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In the field of evidence theory, the processing of uncertain information is a very important research orientation, which has been receiving widespread attention in academic community. Recently, Yager and Alajlan proposed a method to evaluate the belief structure satisfaction to uncertain target values. However, this method ignored the effect of the overlapping degree between events. In this paper, a new method used to calculate the belief structure satisfaction is proposed. With different overlapping degrees between events considered, this new method effectively quantifies the evaluation interval of the belief structure satisfaction. The validity of the proposed belief structure satisfaction is verified in an illustrative application for multi-criteria decision-making through a combination of evidential axiomatic design process.

Product concept generation and evaluation are critical for the success of new product developments (NPD) because managers need to select the most profitable product concepts. However, current approaches can be restricted to single products and do not cover product families' effects. Similarly, they do not necessarily capture all requirements and usually lack extensive cost analyses. Thus, this paper proposes a framework supporting product concept generation and evaluation by providing an accessible conceptualization to overcome the limitations. Using the so-called Extended Axiomatic Design (EAD) supports designers and managers to configure the requirements across product concepts' various domains while concurrently evaluating their economic consequences. The study applies the framework on a simplified case of a bottle manufacturer to conceptualize four product concepts. The case illustrates how the EAD can be used as a virtual testbed to generate and evaluate new product concepts. Finally, designers and managers can make more informed decisions about product concepts by considering their economic and engineering selection criteria to select the most profitable NPD project configuration.

As a useful product development technique, quality function deployment (QFD) can convert customer requirements into suitable engineering characteristics for maximum customer satisfaction. Nonethele...

As the demands of customers in the modern industry increased, the number of products, and the variety of components has increased. These issues have led to difficulties in product development and production. Modularization of products has advantages such as cost reduction, product development time reduction, and production time reduction. Modular design of products has been studied in the design activities of the modern industry. In this study, a modular design method is proposed to design a modular product based on axiomatic design (AD) and design structure matrix (DSM). AD and DSM are efficiently integrated into the proposed method. Functional requirements and design parameters are defined based on the Independence Axiom of AD, and the zigzagging process of AD is employed for the decomposition of the functional requirements (FRs) and design parameters (DPs). The design sequence is established based on the design matrix. Coupled or functionally close DPs are grouped into a module (Module 1). These modules are efficiently used in the design sequence. DSM is used to modularize the design parameters of the lowest level of axiomatic design. DSM is constructed based on physical interfaces and numerical clustering algorithms are used to identify strongly related components. They are grouped into a module (Module 2). Module 2 is exploited for production and management. Therefore, these two modules for different purposes can be used to increase efficiency in the design and production process. The proposed method is applied to two automobile parts such as the suspension system and cooling system. The results are discussed from the viewpoint of usefulness.

Software system and conceptual design are highly abstract and functionally based. In recent years, the software system has been developing rapidly whereas the growth of hardware system is slow. However, it is difficult to transfer the knowledge from software to hardware for conceptual design due to the discipline gaps between software and hardware. Axiomatic design theory bridges software and hardware design conceptually; but lacks in further methodologies for transforming the software system structure to the axiomatic design matrix. This paper focuses on developing a methodology to conceptually design firmware which will help bridge the gap between software and hardware conceptual design. A conversion method between the axiomatic design matrix and the widely used UML sequence diagram was developed. This helps the designers identify Functional Requirements (FRs), Design Parameters (DPs) and their dependencies (i.e., Functional Couplings). In this methodology Functional Messages (FMs) are introduced, defined as the messages of UML sequence diagram and they are used for transition to axiomatic design matrix. DPs of design matrix are defined as the objects in the UML sequence diagram, and FRs of design matrix are generated by merging FMs depending on their flow of information in the sequence diagram. A case study was performed on software system of FDM 3D Printer to validate the proposed method. The UML Sequence diagram of the software system of FDM 3D Printer was successfully transformed into the design matrix. Then Design Coupling Sequence approach was applied to find the proper executable sequence to improve the software design concept of the 3D printer and innovation opportunities were suggested. By using this method, the Software system architecture of FDM 3D Printer was improved conceptually by decoupling the highly coupled DPs, which makes the system more efficient by reducing the build time of a 3D printed part.

With the capacity increase of large-scale DC renewable energy and DC loads, the reliability issues of hybrid AC/DC networks become increasingly prominent. On the other hand, a modern distribution network should also deliver power to individual customers based on their priority levels and the traditional reliability indices are not suitable for modern networks. Flexible reliability (FR) is a new concept that considers the loads’ importance in the reliability evaluation of distribution grids. In this study, a novel comprehensive FR index is introduced for hybrid AC/DC networks. To determine the proposed index, power networks are modelled as a topological combination of edges and nodes. An axiomatic design concept which is a systematic binary matrix-based approach is then employed for topology analysis. The proposed index is based on the systematic counting of feasible paths from generators to loads, considering loads’ importance. The effectiveness of the proposed index is demonstrated through an illustrative example and IEEE 33-bus distribution system.

Increased industrial accidents and accelerated industrial accidents forced businesses to take precautions. This is important not only for businesses to continue their operations smoothly, but also for the human element; the only valuable, rare, inimitable and substitutable resource of the enterprise. In this study, a new occupational safety management system was designed according to Axiomatic Design principles with agile management approach and put into practice in a company in automotive sector. As a result of the study, some steps of the model have been put into practice and some steps have been taken into planning in the mentioned company. This study is expected to contribute to literature and the businesses well, as it seeks to improve the safety conditions in production companies.

Public transportation is one of the most important services in supporting the smooth running of community activities in cities where people most commonly use a bus to reach a destination. Consequently, it requires a clear travel route so passengers find it easy to go on a trip. Display is a device for providing information. However, the existing display receives some complaints where more than 60% of passenger experience difficulty in reading what is shown, taking more time for them to understand the information. It is evidence that the device is not effective and efficient to use. Thus, development of a new display is crucial. The purpose of this study was to design an innovative display that is more ergonomic in displaying bus route information. Survey was conducted to identify user requirement. Axiomatic design method was applied to determine the design parameters of the display by mapping process from customer attribute and functional requirement on the basis of the ergonomic principles. Statistical analysis was conducted to test hypothesis. The result of this study showed that the display developed is valid to meet customer criteria at 5% of significant level, covering the criteria of being informative (0.144), comfortable (0.063), digitalized (0.070), and easy to access (0.378). Thus, it is more effective and efficient for passengers to gain any information needed.

Higher safety levels for workers, boosted productivity, and improved ergonomics at a reduced operating cost are some of the main benefits of automation. This paper presents how Axiomatic Design methodology can be successfully used to develop both semi- and fully automated robotic workstations. Specifically, two case studies are presented. The first concerns the semi-automation of a wire harness assembly process. The re-design of the assembly panels and the introduction of a collaborative robot contributed to reducing the operator's biomechanical overload and the cycle time. The second case study concerns the automation of three manual assemblies of shower enclosure components. After undertaking a detailed cost/benefits analysis, it was decided to design a single robotic cell where all three products can be assembled. This decision led to an improved investment to the savings ratio and operator's ergonomics. In both case studies, the Axiomatic Design approach was used to compare the different technologies available and to determine the best solutions to meet the operator's wellbeing and business needs.

In this paper, module division was conducted for the pipeline robot system by way of combining axiomatic design method and IDEF functional modeling method, to solve the problem of single function and repeated structure design in the pipeline robot system. This method can extract the general module and customized module in the pipeline robot system via the function-structure mapping and the relation between products and activities. In this way, the compatibility and interchangeability between components can be realized, and resource sharing formed. Different functional modules can be assembled as customized modules according to different task requirements, to realize the multi-functionalization of the pipeline robot and meet market demands.

Electric power systems try to maximize resilience by various enhancementstrategies as preventive and corrective actions against extreme weather events.This paper presents an operational network re

In the traditional Axiomatic Design (AD) theory, the mapping from the functional domain to the physical domain is based on the designers’ own knowledge and experience, and there is no systematical approach including the design resources provided outside the designers themselves’ access. Thus, the raw materials for the design process are largely limited, which means they can hardly support the designers’ increasingly creative and innovative conceptions. To help AD theory better support the design process, this paper proposes a computer-aided approach for the mapping from the functional domain to the physical domain within a distributed design resource environment, which consists of numerous design resources offered on the Internet by the providers widely distributed in different locations, institutes, and disciplines. To prove the feasibility of this proposed approach, a software prototype is established, and a natural leisure hotel is designed as an implementation case.

In order to move towards a goal of sustainability, many enterprises have developed sustainable products. When responding to sustainable product development, many enterprises have found that most engineers and designers have often not been trained in sustainability, since it covers multidisciplinary viewpoints. There are two streams concerning sustainable products: work on conventional new product development and work on sustainable management. Therefore, this research integrates these two different design criteria and guidelines and forms a development process. With this development process, designers can develop sustainable products more easily and effectively.

This paper presents a design procedure based on integration of the solution variants method and axiomatic design as choice criteria during the conceptual design phase. In order to evaluate the design procedure was choice a real problem related to the transmission system of a vertical twin screw head applied to a desktop experimental 3D printer. The main technical and research opportunities of the case study (3D printer head) include the use of powder as raw material in small quantities (around 200 g) for exploration of 4D printing through formulating of compounds and polymer blends, as well filament generation. To be compact due small work envelope; provide to access to fast assembly, disassembly, and maintenance and generate a torque next to 15 N.m are the main technical characteristics required for driven system of 3D head. Considering the different gears geometry and configuration including flexible transmissions options, the solution variants method was choice as screening criteria to ranking the feasible solutions. Based on weighting order, method allowed establishing multifactorial criteria, organized in a hierarchical tree. According this method, the conceptual design option obtained higher value was a worm screw gear for use as power transmission in case study. The use of axiomatic design allowed exploring the relations between functional and technical domains of the driven system. In order to measure the robustness of the conceptual solution obtained through this design procedure was estimated the indices of reangularity and semangularity from axiom of the independence whose value were 0.838 and 0.500.

In product design, the initial design stage is being increasingly emphasized because it significantly influences the successive product development and production stages. However, for larger and more complex products, it is very difficult to accurately predict product reliability in the initial design stage. Various design methodologies have been proposed to resolve this issue, but maintaining reliability while exploring design alternatives is yet to be achieved. Therefore, this paper proposes a methodology for conceptual design considering reliability issues that may arise in the successive detailed design stages. The methodology integrates the independency of axiomatic design and the hierarchical structure of failure mode, effects, and criticality analysis (FMECA), which is a technique widely used to analyze product reliability. We applied the proposed methodology to a liquefied natural gas fuel gas supply system to verify its effectiveness in the reliability improvement of the design process. Keywords: Axiomatic design, Failure mode, effects, and criticality analysis (FMECA), Reliability, LNG fuel gas supply system

Nowadays most of the technical drawings, to be complete, must contain information that allows a correct reading about its functionality, and simultaneously the correct interpretation for manufacturing and assembly operations: It is desirable that information allow a definition of manufacturing and assembly sequences to create conditions that lead to more probabilities to avoid production errors. With the increase of the use of geometrical tolerances, the inspection operations are essentially coordinate metrology. So, as to manufacturing and assembly, also to inspection is imperative the definition of a correct sequence of operations, which are dependent of adequate datum systems, to avoid “circular” references that may be a source of coupled operations. An important condition to produce parts with quality is using the same reference systems (datum system) to all operations in manufacturing, in assembly and in inspection. This is obtained in the design phase and this is possible with GD&T - which is a true engineering language – using the independence concept of Axiomatic Design. In this paper is presented a case that illustrates the application of the independence axiom as a contribute to an adequate application of GD&T, which points to a correct sequence of inspection operations.

Modular design is the mainstream approach in new product design. Module-based reasoning (MBR), which retrieves the most similar modules (MSMs) as the best solution, is a potential approach to reuse previous knowledge in the product development. When relative information is complete, MSMs can be retrieved effectively by the MBR technique. However, the assumption of complete information is not always true in real world. It is usually hard to retrieve MSMs under incomplete information environment. To solve this problem, we propose the use of MBR to retrieve MSMs indirectly when relative information is incomplete, and integrate axiomatic design (AD) and theory of inventive problem solving (TRIZ) to design a new product. In our proposed method, first, MSMs are retrieved indirectly by calculating the similarities of known product attributes (PAs) between new modules and existing modules of a product. Then, identical modules (similarity = 1) are reused directly, and non-identical modules (similarity

A systematic design approach overcomes the inefficiency associated with the ad hoc development of control strategies, which depends on experience and trial-and-error [1], for automated modular construction machines. Implementation of controllers requires planning at the conceptual design phase. Axiomatic design (AD) has been introduced in developing control solutions. This paper formalizes the conceptual design methodology in building a controller with the use of quality function deployment (QFD) as a design and an analysis tool. The controller design approach using QFD has been applied to the automated steel wall framing machine and to a 2-degree-of-freedom (2 DOF) robotic arm, which can be readily extended to n-DOF robotic manipulators. The analysis and decoupling techniques for controller design presented in this paper differ from those used in traditional AD. QFD for controller design provides continuous transfer functions to represent relationships and mathematical decoupling that is easily implemented in software.

This paper proposes a method for applying engineering design principles to a type of energy system called a smart local energy system. Axiomatic design theory is used to develop a series of knowledge domains about a demonstrator energy system, the knowledge domains describing the different facets of customer, functional, solution and construction elements that make up the system as a whole. An aspect of axiomatic design theory called large flexible system theory is applied to a small subset of the demonstrator system to create a knowledge base about the operational modes of the system. The knowledge base ensures that an operational schedule for the system can be produced that maintains the integrity of the system design.

The preceding chapters presented the basic concept of Axiomatic Design (AD). This chapter takes “MAPPING,” one of the important concepts of AD, to deeper understanding. Mapping between the functional and physical domains, and between the physical and process domains, accomplishes a number of important design tasks. First, it enables the designer to decompose functional requirements (FRs), design parameters (DPs), and process variables (PVs) to many branches and levels, in order to advance design solutions while maintaining independence and minimizing information content. Through proper mapping, designers can track the development of large projects. As the number of FRs and DPs increases with many levels and branches of decomposition, and as various participants do mapping, we need to capture the results of the mapping process by creating a master design and process matrices. This chapter also presents some additional hints regarding the best way to define the FRs.

This paper addresses the challenge of developing an ontology for manufacturing process capability. This is an important task needed to achieve the semantical integration of various manufacturing planning and execution software and hardware (equipment) systems. The research presented has been performed within a framework of the Industrial Ontology Foundry (IOF) in which the authors are active participants. Manufacturing process capability is seen as a composition or combination of capabilities and functions of resources participating in the process. Theoretical foundation for the capability composition is presented. Individual participant resource functions are established using axiomatic design principles. The function and capability of the whole manufacturing processes is derived from individual resources using axiomatic design composition of functions. The overall approach is applied on example prismatic parts, their features, and simple machining processes. For each machining process, the machine tool brings one set of functions, while the cutting tool (mill or drill) brings its own functions. When combined for the manufacturing process those functions become capabilities in the whole process. The approach is illustrated on several feature geometries (holes, slots and pockets).

In the previous chapters, we learned all about Axiomatic Design (AD), where AD comes from, how it was developed, the axioms, complexity theory, and in-depth content for learning AD. This chapter looks at how AD will evolve in the future and introduces an approach based on Artificial Intelligence (AI). The approach presented is to be understood as a hypothesis to venture into the future together with the students analyzing how AI will change not only their daily lives, but also the work of a design engineer.

The design of modern cloud computing makes available a plethora of scalable cloud computing offerings. The cloud is increasingly becoming the backbone of the highly complex modern knowledge economy that includes social, mobile, IoT, Big Data, and AI. Knowledge-based products and services follow fat-tail distributions such as the power law that poses major opportunities and challenges for the designer. The Axiomatic Designer is uniquely positioned in designing for the de novo situations that the fat-tailed distributions expose. Also, the cloud frees up the architectural decision-making away from the legacy compatibility-burden, and toward various cloud-native (i.e., de novo/solution-neutral) as well as hybrid (on-prem/cloud and cloud/cloud) architectures. Furthermore, the competitive landscape around the cloud is not static; it is adaptive and evolving rapidly. Here again, Axiomatic Design (AD) is uniquely positioned in rising up to the various de novo challenges. This, however, requires contributions from frameworks such as knowledge as heterarchically hierarchical (KA|h|H), stigmergy, complex adaptive systems (CAS), Cynefin, Boyd’s OODA loop theory of asymmetric fast transients, axiomatic maturity diagram (AMD), as well as Weick’s loose-coupling approach to help unify and strengthen the axiomatic approach. This chapter unifies the above approaches in order to tackle the architectural challenges of cloud computing.

In the previous chapters, we learned the basics of Axiomatic Design (AD) as Design theory. We learned that users very often express their wishes as customer needs (CNs). These wishes must then be examined by the designer in order to define functional requirements (FRs). Based on the FRs and the two axioms in AD, design solutions are finally derived, so-called Design Parameters (DPs).

The basic concepts and the framework of Axiomatic Design (AD) provide powerful tools in the design of products and product families, especially for visualizing the design goals and improving the design process. When learning how to apply AD, however, nearly a half of the uninitiated designers like students may need to devote much effort to advance a sufficient number of different design concepts in terms of functional requirements (FRs) and/or design parameters (DPs), which is often done in abstract phrases like the first step in AD. The instructors must encourage them to think freely and squeeze out all the FRs and DPs they have in their minds and must guide them to integrate FRs functionally and DPs physically to obtain the desired design matrix.

This chapter deals with the design of automated assembly systems of airplanes. Axiomatic Design (AD) methodology is used to develop a general design hierarchical tree for the assembly of an airplane fuselage panel. Introduction of new and advanced machinery and assembly equipment in material handling, measurement, robotics, plant modeling and simulation, manufacturing processes require the usage of systematic methodologies for the design of assembly systems. In this chapter, multiple alternative design solutions are demonstrated from the general hierarchical tree, which are compared for their acceptability in satisfying various factory objectives. In two case studies presented in this chapter, design solutions are obtained and described in detail. The first assembly system alternative consists of the following: (1) an automated laser tracking measurement system, (2) reconfigurable fixtures for fixing the panels, (3) frame clip riveters in frame assembly cells, (4) 3D projection devices to control the position of the fastener on the panels, (5) autonomous mobile robots for material handling, and (6) automatic riveting machines for the final fuselage panel assembly. The second assembly system alternative includes the following: (1) robotic measurement systems, (2) robotic stringer placement robots for stringer positioning, (3) reconfigurable fixtures for holding the panels, (4) frame clip robots to assemble clips to frames, (5) 3D projection devices for fastener position controls on the panels, (6) modular crane for material handling, and (7) mobile automated drilling and fastening robots for final fuselage panel assembly. These two alternative designs are compared, and results are made available for system designers to assess the capabilities of each alternative. The application of the proposed design methodology provides a reference guide for system designers to apply in designing assembly systems in an aerospace assembly factory.

In this chapter, we explore after 10 years of Industry 4.0 the status of the application in manufacturing companies and especially in small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Based on literature and previously conducted research we present guidelines and a modular framework for implementing smart manufacturing in SMEs. In addition, a stage model is illustrated to support SMEs in breaking down the framework from a design level to an implementation and operational level. Finally, an outlook is given on the future challenges that SMEs will face in the coming years when they want to reach the next level of Industry 4.0 in their own company.

Many-objective optimization problem (MaOP) is defined as optimization with more than 3 objective functions. This high number of objectives makes the comparing solutions more challenging. This holds true for design problems which are MaOPs by nature due to the inherent complexity and multifaceted nature of real-life applications. In the last decades, many strategies have attempted to overcome MaOPs such as removing objectives based on their impact on the optimization. However, from a design perspective, removing objectives could lead to an under optimal, unfeasible or unreliable design. Consequently, objective aggregation seems to be a better approach since objectives can be grouped based on design features controlled by the designers. The proposed methodology uses Axiomatic Design to decompose a system into subsystems or components, and Product-Related Dependencies Management to identify the dependencies between components and formulate the objectives. Then, these objectives are aggregated based on the subsystems found with the Axiomatic Design. The methodology, applied to the layout synthesis of an autonomous greenhouse, can trim down the number of objectives from 15 to 5. Then, using a modified non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm-II (NSGA-II) combined with the objective aggregation, we were able to increase the number of “good” concepts found from 9 to 33 out of a total of 50 obtained designs.

Many different product development approaches are taught and used in engineering and management disciplines. These formalized design methods, processes, and environments differ in the types of projects for which they are relevant, the project components they include, and the support they provide users. This paper details a review of sixteen well-established product development approaches, the development of a decision support system to help designers and managers navigate these approaches, and the administration of a survey to gather subjective assessments and feedback from design experts. The included approaches&mdash, design thinking, systems thinking, total quality management, agile development, waterfall process, engineering design, spiral model, vee model, axiomatic design, value-driven design, decision-based design, lean manufacturing, six sigma, theory of constraints, scrum, and extreme programming&mdash, are categorized based on six criteria: complexity, guidance, phase, hardware or software applicability, values, and users. A decision support system referred to as the Product Development Approach Advisor (PD Advisor) is developed to aid designers in navigating these approaches and selecting an appropriate approach based on specific project needs. Next, a survey is conducted with design experts to gather feedback on the support system and the categorization of approaches and criteria. The survey results are compared to the original classification of approaches by the authors to validate and provide feedback on the PD Advisor. The findings highlight the value and limitations of the PD Advisor for product development practice and education, as well as the opportunities for future work.

This article proposes a conceptual framework that used mini-gird business models (MBMs) to rank electricity tariff plans. The framework combines intuitionistic fuzzy set (IFS), Criteria Importance Through Inter-criteria Correlation (CRITIC), fuzzy axiomatic design (FAD) and Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS). It considered when decision-makers specify or did not specify for MBM’s requirements. Also, this article considered uncertainty in decision-makers information. The framework applicability was showed using information obtained from Sub-Sahara Africa. Five decision-makers provided information for the model implementation based on a well-structured questionnaire. The CRITIC method results showed that least and most important MBM are community-based and private MBMs, respectively. The IFS-FAD method identified time-based electricity tariff plan as the best suitable for the case study, while the IFS-TOPSIS method identified flexible best electricity tariff plans for the case study, respectively. However, both methods identified flat-rate as the least suitable plan. The proposed framework will provide mini-grid business owners with relevant information for energy tariff selection.

In an attempt to reduce the number of casualty when disastrous events occurred, the existence of reliable disaster response is becoming urgency. Nevertheless, earlier studies in disaster management field are rarely discussing this important issue. In narrowing down this research gap, in this paper we presented a framework in designing reliable disaster response using axiomatic design. At first, customers and functional requirements and design parameters of reliable disaster response is presented and followed by mapping those parameters into structural and process domain of disaster response operation. Then, functional requirement matrix representing relationship of those parameters is presented. Next, a framework in representing elements and relationships among four parameters of axiomatic design in the domain of disaster response process is provided. Opportunities for further research from this initial study are also presented.

Competition has been significantly increasing in all the fields of business due to globalization. As the internet has become one of the preferred information and communication technologies, presence of companies on the internet has become increasingly important. In particular, web presence for banking industry is extremely significant. Although website usability for banking industry has been commonly examined, there are no studies comparing design performance of banking websites with respect to functional requirements which must be satisfied. For this purpose, axiomatic design method is used to analyze design characteristics of banking websites. Axiomatic design differs from the other multi-criteria decision making techniques in such a way that it takes both what designers want to achieve and what the system can offer into account to evaluate the probability of success of a design. The main advantage of utilizing Pythagorean fuzzy sets is that it enables decision makers to have more freedom for assigning membership and non-membership values. Therefore, Pythagorean fuzzy sets extension of axiomatic design is utilized in this study. In the application section, the website designs of Turkey’s leading banks is analysed. This study shows that none of them, except for the second alternative, satisfy all functional requirements.

In comparison to conventional conceptual design, capability of big data analysis, machine learning ability, and physical–virtual simulations, the digital twin (DT) assists designers to obtain earlier stage feedbacks, more reliable concept generations and evaluations. This chapter will envision the evolution of conceptual design supported by DT technology. Conceptual design methodologies are introduced first, including axiomatic design, systematic design, and function–behavior–structure ontology. Mainly based on the axiomatic design theory, the chapter clarifies how DT technology assists the functional modeling, concept generation, and concept evaluation. In addition, contradiction resolution and constraints management are also part of the discussion. The DT-driven conceptual design is illustrated with a robot vacuum cleaner as an example in each procedure.

Flexibility and changeability are crucial when it comes to the design of embedded automotive architectures. However, flexibility and changeability are concepts rooted in the overall product and its objectives, while architectural design decisions may affect local subsystems as well as the overall system. Axiomatic design is applied to bridge this gap: The architecture is decomposed into its entities and changeability is described through the design's information content. Five domains of actions to foster changeability are identified and generic action schemes are derived.

A unified view of the Information System (IS) design is essential for dealing with complexity. However, the literature proposes many denominations, depending on the layer, methodology, framework, or tool. This multitude of approaches does not allow a holistic view of the system. Besides, in Information Systems, the search for good practices in design is still a relevant issue. A subset of essential Unified Modeling Language (UML) diagrams is chosen to create a broad view of the IS. CRUD matrix is one of the preferred approaches to articulate the sub-systems of applications and data. Axiomatic Design (AD) provides rules for the im provement of the IS design. This work presents a method to create object-oriented elements based on the CRUD matrix aligned with the business strategy. An integrated student-based case study on logistics is provided. In the discussion, a new IS architect role is proposed supported by the CRUD/AD method. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

In this paper, customer criteria on selecting a baby diaper brand in the market of Egypt have been investigated and alternatives have been mentioned. In order to solve the problem Analytic Network Process and Weighted Axiomatic Design approaches have been suggested. On the first step of this study, via ANP method, market share forecast of different brands and priorities of criteria have been calculated, and those priorities have been used in Axiomatic Design Approach in order to view competitiveness of two brands which is on the top of market. Potential achievements of strategies based on strengthening weaknesses of brands, have been discoursed.

Customer’s recognition, classification, and selecting the target market are the most important success factors of a marketing system. ABC classification of the customers based on axiomatic design exposes the behavior of the customer in a logical way in each class. Quite often, missing data is a common occurrence and can have a significant effect on the decision- making problems. In this context, this proposed article determines the customer’s behavioral rule by incomplete rough set theory. Based on the proposed axiomatic design, the managers of a firm can map the rules on designed structures. This study demonstrates to identify the customers, determine their characteristics, and facilitate the development of a marketing strategy.

Multi- criteria decision making (MCDM) is a discipline in which several contradictory criteria are evaluated in a decision making process. There are many MCDM techniques described in the literature, and important considerations have been made in this area because the hesitant evaluations of decision makers, regarding both the criteria and the alternatives, have to be taken into consideration. This study focuses on the MCDM problem using axiomatic design (AD), which is one of the "state of the art" and efficient MCDM techniques related to hesitant evaluations, which are defined as hesitant fuzzy linguistic term sets (HFLTS). In this study, AD is used throughout a methodology in which hesitancy is taken into account in the assessments of the decision makers. System and design ranges are determined in light of the hesitant evaluations of the field experts, and alternatives are listed in the case of both the unweighted and weighted fuzzy environments.

The emergence of the globalization paradigm in manufacturing industry has changed the markets’ circumstances, and accordingly manufacturing systems need to be compatibilized with these situations. There are many solutions to assist manufacturing systems for this purpose. Computerized systems and their related solutions were being the most attractive ones for manufacturing systems in recent decade. Developing such systems and exploiting from the advantages of such solutions requires a consistent foundation. Computer Integrated Manufacturing (CIM) emerged as a philosophy to provide such foundation, and to assist the computerized manufacturing solutions. Despite of the high potentials of the CIM philosophy, the related works lack in many aspects. The absence of a thorough look to exploit the high potentials of the CIM philosophy to consider different aspects of the manufacturing systems, and the complexity which exists in the nature of the designing of such systems are the major concerns. These concerns lead us to afford them fundamentally with an architectural view. The architectural view of the paper is because of architectures are the basis for designing and future development of the systems, and synthesizing solutions that satisfy the system requirements. Accordingly, the architecture of the system is considered as a basis for creating desired changes and resolving the mentioned concerns. Therefore, the paper proposes a layered architecture which covers five critical aspects of a CIM system. Physical, Functional, Managerial, Informational, and Control aspects are the five critical aspects which are assigned to five layers of the architecture. The manipulated architecture assists manufacturing systems to audit their Physical, Functional, Managerial, Informational, and Control aspects based on a proposed set of ISO standards in order to compatibilize and align themselves with the necessities of the globalized manufacturing industry. The layered architecture expected to be well-structured and to resolve the concerns. The expectations have been investigated through a promising tool for designing and analyzing complex systems, known as Axiomatic Design (AD) Theory. The AD-based design and analysis are according to two axioms, known as Independence Axiom and Information Axiom. Moreover, the AD Theory approaches have been used to reach a set of standard guidelines for exploring and achieving realization operands for the architecture. By analyzing the results with the AD Theory axioms, appropriateness of the design has been approved. Finally, a roadmap for future works is delineated.

Complex market dynamics force enterprises to face new challenges. A manufacturing or assembly system has to create products based on customer requirements at the lowest possible price and to react rapidly to external changes such as market or political trends. In this regard, flexible and rapid changeable manufacturing and assembly systems are promising solutions to overcome these issues. In the past, small and medium-sized enterprises were less affected by unstable market dynamics thanks to their smaller and more manageable structures. This feature allowed to readapt the industrial facilities in a short time. The current market volatility also forces small and medium-sized enterprises to pursue innovative approaches. This work shows how an Axiomatic Design based approach could be successfully used to achieve these purposes by defining guidelines for the design of flexible and agile manufacturing and assembly systems, with a special focus on small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Using the Axiomatic Design approach and the software Acclaro DFFS, customer needs and functional requirements were defined and translated into a set of design guidelines for flexible and agile manufacturing and assembly systems for SMEs. This approach helps designers to optimize their designs at a very early stage before making costly decisions or performing effortful simulations or computer-aided engineering analyses.

The green remanufacturing constitutes a type of recycling form that adapts to ecological and economic requirements and an important part of the advanced manufacturing technology. In order to improve the green remanufacturing capacity of heavy-duty machine tools, in this paper a heavy-duty machine tool module division method for green remanufacturing was proposed. The main lines were based on the four design domains of axiomatic design and innovatively extended to the remanufacturing domain. In the design stage, the process of remanufacturing was considered. The modular clustering algorithm based on atomic theory was employed, which was associated with the correlation and similarity between the design parameters in the structure domain and the remanufacturing domain, for the ideal modules of heavy-duty machine tools to be discovered. Finally, a heavy-duty gantry milling machine is used as an example to verify the validity of the proposed method.

The Taguchi method is widely employed in several fields to manage and improve processes. It is interesting that it could be used during product development, considering it as the basic element to quantify the uncertainty of the device performance prediction. During product design, when many design aspects still must be understood by the design team, it is necessary to apply interactive approaches in order to simulate the behaviour of the device, employing CAx tools. Basically it is important to identify the most suitable “loss function” that can be associated with the characteristic function. In order to plane the investigation, the device under development ought to be described in term of the Design Matrix of Axiomatic Design, allowing the designer to characterize the relationship among the functional requirements and the corresponding design parameters. The nature of this relationship, generally not known a priori, can be revealed by the employment of the Taguchi method, once a suitable Objective Function has been chosen and the noise factors are identified. Analysing the performance of a device in a simulation of its behaviour in several operational conditions allows designers to discover whether there are correspondences or contradictions among design parameters. This can be synthetically said a robust design process. In order to enhance these aspects a design of experiment must be planned. The weak point of the procedure consists in the correct choice of the function that characterizes the device behaviour. Considering the wide academic debate on this point, the paper proposes a unique Noise Reduction function to be used in conjunction with all types of “loss function”. The Design Matrix can be checked and its nature can suggest the validity of the product under development and discover contradiction. The paper discusses an interactive procedure able to integrate the Taguchi method and the axiomatic approach.

Modern modular construction demands high quality, cost-effective, and efficient production of components. These requirements have led to the emergence of offsite construction manufacturing, which necessitates the use of automated machines. Compared to traditional onsite methods, offsite modular construction has a positive impact on quality, safety, cost, and productivity. Methodologies exist in the design of automated modular construction machines. This automation consists of not only the machines but also the supportive electrical and pneumatic systems, which, regardless of the design approaches used for automated machines, can be applied to the design of their associated systems. To avoid costly design changes, there is a clear need for a systematic and iterative design methodology at the conceptual design stage. For the control panel, the conceptual design method introduced in this paper facilitates the subsequent computer-aided design to be performed at the detailed design stage. Integrated function modeling, combined with axiomatic design and design structure matrix, constitutes the conceptual design approach for the control panel. In this work, linear time complex algorithm is developed for automating the layout of the electrical devices and wiring connections in order to facilitate computer-aided design implementation in the detailed design phase. Furthermore, the control panel guidelines and standards that constitute the prior knowledge of the design process are embedded in the algorithm.

The diversity of users and market requires that product must be developed based on the customer need. It is a challenge for designers to fully understand the customer need in the product development. Traditional methods of the product development rely on designers’ experience. It is difficulty to generate a consistent design solution by different designers. This paper introduces an integrated approach of axiomatic design and benchmarking methods for product development based on diverse needs. The axiomatic principle is applied to map customer needs into product function requirements. The benchmarking method is used to search product specifications to meet the product function requirements. A hand rehabilitation device is developed using the proposed method. The solution shows effectiveness of the proposed method.

This article expands on design science-research (DSR) publications which—based on current knowledge management systems (KM/KMS) and practices—are conceptualizing and prototyping a novel more generative and knowledge-worker-centric approach just presented as a desirable sustainable KMS vision. The perspective taken follows up on recent systematic literature reviews and content analysis studies reporting on the poor knowledge accumulation and evolution in the design, information science, and KM disciplines. Proposed remedies and initiatives are pitched against the novel KMS development case with its longitudinal stream of research output. As the design and creation of complex innovative artefacts facing ‘wicked’ challenges are seldom complemented by concurrent research papers, rare insights are offered of how similar longitudinal DSR or KMS projects may be structured and of how the related domain’s heritage knowledge base and its fitness-for-use-and-evolution may be strengthened. Due to the cycles and progression of its prior publications, this case study is particularly suited to contribute to cumulative research synthesis and, hence, further focusses on the recently proposed notions of projecting and projectability for evaluating distances between actual real-world environments and future possible-world application-ecosystems—a perspective which may become essential acceptance criteria for publishing in DSR-related conferences and journal publishing outlets.

Axiomatic Design (AD) provides a powerful thinking framework for solving complex engineering problems through the concept of design domains and diligent mapping and decomposition between functional and physical domains. Despite this utility, AD is yet to be implemented for widespread use by design practitioners solving real world problems in industry and exists primarily in the realm of academia. This is due, in part, to a high level of design expertise and familiarity with its methodology required to apply the AD approach effectively. It is difficult to correctly identify, extract, and abstract top-level functional requirements (FRs) based on early-stage design research. Furthermore, guiding early-stage design by striving to maintain functional independence, the first Axiom, is difficult at a systems level without explicit methods of quantifying the relationship between high-level FRs and design parameters (DPs). To address these challenges, Artificial Intelligence (AI) methods, specifically in deep learning (DL) assisted Natural Language Processing (NLP), have been applied to represent design knowledge for machines to understand, and, following AD principles, support the practice of human designers. NLP-based question-answering is demonstrated to automate early-stage identification of FRs and to assist design decomposition by recursively mapping and traversing down along the FR-DP hierarchical structure. Functional coupling analysis could then be conducted with vectorized FRs and DPs from NLP-based language embeddings. This paper presents a framework for how AI can be applied to design based on the principles of AD, which will enable a virtual design assistant system based on both human and machine intelligence.

There are different types of bushings used in mechanical equipment and they can be used for different purposes. In the case of bronze bushings used to ensure rotation conditions of shaft-type parts, there are some difficulties in addressing the problem of their manufacture. In essence, in order to meet the machining accuracy requirements specific to the outer and inner revolution surfaces, appropriate manufacturing technologies must be established. Some distinct technological paths can be considered for machining and checking the outer and inner cylindrical surfaces of bushings. In solving certain problems specific to the development of bushing manufacturing technologies, the principles of axiomatic design were used. Thus, the axiom of the independence of the functional requirements was used preferentially in establishing the machining operations to be applied to the workpieceto obtain a bushing. The second axiom was applied to identify the best solutions for the machining of the inner revolution surface. In this way, more convenient manufacturing technology for bronze bushings was identified.

Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) and Deep Learning (DL) are used to solve complex problems including image recognition, speech recognition and have applications in new technologies for autonomous driving, facial recognition, detecting cancers from imaging samples among others. Various design considerations are involved in the design, training, and testing of Artificial Neural Networks (ANN). These include the design of the input/output layer, the structure and number of hidden layers, the data/data-structures of variables, the transformative functions embedded in the network, the optimizers being considered, the learning rate and its systematic adjustment, the prudent usage of dropout, the parallelism-related batch-size, the number of epochs, the adaptive logic for systematically changing the network for better fit, etc. While all these methods and techniques are sensible and relevant, there lacks an overarching framework for the needed design. This paper considers the design of an ANN from an Axiomatic Design (AD) perspective that parallels the biological inspiration for ANN’s in the first place, i.e., the brain. The axiomatic design approach is used for explicating and extricating the form, function, and adaptive evolution of the underlying network.

Our modern life has grown to depend on many and nearly ubiquitous large complex engineering systems. Many disciplines now seemingly ask the same question: “In the face of assumed disruption, to what degree will these systems continue to perform and when will they be able to bounce back to normal operation.” This paper seeks to partially fulfill this need with static resilience measures for large flexible engineering systems based upon an axiomatic design model. This development is founded upon graph theory and axiomatic design for large flexible engineering systems (LFESs). Central to the development is the concept of structural degrees of freedom as the available combinations of system processes and resources, which could be individually measured to describe system capabilities or sequentially measured to give a sense of the skeleton of a system's behavior. This approach facilitates the enumeration of service paths through an LFES, along which valuable artifacts flow. Therefore, this work compares the value and quantity of service paths before and after a disruption as measures of static resilience or survivability. To complete the contribution, a full illustrative example from the production system domain is given.