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Increasing world’s population, rapid urbanization, and modern lifestyle results in enormous generation of food bio-residues and wastes from various agricultural, household, and industrial activities. Approximately one-third of the total food produced is lost/wasted every year, according to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) that represents a significant threat to food systems sustainability and environment. Multi-faceted and state-of-the-art solutions are continuously being explored and executed by research scientists, food industries, and government/non-government organizations to address the social, economic, and environmental concerns, depleted fossil fuel resources and climate change. Discarded food waste and bio-residues are enriched with a plethora of high-value biomolecules, such as Carbohydrates, lipids, lignin-based molecules, and proteins. These compounds are thought to exhibit a vast economic potential for transforming into a range of revenue sources, such as biofuels, biopolymers, organic acids, enzymes, nutraceuticals, and functional sugars etc. Enzyme-assisted bio-transformations have been stepped up as a sustainable valorization way for the effective treatment of such food waste. This approach is capable of efficient conversion of lignin-based food bio-residues into a large number of high-value bioproducts and industrial commodities given excellent catalytic performance, eco-sustainability, process stability, and amenability to commercial utility. This review spotlights recent and state-of-art information about food waste as a growing environmental burden, current practices, and enzyme-based valorization approaches to convert food waste into marketable products, including biofuels, prebiotics, biodegradable plastics, sweeteners, bioactive compounds, rare functional sugars, biosurfactants, etc. Current challenges, conclusive remarks, and future bioeconomy prospects are also discussed to accomplish the target goals of sustainable industrial production along with food waste minimization. In conclusion, enzymes' deployment might constitute an eco-friendly and sustainable solution for food waste management by producing high-value products.

Alzheimer’s disease (AD), a neurological disorder, is as a complex chronic disease of brain cell death that usher to cognitive decline and loss of memory. Its prevalence differs according to risk factors associated with it and necropsy performs vital role in its definite diagnosis. The stages of AD vary from preclinical to severe that proceeds to death of patient with no availability of treatment. Biomarker may be a biochemical change that can be recognized by different emerging technologies such as proteomics and metabolomics. Plasma biomarkers, 5-protein classifiers, are readily being used for the diagnosis of AD and can also predict its progression with a great accuracy, specificity, and sensitivity. In this review, upregulation or downregulation of few plasma proteins in patients with AD has also been discussed, when juxtaposed with control, and thus serves as potent biomarker in the diagnosis of AD.

Body interrelated complex system maintain body hemostasis but severe vascular injury reprehensible for thrombus formation. Fibrinogen is a prime protein in fibrinolysis. Complex cascade pathway involves in conversion of plasminogen to plasmin to perform fibrinolysis and plasminogen activating inhibitor (PAI) cease this pathway. The genetic and acquired factors influence clot formation while it curbs by factor VIII. This review aims to illustrate significance of fibrinolytic enzymes, Nattokinase, Urokinase, Staphylokinase and streptokinase as therapeutic agent to control myocardial infraction, venous stroke and pulmonary clotting.