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Objective The objective of the study was to synthesize the epidemiological findings for the associations between dysmenorrhea, including primary dysmenorrhea and endometriosis-associated dysmenorrhea and any chronic pain conditions, including chronic pelvic pain, and chronic nonpelvic pain. Data Sources The data sources included PubMed, Embase, and CINAHL from inception to December 2019. Study Eligibility Criteria The study criteria included observational population-based studies in which the relationship between dysmenorrhea and the presence or severity of chronic pain was examined. Study Appraisal and Synthesis Methods Each study was double coded and evaluated for bias based on the modified Newcastle and Ottawa Scale. Random-effect meta-analyses were conducted to quantify the associations between dysmenorrhea and the presence of chronic pelvic and nonpelvic pain. Results Out of 9452 records, 32 studies were included, with 14 reporting associations between dysmenorrhea and chronic pelvic pain, and 20 for dysmenorrhea and chronic nonpelvic pain. Primary dysmenorrhea and endometriosis-associated dysmenorrhea were examined in 7 studies, respectively. More than 30% of the studies were categorized as poor quality, 56% as moderate, and 12.5% as high. Dysmenorrhea was positively associated with both the presence and severity of chronic pelvic and nonpelvic pain conditions. Based on 6689 women from 8 studies, those with chronic pelvic pain had 2.43 (95% confidence interval, 1.98–2.99, I2, 42%) times the odds of having dysmenorrhea compared with those without. Based on 3750 women from 11 studies, those with chronic nonpelvic pain had 2.62 (95% confidence interval, 1.84–3.72, I2, 72%) times the odds of having dysmenorrhea compared with those without. Overall, dysmenorrhea was associated with 2.50 (95% confidence interval, 2.02–3.10) times the odds of chronic pain, which did not differ by chronic pelvic vs chronic nonpelvic pain, community vs clinical populations, or different geographical regions. Conclusions Dysmenorrhea may be a general risk factor for chronic pain, although whether primary dysmenorrhea increases the risk for chronic pain is unclear. Given that adolescence is a sensitive period for neurodevelopment, elucidating the role of primary dysmenorrhea in pain chronicity in future longitudinal studies is important for preventing both chronic pelvic and nonpelvic pain.

Purpose This paper aims to study the effects of perceived organizational support (POS) on employees’ knowledge sharing intention (KSI). More specifically, this study examined whether these effects are moderated by job characteristics (JCs) and are mediated by organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). Design/methodology/approach Data for 426 employees were collected via an online questionnaire from four IT companies in South Korea. Combined effects in the variable set were analyzed using conditional process analyses (Hayes, 2013). Findings The results indicate that POS positively affects OCB and KSI, and that JCs moderate the relationship between POS and OCB. Also, the relationship between POS and KSI is mediated by OCB, and the hypothesized moderated mediation model is confirmed. Originality/value This study is novel in empirically establishing how employees’ KSI is affected by POS as an integrative construct bringing together JCs and OCB. This paper intends to fill a methodological gap and nurture future research by adopting conditional process analyses assessing whether JCs moderate the relationship between POS and OCB and mediate the effects of OCB on KSI.

Resveratrol is a phytoalexin synthesized by a wide variety of plants, which has been proven to be effective in suppressing oxidative stress and inflammation. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of Resveratrol's prodrug: 3,5,4'-tri-O-acetylresveratrol, on seawater drowning-induced acute lung injury (SWD-ALI). Histological changes were assessed to study lung injuries; cytokines in lung samples were monitored by ELISA to reflect inflammation; T-SOD and MDA activity were detected to examine oxidative stress in lung tissues. Besides, we also tested the expression of NF-κB and HIF-1α to probe the possible protecting mechanism of 3,5,4'-tri-O-acetylresveratrol on AWD-ALI. The results showed that pretreatment with different doses of 3,5,4'-tri-O-acetylresveratrol improved seawater-induced lung histopathologic changes, alleviated lung edema, reduced the production of inflammatory mediators including TNF-α and IL-1β, inhibited MDA activity, and enhanced T-SOD activity, which was possibly associated with inhibition of NF-κB and HIF-1α. In conclusion, the current study demonstrated that 3,5,4'-tri-O-acetylresveratrol exhibited a protective effect on SWD-ALI by inhibiting of the inflammatory response, which may also involve the suppression of oxidative stress in lung tissues.