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With alcohol and cannabis remaining the most commonly detected drugs in seriously and fatally injured drivers, there is a need to understand their combined effects on driving. The present study examined the effects of combinations of smoked cannabis (12.5% THC) and alcohol (target BrAC 0.08%) on simulated driving performance, subjective drug effects, cardiovascular measures, and self-reported perception of driving ability. In this within-subjects, double-blind, double-dummy, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial, cannabis users (1–7 days/week) aged 19–29 years attended four drug administration sessions in which simulated driving, subjective effects, cardiovascular measures, and whole blood THC and metabolite concentrations were assessed following placebo alcohol and placebo cannabis (

Anxiety disorders have the highest lifetime prevalence of any mental illness worldwide, leading to high societal costs and economic burden. Current pharmacotherapies for anxiety disorders are associated with adverse effects and low efficacy. Cannabidiol (CBD) is a constituent of the Cannabis plant, which has potential therapeutic properties for various indications. After the recent legalization of cannabis, CBD has drawn increased attention as a potential treatment, as the majority of existing data suggest it is safe, well tolerated, has few adverse effects, and demonstrates no potential for abuse or dependence in humans. Pre-clinical research using animal models of innate fear and anxiety-like behaviors have found anxiolytic, antistress, anticompulsive, and panicolytic-like effects of CBD. Preliminary evidence from human trials using both healthy volunteers and individuals with social anxiety disorder, suggests that CBD may have anxiolytic effects. Although these findings are promising, future research is warranted to determine the efficacy of CBD in other anxiety disorders, establish appropriate doses, and determine its long-term efficacy. The majority of pre-clinical and clinical research has been conducted using males only. Among individuals with anxiety disorders, the prevalence rates, symptomology, and treatment response differ between males and females. Thus, future research should focus on this area due to the lack of research in females and the knowledge gap on sex and gender differences in the effectiveness of CBD as a potential treatment for anxiety.

As many jurisdictions consider relaxing cannabis legislation and usage is increasing in North America and other parts of the world, there is a need to explore the possible genetic differences underlying the subjective effects of cannabis. This pilot study investigated specific genetic variations within the cannabinoid receptor 1 (CNR1) gene for association with the subjective effects of smoked cannabis. Data were obtained from a double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial studying the impact of cannabis intoxication on driving performance. Participants randomized to the active cannabis group who consented to secondary genetic analysis (n = 52) were genotyped at the CNR1 rs1049353 and rs2023239 polymorphic areas. Maximum value and area under the curve (AUC) analyses were performed on subjective measures data. Analysis of subjective effects by genotype uncovered a global trend towards greater subjective effects for rs1049353 T-allele- and rs2023239 C-allele-carrying subjects. However, significant differences attributed to allelic identity were only documented for a subset of subjective effects. Our findings suggest that rs1049353 and rs2023239 minor allele carriers experience augmented subjective effects during acute cannabis intoxication.

Animal studies have found robust sex differences in the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). However, the human evidence remains equivocal, despite findings that women may experience more severe consequences of cannabis use than men. The objective of this secondary analysis was to examine sex differences in THC pharmacokinetics and in acute subjective, physiological, and cognitive effects of smoked cannabis in a sample of regular cannabis users (use 1–4 days per week) aged 19–25 years. Ninety-one healthy young adults were randomized to receive active (12.5% THC; 17 females, 43 males) or placebo (

Background Motor vehicle collisions are an important contributor to prescription opioid use-related morbidity and mortality. The purpose of the current study was to estimate the prevalence of driving under the influence of prescription opioids (DUIPO) in Ontario, Canada, and to measure the association between this behaviour and the risk of a motor vehicle collision. Methods Data were based on telephone interviews with 7857 respondents who reported having driven in the past year. Data were derived from the 2011–2016 cycles of the CAMH Monitor, an ongoing cross-sectional representative survey of adults aged 18 years and older. A binary logistic regression analysis of collision involvement in the previous 12 months was conducted and included demographic characteristics (sex, age, marital status, education, income, region), driving exposure, poor mental health, non-medical use of prescription opioids, and driving after use of alcohol. Results The prevalence of past-year DUIPO was 3.1%. Controlling for demographic characteristics, driving exposure, and other risk factors, self-reported DUIPO significantly increased the odds of a collision (AdjOR = 1.97; 95% CI 1.08, 3.60; p = 0.026). Conclusion Based on these findings, DUIPO is a notable road safety issue. Research focused on better understanding the impact of prescription opioids on driver behaviour, reducing the prevalence of DUIPO, and improving drug-impaired driving policy and interventions should be prioritized in public health strategies.

Background and Objective The introduction of cannabis as a legalized recreational drug in Canada has led to significant changes in public health policy. Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is the primary psychoactive compound in cannabis and its absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination are poorly understood. The use of THC can impair an individual's ability to operate a motor vehicle, leading to an increased risk of accidents. Thus, additional research must be conducted to gauge the inter-individual differences in effect and duration of THC's effect. Methods In this study, a comprehensive whole-body physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model for THC metabolism was developed to track blood THC concentrations accounting for interindividual variations such as age, sex, body composition, bioavailability and drug metabolizing enzyme (DME) polymorphisms after various dosages. This model was fitted and validated with clinical human cannabis smoking data. Results Using this model, we found effects of various factors on THC concentrations in different tissue compartments, and that the wild-type form of Cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9) DME showed faster metabolism of THC than other isoforms. The nature of the our PBPK model allowed for the investigation of non-blood compartments as well. To gauge the effects on driving, we compared the Standard Deviation of Lateral Position under the effects of THC and ethanol, and found that ethanol has a stronger but shorter-lasting effect. Conclusion We anticipate that this model can be used to better predict the effects of a “standard THC unit” and help advise public health policies for safe cannabis usage.

BACKGROUND: This study compared the effects of the several doses of the opioid agonists heroin and hydromorphone across two routes of administration in humans. The goal was to guide development of human laboratory studies of opioid effects and inform subsequent injection pharmacotherapy trials of hydromorphone-assisted treatment. METHODS: A within-subject (N=16), double-blind, double-dummy, placebo-controlled, evaluation of acute doses of heroin and hydromorphone was completed at four dose levels (placebo, low, medium, high) across two routes of administration (intravenous, subcutaneous) in non-physically dependent, opioid-experienced individuals. Subject and observer ratings, as well as physiological outcomes, were assessed. RESULTS: Within each route of administration, heroin and hydromorphone produced effects that were qualitatively similar on most variables across the doses examined. All effects were dose-dependent. The drugs produced different effects on VAS ratings of “Feels Like Heroin”, a Heroin Identification Test, observer agonist ratings, and oxygen saturation levels. Drug-dependent differences emerged at the highest doses in all cases. Few significant main effects of Route were identified and their pattern was not uniform. Relative potency calculations across all subject, observer, and physiological outcomes that met analysis criteria revealed similar profiles and resulted in mean heroin:hydromorphone potencies of 3.35:1 and 2.88:1 for the intravenous and subcutaneous routes, respectively, and intravenous:subcutaneous potencies of 0.47:1 and 0.49:1 for heroin and hydromorphone, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Hydromorphone produced similar subjective and physiological effects as heroin, but was more potent than heroin. The current findings support the use of hydromorphone as a model for heroin in human laboratory and clinical treatment studies, and help identify appropriate hydromorphone dose conversion ratios to produce effects qualitatively similar to heroin.

Back on Track (BOT) is Ontario’s remedial measures programme for convicted drinking drivers. Based on a pre-workshop assessment, individuals are assigned to complete either an 8-h Education workshop or a 16-h Treatment workshop. Six months later, participants are required to complete a 30-min follow-up interview by telephone. This report presents an outcome evaluation of the BOT programme, examining levels of substance use and related problems assessed during the follow-up interview. This evaluation is based on data from 9202 participants who completed the programme between October 1, 2008 and June 1, 2010. Results indicate that completion of BOT is associated with significant reductions in frequency of alcohol and other drug use, negative consequences as a result of drug use, number of drinks consumed per drinking occasion, and total number of substance users (alcohol and otherwise). There were also significantly more participants who changed substance-using status from ‘users’ at assessment to ‘non-user’ at follow-up than those from non-user at assessment to user at follow-up. These beneficial changes were seen in both the Education and Treatment workshop groups. Recommendations are presented to guide future efforts to improve the effectiveness of BOT and similar programmes in reducing alcohol- and drug-related problems, including impaired driving.

Background Production and distribution of prescription opioid analgesic drugs (POs) has increased immensely across the globe. Both medical (MPO) and non-medical (NMPO) use of opioid medication are associated with increased rates of morbidity and mortality, including possibly motor vehicle collisions. The current study examined data from a population-level survey to determine the impact of any PO, MPO, and NMPO use on collision risk. Methods Data were based on the 2010–2011 Centre for Addiction and Mental Health Monitor, a regionally stratified general-population telephone survey of adults ( N = 3428). Three binary logistic regressions of self-reported collision involvement in the previous 12 months were conducted, each consisting of: (1) measures of demographic characteristics, driving exposure, and binge drinking; and (2) one of three measures of PO use (any PO use, MPO use, or NMPO use). Results Any PO use and MPO use were associated with increased collision risk ( OR = 1.60, CI = 1.06, 2.40 and OR = 1.62, CI = 1.07, 2.45, respectively). The odds ratio for NMPO use did not reach statistical significance ( OR = 1.86, CI = 0.91, 3.77, p = 0.09). Conclusions These results suggested that doctor-prescribed PO use is associated with a 62% increase in collision risk. Although not a statistically significant finding, NMPO use may also be associated with increased collision risk. The magnitude of increased collision risk associated with PO use was comparable to that of driving after alcohol or cannabis use.

Background Critical attention to rational opioid prescribing has emerged from the opioid epidemic in North America. Individuals with chronic pain are prescribed extended release opioids in an effort to maintain stable drug levels and for more convenient dosing, though evidence to support improvements in pain or function is lacking. It has been observed that extended release opioid products are used at intervals shorter than recommended by product monographs. The need for shortened intervals has been linked with potential inter-patient variability in pharmacokinetics, among other rationale. Implications of shortened dosing intervals for extended release opioids have not been systematically studied. Objective The aim of this study was to characterize the use of extended release opioid formulations at shortened dosing intervals in a population of patients with chronic pain and high risk for opioid-related harms. Setting This study took place in the Interprofessional Pain and Addiction Recovery Clinic, a specialty ambulatory clinic at the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health in Toronto, Canada for adults with chronic pain and a diagnosis or suspicion of substance use disorder. Method This was a retrospective cross-sectional study. Data were collected from records of patients with assessments completed in the years 2012–2017 (n = 210). Main outcome measure Proportion of patients using extended release opioids at shortened intervals. Results Sixty-one percent of individuals using extended release opioids (n = 78) were using them at shortened intervals. This use was associated with a higher daily morphine equivalent dose (533 mg vs 236 mg, p

Objectives To examine acute and residual mood and cognitive performance in young adult regular cannabis users following smoked cannabis. Methods Ninety-one healthy young adults completed this double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-groups study. Participants were randomized to receive active (12.5% THC) or placebo cannabis with a 2:1 allocation ratio, and mood [Profile of Mood States (POMS)] and cognitive performance [Hopkins Verbal Learning Test – Revised (HVLT-R), Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST), Continuous Performance Test (CPT), grooved pegboard (GPB)] were assessed before and 1, 24, and 48 (h) after smoking cannabis ad libitum. High and Low THC groups were based on blood THC concentrations. Results One hour after smoking cannabis, compared to Placebo, in both the High and Low THC groups, there were increases in POMS Arousal and Positive Mood, and in the High THC group only, increases in Confusion, Friendliness, and Elation, and a decrease in Fatigue. Increases in Friendliness and Elation in the High THC group remained significant for 24 h. The only significant acute effect of cannabis on cognition was a decrease in the percent of words retained in the HVLT-R in the High THC group compared to Placebo (mean difference = 15.8%, 95% CI = 3.6–28.0%, p = 0.006). Unexpectedly, compared to Placebo, both the High and Low THC groups improved in DSST performance at 48 h (p ≤ 0.016). Conclusions Under the present experimental conditions, in young regular cannabis users, smoking cannabis ad libitum had significant effects on mood, some of which persisted 24 h later, yet minimal effects on cognition, and no evidence of residual cognitive impairment.

BACKGROUND: Opioids have high abuse potential and pose a major public health concern. Yet, a large percentage of individuals exposed to opioids do not develop problematic use. Individual differences in opioid abuse potential are not well understood. METHODS: This within-subject (N=16), double-blind, double-dummy, human laboratory study evaluated individual differences in response to dose (placebo, low, medium, high) following administration of heroin and hydromorphone through intravenous and subcutaneous routes, in opioid-experienced but non physically-dependent participants. Outcomes were self-reported visual analog scale (VAS) ratings (High, Liking, Drug Effect, Good Effect, Rush), pupil diameter change from baseline, and crossover point on the Drug vs. Money questionnaire. The degree to which results were consistent across measures within an individual was assessed using a mixed-effects model from which an intraclass correlation coefficient measure of between and within-subject variance was derived. RESULTS: The mixed effects model fit was significant (p

Objective: analyze the relationship between the perception of risk and the behavior of driving under the influence of alcohol or marijuana or getting into a vehicle driven by someone under the effects of these substances in order to identify risk factors and protective factors. Method: multicenter study cross sectional survey with students from a University in Colombia (n = 493) completed a survey prepared during the International Program of Training in Research for Health Professionals and Related Areas to Study the Drug Phenomenon in Latin America and the Caribbean. Results: an inverse relationship was observed between each of the three levels of risk perception: detection (p

Background Although driving under the influence of cannabis is increasingly common among young adults, little is known about residual effects on driver behavior. This study examined acute and residual effects of smoked cannabis on simulated driving performance of young cannabis users. Methods In this double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group randomized clinical trial, cannabis users (1–4 days/week) aged 19–25 years were randomized with a 2:1 allocation ratio to receive active (12.5% THC) or placebo (0.009% THC) cannabis in a single 750 mg cigarette. A median split (based on whole-blood THC concentrations at the time of driving) was used to divide the active group into low and high THC groups. Our primary outcome was simulated driving performance, assessed 30 min and 24 and 48 h after smoking. Secondary outcomes included blood THC concentrations, subjective drug effects, and heart rate. Results Ninety-six participants were randomized, and 91 were included in the final analysis (30 high THC, 31 low THC, 30 placebo). Mean speed (but not lateral control) significantly differed between groups 30 min after smoking cannabis (p ≤ 0.02); low and high THC groups decreased their speed compared to placebo. Heart rate, VAS drug effect and drug high increased significantly immediately after smoking cannabis and declined steadily after that. There was little evidence of residual effects in any of the measures. Conclusion Acutely, cannabis caused decreased speed, increased heart rate, and increases in VAS drug effect and drug high. There was no evidence of residual effects on these measures over the two days following cannabis administration.

Drug use in our society seems to be a growing concern. Hence the concern of the ES/CICAD and CAMH to sponsor Multicentric Research projects for which this is one. This study therefore sought to determine gender differences for peer influence on drug use among students from one university in Guyana. A survey was applied to 263 university students selected by a purposive sampling. Mean, percentage, cross-tab, t- test and Spearman correlation were used for data analysis. Drug use by male and female participants was minimal. Gender was not significantly different in the level of peer influence. But it was significantly different in the use of illicit drug and in its association with the relationship between peer influence and drug use. The result of this study had curriculum implications. Based on the sampling technique, it was recommended that a similar study be carried out in a wider community outside of the university. O uso de drogas em nossa sociedade parece ser uma preocupação crescente. Daí a preocupação da SE/CICAD e do CAMH para patrocinar projetos de pesquisa multicêntricos, do qual este projeto faz parte. O uso de drogas é normalmente associado com os grupos de pares e de gênero. Portanto, este estudo teve como objetivo verificar a influência do gênero e a influência dos pares no uso de drogas entre estudantes universitários da Guyiana. Um questionário foi aplicado a 263 estudantes universitários selecionados por meio de amostragem intencional. A análise dos dados foi realizada por meio do cálculo da média, das percentagens, da tabulação cruzada, do teste "t" e correlação de Spearman. As diferenças de género não foram significativas para o nível de influência do gênero. O uso de drogas ilicitas foi significativo especialmente pela influência dos colegas. El uso de drogas en nuestra sociedad parece ser una preocupación creciente. De ahí la preocupación de la ES/CICAD y CAMH para patrocinar proyectos de investigación multicéntricos, de los cuales este proyecto forma parte. El uso de drogas es normalmente asociado con grupos de pares y género. Por lo tanto este estudio busco determinar las diferencias de género sobre la influencia de pares en el uso de drogas entre estudiantes de una Universidad en Guayana. Un cuestionario fue aplicado a 263 estudiantes universitarios seleccionados mediante un muestreo intencional. El análisis de datos se realizó mediante el cálculo de la media, los porcentajes, la tabulación cruzada, el test "t" y la correlación de Spearman. El uso de drogas en hombres y mujeres fue mínimo. Las diferencias de género no fueron significantes para el nivel de influencia de género. El uso de drogas fue significativo en el uso de drogas ilícitas y su relación con la influencia de pares y el uso de drogas.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the prevalence of therapeutic cannabis use within a general population sample of adults and to describe various characteristics associated with use. METHODS: Data were derived from the 2013 and 2014 CAMH Monitor Survey of adults in Ontario, Canada. This repeated cross-sectional survey employed a regionally stratified design and utilized computer-assisted telephone interviewing. Analyses were based on 401 respondents who reported using cannabis. RESULTS: The data indicated that 28.8% of those who used cannabis in the past year self-reported using cannabis for therapeutic purposes. Of therapeutic users, 15.2% reported having medical approval to use cannabis for therapeutic purposes. Cannabis use for therapeutic purposes was associated with more frequent use of cannabis, a moderate to high risk of problematic cannabis use, and a greater likelihood of using prescription opioids for medical purposes. There was little difference in cannabis use for therapeutic purposes according to sex, age, and marital status after adjusting for opioid use and problematic cannabis use. CONCLUSION: Findings suggest some potential negative consequences of cannabis use for therapeutic purposes; however, further research is needed to better understand the range and patterns of use and their corresponding vulnerabilities.

In 1998, Ontario passed legislation requiring that all drivers convicted of drinking and driving complete a remedial program, called Back on Track (BOT), before their driver’s licences could be reinstated. Based on an assessment, clients are assigned to complete either an “education” program or a “treatment” program, depending on levels of substance-related problems. Several months following completion of their program, participants complete a follow-up interview. We report substance use and related outcome measures on 22,277 BOT participants who completed follow-up between 2000 and 2005. Completion of BOT was associated with significant reductions in the frequency of alcohol and other drug use, number of drinks consumed per drinking occasion, total numbers of substance users, and negative consequences resulting from substance use. A large number of participants became “non-users” of various substances over the course of the program. These findings provide evidence that the remedial program has beneficial effects for participants in both the education and treatment components of BOT.

Background Cocaine is one of the more commonly found illicit drugs in injured drivers. In this work, we examine the association between self-reported past year cocaine use and past year collision involvement in a large representative sample of adult drivers in Ontario. Methods Data are based on the CAMH Monitor, an ongoing cross-sectional telephone survey of Ontario adults aged 18 and older. Five years of data (2002, 2003, 2004, 2006, 2008) were merged for this study ( N = 8107) due to survey item availability. Logistic regression analysis was performed to identify the risk of self-reported collision involvement within the past 12 months associated with past year use of cocaine, while controlling for sociodemographic, driving exposure and drinking–driving (as a function of drinking status) factors. Due to listwise deletion, the logistic regression model was based on a reduced sample ( N = 7284). Results The prevalence of self-reported collision involvement within the past year was 18.9% among those who used cocaine in the past year compared to 7.4% of non-users. Logistic regression analysis, controlling for the potential confounding effects of age, gender, income, driving exposure and drinking–driving measures, found the odds of collision involvement in the preceding year among cocaine users was over twice that of non-users (OR = 2.11, 95% CI = 1.06–4.18). Conclusions This study suggests that cocaine users are significantly more likely to report collision involvement in the past year. Additional work to confirm these observations, and to assess possible causal pathways, is needed.

Las drogas constituyen una seria amenaza para la salud internacional. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo explorar los patrones de policonsumo simultáneo y sus implicaciones legales y sociales entre estudiante de pregrado. El estudio fue de corte transversal, y en el participaron 357 estudiantes de pregrado del área de la salud de una universidad. El 52.1% de los participantes dijo haber usado sustancias psicoactivas alguna vez en su vida, y el 42.6% dijo haber consumido en los últimos 12 meses. En el último año, un 80.3% refirió haber consumido alcohol, un 34.2% tabaco, un 5.9% drogas de prescripción, un 4.6% cannabis, y un 3.9% cocaína/crack. En relación al consumo simultáneo en los últimos 12 meses, las cifras de reportadas fueron de 14.7% para alcohol + tabaco + cannabis, y de 8.8% para las todas las siguientes combinaciones: alcohol + cannabis, alcohol + cocaína, y cannabis + cocaína. Factores asociados al consumo fueron identificados. Se sugieren programas preventivos e investigación adicional en el tema.

El policonsumo simultáneo de sustancias psicoactivas en estudiantes de una universidad fue estudiado en Kingston, Jamaica. El estudio fue de diseño transversal, y utilizó la modalidad de encueta para la recolección de datos. Examinamos factores de riesgo y de protección asociados al policonsumo simultáneo en una muestra de 295 estudiantes de pregrado de los departamentos de la salud y de la ciencia médica de la universidad participante. Nuestros resultados sugieren que la estancia continuada con la familia, el apoyo familiar, y el bienestar de los estudiantes son factores de riesgo. Por el contrario, la facilidad del acceso de las drogas y el apoyo emocional se podrían considerar como factores protectores. Estos hallazgos pueden informar programas preventivos, aunque se requiere investigación adicional.

El objetivo fue determinar la prevalencia de comorbilidad entre distrés psicológico y abuso/dependencia de drogas en pacientes en centros de tratamiento. Este estudio epidemiológico, multicéntrico, de corte transversal, realizado en 107 pacientes mayor es de 18 años, en tratamiento por abuso/dependencia de drogas, en centros de tratamiento de Valparaíso, Chile, mostró además otros factores involucrados como: aspectos sociodemográficos, funcionalidad familiar, características del consumo de drogas y aspectos de la atención otorgada. Para recolección de datos se usó el EULAC (Instrumento para diagnostico rápido de situación de tratamiento para problemas por consumo de drogas en el ámbito local) el K 10 y Apgar familiar. Resultados: 48.6% presentaron distrés psicológico; 88.8% refirieron satisfacción por el tratamiento actual. 66.4% pertenece a una familia normo funcional. Los resultados obtenidos permitirán mejorar las intervenciones en pacientes que están en tratamiento y rehabilitación en los centros de tratamiento. The objective was to determine the prevalence of comorbidity among psychological distress and abuse/dependence on drugs on patients in treatment centres. This epidemiological, multicentre, study of cross-section, 107 patients over 18 years old, in treatment by abuse/dependence on drugs, Valparaiso, Chile, treatment centres, showed also other factors involved such as: aspects sociodemographic, functionality family, drug features and aspects of the granted services. The EULAC (Instrument for rapid diagnosis of situation of treatment for problems drug locally) the 10 K and Family Apgar was used for data collection. Results: 48.6% presented psychological distréss; 88.8% spoke satisfaction by current treatment; 66.4% belongs to a family normal functional. The results will enable to improve interventions in patients who are in treatment and rehabilitation in treatment centres. O objetivo foi determinar a prevalência de comorbilidade entre sofrimento psiquico e abuso/dependência de drogas em pacientes em centros de tratamento de Valparaiso, Chile. Estudo epidemiológico, multicêntrico, de corte transversal realizado com 107 pacientes com idade acima de 18 anos, internados nos centros de tratamento de Valparaíso, Chile. Analisou-se os seguintes aspectos: aspectos sociodemográficos, funcionalidade da família, caracteristica do consumo de drogas e qualidade dos serviços oferecidos para tratamento. A EULAC (Instrumento de diagnóstico rápido de situação de tratamento para drogas problemas localmente) a 10 K e o Apgar familiar foi usado para coleta de dados. Resultaram que 48,6% apresentados stress; 88,8% relataram satisfação pelo tratamento atual; 66,4% pertence a uma família Normofuncional. Os resultados permitirão melhorar as intervenções em pacientes que estão em tratamento e reabilitação em centros de tratamento.

Estudo da prevalência de sofrimento psíquico entre pessoas em tratamento em um serviço de atenção diário público e dois centros de internação privados, sendo um prestador de serviços ao Sistema Único de Saúde, da cidade de Macaé, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Estudo transversal. Foi aplicado questionário para caracterização dos participantes, adaptado do formulário EULAC-CICAD. A escala de Kessler-10 foi utilizada para rastreamento do sofrimento psíquico. Participaram 60 pessoas, sendo 88,3% homens. Do total, 51,5% estavam na faixa de 24 a 39 anos de idade. Depressão foi o principal diagnóstico prévio referido em 35%, seguido por ansiedade em 33,33%. Durante o tratamento atual, a ansiedade foi o principal diagnóstico referido em 8,3%, seguido de depressão em 28,3%. Dos entrevistados, 34% apresentaram níveis severos e 27,2% muito severos de sofrimento psiquico. Conclui-se que os níveis de sofrimento psíquico severo e muito severo em 61,2% encontrados com a escala K-10, especialmente sensível para ansiedade e depressão, são semelhantes para esta população nos estudos internacionais. Study of prevalence and psychological distress among people attending a public day care service and two private in patients services in the city of Macaé, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Cross-sectional study. A questionnaire adapted by the form EULAC-CICAD was applied to characterize the participants. The scale of Kessler-10 was used as a screening tool for psychological distress. The sample was 60 people: 88.3% men and 51.5% between 24-39 years old. Depression was referred as the most important previous diagnosis in 35%, followed by anxiety in 33.33%. During the current treatment this relationship changed: anxiety was the main diagnosis in 38.3%, followed by depression in 28.3%. The 34% of the sample had severe psychological distress and 27.2% very severe psychological distress. The levels of psychological distress severe and very severe in 61.2% screened by K-10, a scale especially sensitive to anxiety and depression, are similar to international studies on this population. Estudio de prevalencia de distrés psicológicos entre personas que acuden a los servicios públicos de atención de día y dos centros de hospitalización privada en la ciudad de Macaé, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Estudio transversal. Se aplicó un cuestionario adaptado de lo formulario de la EULAC-CICAD para caracterizar a los participantes. Para la detección de los distrés psicológicos se utilizó la escala de Kessler-10. Participaron 60 personas, y los hombres eran 88.3%. De la muestra total, el 51.5% tenían entre 24 a 39 años de edad. La depresión fue el principal diagnóstico relatado en 35%, seguido de la ansiedad en 33.33%. Durante el tratamiento actual la ansiedad fue el diagnóstico principal en 38.3%, seguido de depresión en 28.3%. De los encuestados el 34% tenían niveles graves de distrés psicológicos y el 27.2% niveles muy graves. Las conclusiones de que los niveles de distrés psicológico grave y muy grave en 61.2% identificados pela escala K-10, especialmente sensibles a la ansiedad y la depresión, son similares a los estudios internacionales de esta población.

Se trata de un estudio epidemiológico con el objetivo de de establecer la prevalencia del distrés psicológico y su asociación con el consumo de drogas y alcohol, es decir la comorbilidad, en pacientes atendidos en los dos centros principales en la ciudad de Asunción para el tratamiento de esta afección relacionada con la atención en salud mental. Al método fue la de aplicar un cuestionario auto-aplicado y en algunos casos de analfabetos fue realizada una entrevista, el cuestionario estaba basado en la escala K-10 de distrés psicológico y el APGAR familiar. Los resultados muestran que 149 personas que están en tratamiento por cuadros de adicción en estos centros participaron del estudio, siendo el 88,6% hombres, de los cuales el 21% tenían diagnósticos previos como la ansiedad y un 17.4% sufrían de depresión. En tanto que hubo un diagnóstico actual de depresión y ansiedad en 17.4% y 24.2%, respectivamente. El K-10 mostró que 17.5% tenían niveles severos de distrés y 9.4% muy severos de distrés. Se concluye que los niveles encontrados de afectación de distrés psicológico, son muy similares a los encontrados en los diversos estudios internacionales consultados. This is an epidemiological study, aimed to establish the prevalence of psychological distress and its association with drug and alcohol comorbidity, in patients treated at two centers in the city of Asunción - Paraguay for the treatment of this condition associated with mental health care. As for the method used to collect data on these treatment centers was to apply a self-applied and in some cases an interview was conducted in illiterate, the questionnaire was based on K-10 scale of psychological distress and the family APGAR. The results show that 149 people in treatment for addiction in these schools participated in the study, 88.6% being men, of whom 21% had previous diagnoses such as anxiety and 17.4% suffered from depression. While there was a current diagnosis of depression and anxiety in 17.4% and 24.2% respectively. The K-10 showed that 17.5% had severe levels of distress and 9.4% very severe distress. It is concluded that the levels found of involvement of psychological distress, are very similar to those found in international studies consulted. Este é um estudo epidemiológico, a fim de estabelecer a prevalência de sofrimento psíquico e sua associação com drogas e álcool, ou seja, comorbidade, em pacientes atendidos em dois centros principais da cidade de Assunção para o tratamento desta condição relacionada à saúde mental. O método consistiu em um questinário autoaplicável e, em alguns casos, foi realizada uma entrevista, com analfabetas. O questionário foi baseado em K-10 escala de sofrimento psíquico e APGAR famíliar. Os resultados mostram que 149 pessoas em tratamento para dependência nestes centros participaram do estudo, sendo 88,6% homens, dos quais 21% tiveram diagnosticos anteriores, tais como ansiedade, e 17,4% sofreram de depressão, embora tenha havido um diagnóstico atual de depressão e ansiedade em 17,4% e 24,2%, respectivamente. O K-10 mostrou que 17,5% tinham níveis severos de angústia e 9,4%, angústia muito grave. Conclui-se que os níveis encontrados de envolvimento de sofrimento psíquico, são muito semelhantes aos encontrados em estudos internacionais consultados.

Estudo transversal que teve por objetivo entender os padrões de policonsumo simultâneo de drogas e suas implicações de gênero, sociais e legais entre estudantes universitários. Participaram 275 estudantes de Ciências da Saúde de uma universidade em Santo André, Brasil. O policonsumo foi detectado em 27,9% dos estudantes da amostra. Combinações: álcool + cannabis; álcool + medicamentos prescritos; álcool + tabaco + cannabis; tabaco + cannabis; e tabaco + medicamentos prescritos. As justificativas foram: ajudar a relaxar; perder inibições; permanecer acordado; ajudar a fazer algo que aborrece e melhorar o efeito de outras substâncias. Não se observou associação entre situações legais e sociais, os homens admitiram utilizar mais o policonsumo que as mulheres, a religião representou fator de proteção ao policonsumo, que foi inferior ao encontrado na literatura. Por se tratar de futuros profissionais de saúde, políticas institucionais devem ser discutidas no intuito de diminuir a exposição e vulnerabilidade destes às substâncias psicoativas. Cross sectional study that aims to understand the patterns of polydrugs use and its gender, social and legal implications among undergraduate students. 275 undergraduate students from the Faculty of Health Sciences from one university in Santo André, Brazil, participated in the study. The simultaneous polydrug use was detected in 27.9% of the sample. Combinations: alcohol + cannabis; alcohol + prescription drugs; alcohol + tobacco + cannabis; tobacco + cannabis; and tobacco + prescription drugs. Reasons: To help relaxing, to lose inhibitions, to help staying awake, to help on doing something upsetting, and to improve the effect of other substances. There was no observed association between legal and social circumstances, men used more poly consumption than women, and religion represented a protective factor to simultaneous polydrug use, which was lower than described in the literature. Considering that subjects in the represent future health care professionals, institutional policies should be discussed in order to reduce exposure and vulnerability to these substances. Estudio transversal que busca comprender los patrones de poli-consumo simultáneo de drogas y sus consecuencias de genero, sociales y legales entre estudiantes universitarios. 275 estudiantes de las ciencias de la salud de pregrado de una universidad en Santo André, Brasil participaran en el estudio. El policonsumo simultáneo estuvo presente en 27,9% de los estudiantes de la muestra. Combinaciones: alcohol + marihuana; alcohol + medicamentos de prescripción; alcohol + tabaco + cannabis; tabaco + cannabis; y tabaco + medicamentos de prescripción. Razones: Para relajarse, perder inhibiciones, mantenerse despierto, ayudar a hacer algo que genera molestia y mejorar el efecto de otras sustancias. No se observó asociación entre circunstancias jurídicas y sociales, los hombres presentaron mayor poli-consumo que las mujeres, y la religión se presentó como un factor de protección para el poli-consumo, que fue menor que la encontrada en la literatura. Dado que se trata de futuros profesionales de la salud, las políticas institucionales deben ser analizadas con el fin de reducir la exposición y la vulnerabilidad a estas sustancias psicoactivas.

Concerns about methamphetamine/crystal methamphetamine (MA) have featured prominently in the Canadian media and on addiction treatment agency agendas. We examined MA admissions at addiction treatment agencies to determine if a service gap existed. In 2006, all addiction treatment agencies (n = 124) in Ontario, Canada were invited to complete an on-line survey. The provincial database provided admissions data for 2006–2008. Amongst participants (n = 100), 53% reported an increase in clients with MA problems between 2004 and 2005. Nine percent considered MA to be a significant problem and 60% indicated that MA was a minor problem or not a problem in 2005. Forty-seven percent of participants said that MA problems were more common among males and 60% of MA clients were aged 16–24. Most (89%) agencies integrated MA clients into regular programs and 73% had not considered developing specialized MA programs. MA admissions peaked at 2.4% of admissions in 2005 and dropped to a lower, stable percent (2006–2008). Media and public alarm about a MA ‘epidemic’ is not consistent with admissions data or agency experience. Consideration of objective evidence before demands for additional resources is necessary.

Objective Patients with psychiatric disorders have higher rates of smoking and greater difficulty quitting smoking. However, few studies have compared patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorders to patients with other psychiatric diagnoses without psychosis, addressing ability to quit and differences in treatment characteristics. Method A retrospective chart review was conducted on a sample of 165 cigarette smokers admitted to an outpatient smoking cessation clinic located in a large inner-city psychiatric hospital. Patients with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder (n = 55) were matched for age and sex at a ratio of 1:2 with a comparison group without psychosis (n = 110) from the same clinic. Primary outcomes of interest were quit status (7-day point prevalence) and significant reduction in cigarettes per day (≥ 50% but not quit) at final treatment session. Results There were no significant differences between groups for end-of-treatment quit rate or significant reduction (≥ 50%) in cigarettes per day. Patients with schizophrenia made significantly more visits to the clinic and were in treatment for a longer period of time. A greater number of individual treatment sessions and being male were the most significant predictors of cessation. Conclusion Patients with schizophrenia were as likely to quit smoking as a comparison group of patients with a high rate of other psychiatric comorbidities without psychosis. Findings suggest treatment success in this population requires an extended number of clinic visits, group therapy, and possibly higher doses of nicotine replacement.

En este estudio, se presentan datos cuantitativos del estudio multicéntrico, multimétodos, de corte transversal realizado en un centro de salud público en San Pedro Sula, en Honduras. Su objetivo es describir la perspectiva crítica que tienen los familiares o personas, que se consideran afectadas por tener a alguien cercano que usa o ha usado drogas ilegales, con relación a factores de riesgo. Los datos se obtuvieron mediante una encuesta con 100 entrevistados. La mayor parte de las personas informantes eran mujeres pobres con baja escolaridad. Los consumidores eran en su mayoría hombres con edad promedio de 23,3 años. La droga más usada fue la marihuana (78%) seguida de crack/cocaína (72%), pegamento/inhalantes (27%), alucinógenos (éxtasis/LSD) (3%), anfetaminas/estimulantes (1%) y heroína (1%). Los factores de riesgo identificados fueron la experiencia previa con alcohol/tabaco, el tener amigos/amigas que usan drogas, la falta de conocimiento, la baja autoestima , la edad, entre otros factores personales, familiares y sociales. Se concluye que es necesario fortalecer las medidas de prevención y protección. This article presents quantitative data from a multicenter, cross-sectional study, which was performed at a public health center in San Pedro Sula, Honduras, using multiple methods. The objective of the study was to describe the critical perspective of people who reported being affected by their relationship with an illicit drug user (relative or acquaintance) in terms of risk factors. Data collection was performed using 100 questionnaires. Most participants were women with low education levels. Drug users were mostly men, with an average age of 23.3 years. The most consumed drug was marijuana (78%), followed by crack/cocaine (72%), glue/inhalants (27%), hallucinogens (ecstasy/LSD) (3%), amphetamines/stimulants (1%), and heroin (1%). The identified risk factors include: previous experience with alcohol/tobacco, having friends who use drugs, lack of information, low self-esteem, age, and other personal, family and social factors. In conclusion, prevention and protection should be reinforced. São apresentados, aqui, dados quantitativos de um estudo multicêntrico, multimétodos, de corte transversal, realizado em um centro de saúde pública em San Pedro Sula, Honduras. O objetivo foi descrever a perspectiva crítica dos membros da família ou pessoas que se sentem afetadas por terem alguém próximo que usa ou usou drogas ilegais, em relação aos fatores de risco. Os dados foram coletados através de questionário aplicado em 100 indivíduos. A maioria era composta por mulheres pobres, com pouca escolaridade. Os consumidores eram majoritariamente varões, com idade média de 23,3 anos. A droga mais utilizada foi a maconha (78%), seguida por crack/cocaína (72%), cola/inalantes (27%), alucinógenos (ecstasy/LSD) (3%), anfetaminas/estimulantes (1%), heroína (1%). Entre os fatores de risco identificados estão: experiência anterior com álcool/fumo, ter amigos/amigas que usam drogas, falta de conhecimento, baixa autoestima, idade, entre outros fatores pessoais, familiares e sociais. Em conclusão, deve-se reforçar a prevenção e proteção.

Supervised methadone consumption is an important part of methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) but may contribute to stigma for clients. Data from qualitative interviews with MMT clients (n = 64) conducted in 2002-2003 in Canada were analyzed using thematic analytic methods. Three themes dominated clients' accounts of supervised consumption (convenient access to services, relationships with pharmacists and dispensing staff, and attributes of the dispensing space) and were interwoven with experiences of stigmatization. While some dispensing contexts may help clients manage a stigmatized identity, others confer or make visible this identity. Reducing stigmatizing experiences within dispensing environments may improve MMT outcomes and decrease barriers to treatment. The study's limitations are noted.

Este artigo é parte do estudo "Uso de drogas ilícitas em sete países latino-americanos e Canadá: perspectivas críticas de familiares e pessoas conhecidas" (7LACC) que investigou quatro domínios: fatores protetores e de risco, iniciativas de prevenção, unidades de tratamento e leis e políticas. Apresenta uma seção dos resultados baseados em quatro itens do domínio leis e políticas - como percebidas por familiares e pessoas conhecidas de usuários de drogas ilícitas, residentes na comunidade, recrutados em unidades urbanas de cuidados primários à saúde, localizadas na zona oeste da cidade do Rio de Janeiro. Trata-se de estudo corte temporal, multimétodos que entrevistou 100 adultos maiores de 18 anos, cognitivamente saudáveis. Resultados e conclusões chave foram o não atendimento dos princípios fundamentais da legislação do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS)/Lei 8.080/90 e a equivocada aplicação das leis e políticas públicas sobre drogas ilícitas. This article is part of the study "Illicit Drug Use in Seven Latin American Countries and Canada: Critical Perspectives of Family and Familiars" (7LACC), which investigated four domains: protective and risk factors; preventive initiatives; treatment facilities; and laws and policies. The article presents a section of the results based on four items of the laws and policies domain - as perceived by the family and acquaintances of illicit drug users living in the community. Participants were recruited in urban primary health care units located in Western Rio de Janeiro (city), Brazil. This multi-method, cross-temporal study performed interviews with 100 adults (18 years of age or older), all cognitively healthy. Results and key conclusions included non-compliance with the fundamental principles of the Unique Health System Legislation / Law 8.080/90 and the erroneous implementation of laws and public policies on illicit drug. Este articulo forma parte del estudio "Uso de Drogas Ilícitas en Siete Países Latino Americanos y Canadá - Las Perspectivas Críticas de la Familia y de Personas Conocidas" (7LACC). Fueron investigados cuatro dominios: factores protectores y de riesgo; iniciativas inhibidoras; facilidades de tratamiento; y, leyes y políticas. Se presenta una sección de resultados relacionados a leyes y políticas, describiendo como ellas fueron percibidas por familiares y personas cercanas a los usuarios de drogas ilícitas, que estaban inscritos en unidades primarias urbanas de asistencia a la salud, situadas en la zona occidental de la ciudad de Río de Janeiro, en Brasil. Se trata de una investigación transversal, que utilizó múltiples métodos, en la cual fueron entrevistados 100 adultos, que tenían más de 18 años de edad, sin problemas cognoscitivos. Los resultados y las principales conclusiones fueron el incumplimiento de los principios fundamentales del Sistema Unificado de Salud (SUS) / Ley 8.080/90 y la inadecuada implementación de leyes y políticas públicas relacionadas a las drogas ilícitas.

The purposes of this study were to examine predictors of benzodiazepine use among methadone maintenance treatment patients, to determine whether baseline benzodiazepine use influenced ongoing use during methadone maintenance treatment, and to assess the effect of ongoing benzodiazepine use on treatment outcomes (i.e., opioid and cocaine use and treatment retention). A retrospective chart review of 172 methadone maintenance treatment patients (mean age = 34.6 years; standard deviation = 8.5 years; 64% male) from January 1997 to December 1999 was conducted. At baseline, 29% were "non-users" (past year) of benzodiazepine, 36% were "occasional users," and 35% were "regular/problem users." Regular/problem users were more likely to have started opioid use with prescription opioids, experienced more overdoses, and reported psychiatric comorbidity. Being female, more years of opioid use, and a history of psychiatric treatment were significant predictors of baseline benzodiazepine use. Ongoing benzodiazepine users were more likely to have opioid-positive and cocaine-positive urine screens during methadone maintenance treatment. Only ongoing cocaine use was negatively related to retention. Benzodiazepine use by methadone maintenance treatment patients is associated with a more complex clinical picture and may negatively influence treatment outcomes.

We conducted a 5-year medical-chart review of all admissions to an inpatient adolescent substance-abuse program. Youth indicating methamphetamine as their primary drug of choice did not have worse dropout rates or a more severe baseline profile on 4 Addiction Severity Index subscales (Family/Social Conflict, Legal, Psychological, and Medical), compared to adolescents reporting another drug of choice.

High rates of drug use and risk behaviours have been reported among street involved youth. The present study examined the drug use and risk behaviours in adolescent heroin users, assessed motivatio...

One province in Canada, Ontario, is considering the use of drug tests for welfare recipients. Those with positive tests could be required to receive treatment and abstain from drug use or risk losing their benefits. Several experts from the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH) reviewed the scientific strengths and weaknesses of this proposal. Strengths included possible increases in employment and reduced drug use among welfare recipients; however, the group concluded that drug testing of welfare recipients or removal of welfare benefits for people who refuse treatment or relapse is not advisable for several reasons. Drug testing cannot be used to determine substance abuse or dependence, could undermine the client case manager relationship and could be legally challenged as a violation of human rights. Other drawbacks of conditional welfare include possible negative societal consequences (i.e. increased crime and health problems) and disruptions to the treatment population. The whole process is expensive and will likely result in a very marginal increase in employment because drug dependence is not a major barrier to employment.

Various Ontario agencies have co-operated to increase the availability of methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) across Ontario. It is expected that increased availability of MMT will lead to a reduction in some of the harms of opioid use, such as HIV infection acquired through needle use. This initiative is consistent with Canada's Drug Strategy and with MMT policy changes at the federal level and is responsive to concerns of methadone patient advocates and treatment providers. When the Methadone Program at The College of Physicians and Surgeons of Ontario was established in mid-1996, there were 975 patients in MMT across Ontario. At the end of 1998 - two and a half years later - there were over 4000. This expansion is attributed to policy changes at the provincial level which were facilitated by the development of MMT guidelines compatible with both harm reduction-based and abstinence-based treatment approaches and the development of a MMT training program and supporting reference materials.

Impaired driving is a major source of preventable death in Canada, especially among young adults. Although the effects of alcohol on driving are well known, the impact of driving under the influence of cannabis has not been studied as thoroughly. This human laboratory study examines the impact of an acute dose of smoked cannabis on driving-related skills among young drivers who use cannabis regularly. Participants were weekly smokers between the ages of 19 and 25 years who have had an Ontario class G or G2 license for at least twelve months. Measures of driving simulator performance, cognition, mood, and motor skills were collected before and after a single dose of smoked cannabis containing 12.5% a 9- tetrahydrocannabinol (a 9-THC). Although the data presented are based on an interim analysis of an ongoing study, some measures of subjective drug effects, objective physical measures, and driving simulator performance were found to be significantly altered after drug administration.%%%%M.Sc.

El policonsumo simultáneo de sustancias psicoactivas es un tópico que diversifica y complejiza el fenómeno de las drogas en nuestra sociedad contemporánea. Se realizó un estudio cuantitativo transversal, con el propósito de describir los patrones de policonsumo simultáneo de sustancias psicoactivas, con una muestra de 975 estudiantes de pregrado de las carreras relacionadas con el área de la salud, en una Universidad en Cundinamarca, Colombia. Se observó un alto reporte de estudiantes que realizan policonsumo simultáneo, destacándose la combinación de alcohol + tabaco. Se evidenciaron comportamientos diversos del policonsumo, relacionados con la edad de inicio, el reporte del momento del consumo, el año académico cursado, las sustancias empleadas y la transición del consumo al policonsumo simultáneo. Se sugiere incluir este tópico en la formación de recursos humanos en salud y en el desarrollo de investigación. The simultaneous polydrug use is a topic that diversifies and increase complexity in the drug phenomenon in our contemporary society. We conducted a quantitative cross-sectional study, in order to describe patterns of simultaneous polydrug use of psychoactive substances, within a sample of 975 undergraduate students in health sciences, at one university in Cundinamarca, Colombia. We observed a high rate of report in simultaneous poly drug use, especially the combination of alcohol-tobacco. We identified different behaviors related to starting age, occasion for consumption, academic year, substances used, and the transition from single to poly drug use. We recommended the inclusion of this topic in training of health care human resources and in further research. A utilização simultânea de mais de uma substância psicoativa, ao mesmo tempo é um tema que diversifica e complexifica o fenômeno das drogas na sociedade contemporânea. Foi realizado um estudo quantitativo e transversal, a fim de descrever os padrões de policonsumo simultâneo de substâncias psicoativas entre 975 estudantes de graduação da área da saúde, em uma universidade em Cundinamarca, Colômbia. Foi observado um alto índice de estudantes da amostra que relataram o uso simultâneo de múltiplas drogas, destacando a combinação de álcool e tabaco. Diferentes comportamentos são evidentes na utilização simultânea de múltiplas drogas, relacionadas com a idade de início do uso; do consumo de múltiplas drogas; o ano letivo estudado; as substâncias utilizadas no consumo de múltiplas drogas e à transição do consumo para o policonsumo de drogas. Sugerem a inclusão deste tema na formação de recursos humanos em saúde e na pesquisa.

Estudio transversal cuyo objetivo fue establecer los patrones de policonsumo simultáneo de drogas en estudiantes universitarios de pregrado de carreras de medicina y enfermería, en una universidad de la ciudad de Santiago - Chile. Contó con una muestra de 188 estudiantes. Resultados: 42.3% de los estudiantes refirieron policonsumo simultáneo; edad promedio de inicio 16 años; combinaciones más comunes fueron alcohol + tabaco + marihuana y tabaco + alcohol + drogas de prescripción. Aprenden de las combinaciones de drogas a través de amigos, consumen en grupos mixtos, fuera de la universidad (clubes nocturnos) y lo hacen para relajarse o disfrutar de la compañía de amigos. Es fundamental desarrollar estrategias integrales si se desea contribuir a mejorar la salud de esta población de jóvenes, quienes estarán a cargo de la salud de las generaciones futuras. Cross sectional study whose objective was to establish the patterns of simultaneous poly-drug use among students in undergraduate medical and nursing careers, at a university in Santiago - Chile. A sample of 188 students was studied. Results: 42.3% of students refered simultaneous poly-drug use, average age of onset of 16 years; most common combinations were alcohol + tobacco + marijuana and tobacco + alcohol with prescription drugs. They learn about drug combinations through friends, consume in mixed groups outside the university (nightclubs) and do it to relax or enjoy the company of friends. It is essential to develop comprehensive strategies in order to improve the health of this population of youngsters, who will be responsible for the health of future generations. Estudo transversal, cujo objetivo foi estabelecer os padrões de policonsumo de drogas entre estudantes de Medicina e de Enfermagem, em uma universidade de Santiago - Chile. A amostra foi composta de 188 alunos. Os resultados indicam que 42,3% dos alunos são poli-consumidores, simultaneamente, com idade média de aparecimento de 16 anos e as combinações mais comuns foram álcool + tabaco + maconha e tabaco + álcool + medicamentos prescritos, além de aprendizagem através de amigos, e consumido em grupos mistos fora da universidade (discotecas) para fazê-los relaxar ou aproveitar a companhia dos amigos. É essencial desenvolver estratégias globais, se quiser contribuir para melhorar a saúde da população, e particularmente a este grupo de jovens, que serão responsáveis pela saúde de gerações futuras.

Se trata de un estudio epidemiológico multicéntrico de corte transversal, dirigido a personas en tratamiento por abuso/dependencia de drogas en la República de Panamá. Se estudia la comorbilidad. La muestra consta de 167 internos en 11 Centros de tratamiento. Los datos fueron colectados en un cuestionario, mediante encuesta o entrevista. El 71.3% reportó uso de alcohol, 73.9% cannabis, 62.3% cocaína en polvo, 40.7% crack o piedra, 14.4% pasta base o bazuco. La prevalencia del distrés psicológico es de 49.1% de personas con distrés psicológico leve, y 28.8% de distress psicológico severo y muy severo. Existen evidencias de comorbilidad en la población internada en los Centros de tratamiento por abuso/dependencia de droga en Panamá, ya que 44.1% de los internados por abuso de alcohol, tienen también un diagnóstico de trastornos psiquiátricos y 73% de los internados por consumo de drogas ilícitas también poseen un diagnóstico de trastorno psiquiátrico. This is a multicentric epidemiological study of cross section, aimed at people in treatment for abuse/dependence of drugs in the Republic of Panama. We study the comorbidity. The sample consisted of 167 inmates in 11 treatment centers. Data were collected on a questionnaire, by survey or interview. 71.3% reported use of alcohol, cannabis 73.9%, 62.3%, cocaine powder, crack 40.7%, 14.4% bazuco or pasta base. The prevalence of psychological distress is 49.1% of people with mild psychological distress, and 28.8% severe and very severe psychological distress. There is evidence of comorbidity in the population admitted to treatment centers for abuse/dependence of drugs in Panama, since 44.1% of admissions for alcohol abuse, also have a diagnosis of psychiatric disorders and 73% of admissions for consumption illicit drugs also have a diagnosis of psychiatric disorder. Este é um estudo multicêntrico epidemiológico de corte transversal, destinado a pessoas em tratamento para abuso/dependência de drogas na República do Panamá. Estudou-se a comorbidade. A amostra foi composta de 167 presos em 11 centros de tratamento. Os dados foram coletados em um questionário, por exame ou entrevista. 71,3% relataram uso de álcool, maconha 73,9%, 62,3% cocaína em pó, crack ou pedra 40,7% e 14,4% bazuco ou pasta base. A prevalência de sofrimento psíquico é de 49,1% das pessoas com sofrimento psíquico leve e 28,8% sofrimento psicológico grave e grave. Há evidências de comorbidade na população admitida para centros de tratamento para abuso/dependência de drogas no Panamá, uma vez que 44,1% das internações por abuso de álcool, também têm um diagnóstico de transtornos psiquiátricos. 73% das internações para o consumo drogas ilícitas também possuem um diagnóstico de transtorno psiquiátrico.

El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la prevalencia de la comorbilidad entre el distress psicológico y el abuso/dependencia de drogas en los pacientes de los centros de tratamiento de Nicaragua. Se aplicaron cuestionarios EULAC-CICAD en forma de entrevista para describir el perfil del paciente y Kessler 10 para estimar niveles del distress a 130 usuarios de tres Centros de las Organizaciones no Gubernamentales de Managua, Nicaragua. Nivel encontrado de distress psicológico (severo y muy severo), fue de un 35%. También se encontró que un número importante de los pacientes que están siendo tratados actualmente por problemas de salud mental, persisten en experimentar síntomas del distress psicológico. Se concluyó que los hallazgos de este estudio sugieren una revisión sistemática de las políticas y estrategias de intervención y el fortalecimiento de ambos sistemas involucrados, Sistema de Salud y de Drogodependencia. There is in patients with mental disorders a high frequency of psychopathology, by drug abuse. The simultaneous presence of both is Comorbidity and affects the quality of life of patients. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of comorbidity between psychological distress and abuse/dependence of drugs among patients in treatment centers in Nicaragua. The EULAC-CICAD and Kessler-10 was used for data collection in 130 patients over 18 years, in treatment by abuse/dependence on drugs in three Centers of Non-Governmental Organizations in Managua, Nicaragua. 35% presented psychological distress. A significant number of patients currently being treated for mental health problems persist in experiencing symptoms of psychological distress. It was concluded that the findings of this study suggest a systematic review of policies and intervention strategies and the strengthening of both Systems of Health and Drug Dependency. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a prevalência da comorbidade entre sofrimento psíquico e o abuso/dependência de drogas nos pacientes ems centros de tratamento da Nicarágua. Foram utilizados questionários EULAC-CICAD na forma de entrevista para descrever o perfil dos pacientes e o Kessler 10 para estimar níveis de sofrimento psíquico em 130 usuários de três centros de Organizações não Governamentais de Manágua, Nicarágua. O nível encontrado de sofrimento psíquico (severo e muito severo) foi de 35%. Foi verificado que um número importante de pacientes que estão sendo tratados atualmente para problemas de saúde mental, continuam apresentando sintomas desse distress psicológico. Conclui-se que os achados deste estudo sugerem una revisão sistemática das políticas e estratégias de intervenção e o fortalecimento dos dois sistemas envolvidos, o Sistema de Saúde e o de Dependências de Drogas.

La comorbilidad psiquiátrica en personas con trastorno por consumo de alcohol y otras drogas tiene alta prevalencia, impacta en la salud individual y familiar y genera mayores costos. Este estudio epidemiológico descriptivo, multicéntrico, transversal, estima la prevalencia de la comorbilidad del distrés psicológico en 134 pacientes mayores de 18 años en tratamiento en el Portal Amarillo de Montevideo - Uruguay. Describe las características sociodemográficas, consumo de drogas, funcionalidad familiar, y grado de satisfacción de la población usuaria. Para la recolección de datos se usaron los cuestionarios EULAC-CICAD, K-10 y APGAR-familiar. La prevalencia de distrés severo y muy severo fue de un 71.6%; el 90.6% refirió estar satisfecho con la atención recibida y el 48% percibió que su familia no presentaba disfunción. Por ende, es necesario contemplar la presencia de comorbilidad psiquiátrica en el abordaje de usuarios con trastorno por consumo de sustancias en Centros de tratamiento. Comorbidity psychiatric disorder in people with alcohol and other drugs has a high prevalence, impact on individual and family health and generates higher costs. This descriptive, multicenter and cross-sectional epidemiological study, estimates the prevalence of co-morbidity of psychological distress in 134 patients over 18 years treated at the Portal Amarillo, Montevideo - Uruguay. Describes demographic and drug use characteristics, family functioning and satisfaction of the user population. For data collection, EULAC-CICAD, K-10 and Apgar family questionnaires were used. The prevalence of severe and very severe distress was 71%; 90.6% reported being satisfied with the care and 48% perceived that her family had no dysfunction. It is therefore necessary to consider the presence of psychiatric co-morbidity in addressing users with substance use disorder treatment centers. A comorbidade do sofrimento psíquico em pessoas com álcool e outras drogas tem uma alta prevalência e impacta na saúde individual e familiar, gerando custos mais elevados. Neste estudo descritivo-epidemiológico, multicêntrico, transversal, foram avaliadas estimativas da prevalência de comorbidade de sofrimento psíquico em 134 pacientes, com idade acima de 18 anos, tratados no Portal Amarillo, Montevidéu - Uruguai. Os resultados descrevem as características demográficas, uso de drogas, o funcionamento familiar e a satisfação da população usuária. Questionários para coleta de dados, EULAC-CICAD, K-10 e Apgar familiar, foram usados. A prevalência de sofrimento grave e muito grave foi de 71,6%; 90,6% relataram estar satisfeitos com o atendimento e 48% perceberam que sua família não tinha disfunção. Portanto, é necessário considerar a presença de comorbidade psiquiátrica na abordagem aos usuários com transtorno pelo uso de substâncias nos centros de tratamento de desordem.

El objetivo del estudio fue investigar la prevalencia de distrés psicológico en pacientes atendidos en centros públicos especializados en alcohol y drogas en Brasilia, Distrito Federal, Brasil. Es un estudio de prevalencia, en pacientes atendidos en los Centros de Atención Psicosocial - alcohol y drogas. Fue realizado auto-diligenciamiento de un cuestionario, o entrevista en pacientes analfabetos. Fue utilizada la escala K-10 de distrés psicológico. Los resultados muestran que 165 personas participaron, 90% hombres, edad promedio 42.9 (mediana=43). Fue relatado diagnóstico previo de depresión en 40.8% y ansiedad en 37.9%. Hubo diagnóstico actual de depresión y ansiedad en 42.9% y 48.8%, respectivamente. K-10 mostró que 31% tenían niveles severos y ~39% muy severos de distrés. Se concluye que los niveles encontrados de distrés psicológico (severo y muy severo, ~70%), cuya escala es más sensible para ansiedad y depresión, son mayores que los relatados en estudios internacionales. We aimed to ascertain the prevalence of psychological distress among patients under treatment at specialized health care centers for alcohol and drugs, at the Federal District, Brasília, Brazil. Was conducted a cross-sectional study at the three Centers for Psycho-social Health Care - alcohol and drugs, using a self-administered questionnaire or interviews when patients were illiterate. We used the K-10 Psychological Distress scale. Results shown of the 165 patients who participated, 90% were male (age mean=42.9; median=43). Previous diagnosis of depression was reported by 40.8%; anxiety by 37.9%. Current diagnosis of depression and anxiety were reported by 42.9% and 48.8%, respectively. K-10 scale showed that 31% had severe and ~39% very severe psychological distress. Conclude that levels of psychological distress found in this research (severe and very severe ~70.0%), whose scale is more sensible for anxiety and depression, are higher than those found in the literature. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a prevalência de sofrimento psíquico entre pacientes atendidos em centros públicos especializados em álcool e drogas, no Distrito Federal, Brasília, Brasil. Trata-se de um estudo de prevalência nos Centros de Atenção Psicossocial - álcool e drogas. Foi realizado autopreenchimento de um questionário, ou entrevista em pacientes analfabetos. Foi utilizada a escala K-10 de sofrimento psíquico. Os resultados mostram que participaram 165 pessoas, sendo 90% homens (média de idade 42,9; mediana 43). Foi relatado diagnóstico prévio de depressão em 40,8% e de ansiedade em 37,9%. Houve diagnóstico atual de depressão e ansiedade em 42,9% e 48,8% dos pacientes, respectivamente. K-10 revelou que 31% tinham níveis severos e 39,0% muito severos de sofrimento. Conclui-se que os níveis encontrados de sofrimento psíquico (severo e muito severo ~70%), cuja escala é mais sensível para ansiedade e depressão, são maiores que os reportados em estudos internacionais.

El objetivo del estudio fue investigar la prevalencia de distrés psicológico en pacientes atendidos en centros especializados en alcohol y drogas en la Ciudad de Guatemala. Es un estudio transversal con 91 pacientes mayores de 18 años atendidos en el Centro de Tratamiento de la Secretaria Ejecutiva de la Comisión contra las Adicciones y el Trafico Ilícito de Drogas, y en Casa Hogar Jireh. Se aplicó un cuestionario adaptado del formulario de la EULAC-CICAD para caracterizar a los participantes. La escala de Kessler-10 se aplico para detención de distrés psicológico. Los resultados muestran que 68% de la muestra total tenían entre 18 y 39 años, la edad promedio es 44. El 95.6% eran hombres. Refieren diagnostico previo (32.9%), relacionado con ansiedad en 2.4%, depresión en 3.3%, esquizofrenia en 4.4%, y trastorno bipolar en 4.4%. Presentan diagnostico actual de salud mental 17.58%. Conclui-se que El K-10 indica que 31.87% tienen niveles severos el 39.56% muy severo de distrés psicológico (71.43%). Datos sensibles a ansiedad y depresión, son similares a los reportados en otros estudios internacionales. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of psychological distress in patients treated at centers specialized in alcohol and drugs in Guatemala City. Cross-sectional study with 91 patients older than 18 years treated at the Treatment Center Executive Secretary of the Commission against Addictions and Illicit Drug Trafficking, and Casa Hogar Jireh. A questionnaire was adapted from form EULAC-CICAD to characterize the participants. The Kessler-10 scale was applied for detention of psychological distress. The results show that 68% of the total sample were between 18 and 39 years, the average age is 44. 95.6% were men. 32.9% referred previous diagnosis, related to anxiety (2.4%), depression (3.3%), schizophrenia (4.4%), and bipolar disorder (4.4%). The current mental health diagnosis is 17.58%. Conclusion: The K-10 indicates that 31.87% had severe and 39.56% very severe levels of psychological distress. This study shows that 71.43% is sensitive data with anxiety and depression and are similar to those reported in other international studies. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a prevalência de sofrimento psíquico em pacientes tratados em centros de álcool e drogas na Cidade da Guatemala. Estudo transversal com 91 pacientes acima de 18 anos atendidos no Centro de Tratamento de Secretário Executivo da Comissão contra Vícios e Tráfico Ilícito de Drogas, Jireh e Casa Hogar. Um questionário foi adaptado de forma EULAC-CICAD para caracterizar os participantes. A escala de Kessler-10 foi aplicada para a detenção de sofrimento psíquico. Os resultados mostram que 68% do total da amostra tinham entre 18 e 39 anos, com idade média de 44. 95,6% eram homens. 32,9% referiram diagnóstico prévio, relacionado à ansiedade (2,4%), depressão (3,3%), esquizofrenia (4,4%) e transtorno bipolar (4,4%). 17,58% têm o diagnóstico de saúde mental atual. Conclui-se que o K-10 indica que 31,87% tinham níveis de 39,56% de sofrimento psíquico grave (71,43%). Dados confidenciais com ansiedade e depressão são semelhantes aos relatados em outros estudos internacionais.

This study aimed to validate and compare performance of four screening tools for mental disorders in a heterogeneous population seeking substance use treatment. A total of 544 clients were recruited prospectively from three treatment centres and completed the screening instruments followed by a reference standard psychiatric interview for research diagnosis. Performance relative to the reference standard was compared across instruments using receiver operator characteristic (ROC) analysis. Screening tools included the GAIN-SS-IDScr; the K6, the Psychiatric Sub-scale of the Addiction Severity Index, and the Psychiatric Diagnostic Screening Questionnaire. All the screening tools performed reasonably well detecting broad groupings of disorders-any past-month disorder, any depressive disorder, anxiety disorder or psychotic disorder, with the GAIN-SS-IDScr being most efficient due to its shorter length. Results strengthen previous validation data for each of the tools investigated and support their use in detecting mental disorders in the substance use treatment population specifically.

Smoking is highly prevalent (85%-98%) in methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) patients. Methadone has been shown to increase cigarette smoking in a dose-dependent manner, whereas smoking/nicotine has been shown to increase methadone self-administration and reinforcing properties. The objective of this study was to evaluate methadone-nicotine interactions in MMT patients during trough and peak methadone effect conditions. Subjective effects of nicotine (administered by cigarette smoking, 4 mg of nicotine gum and placebo gum) and methadone and their combination were assessed in 40 regularly smoking, stabilized MMT patients using a randomized, placebo-controlled, within-subject study design. Subjects responded to a battery of subjective assessments before and after nicotine administration both before methadone administration (cycles 1 and 2) and 3 hours after methadone administration (cycles 3 and 4). There was a main effect of methadone on the decrease of opioid withdrawal scores (P < 0.001), and cigarette smoking enhanced this effect (day x methadone interaction, P = 0.031). Both nicotine and methadone had main effects on the decrease of nicotine withdrawal scores (P < 0.001 and P = 0.001, respectively); this was associated with the cigarette day (day x nicotine interaction, P = 0.003, and day x methadone interaction, P = 0.004). Nicotine plasma levels were highest on the cigarette smoking day (P < 0.001). Methadone and nicotine shared main effects on the increase of ratings of euphoria and drug liking and on the decrease of restlessness, irritability, and depression. The overall results may help to explain high smoking rates in the MMT population and may account for reports of increased positive effects of methadone when the drugs are taken together.

Many patients enrolled in methadone maintenance treatment experience significant interdose opioid withdrawal. Mood states have been related to patient satisfaction with treatment and may influence how methadone patients experience opioid withdrawal. The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of major depressive disorder on response to methadone in patients on methadone maintenance treatment. Seventeen methadone patients (7 depressed and 10 not depressed) had pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic assessments (opioid withdrawal, drug effects, and mood) over one 24-hour dosing interval. Subjects were also divided based on their satisfaction with methadone treatment: 12 holders and 5 nonholders. Depressed subjects experienced more dysphoric opioid effects as measured by the Addiction Research Centre Inventory (area under the effect versus time curve, 14 +/- 32 vs -31 +/- 47, P < 0.04) and had higher scores on the Subjective Opioid Withdrawal Scale (area under the effect versus time curve, 33 +/- 97 vs -74 +/- 67, P < 0.02) over the dosage interval. Hamilton Depression scores significantly correlated with trough subjective opioid withdrawal scale scores (r = 0.7, P < 0.004). Nonholders had significantly higher exposure to unbound (S)-methadone compared with holders, specifically: trough concentration (6.1 +/- 2.7 ng/mL vs 2.7 +/- 1.7 ng/mL, P < 0.01), average steady-state concentration (7.6 +/- 4.0 ng/mL vs 4.1 +/- 2.5 ng/mL, P < 0.05), maximum concentration (14.6 +/- 7.1 ng/mL vs 7.5 +/- 4.2 ng/mL, P < 0.04), and area under the curve (183 +/- 95 h*ng/mL vs 99 +/- 61 h*ng/mL, P < 0.05). Study findings suggest that (S)-methadone may relate to patients' dissatisfaction with methadone treatment. Depressed methadone patients may be more sensitive to negative opioid effects and opioid withdrawal.

Este artigo apresenta resultados parciais quantitativos da cidade do Rio de Janeiro, Zona Norte, Brasil, de estudo multicêntrico envolvendo sete países latino-americanos e Canadá. O objetivo foi descrever a perspectiva de familiares/pessoas próximas a usuários de drogas ilícitas sobre fatores protetores e de risco, iniciativas de prevenção, serviços de tratamento e aspectos legais relacionados às drogas ilícitas. Foram entrevistados 99 indivíduos autodeclarados pessoalmente afetados por terem um familiar/pessoa próxima usuário de drogas ilícitas, abordando sua perspectiva quanto aos domínios chave. Os informantes eram principalmente mulheres (73,7%); os familiares usuários de drogas eram principalmente homens (78,2%); a droga mais usada era a maconha (77,8%). Como fator protetor destacou-se a existência na comunidade de atividades recreativo-esportivas (88,9%) e, como fator de risco, a curiosidade por novas experiências (94,4%). Os principais serviços de tratamento eram de grupos de igrejas (51,5%) e as leis deveriam ser mais punitivas (82,8%). Conclui-se que essas informações são essenciais na luta contra o uso/abuso de drogas, indicando a necessidade de ações que valorizem perspectivas diversas em diferentes níveis. This article presents the partial results of a multicenter, qualitative study, which involved seven Latin-American countries and Canada. The results presented refer to Northern Rio de Janeiro (city), Brazil. The objective of the study was to describe the perspective of relatives/acquaintances of illicit drug users about protective and risk factors, prevention initiatives, treatment services, and legal aspects regarding illicit drugs. Interviews were performed with 99 individuals, who reported being affected by their relationship with an illicit drug user (relative or acquaintance), approaching their perspectives regarding the key-domains. Most participants were women (73.7%); relatives who used drugs were mostly men (78.2%); the most consumed drug was marijuana (77.8%). The highlighted protective factor was having recreational-sports activities in the community (88.9%), and the risk factor was curiosity for trying something new (94.4%). The main treatment services were Church Groups (51.5%), and participants stated that laws should be more punitive (82.8%). In conclusion, this information is essential to fight against drug use/abuse, showing that there is a need for actions that consider different perspectives at different levels. Este artículo presenta los resultados parciales cuantitativos, del área norte de la ciudad de Río de Janeiro, en Brasil; esta investigación hace parte de un estudio multicéntrico, realizado en siete países latinoamericanos y en Canadá. El estudio tuvo por objetivo describir la perspectiva de familiares/personas cercanas de usuarios de drogas ilícitas, considerando los factores de protección y de riesgo, las iniciativas de prevención, los servicios de tratamiento y los aspectos legales relacionados a las drogas ilícitas. Fueron entrevistados 99 individuos que se declararon personalmente afectados por tener un familiar/persona cercana que es o fue usuario de drogas ilícitas; la entrevista se hizo sobre cuatro dominios. Los informantes fueron principalmente mujeres (73,7%); los familiares/personas cercanas usuarios de drogas fueron principalmente hombres (78,2%); la droga más usada fue la marihuana (77,8%). Como factor de protección se destacó la existencia, en la comunidad, de actividades recreativas deportivas (88,9%). Como factor de riesgo fue destacada la curiosidad por realizar nuevas experiencias (94,4%). Los servicios de tratamiento más importantes fueron de grupos relacionados a la Iglesia (51,5%). Los entrevistados creían que las leyes deberían ser más punitivas (82,8%). Se concluye que estas informaciones son esenciales para luchar contra el uso/abuso de las drogas, indicando la necesidad de implementar programas que actúen en las diferentes áreas relacionadas con el consumo de drogas.

Con el objetivo de estimar la diferencia entre las normas percibidas sobre el uso de drogas por los pares y el uso real de drogas entre estudiantes universitarios se efectuó un estudio cuantitativo transversal, basado en una encuesta de 196 estudiantes de enfermería de Lima. Se utilizó un cuestionario que midió la percepción del uso de drogas y el propio uso. La información fue analizada con estadística descriptiva; fue considerando un valor mayor, menor o igual a 10% para establecer la diferencia. Las normas percibidas para alcohol y tabaco fueron mayores de 50%, mientras que para marihuana y cocaína fue de 6%. El 57,7% informó haber usado tabaco, 84,7% alcohol, 2,6% marihuana y 1% cocaína; se encontró que existe sobreestimación sobre el uso de marihuana y cocaína, subestimación para el alcohol, y percepción exacta para el uso de tabaco. Los resultados serán de utilidad para sensibilizar a las autoridades universitarias e para implementar políticas o programas de prevención. This quantitative, cross-sectional study was performed to estimate the difference between the perceived norms among university students, based on a survey of 196 nursing students from Lima, Peru. A questionnaire was used to measure the students' perception about drug use and their actual use. Descriptive statistical analysis was performed, considering a value greater, smaller or equal to 10 to establish the difference. The perceived norms for alcohol and tobacco were above 50%, against 6% for marijuana and cocaine; with 57.7% of participants reporting tobacco use, 84.7% alcohol, 2.6% marijuana and 1% cocaine. Marijuana and cocaine use was overestimated, while alcohol use was underestimated. The perception of tobacco use was correct. The study findings are useful to sensitize university authorities and put prevention policies in practice. Com o objetivo de estimar a diferença entre as normas percebidas sobre o uso de drogas por estudantes universitários, foi realizado estudo quantitativo transversal, baseado em censo com 196 estudantes de enfermagem de Lima, Peru. Utilizou-se questionário com a finalidade de medir a percepção do uso de drogas e do próprio uso, analisando-se a informação com estatística descritiva, considerando valor maior, menor ou igual a 10 pontos para estabelecer a diferença. As normas percebidas para o álcool e tabaco foram maiores que 50%, enquanto que para maconha e cocaína foi de 6%; 57,7% referiram ter usado tabaco, 84,7% álcool, 2,6% maconha e 1% cocaína. Existe superestimação do uso de maconha e cocaína, subestimação para o uso de álcool e percepção exata para o uso de tabaco. Os resultados são úteis para sensibilizar as autoridades universitárias e implementar políticas de prevenção.

El objetivo del estudio fue conocer las opiniones de un grupo de personas sobre aspectos legales en materia de adicción. Se trata de un estudio descriptivo transversal; se aplicó una encuesta estructurada, formada por 4 apartados. Uno de los criterios para participar fue que la persona no consumiera drogas y que conociera a alguien cercano que las consumía. Los datos obtenidos se procesaron en el paquete estadístico SPSS V. 14. Participaron 100 sujetos, en el cual, 75% eran del género femenino, 38% tenían una relación de amistad con un usuario de drogas ilícitas, el cual consumía mayoritariamente marihuana y cocaína. Como opinión general, se sugiere que las leyes sean más rigurosas para quienes consumen, venden o transportan drogas. Las leyes actuales no mejoran la conducta criminal de los consumidores. Es importante realizar otros estudios, de opinión sobre este fenómeno, que puedan ofrecer una visión más real del problema de las drogas. The objective of this cross-sectional, descriptive study was to obtain the opinions of a group of people about legal issues regarding addiction. Data collection was performed using a structured questionnaire with four themes. In order to participate, the individual could not use any drugs but should have a close relationship with a drug user. The data was processed using SPSS V. 14. There were 100 participants, 75% of whom were women, and 38% had a drug user as a friend, mainly cocaine and marijuana users. The participants had one opinion in common: laws should be more severe for people who use, sell, or transport drugs. The current laws do not improve consumers' criminal behavior. There is a need for further studies addressing people's opinion about this phenomenon in order to obtain a more realistic view of this drug issue. Este estudo teve como objetivo conhecer as opiniões de um grupo de pessoas sobre questões jurídicas no domínio dos vícios. É estudo transversal, descritivo. Para o levantamento, foi utilizado um questionário estruturado com quatro temas. Um dos critérios para a participação era de que a pessoa não usasse drogas e que tivesse alguém próximo que usasse. Os dados foram processados usando SPSS V. 14. Participaram 100 indivíduos, dos quais 75% eram do sexo feminino, 38% tinham relação amigável com um usuário de drogas ilícitas, principalmente consumidores de maconha e cocaína. Como opinião geral sugeriram que as leis deviam ser mais punitivas para aqueles que consomem, vendem ou transportam drogas. As leis vigentes não melhoram o comportamento criminoso dos consumidores. É importante conduzir estudos de opinião sobre o fenômeno para que se possa ter visão mais realista do problema do consumo de droga.