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As both investment attraction and mergers and acquisitions targeting information technology and platform companies are becoming more important in the digital-centric economic environment, interest in valuing corporate data assets is increasing. Accordingly, among the income approaches used in business valuation, this study presents a data valuation model based on discounted cash flow. This model is expected to be useful for corporate investment decision-making. The assumptions used in this study for the estimation of data income include intangible asset value, exclude net asset value, and data attribution is centered on technology, human resources, and market factors. In particular, data attribution accounts comprise ordinary data research and development, data labor costs, and data advertising expenses. Data costs were divided into those incurred during collection, storage, curation, analysis, and utilization. Financial statements and related data from a real estate information platform operator over three years were collected and used to simulate the data valuation model. The simulation reveals that the operator possesses KRW 472.6 billion in data assets. Ultimately, the data valuation model developed in this study can contribute to strengthening platform operators' investment attraction, guaranteeing financial sustainability, and transparency and data assetization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As an indicator of the sustainability of the company's development, an indicator of its value is proposed, reflecting the dynamics of the financial health of the company and the ability of its management to create value for shareholders and other stakeholders. An increase in the value of an enterprise can serve as an indicator of improving production efficiency, introducing new technologies and processes, increasing the customer base and diversifying the business. The applicability of the enterprise business value indicator as an integral indicator of sustainable development is substantiated. The hypothesis is considered that in the framework of business assessment, the influence of ESG factors should be taken into account by adjusting the cash flows of the enterprise and the discount rate as an indicator reflecting the risks of obtaining (forming) these cash flows, while the risk accounting areas should be correctly divided in order to avoid double accounting. The expediency of calculating the validity of a block of shares or a share of an enterprise for sale (Discount for lack of marketability (illiquidity), DLOM) when evaluating a business, instead of a discount on liquidity, has been proved, which, when making final adjustments, should be calculated using a multiplicative formula together with a discount on the non-controlling nature of a block of shares; ESG factors when calculating the validity of a block of shares or the shares of the enterprise for sale are proposed to be taken into account using the "Mandelbaum factors". The conducted research can be applied in practical tasks of business value management in the context of the vector of sustainable development of enterprises and the economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2019 the pandemic Covid-19 caused a sharp decline in the Indonesian economy, yet in 2021 the economic condition started to recover, indicating ba y 7% increase in Gross Domestic Product and Consumer Confidence Index. One sector influenced by strong economic recovery is the property industry, furthermore, re government gave stimulus to boost property industry growth. PT Bumi Serpong Damai Tbk (BSDE) is a leading property developer having various projects anlandbankssk across Indonesia. Post Covid-19 era, the financial performance of PT Bumi Serpong Damai Tbk showed a good condition, the evidence is the increase in company profitability and decline in the debt. The fundamentals contrast with the stock price as the price declined even in the recovery phase. This condition encourages the writer to research PT Bumi Serpong Damai Tbk stock valuation and whether the share is classified as overvalued or undervalued. The research will utilize secondary such as financial reports, annual reports, public exposure from idx.co.id, trading view, and other literature sources. The methodology to process the data is Discounted Cash Flow valuation method to find the actual intrinsic value and value-added intrinsic value, to find the fair value using the Net Asset Value valuation method. The added value is a proposal to develop a housing project for Generation with the goal to increase the company share price. The actual intrinsic value is IDR 1,250 per sharwithth a 40% margin of safety and the added-value valuation method is IDR 1,612 per share with a wwiththa7.82% margin safety. res tof the thee f Net Asset Value method a fair value of IDR 2,554 per share and 118.29% margin of safety. Finally, the author will determine if the stock of PT Bumi Serpong Damai Tbk is undervalued or overvalued and give investment recommendations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Brazilian Journal of Law & International Relations / Relações Internacionais no Mundo is the property of Relacoes Internacionais no Mundo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article focuses on the topic of the relative valuation from the perspective of non-publicly traded companies and the determination of industry multiples allowing the subsequent application of this approach to specific industries. I chose the Czech brewing industry as the target industry, represented by the 50 most important entities (covering more than 99% of the industry's turnover). Due to the fact that no market value data are available for this type of company, I first used an income valuation approach – the discounted cash flow (DCF) method to assess the market value of each company in the sample. I then quantified valuation multiples of P/E, EV/EBIT, EV/EBITDA, P/S, EV/S, P/BV, and EV/IC for each company, from which I determined industry statistics. I verified their suitability for use in the relative valuation approach and compared them with the results of existing studies on the most commonly used valuation approaches in the Czech Republic. Furthermore, I compared my own calculations of industry multiples for non-publicly traded companies with available data on industry multiples of publicly-traded companies in the brewing industry across Europe. The results of the comparison show that these multiples are on average lower for non-publicly traded companies than for listed companies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista da Micro e Pequena Empresa is the property of Faculdade Campo Limpo Paulista and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

El objetivo del presente artículo se centra en resumir en forma exhaustiva y concisa las diferentes metodologías de estimación de la volatilidad que se han propuesto para el enfoque de opciones reales (real options approach o ROA) y brindar, además, una explicación teórica y práctica para estimar una volatilidad no sesgada e incondicional para dicha metodología. Los resultados de la investigación sugieren que la utilización de los métodos actuales genera una marcada sobreestimación de la volatilidad, lo que se transmite en última instancia en la sobrevaloración de la opción real. De esta forma se apropia el uso del método de estimación insesgado para determinar su impacto en la toma de decisiones para un proyecto real del sector de petróleo y gas en Colombia, en el que se estimó su valor estratégico por medio del uso de las opciones reales y se comparó con el resultado estático obtenido por el método de flujos de caja descontados (discounted cash flow o DCF); como resultado se encontró que se genera un valor adicional no percibido por la metodología tradicional que está acorde con la respectiva volatilidad que generó el commodity. Se propone que para futuras investigaciones se mantenga la condición de insesgamiento pero que la estimación sea condicional a través de modelos econométricos, con el fin de emular las irregularidades y las características empíricas que se presentan en las series financieras mediante la utilización, por ejemplo, un apropiado sistema de ecuaciones diferenciales estocásticas, como condición necesaria para el comportamiento del precio y de la volatilidad del activo subyacente. || The aim of this paper is to summarize exhaustively and concisely, the different methodologies for estimating the volatility that has been proposed for the real options approach (ROA), and also provide a theoretical and practical explanation for estimating an unbiased volatility and unconditional for this methodology. The results of the research suggest that the use of the current methods generates a marked overestimation of the volatility, which is ultimately transmitted in the overvaluation of the real option. In this way, the application of the unbiased estimation method is used to determine its impact on decision-making for a real project in the oil and gas sector in Colombia, in which its strategic value was estimated through the use of real options, and it was compared with the static result obtained by the method of discounted cash flows (DCF); as a result it was found that, it is generated an additional value not perceived by the traditional methodology, that is consistent with the respective volatility that was generated by the commodity. It is proposed that for future research, unbiasedness condition is maintained, but that the estimate is conditional through econometric models, in order to emulate the irregularities and empirical characteristics presented in the financial series using, for example, an appropriate system of stochastic differential equations, as required condition for the performance of price, and the volatility of the underlying asset.

Valuation techniques, such as discounted cash flow and multiples, are applied in transactions and are also relevant for accounting, tax, and litigation issues. Within these and other valuation purposes, the techniques are crucial for "social interactions" like market processes and legal affairs. We examine this "social dimension" of business valuation and look especially at the advancement of valuation knowledge and techniques. For this purpose, we employ an approach based on "actor-network-theory" (ANT). In order to study specific margins of business valuation, the focus lies on the dissemination of the capital asset pricing model (CAPM) in German judicial valuation. We conclude, inter alia, that "the" CAPM has developed into a growing actor-network over the time, a well-established infra-structure which allows other actors to link to it. The CAPM-network deploys specific actors which enable to conduct or implement advantageous actions. In this context we discuss concepts like co-authorities, (vague) labelling, vague referencing and responsibility at a distance. Moreover, we identify specific arguments which are used by courts regarding the application of the CAPM. We suggest that these arguments are particular important to solidify and perpetuate the application of the model in judicial practice. The present study intends to shed light on the process of the construction of valuation techniques, the actors which are involved in this process, and the interactions of these actors. In doing so, we intend to facilitate and objectify the dialogue between actors in business valuation and thus to improve further ambitions to construct valuation techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ekonomika APK is the property of Economy of Argo-Industrial Complex and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Difficulties in Proving Damages for Harms Involving Social Media Accounts of Businesses. 74 E. Conclusion Parties today consistently struggle to prove damages based off of alleged harms involving social media accounts, an issue which speaks to the difficulty of accurately valuing a social media account for businesses and their employees. 38 C. Eagle v. Morgan Social Media Account Valuation Eagle v. Morgan presents a similar issue as PhoneDog, albeit with a starkly different outcome. In sum, most courts would 65 Loughnane et al., supra note 13, at 99. 66 Id. 67 Id. (showing the relevance of the income approach for valuing social media accounts). [Extracted from the article]

For anyone involved in E-business and connected to the field of corporate finance, understanding the mechanism of an online business and its valuation is an indispensable requisite. This is not only because of the importance of valuation in acquisitions and mergers but also because the process of valuing a business and its units helps identify sources of economic value creation and destruction within the company. Similarly, this value creation is affected by many a factors which are non-financial in nature and do not get incorporated while valuation. The firm, further goes through many a common mistake too and these are the result of relying upon the traditional practices and the methods. Hence, need is to find out such factors and problematic contents that distorts the valuation and misinterpretation of the business and its financial position. The vigilance and expertise along with experience are the characteristics required to be with the financial analyst so as to avoid such blunders in financial analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aims to develop a model that is able to integrate and objectify information provided by the different business valuation methods, incorporating quality management in its formal approach, which to date has not been considered in the literature about business valuation or quality management. Firstly, the company is valued using the methods which best adapt to its specific characteristics. Because of the subjectivity inherent in any valuation process, the results will be expressed through Triangular Fuzzy Numbers (TFN). These Fuzzy Numbers will be aggregated and summarized by applying Basic Defuzzification Distribution Uncertain Probabilistic Ordered Weighted Averaging operator (BADD-UPOWA). The weighting factors will be: the degree of confidence in each of the business valuation methods applied, and the innovative use of the company's position on Crosby's Quality Administration Grid. The results from application of the model in a case study show a significant reduction in uncertainty in contrast to the initial valuations. Moreover, the proposed methodology is seen to increase the final value of the company as its advances in quality management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim/purpose - The aim of this paper is to provide economically justified evidence that the business value calculated by income valuation methods is the same, regardless of the type of cash flow used in the valuation algorithm. Design/methodology/approach - The evidence was arrived at using free cash flow to equity (FCFE), debt (FCFD) and firm (FCFF). The article draws attention to the FCFF method's particular popularity in income valuation, based on analysts' practice. It shows an overview of various approaches to determine the capital structure in the formula for WACC, both in practice and theory. Finally, it examines an empirical example with the authors' own derivations and postulates. Findings - The conclusion drawn from the conducted analysis is that the key to the reconciliation process, and thus DCF model coherency, is to apply the appropriate method of capital structure estimation during the calculation of the weighted average cost of capital (WACC). This capital structure will henceforth be referred to as 'income weights'. Research implications/limitations - It should be noted that the obtained compliance of valuation results does not imply that the income valuation becomes an objective way of determining business value. It still remains subjective. Originality/value/contribution - According to the presented approach, the DCF model's subjectivism is limited to the forecasts. The rest is the algorithm which, based on the principles of mathematics, should be used in the same way in every situation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Na metodologia de avaliação de empresas com base no Fluxo de Caixa Descontado, têm-se os seguintes métodos: o Fluxo de Caixa Operacional Disponível, o Valor Presente Ajustado, o Fluxo de Caixa do Capital Próprio. Cada modelo tem suas características e fornece uma informação diferenciada, mas teoricamente devem proporcionar resultados financeiros equivalentes, se for empregada à mesma base de dados. O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar se com o emprego da mesma base de dados, os três métodos indicados com base no Fluxo de Caixa Descontado, proporcionam resultados equivalentes ou se existem conflitos metodológicos entre os mesmos, com base em estudo de caso real. Os resultados mostraram diferenças significativas entre os três valores e entre estes e o preço de venda da empresa em questão.

The objective of this paper is to understand the logic of the income approach and of one of the methods comprised in this approach, more specifically, the importance, advantages and disadvantages of the application of the DCF method for the determination of the company value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]