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The utilization of either aqueous or conventional/traditional volatile organic compound-based extraction/product development processes in the pharmaceutical industry has become questionable because of the water solubility limitations of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and stringent regulatory issues concerning the safety aspect of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The use of neoteric solvents (nonconventional/nontraditional) is being encouraged during API extraction from whole plants or plant tissues and for during pharmaceutical product development. In this review, we provide an overview of the utilization of four neoteric solvents (supercritical fluids, fluorous solvents, ionic liquids, and deep eutectic solvents) in API extraction and pharmaceutical product development processes. Our review highlights solvent-less or solvent-free reactions, which could replace neoteric solvents in drug development in the future.

The availability of fresh water is approximately 1% and the availability of sea water is nearly 99%. The freshwater is depleting rapidly as the demand of it increases year by year. In order to solve this, desalination of sea water is the only solution. Desalination which is in practice in many parts of the world are typically based on the need of large amount of high grade energy. To have a sustainable development, the desalination should be carried out by means of available renewable energy. In this paper a small scale desalination system is designed. In this system, a parabolic dish is used to concentrate the radiation coming from the sun to the focal point and a solar still is placed at the focal point. The pH, hardness, chloride and TDS were determined before and after the conduct of experiment. The evaporation and condensation process inside the still gives water with a lower TDS.

A majority of population living in the villages of Andaman & Nicobar Islands depends not only on the farming but a major role of their livelihood is animal rearing. Due to remote locality, the cure for their cattle from diseases is not easier; therefore, they develop their own methods by using locally available plants in their backyard, nearby forest, and home remedies to cure their animals and poultry. Many of these practices are quite effective and being used by them since long past. In most of the cases plants or plant parts are given as such, seldom in combination with some other plants, plant parts, or home remedies. The old-aged farmers and livestock owners gained the ethnoveterinary knowledge from their own experience or from their ancestors through the words of mouth. Livestock are an important and integrated component of the agricultural production system in developing countries. Antibiotics are indiscriminately used in livestock and poultry production and the phenomenon of the problem of multidrug resistance has evolved with a great concern for an organic livestock production system. The importance of traditional and alternative medicine out of medicinal plants has been realized for sustainable livestock production by the veterinary practitioners and medicinal plants have comprised a significant proportion of veterinary research. Due to isolated spread of 572 islands in remote locations of A&N Islands, rural farmers are dependent on indigenous knowledge for the treatment of their livestock and poultry rather than immediate animal husbandry and veterinary services. A&N Islands are the hot spot of a large number of medicinal plants. A field survey was done to study and document these ethnoveterinary medicinal plants. A total of 41 plants from 27 families were identified which are of ethnoveterinary importance from the different villages of South and North Andaman districts of Andaman & Nicobar Islands. Extensive research works are being carried out to explore medicinal plants as growth promoter and immunomodulator in poultry.

Classification algorithms are efficiently utilized in the area of general medical diagnosis applications in order to identify the disorders in advance. One such disease, breast cancer is the most prevalent and earnest quandary with women in most of the developing countries. Many attempts are made in order to identify this problem with the objective of high precision and better accuracy. In this paper, an attempt is made with the most popular and efficient classification algorithms namely Naive Bayes, Multilayer Perceptron, Radial basis function network, nearest neighbour, Conjunctive rule to amend the efficiency of the detection, accuracy for the breast cancer dataset. As an objective of improving accuracy, an efficient dimensionality reduction technique is incorporated in this work. The performances of these approaches are evaluated using the metrics such as the precision, recall, f-measure, roc, Balanced Classification Rate (BCR), Matthews Correlation Coefficient (MCC) and accuracy. From these measures it is clearly observed that Naive Bayes algorithm is able to achieve high accuracy rate along with minimum error rate when compared to other algorithms. The review can be stretched out to draw the execution of other characterization systems on an extended information set with more particular ascribes to get more exact outcomes.

Taking the articular and periarticular structures as a litmus test for gold-based nanoformulations, the potential of gold nanoparticles in protecting the normal physiological functions of these structures particularly in geriatric patients is one of the research areas of current interest. Aside from its use to make the traditional and fashionable ornaments for human usage, the gold metal is also known for its rich therapeutic activity. This is especially true when the gold is converted from its bulk form into nanosized form before its administering into the human body. Since it is the age of nanocomponents in medical and pharmaceutical research areas, this review is therefore mainly focused on nanoparticulate systems consisting of aurum. Accumulating research reports nevertheless show concrete evidence indicating the potential of gold-based nanoformulations to manage joint syndromes such as osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. This review embarks from preparation techniques and characterization methods to therapeutical application potentials of gold-based nanoformulations.

The present examination explores the impact of utilizing palm biodiesel and decanol blends as a ternary blends in compression ignition engine. Artificial Neural network (ANN) and Response surface methodology (RSM) model is developed to predict and optimize decanol proportion in ternary blends. Test engine was operated with decanol mixing of 10%, 20%, and 30% by volume while the diesel percentage was kept 50% in all the samples at different load conditions. With the support of obtained data, regression equation for all the responses are generated based on RSM model with R2 > 0.95. Further to improve the regression model, feed-forward back propagation ANN model is developed to replica the output of brake thermal efficiency, brake specific fuel consumption, oxides of nitrogen, hydrocarbon, smoke opacity and ignition delay period, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and exhaust gas temperature and MFB@90%. Based on the results, ANN predicts all the responses with R > 0.99 and the maximum mean absolute average error is 1.879%. The RSM based optimization study prescribes 30% decanol, biodiesel 20% and diesel 50% sufficiently improve performance and decrease emission parameters. Even, the confirmation study with desirability level of 75.4% was carried at 3 trials for the purpose of authentication, maximum error of 5.27% and minimum of 1.33% error was observed.

Aim and objective : The aim of the study was the evaluation of purified HLT from B. pertussis vaccine strain 134 by employing indigenous technology and examining the immuno-biochemical aspects of the purified protein. Materials and methods : Shaker cultivation of B. pertussis strain 134, sterility, opacity confirmation, TCA precipitation of cellular proteins, G50 purification subsequent DEAE purification, purity analysis, specific activity of HLT, and immune response analysis. Results : The shaker cultivated B. pertussis strain 134 passed its quality attributes such as sterility, opacity and purity. During TCA precipitation the B. pertussis desired proteins were precipitated and confirmed. The indigenous bed height was optimized and recovery was also calculated in G50 purification. The fractions were analyzed for OD, the total protein concentration and the results were 0.074–0.214, and the total protein content was found between 12.33 lg/ml and 35.67 lg/ml. Subsequent DEAE purification of selected G50 fractions was done and the fractions 9 and 14 had higher OD values of 0.675 and 0.397. Furthermore the DEAE purified samples were structurally analyzed through SDS PAGE and it was found that HLT in the single polypeptide band was around 140 kDa. The qualitative immune response analysis of DEAE purified selected fractions pool showed positive immune response in ODD assay, and in the case of guinea pig antisera it led to the development of diagnostic kits such as ELISA and other vital techniques. Here, in case of guinea pig experiment, the hemorrhagic necrosis analysis showed the necrosis on the skin at the injection site. Conclusion : The B. pertussis HLT could be purified through two phase with G50 and DEAE, cost effective techniques, the G50 purification has reduced the bioburden problems during DEAE purification and at the same time the quality of the product was high. Keywords : Heat labile toxin; Pertussis; Whole cell pertussis vaccine; DEAE; Whooping cough

Recently, convergence of diagnosis, drug delivery and real-time noninvasive therapeutic monitoring took place (within the big pharma company) that leads to creation of the word “theragnosis” for the implementation of these three distinct pursuits simultaneously. This chapter envisions the use of the multifunctional oil-in-water (o/w) nanosized emulsions (NE) that carries imaging agents, anticancer or lipid lowering or antiatherosclerotic drug molecules and homing devices together for simultaneous imaging/diagnosing and treatment of cancer and atherosclerosis. A complete outline is given on the formulation of drug-loaded NE together with active and passive targeting moieties for accessing the unreachable organs present inside the human body. In order to make a better nanosized drug targeting systems for reachable and unreachable organs/parts of the body and thus, permitting the target place-precised drug delivery and/or improved drug bioabsorption, the NE is classified into three generations based on the research conducted over the previous 20 years.

This paper deals with the design and evaluation of robust excitation controller for a single-machine infinite-bus power system. The design of the regulator guarantees the stability of the closed loop system and ensures the output voltage is maintained within an acceptable threshold. In addition, it damps out local mode oscillations for small signal disturbances. The designed robust controller is also analyzed under change in step input and disturbance, which limits the heavy oscillations on the speed ω and voltage. Glover-McFarlane loop shaping algorithm is applied in designing the robust excitation controller. Two different techniques such as Optimal control and mixed sensitivity approach is used in this paper. The performance of the AVR was analyzed and compared with IEEE type2 Exciter.

The objectives of the current investigation were (1) to prepare the microparticles based on stearic and alginic acids from an aqueous system by hot (melt) dispersion method, (2) to achieve a higher drug entrapment efficiency and process yield (%) by changing the production variables such as stirring speed, concentration of stabilizer in aqueous dispersion medium, volume of aqueous dispersion medium, and stirring time, and (3) to see whether or not a retardation in drug release profile was attained from the celecoxib-loaded stearic and alginic acids-based microparticles compared to that of the celecoxib alone. The addition of alginic acid into stearic acid produced spherical-shaped particles with an almost smooth surface. Higher drug entrapment efficiency and process yield (%) values were obtained when the microparticles were prepared at 1000 r/min using 0.1% w/v polyvinyl alcohol in 100 mL aqueous dispersion medium and 30 min stirring time. The in vitro dissolution study in 900 mL of 2% sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) solution at 75 r/min, however, showed only around 10% retardation in drug release from microparticles compared to the drug release from pure celecoxib alone. This indicated that the gel-like network formed by the alginic acid around the microparticles could not prevent the drug leakage from the microparticles.

Upon implantation or insertion into patient's body for exerting the intended purpose like salvage of normal functions of vital organs, the medical devices are unfortunately becoming the sites of competition between host cell integration and microbial adhesion. Moreover, since there is an increased use of implanted medical devices, the incidence of biofilm-and medical devices-related nosocomial infections is also increasing progressively. To control microbial colonization and subsequent biofilm formation of the medical devices, different approaches either to enhance the efficiency of certain antimicrobial agents or to disrupt the basic physiology of the pathogenic microorganisms including novel small molecules and antipathogenic drugs are being explored. In addition, the various lipid-and polymer-based drug delivery carriers are also investigated for applying antibiofilm coating of the medical devices especially over catheters. The main intention of this review is therefore to summarize the major and/breakthrough inventions disclosed in patent literature as well as in research papers related to microbial colonization of medical devices and novel preventive strategies. This review starts with an overview of the preventive strategies followed by a short description about the potential of different lipidic-and polymeric-drug delivery carriers in eradicating the biofilm-associated infections from the medical devices.

The medical devices when they implanted or inserted into human body become the sites of competition between host cell integration and microbial adhesion while exerting the intended purpose like salvage of normal functions of vital organs. Different approaches either to enhance the efficiency of certain antimicrobial agents or to disrupt the basic physiology of the pathogenic microorganisms, including novel small molecules and antipathogenic drugs are already being employed to control microbial colonization and subsequent biofilm formation onto the medical devices. Recently, various lipid-and polymer-based drug delivery carriers are also investigated for applying antibiofilm coating onto the medical devices especially over catheters. To ensure systematic release of antimicrobial agents into the surrounding vicinity of an implanted medical device and, furthermore, provide sufficient initial and subsequent antimicrobial substance release, the antimicrobial substance are being incorporated into a controlled releasing polymer system, and then used to coat over medical devices. This book chapter summarizes the major and/breakthrough inventions disclosed in patent literature as well as in research papers showing the potential of lipid-and polymer-based drug delivery carriers to eradicate microbial biofilm causing medical device-related infections. With this coverage, this book chapter therefore provides a range of lipid and polymer-based drug delivery carrier is available for the medical scientist to develop a medical device with antibiofilm property.

Children with cholestatic disorders have undergone liver transplantation for intractable pruritus unresponsive to medical therapy even in the absence of liver failure. Biliary diversion procedures interrupt the entero-hepatic circulation of bile acids allowing them to be excreted in the feces thereby lowering the total bile acid pool. We evaluated the outcome of partial internal biliary diversion (PIBD) in children with intractable pruritus from inherited cholestatic disorders. The records of children who underwent PIBD over a 4-year period were reviewed for etiology of liver disease, demographic data, preoperative and postoperative biochemical profile and improvement of pruritus. Standard statistical methods were used for analysis. Of the 12 children, 10 had progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis (PFIC) and 2 had Alagille syndrome (AS). PIBD was done using an isolated jejunal loop as a conduit from gall bladder to mid ascending colon. Median period of follow up was 30 months. Pruritus resolved in nine children with significant reduction of serum bile acids (P

The following context emphasizes on the importance of energy and resource efficient irrigation and suggests an architecture for a semi-autonomous electronic drip irrigation system utilizing wireless RF power supply for both sensors and water drip nodes which are not only self sustained by RF signals they transmit and receive; But, also allows extensibility of range of sensors operating in a structure-less AD-HOC network. Unlike older versions of drip irrigation systems which operate using wired or wireless sensors where sensors are limited and installation of new sensors requires additional programming, the new architecture supports the addition of new sensors without any modifications to the firmware as every sensor added to the AD-HOC network formed by the master controller acts as a node with a unique address and hence, the addition of a new node is managed by the firmware which supports ‘N’ number of sensors either communicating directly or indirectly via a chain link of sensors to the master controller. Moreover, the controller, water drip node solenoid valves and sensor nodes being designed with low power devices that it can also be run completely from inexpensive solar cells making the entire irrigation system self-sustained using green energy avoiding human intervention completely.

The maintain power quality is one of the major part of all kind of industry as well as power systems. Voltage sag and voltage swell the common power quality issue. The Dynamic Voltage Restorer is the common Device which is used to mitigate the above problems. In this paper provides review on various type of AC-AC converter based DVR. The use of AC-AC converter can compensate the voltage sag and swell without need of any kind of storage elements like capacitor and batteries. The absence of storage elements can reduce size and weight of the DVR. The feature various type of AC- AC converters based DVR is concentrated in this paper.

In the power system the major issue is to maintain the power quality .The term of power quality is to maintain the disturbance less voltage to the power system. The voltage disturbance mainly caused by voltage sag, voltage swell and harmonics presented in the system. If the system voltage is going below to the nominal voltage, then it is called as voltage sag. These power quality (PQ) events typically last for less than one second. If the system voltage is going above the nominal voltage, there it is called as voltage swell. The AC-AC converter based DVR is proposed. It can properly compensate for unlimited time duration, balanced, and as well as unbalanced voltage sag by observing the power from the grid. The pulse width modulation technique is used to triggering the switches. Only by the simple Bidirectional switches were used for generate the compensation voltage.

The role of biofilms in device-related infections / , The role of biofilms in device-related infections / , کتابخانه دیجیتال جندی شاپور اهواز

Similar to the low molecular weight traditional drugs, biopharmaceuticals are capable of producing not only therapeutic effects but also side effects provided if the dose of these compounds exceeds certain concentration and/or if the exposure duration of these compounds at subtoxic doses is being lengthened. In addition, a major drawback of biopharmaceuticals is the risk of antibody formation. Following the administration of biopharmaceuticals into human body, the formation of antidrug-antibody (ADA) or neutralizing antibody and other general immune system effects (including allergy, anaphylaxis, or serum sickness) are of clinical concern regarding therapeutic efficacy and patient safety. For example, drug-induced neutralizing antibodies to erythropoietin (EPO) result in pure red cell aplasia, whereas drug-induced acquired anti-factor VIII antibodies worsen the pathology associated with hemophilia. Since most of the already developed or under development biopharmaceuticals are to some extent immunogenic, the regulatory agencies insist to conduct potential ADA formation during the drug development process itself. This review encompasses a short overview on the clinical concerns of immunogenicity produced at cellular levels by growth hormone, interferon-alpha, EPO, factor VIII, and factor IX following their parenteral administration into human body. Clinical concerns related to immunogenicity produced by the biosimilar versions of these drugs are also presented wherever possible.

To date, the risks of central nervous system (CNS) side effects of topically administered ophthalmic therapeutic agents are thought to be the consequence of systemic absorption of these drugs. This paper envisions the possibility of drug delivery to the CNS following ocular application through non-systemic routes. After single instillation of 50 mu l of H-3-radiolabeled Alphagan((R)) solution (0.2%) in the cul de sac of the right eye, three male albino rabbits (2-2.5kg) were sacrificed at each time point (5, 15, 30 and 60 min). Both sides (eyes) specimens of aqueous humor, cornea, iris, lens, vitreous, conjunctiva, sclera, ciliary body, choroid, retina, optic nerve, optic tract and olfactory bulb were weighed, and blood samples were measured, before combustion in tissue oxidizer and radioactive liquid scintillation counting. Significant H-3-brimonidine levels were found in right and left optic nerves and tracts with extremely low corresponding drug levels in blood. Uveal tract (ciliary body, iris and choroid tissues) brimonidine levels were relatively high in the treated eye, and the highest among contralateral eye tissues. Our data provide the first case of good CNS availability after ocular application of conventional ophthalmic therapeutic agent, through non-systemic routes. Similar neuro-ocular pharmacokinetic studies should be adopted as a routine ocular therapeutics evaluation study.

An age-old syndrome which possesses not only multifactorial etiological origins but also often associated with high rate of remission-rebound frequency during its management time is kidney stone (termed as urolithiasis). In Ayurveda, this syndrome is called as mutrakricchra and it is one of the most distressing syndromes among the group of urinary disorder conditions attached to human beings till today. Even Acharya Sushruta, a pioneer in the art of surgery, described the root causes and management of urolithiasis. In modern medical practice, plenty of management/treatment options are available which starts from the use of uresis-promoting agent to dietary or nutritional supplement intake. Approaches developed by amalgamating the ayurvedic concept/principle with modern medical practice is a promising strategy and even welcome addition for urolithiasis management. This review provides a comprehensive insight on how the amalgamation of ayurvedic concept with modern medical practice helps in urolithiasis management.