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The U.S. Army Reserve Officers' Training Corps (ROTC) is the largest commissioning source among all branches. Physical Readiness Training (PRT) is fundamental to ROTC cadet training. However, although studies have evaluated the effectiveness of PRT in cadets with prior PRT experience, no study has examined the early phase adaptations in those cadets with no prior PRT experience.To determine the effect of PRT over the course of an academic year (9 months) in freshmen ROTC cadets, thirteen (n = 13; 7 male [180.8 ± 4.7 cm, 77.4 ± 10.0 kg; 19.8 ± 6.5 % body fat], 6 female [159.5 ± 12.1 cm; 63.4 ± 8.4 kg; 29.6 ± 6.2% body fat]) cadets with no prior PRT performed laboratory (body composition, 1-repetition maximum [1RM] bench and squat, countermovement vertical jump, maximal aerobic capacity [VONo changes occurred in body composition, VONine months of PRT improved APFT scores of freshmen cadets while minor effects were noted in laboratory-based performance. Given the lack of improvements in strength and power, it would be advisable to provide supplemental strength and power training. Being a large commissioning resource for the Army with greater access to equipment and resources, the time spent in ROTC may be a unique opportunity to improve and educate young commissioning officers on the benefits of proper strength and power training for the use in future commands while units are considerably smaller and equipment is more accessible on university grounds.

In traditional sets (TRD) repetitions are performed continuously, whereas cluster sets (CLU) allow a brief rest between groups of repetitions. We investigated the acute mechanical, metabolic, and hormonal response to CLU in men. Twelve resistance-trained (RT) and 11 untrained (UT) men performed TRD (4 × 10 repetitions with 2 min rest) and CLU [4 × (2 × 5) with 1.5 min rest between sets 30 s rest between clusters] at 70 % 1RM back squat in random order. Seven days separated trials. Average power and time under tension (TUT) were calculated. Blood was sampled pre, sets 1, 2, and 3; immediate post-exercise, 5, 15, 30, 60 min post-exercise for blood lactate, total testosterone (TT), free testosterone (FT), growth hormone (GH), and cortisol. CLU produced greater average power at an increasing number of repetitions over each set with greater total volume load. TUT was shorter for RT and lower for CLU in repetitions 1, 6, 7, 8. Blood lactate was higher Set 2 through 30 min in TRD. RT had higher TT; however, the time course was similar between RT and UT. TT and FT increased immediate post-exercise and remained elevated 30 min in both conditions. GH was significantly greater during TRD with a similar pattern observed in both conditions. Cortisol was significantly lower at 30 min in CLU. CLU allowed greater total volume load, shorter TUT, greater average power, similar anabolic hormonal response, and less metabolic stress. The acute response was similar despite training status.

Recently published pharmacoepidemiological studies associate the currently authorized Rotavirus (RV) vaccines with intussusception (IS). We aimed at investigating whether, in Germany, there are excess IS cases in RV vaccinees compared with the background incidence before market authorization in 2006. Suspected cases of IS following receipt of RV vaccines reported to the Paul-Ehrlich-Institut (PEI) from 2006 to 2010 were reviewed and validated against the criteria of the Brighton Collaboration's definition for IS. An observed-versus-expected analysis was conducted using standardized morbidity ratio (SMR) methods based on age-specific incidence rates for IS ranging from 19.2 to 98.5 per 100,000 person-years. A total of 27 cases of suspected IS in RV vaccinees were reported to the PEI. No excess of IS cases could be detected 1-7 days after receipt of either RV vaccine after any dose in the first year of life; however, in infants aged 3-5 months, a significantly increased SMR for IS was found in a risk window of 1-7 days after the first dose of either RV vaccine [SMRs: Rotarix® 4.6 (95% CI 1.5-10.7); RotaTeq® 5.8 (95% CI 1.2-17.1)]. A significantly increased risk of IS in a risk window of 1-7 days after RV vaccination was not found when the first dose was administered earlier. Therefore, it is recommended to start the vaccination course at 6-12 weeks of age.

BACKGROUND Rotavirus (RV) vaccination with the first generation vaccine (Rotashield) has been associated with intussusception (IS). Reliable age specific baseline incidence data for children ≤6 months of age in particular is fundamental for further post marketing monitoring of potential effects of recently introduced new RV vaccines. METHODS IS incidence was estimated by a 2-source capture-recapture calculation (CRC) based on ESPED (German Paediatric Surveillance Unit) reports and on hospital discharge records for 2006 and 2007. ESPED as well as hospital records were validated according to the Brighton Collaboration's Group definition for definite IS. PATIENTS Children that have been treated for IS in a hospital in one of two states of Germany (North-Rhine Westphalia and Bavaria). RESULTS The annual IS incidence for infants

Background Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is an incretin hormone secreted in the intestine in response to food intake. GLP-1 may be responsible for nearly 50% of insulin secretion. Postprandial GLP-1 secretion may be impaired in overweight/obese (OW/O) individuals and in patients with type-2 diabetes (T2D). Meals high in protein (HP) or high in monounsaturated fat (HMF) may increase GLP-1 response. However, there are no studies directly comparing HP with HMF meals on postprandial GLP-1 response.