frequency (MF) showed that BB was most fatigued muscle in the operation of chaff cutter compared to TB, TR, and DL. The identification of upper limb muscles involved in the task will serve as a starting point for tool modification.

Cattle feeding practices are very traditional in India and most of the feed comes from grazing. Over the generations, due to shortage of feed, there has been a gradual shift from traditional feed pattern to compounded feeding. Compound feed for livestock is either in the form of mash, feed block, or feed pellets. The feed pelleting machines available in the market are expensive and unaffordable for livestock farmers. If small-scale animal husbandries have access to a pellet mill technology that is low cost yet dependable, then it reduces the dependency on the high-cost commercial feeds available in the market and saves them such avoidable costs. The pellet making machine makes pellets full of nutrients for the animals. Mostly the compound feed is produced in industrial level in India and to overcome this, a machine has been made by us to provide raw material for small-scale pellet production. Our target has been to create a chaff cutter which can be purchased by animal husbandries at an absolutely affordable rate. The chaff cutter being designed by us will help in powdering the agricultural by-products that can be baked into pellets to feed livestock or can be used as raw material for the pellet mills. In future, we target to design a pellet mill that can be integrated with our machine and the integrated machine will facilitate in-house production of pellets and that machine will be at least three to four times more affordable for small-scale farmers than existing pellet mills. We have given base extension in our current chaff cutter for this intended future integration.

Fodder cutter (toka) of both manual and powered type is among the commonest tool being used by people for the preparation of fodder for their cattle. Agricultural traumatic injuries can lead to serious disability and mortality. Out of the agricultural machinery related accidents the maximum occur with the chaff-cutters i.e. toka machines. An intriguing cervical trauma due to entanglement in agricultural implement while chopping fodder in a young individual is being reported, as there is no reference in global literature. Slightest mistake can lead to serious injuries with disastrous outcome.

Chaff cutter is an extensively used machine in Indian rural households to chop fodder for feeding draft and mulch to animals. A survey was conducted in five villages of Ghaziabad district of Uttar Pradesh (a northern state of India) to determine the causal factors responsible for chaff cutter injuries. It was observed that major injuries were caused during children playing with the machine and workers feeding the fodder in to the chute. Further, a survey of chaff cutter manufacturers was conducted to determine the critical dimensions of the machine so that safety interventions could be developed. Based on the survey results and mechanism of injuries, three safety interventions were developed to prevent the injuries. These interventions can be retrofitted on old machines and can be incorporated in new machines as well. Experiments were conducted using different fodder crops to observe difficulty in chaff cutting with the safety interventions. It was observed that incorporation of the interventions had no effect on performance of chaff cutting operation. These were retrofitted on existing machines at different locations and the response was very positive.

In India animal husbandry is an integral part of the rural economy. Almost every rural family keeps at least a cow or buffalo for meeting milk requirement and to earn some money for daily expenses. The milk production is greatly affected by feeding to the cattle. However most of cattle feeding are provided in the form of whole crop. It may leads to wastage of feeding. It was noted that there is always feeding fodder scarcity in summer. In such situation the whole crop is to be cut into small pieces so that fodder can be used effectively. Presently fodder cutting machines are electric driven as well as hand operated. But today there is huge shortage of electricity almost every parts of India. To overcome uncertainly of electricity, we can replace electrically driven motor by human powered flywheel motor. The chaff cutter energized by human powered flywheel motor is suitable for marginal farmer who have 2-3 cattle. The experimentation carried out for establishing empirical model for identified variables affecting cutting of crop resides.

The Indian farming employs 225 million workforce to cover 140 million hectares of total cultivated land. In spite of rapid farm mechanization (e.g., 149 million farm machinery), the vast resource-poor family farming has primary dependence on traditional methods (e.g., 520 million hand tools and 37 million animal-drawn implements are in operation). The work drudgery, the traumatic accidents and injuries are the major concerns to examine options for ergonomics intervention and betterment of work in crop production activities. This review summarizes human energy expenditure in crop production activities, to assess the job severity, tools and machinery, and formulate the basis to reorganize work and work methods. While the farm mechanization is more in the northern India, the accidents were more in the villages in southern India. On average of the four regions, the tractor incidents (overturning, falling from the tractor, etc.) were highest (27.7%), followed by thresher (14.6%), sprayer/duster (12.2%), sugarcane crusher (8.1%) and chaff cutter (7.8%) accidents. Most of the fatal accidents resulted from the powered machinery, with the annual fatality rate estimated as 22 per 100,000 farmers. The hand tools related injuries (8% of the total accidents) were non-fatal in nature. In spite of the enactment of legislation, the shortcomings in production and monitoring of the machinery in field use may be responsible for the high rate of accidents (e.g., 42 thresher accidents/1,000 mechanical threshers/year in southern India). Due to the lack of technical capability of the local artisans, adhering to safety and design standards is impractical to the implements fabricated in the rural areas. The analysis emphasizes that the effective safety and health management may be possible through legislative enabling of the local infra-structure, such as block development authority and primary health services, to permeate occupational health and safe work practices in the farming sector.

The Human powered flywheel motor (HPFM) is the integral part of the various manually energized machines such as brick making machine, chaff cutter, pedal operated flour mill etc .Since its invention continuous efforts are being made for its optimization with objective of the efficient energy utilization of human energy. In an attempt this paper presents the development of flywheel motor for multiple rider as till now only single rider system is developed. Further the CAD modeling of this system is developed by using the CAD software SOLID EGDE. Keywords - CAD modeling, HPFM, Solid edge.

The Government of Punjab is providing monetary compensation since 1984 to the victims of agricultural accidents through Punjab State Marketing Board. The compensation rate, fixed at 12, 000/-in case of loss of life, was revised regularly to 2, 00, 000 at present. Monetary compensation amounting to about Rupees 8.3 million is being provided to more than 1800 agricultural accidents victims per year of Punjab state. Chaff cutter (34.7 per cent), threshers and harvesters (21.2 per cent), snake bites (7.9 per cent), electrocutions at tube-well motors (6.8 per cent), poisoning due to pesticides (7.0 per cent), tractors (3.0 per cent are involved in agricultural accidents resulting to death (32.1 per cent) or permanent physical injury to the victims (67.9 per cent). All the recorded agricultural accidents related to snake bites, electric motors and pesticides were fatal in nature. All the chaff cutter and thresher related accidents were non-fatal in nature resulting into amputation injuries of fingers (67.5 per cent), hands (18.2 per cent) and arms (10.5 per cent). Interventions are needed for creating awareness and development of safety devices and gadgets so as to reduce agricultural accidents. Similar monetary compensation scheme may be adopted by other states, so that agricultural accidents victims may be rehabilitated.