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Background To date, no immunological data on COVID-19 heterologous vaccination schedules in humans have been reported. We assessed the immunogenicity and reactogenicity of BNT162b2 (Comirnaty, BioNTech, Mainz, Germany) administered as second dose in participants primed with ChAdOx1-S (Vaxzevria, AstraZeneca, Oxford, UK). Methods We did a phase 2, open-label, randomised, controlled trial on adults aged 18–60 years, vaccinated with a single dose of ChAdOx1-S 8–12 weeks before screening, and no history of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Participants were randomly assigned (2:1) to receive either BNT162b2 (0·3 mL) via a single intramuscular injection (intervention group) or continue observation (control group). The primary outcome was 14-day immunogenicity, measured by immunoassays for SARS-CoV-2 trimeric spike protein and receptor binding domain (RBD). Antibody functionality was assessed using a pseudovirus neutralisation assay, and cellular immune response using an interferon-γ immunoassay. The safety outcome was 7-day reactogenicity, measured as solicited local and systemic adverse events. The primary analysis included all participants who received at least one dose of BNT162b2 and who had at least one efficacy evaluation after baseline. The safety analysis included all participants who received BNT162b2. This study is registered with EudraCT (2021-001978-37) and ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT04860739), and is ongoing. Findings Between April 24 and 30, 2021, 676 individuals were enrolled and randomly assigned to either the intervention group (n=450) or control group (n=226) at five university hospitals in Spain (mean age 44 years [SD 9]; 382 [57%] women and 294 [43%] men). 663 (98%) participants (n=441 intervention, n=222 control) completed the study up to day 14. In the intervention group, geometric mean titres of RBD antibodies increased from 71·46 BAU/mL (95% CI 59·84–85·33) at baseline to 7756·68 BAU/mL (7371·53–8161·96) at day 14 (p

El Tercer Sector (TS) nace de la necesidad de generar un nuevo agente entre el sector público y el privado, y que por lo tanto represente a la ciudadanía. En España, la historia de las ONG demuestra que han sido organizaciones ligadas al poder público, desde su introducción como entidades asistencialistas tras la guerra civil. El objetivo de este trabajo, es realizar un análisis exhaustivo de la comunicación del Tercer Sector de modo general, y en particular, en la ciudad de Valladolid. Se desarrolla un profundo análisis del uso de la comunicación que hacen las entidades locales. Como metodología se ha empleado la técnica de investigación cuantitativa: cuestionario. La técnica permite obtener inferencias sobre la imagen que tienen las organizaciones no lucrativas de Valladolid frente a la ciudadanía. Entre los resultados destacamos que la principal fuente de financiación procede del ámbito público, por lo que persiste el modelo tradicional de gestión presupuestaria que siguen los organismos del Tercer Sector en España. Además, las entidades disponen de más voluntarios que trabajadores y utilizan las nuevas tecnologías para contactar con su público, aunque la ciudadanía encuestada manifiesta que no es receptora de los mensajes emitidos por las ONG, y consideran que no gestionan eficazmente su comunicación.

Background: The ketogenic diet (KD) is an effective treatment against drug-resistant epilepsy in children. The KD is a diet rich in fats that produces anticonvulsant and neuroprotective effects that reduces seizures and improves the cognitive state. Nevertheless, it can produce side effects that sometimes can be serious. Further, the effect on growth is quite controversial when used for an extended period of time. The aim of this paper was to assess the effectiveness, side effects, and repercussions in the development of children who have been treated with a KD for more than 2 years. Methods: Observational descriptive study of 26 pediatric patients on a KD, with data collection at baseline, at 3, 6, and 12 months, and then once a year. Number of seizures, type of seizures, anti-seizure drugs, anthropometry, side effects, and alterations in laboratory assessment were monitored. Results: In every assessment, about 60%&ndash, 75% of the patients experienced a reduction in number of seizures of over 90%, and at least 50% experienced side effects, of which digestive issues, alteration in the lipid metabolism, and hypercalciuria were the most common. The KD significantly affected height after 2 years of treatment. Conclusions: The KD is an effective treatment for drug-resistant epilepsy. Its side effects, although common, are very mild, therefore, this constitutes a very safe treatment for children of all ages. More studies are needed to identify and prevent potential causes of growth retardation in children on the KD.

La publicidad en la sociedad actual ocupa un lugar clave, debido al motor económico que representa en las sociedades capitalistas. Esta disciplina tiene su merecido lugar en las universidades españolas y a través de sus planes de estudio se pretende formar profesionales cualificados para el desarrollo de la actividad. Una de las asignaturas clave, sobre todo en los primeros cursos, es Teoría General de la Publicidad, donde el alumno toma un primer contacto con la disciplina, de ahí la enorme importancia que tiene para este tipo de estudios. La llegada del Espacio Europeo de Educación Superior (EEES) a la universidad española supuso un replanteamiento en la impartición de las asignaturas desde el punto de vista metodológico. Docente y alumno tienen como camino la guía docente que se presenta al inicio del curso. Esta investigación analiza las guías docentes de la asignatura Teoría General de la Publicidad en las universidades españolas, utilizando como metodología el análisis de contenido. El análisis se limita únicamente a la información publicada en la web de las universidades sobre la guía docente de la asignatura mencionada. Así, se elaboró una plantilla compuesta por 85 variables que detallan el contenido expuesto sobre la asignatura. Los resultados ponen de manifiesto la inapropiada construcción de la guía docente de esta asignatura clave para la enseñanza de la Publicidad y las Relaciones Públicas.

En el contexto mediático actual, el usuario está expuesto cada día a una saturación informativa sin precedentes. La diversidad de medios mediante los que recibe informaciones, junto con la revolución a todos los niveles que ha supuesto la integración de Internet, hace que el consumidor esté bombardeado literalmente por multitud de mensajes. Pero este bombardeo no implica una calidad informativa, sino que puede suponer un desajuste entre el número de informaciones y la calidad de las mismas, evitando así que el usuario conozca la realidad con veracidad y profundidad. Este artículo analiza exhaustivamente el fenómeno de esta sobreexposición denominado infoxicación, los peligros reales que encierra, las soluciones posibles y cómo afecta al usuario y al Periodismo en la producción de productos escritos y audiovisuales a través de los diversos medios.

Background: Glucose transporter type 1 deficiency syndrome (GLUT1DS) is caused by mutations in the SLC2A1 gene and produces seizures, neurodevelopmental impairment, and movement disorders. Ketogenic dietary therapies (KDT) are the gold standard treatment. Similar symptoms may appear in SLC2A1 negative patients. The purpose is to evaluate the effectiveness of KDT in children with GLUT1DS suspected SLC2A1 (+) and (-), side effects (SE), and the impact on patients nutritional status. Methods: An observational descriptive study was conducted to describe 18 children (January 2009–August 2020). SLC2A1 analysis, seizures, movement disorder, anti-epileptic drugs (AEDS), anthropometry, SE, and laboratory assessment were monitored baseline and at 3, 6, 12, and 24 months after the onset of KDT. Results: 6/18 were SLC2A1(+) and 13/18 had seizures. In these groups, the age for debut of symptoms was higher. The mean time from debut to KDT onset was higher in SLC2A1(+). The modified Atkins diet (MAD) was used in 12 (5 SLC2A1(+)). Movement disorder improved (4/5), and a reduction in seizures &gt, 50% compared to baseline was achieved in more than half of the epileptic children throughout the follow-up. No differences in effectiveness were found according to the type of KDT. Early SE occurred in 33%. Long-term SE occurred in 10, 5, 7, and 5 children throughout the follow-up. The most frequent SE were constipation, hypercalciuria, and hyperlipidaemia. No differences in growth were found according to the SLC2A1 mutation or type of KDT. Conclusions: CKD and MAD were effective for SLC2A1 positive and negative patients in our cohort. SE were frequent, but mild. Permanent monitoring should be made to identify SE and nutritional deficits.

Objective To develop a relative value unit (RVU)-based tool for the measurement and reimbursement of pharmacy services for clinical trials. Methods A portfolio of activities was agreed by consensus in four tertiary hospitals. Related activities were pooled into several categories or intermediate products. We recorded the duration of each activity by multiple determinations. We then calculated the average time of all determinations. The reference activity was assigned a value of 1. All other activities were compared to the reference activity to obtain the RVU. To establish which items should be invoiced to third parties for the activities performed, we defined the final products (different types of clinical trials according to their complexity). Results Ten intermediate products and five final products were differentiated. Six intermediate products could be repeated over the course of a clinical trial and seven were performed whether or not the clinical trial had included patients. Each final product consisted of different categories. The total number of RVUs produced for a clinical trial was the sum of each constant category value plus the repetitive category values multiplied by the number of repetitions. Conclusion The application of RVU methodology in investigational drug services allows a more precise quantification of services performed. After a prospective validation to confirm the applicability of this tool, it may contribute to more appropriate invoicing to third parties for these services.

Currently, the influencer implies the translation, the new version of the opinion leader applied to the online medium, taking advantage of the enormous potential shown by social networks. According to the Annual Study of Social Networks (IABSpain, 2016), 85% of users declare that they follow the influencers in social networks. The influencer is a person who has a certain credibility on a specific topic and whose presence and influence in social networks makes him or her an appropriate prescriber of a certain brand. The objective of this paper is to analyze the new panorama of the figure of the influencer as a fundamental element in the Social Media strategy of organizations, and in the development of false advertising, since the opinions presented by the influencer in many cases are disguised and They omit key information for the user. For this, a mixed methodology is applied: conceptual / theoretical and content analysis. Among the most relevant conclusions is the justification for the use of influencer by companies from different sectors in their online marketing strategy, the lack of legality in digital advertising, the recurrent practice of covert advertising using the figure of influencer.

This contribution addresses the development of sociolinguistic competence in language contact situations focusing mainly on the analysis of a literary work and the training of future teachers. The work covers a broad objective: providing resources and expertise to activate coping strategies and let activities to be prepared to reflect on language use available in varied situations and contexts. The design of our approach is articulated around three axes: the historical, the view of the events of the War of Independence through the figure of the Sagunt-born guerrilla leader Jose Romeu Parras; literary, theatrical approach (Valencian author and drama of the late nineteenth century); and the analysis of the relationship between language (Valencian and Spanish) and society.

Background: In a minority of patients with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) and aquaporin-4 antibodies (AQP4-IgG), the disease has a paraneoplastic origin. It is unknown whether these patients have distinctive clinical features. Objective: To report the clinical features of a series of patients with paraneoplastic NMOSD and AQP4-IgG and to review previously reported cases. Methods: Retrospective analysis of clinical records of 156 patients with NMOSD and AQP4-IgG and review of previously reported patients with paraneoplastic NMOSD and AQP4-IgG. Paraneoplastic patients were defined as those with cancer identified within 2 years of the diagnosis of NMOSD. Results: Five (3.2%) of 156 patients had paraneoplastic NMOSD, and 12 previously reported patients were identified. The most common tumors were adenocarcinoma of the lung (five patients) and breast (five). Compared with the 151 non-paraneoplastic NMOSD patients, the 17 (5 current cases and 12 previously reported) were older at symptom onset (median age = 55 (range: 17–87) vs 40 (range: 10–77) years; p = 0.006), more frequently male (29.4% vs 6.6%; p = 0.009), and presented with severe nausea and vomiting (41.2% vs 6.6%; p < 0.001). The frequency of longitudinal extensive transverse myelitis (LETM) as heralding symptom was similar in both groups, but patients with paraneoplastic NMOSD were older than those with non-paraneoplastic NMOSD (median age: 63 (range: 48–73) vs 43 (range: 14–74) years; p = 0.001). Conclusion: Patients, predominantly male, with NMOSD and AQP4-IgG should be investigated for an underlying cancer if they present with nausea and vomiting, or LETM after 45 years of age.

The insulating materials for radio frequency (RF) windows and different antenna supports for heating systems and some diagnostics are still an unresolved issue in future fusion machines such as DEMO. Alumina ceramic (Al2O3) is one of the main candidate materials for these systems. The dielectric properties, such as electrical permittivity (ε) and loss tangent (tanδ), determine its power losses. Therefore, tanδ values need to be low, between 10–6 and 10–3 depending on the application. However, due to the crucial role of the manufacturing process in determining its final dielectric properties, there is the need to undertake a joint effort with the industry in order to validate a standard manufacturing route that ensures a supply of ceramic material with homogeneous and standardized dielectric properties for future fusion machines. In DEMO, these ceramic materials will be operated under extreme conditions. They will be exposed to considerable levels of neutron irradiation. Radiation Induced Conductivity (RIC) and Radiation Induced Electrical Degradation (RIED) are phenomena that influence notoriously on the dielectric performance of these materials. Therefore, their optimum properties must be tested under relevant irradiation conditions. Hence, it is important to accurately characterize their dielectric properties before irradiation to be able to compare them with the future post neutron irradiation results. Furthermore, other types of radiation such as beta and gamma are also used in the irradiation scheme to provide more information on the variation of dielectric properties of ceramics due to radiation effects. In this work, loss tangent and permittivity values of some pre-irradiated candidate materials will be presented as well as the measuring techniques used at CIEMAT. These techniques have the advantage of covering a very broad range of frequencies required for alumina applications in fusion (from kHz to GHz) and giving the best accuracy for very low losses.

16 p.-4 fig., Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive motor neuron degenerative disease that has no effective treatment up to date. Drug discovery tasks have been hampered due to the lack of knowledge in its molecular etiology together with the limited animal models for research. Recently, a motor neuron disease animal model has been developed using β-Nmethylamino-L-alanine (L-BMAA), a neurotoxic amino acid related to the appearing of ALS.In the present work, the neuroprotective role of VP2.51, a small heterocyclic GSK-3 inhibitor,is analysed in this novel murine model together with the analysis of autophagy. VP2.51daily administration for two weeks, starting the first day after L-BMAA treatment, leads to total recovery of neurological symptoms and prevents the activation of autophagic processes in rats. These results show that the L-BMAAmurine model can be used to test the efficacy of new drugs. In addition, the results confirmthe therapeutic potential of GSK-3 inhibitors, and specially VP2.51, for the disease-modifying future treatment of motor neuron disorders like ALS., This work was supported by MINECO (grant no. SAF2012-37979- C03-01), FUNDELA (Spanish Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Foundation) and Association Francaise contre les Myopathies (AFM-16169).

Este trabajo analiza la comunicación corporativa de un centenar de empresas y organizaciones sin ánimo de lucro a través de sus portales Web. Para ello se recurrió a la técnica de análisis de contenido. Los resultados ponen de manifiesto la inadecuada gestión de la comunicación corporativa en este medio, con deficiencias notorias en el desarrollo de las posibilidades de uso del medio. Además, si bien formalmente se da importancia a la comunicación corporativa, también se acusa la ausencia de elementos comunicativos fundamentales y la deficiente ubicación de algunos contenidos que efectivamente consta en las páginas Web.

Cada vez son m as las organizaciones dentro del ambito sanitario que apuestan por integrar en su politica de funcionamiento un Sistema de Gestion de la Calidad (SGC) con la finalidad de demostrar su habilidad en prestar servicios y/o elaborar productos. Uno de los modelos de SGC m as implantados y con mayor repercusion global es el modelo de certificacion segun norma UNE-EN ISO 9001:2000. La familia de normas ISO 9000 es un conjunto de normas y directrices internacionales para la gestion de la calidad, establecidas por la Organizacion Internacional para la Estandarizacion (ISO), que pueden aplicarse en cualquier tipo de organizacion. Se extendio desde su publicacion inicial en 1987 y, principalmente, a partir de su version de 1994. Su impulso fue r apido en el mundo de la empresa y, concretamente, en el sector industrial. Su mision se oriento a promover el desarrollo de la estandarizacion, con la vision de facilitar el intercambio internacional de bienes y servicios, y desarrollar la cooperacion en la actividad intelectual, cientifica, tecnologica y comercial. Durante un periodo de cambios en nuestra organizacion, se detecto la necesidad de replantear ciertos circuitos y procesos internos. Se considero que podria ser de gran utilidad contar con alguna herramienta que ayudara a realizar nuevos planteamientos de una manera ordenada y coherente, en linea con lo realizado en otros servicios hospitalarios diferentes.

The term progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) denotes a demyelinating neurological disease caused by oligodendrocyte destruction produced by reactivation of human polyomavirus JC, usually acquired in childhood. The advent of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) has contributed to the marked increase in the frequency of this disease and to incomplete discovery of the complex and close molecular relations between JC and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Clinical manifestations are nonspecific and are typical of any demyelinating disease, although PML is more aggressive and has a poor prognosis. Definitive diagnosis is based on histological analysis, but neuroimaging and polymerase chain reaction for JC virus in cerebrospinal fluid can also be used. There is no curative therapy. Autoimmune diseases and, recently, iatrogenic damage by immunosuppressors and monoclonal antibodies, are other causes of this disease.

La publicidad forma parte de la vida diaria del ciudadano y es una pieza fundamental en el entramado de los mass media en el contexto digital. En el panorama mediático-comunicacional actual, la publicidad se conforma como un elemento clave en la influencia, modificación de hábitos y comportamientos del ciudadano, de ahí que sea importante agente educador desde un doble criterio: por un lado, como instrumento de socialización del individuo, y por otro, como agente manipulador que conduce al individuo hacia los intereses de marcas y organizaciones. El mensaje publicitario es concebido como invasor y agente educador en la era digital. The advertising forms a part of the daily life of the citizen and is a fundamental piece in the scheme of the mass media. In the media - communication current outlook, the advertising conforms as a key element in the influence and behaviors of the citizen, therefore is an important educational agent from a double criterion: on the one hand, like instrument of socialization of the individual, and on the other hand, as manipulative agent who leads the individual towards the interests of brands and organizations. The advertising message is conceived as invader and educational agent in the digital age.

Follow-up of clinical trials is a commitment rarely fulfilled by research ethics committees (RECs). We assessed the output of clinical trials submitted in 1997 to our REC, and talked to principal investigators, sponsors, contract research organisations, or a combination of these. During 1997, our REC reviewed 166 clinical trials, and approved 158. The recruitment rate was lower than expected in 45% (64/143) of all initiated clinical trials; 64% (92/143) were finished in accordance with protocol. 3 years after, the results of only 21% (26/123) of finished clinical trials were published in peer-reviewed journals, rising to 31% (38/123) if in-press articles were included. RECs should devote more effort and resources to assess public dissemination of results of clinical trials.

La prensa forma parte de la vida diaria del ciudadano y se conforma como medio de información y entretenimiento dentro del conjunto de los mass media. En el panorama mediáticocomunicacional actual, la prensa (tanto en papel como online), constituye un elemento clave en la influencia, modificación de hábitos y comportamiento del ciudadano, de ahí que sea un importante agente educador, desde un doble criterio: por un lado, como instrumento de socialización del individuo, y por otro, como agente manipulador que conduce al individuo hacia los planteamientos e intereses de grupos mediáticos, gobiernos y organizaciones. El mensaje periodístico presenta un doble carácter: manipulador y agente educador en la era digital. La función educadora de la prensa se analiza desde varios puntos de vista: social, económico, cultural y ético.