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Over the period of last twenty years or so, field of supply chain management has evolved to such an extent that it has become backbone of today's businesses. Yet mere acceptance of the fact that supply chains can act as business levers / drivers, which can help propel organizational performance is not sufficient. There needs to be a performance measurement mechanism which can link supply chain management with overall organizational performance. This paper tries to provide brief literature review on supply chain management with a specific reference to its relationship with organizational performance. The paper studies the various approaches/ methodologies used by researchers for exploring relationships between supply chain management and organizational performance. The focus of this review is to study empirical studies in particular. The review study covers articles from the field of operations, logistics and supply chain domain. Findings reveal a need for empirical research to establish link between supply chain performance & organizational performance in Indian context. Also revealed is a need to focus on softer aspects of management under supply chain management which can have significant impact on organizational performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The primary purpose of this research paper is to evaluate e-learning among employees of Information Technology (IT) companies based in Hyderabad, India. Design/methodology/approach: A survey was undertaken among the employees from different IT companies based in Hyderabad, India, to gauge the perception towards e-learning. The participants were selected randomly. The evaluation is based on a few factors: convenience, usefulness, course content, quality, effectiveness and benefits for employees and organizations. The responses were recorded online through a structured questionnaire. In total, 237 responses have been collected for this present study, of which 227 questionnaires were used for analysis. Findings: The surveyed employees perceived that e-learning helped them enhance their workplace competency in a flexible but effective manner. The e-learning also empowered the learners and ultimately contributed to the enhancement of organizational performance in some ways. Research limitations/implications: Limitation of the study – by examining the pris study was confined to employees working with IT companies based in Hyderabad City, India. The data is collected online, and there may be some insufficient responses. Implications of the study – the study results show a deep insight into the critical aspects of e-learning as a tool for employee training for the benefit of employees and organizational development. The surveyed respondents from the IT sector at Hyderabad perceived that keys to successful e-learning programs should give due consideration towards availability of internet bandwidth, making the course more interactive, providing more choices to the learners and user-friendly and personalized learning experience. The study also shows that the e-learning programs primarily benefit the employees as well as the organization in a manner, namely, improved productivity, helping to achieve business objectives of the firm, growth and advancement to the employees and enhancing the job-related knowledge. The study also discovered that e-learning improves employees' opportunities for professional growth and advancement inside and outside the organization by assisting them in learning new skills and enhancing job-related information. Practical implications: The internet penetration in recent years, as well as post-Covid-19, has given rise to online learning in the education and corporate sectors. The emergence of online or e-learning has been gaining ground in the corporate world by replacing the existing face-to-face or physical training model because of the cost factor and flexible learning to the learners. E-learning improves the learner's ability to adapt to the company's constantly changing business environment, which in turn helps the company increase departmental productivity and, ultimately, achieve its overall business goals. Social implications: The e-learning also empowered the learners and ultimately contributed to the enhancement of organizational performance in some ways. The e-learning also empowers the learner to perform better at his workplace and at the same time moving on the social ladder as the learning makes him/her confident at the job market. Originality/value: This study provides a valuable understanding of employee perceptions on the adoption and effectiveness of e-learning, which ultimately improves the benefits of the training and development department in realizing and enhancing the quality in corporate companies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Data Science is an interdisciplinary field that seeks to retrieve information from huge amounts of data. Data scientists use algorithms, mathematics and science to uncover hidden patterns in data and increase efficiency, productivity, profitability for business. Analytics is used for interpretation, systematic computational analysis and communication of meaningful patterns in data. Effective decision making can be made due to data analytics. To improve business performance organizations apply analytics. This paper visualizes and analyzes the data professionals' salary in India-2022 by using R programming. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reverse Logistics (RL) field is recognized as an imperative field of research across all industry domains. The contribution of the RL practices to the firm's supply chain performance is also well established through various researches. Corporates have started considering RL processes as an integrated strategy in their design and execution of the supply chains. Field research outputs are going in the various sectors in showing the reverse supply chain practices and their increased importance in the system. This research paper reflects a comprehensive analysis of the RL practices with respect to distillery industry in India. The field, distillery industry is highly an unexplored and a complex one. In this domain, the scope for controlled practices in Reverse logistics is having a direct impact on the performance of established supply chain. The paper has attempted a pioneer step to analyze the area of RL operations in distillery Industry by understanding their various factors and their mutual relationship with respect to distillery industry by using established modeling technique ISM (Interpretive Structural Modeling). It finally recommends factors to be focused in increasing the RL performance in the Distillery Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is well known that the number of women in top positions in corporate world in India is very less or even negligible except one or two cases here and there. We can find many women employees in lower levels and middle levels of the management but as we go up the corporate ladder their number decreases exponentially. Whatever ways the government trying to encourage them to boost their numbers, their number always remained very low at the board levels. This paper studies the reasons and remedies for this. It suggests few recommendations also to follow to increase their number in the top positions. This paper is based on a research conducted on the women employees in private sector companies about their aspirations and the preferences between the family and career etc. The responses are analysed and presented in the form this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the effect of corporate board size and promoter ownership on firm value for selected Indian companies.Design/methodology/approach – The study analyses the corporate governance structure of 176 Indian firms listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange using linear regression analysis.Findings – The empirical findings show a negative relationship of board size with firm value and significant positive association of promoter ownership with corporate performance. The study suggests that only above a critical ownership level of 40 percent does promoter's interest become aligned with that of the company, resulting in positive effect on firm value.Research limitations/ implications – The research has been limited to some selected Indian companies, with focus only on board size and promoter ownership as predictor variables. The study suggests that corporate governance reforms in India and introduction of non-executive independent directors to the board have resulted in diminishing effect of board size on the firm value.Practical implications – The study implies that for emerging economies like India, it is practical to have greater ownership control by promoters to enhance company value. Also, it is not advisable to have a board size above certain limit.Originality/value – The paper adds to existing literature on corporate governance by establishing a relationship between firm performance and board size and promoter ownership. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current regulatory mechanism is costly and ineffective due to weak enforcement of environmental standards in India. Harnessing the capabilities of capital markets could be a better strategy for environment friendly economic growth. Therefore, the paper aims to examine a relationship between a firm’s environmental performance and its market valuation. The study uses market value as an indicator of the financial performance using the Ohlson (Contemp Account Res 11:661-687, 1995) model, which is a better indicator in an emerging economy compared to Tobin-q and is free from the biases that Tobin-q suffers from. The study finds a positive relationship between the number of voluntary environment program implemented by a firm and its market value and significant negative relationship between a firm’s market value and pollution index. However, the relationship between resource use index and market value is not found to be statistically significant. The study indicates that India could harness the power of capital markets for improving industrial environmental performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose – This paper aims to explore the impact of competitive intelligence (CI) practices on the firm's performance in the emerging market context of India. The paper seeks to answer the following questions: do CI activities have an impact on the market performance of Indian firms? If so, what are the macro and micro environmental drivers of CI for Indian firms? How are CI activities organized within Indian firms? How is the usage and dissemination of CI taking place within Indian firms? Design/methodology/approach – The study used a stratified sample developed from a variety of mailing lists focusing on Indian firms. The study employed a cross-sectional, survey-based methodology. Findings – The study identifies two key aspects: Indian firms that exhibit higher levels of CI activities indeed achieve better financial performance results; and the current level of CI activities in Indian firms is at a moderate level, thereby suggesting an opportunity for using and implementing more sophisticated CI techniques. Practical implications – The findings of this study should assist local and foreign managers in having a more informed understanding of CI activities in the Indian marketplace. Additionally, these findings provide directives to managers regarding the untapped opportunities and potential that CI can offer in a highly volatile and rapidly changing market scenario. Originality/value – This is the first study that empirically investigates the relationship between the level of CI activities and firm performance in an emerging market context. It is also the first study of its kind that explores the current state of CI practices in the Indian market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to find out whether and how Indian small to medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) are benefiting because of enterprise resource planning (ERP) implementation, through survey-based research. This will help other SMEs take appropriate decisions about ERP implementation. Design/methodology/approach – The research is exploratory in nature, a survey methodology is used for study and it is cross-checked with the personal interviews of the key personnel in the SMEs and the ERP vendors. A structured questionnaire was developed to get the information. Findings – The survey of 130 SMEs in one of the industrially advanced cities reveals that most of them have implemented ERP to integrate the existing information system and found ERP implementation mainly beneficial in reducing inventory, improving customer services and improving communications. Top management support, and user involvement and participation are found to be the major contributors of ERP success. Research limitations/implications – The research is targeted on SMEs in one part of India and hence it has limitations in terms of scope. However, the results are quite encouraging with very good response from the SMEs, though the industry-institute interactions are not so strong. Other SMEs, planning to implement ERP in the near future, will be highly benefited from the performance evaluation of ERP in Indian SMEs. Originality/value – This paper demonstrates how Indian SMEs have benefited from ERP implementation. The findings will encourage Indian SMEs to implement ERP when facing challenges of the competitive market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ethics refers to moral demands regarding the business and is based on a theory of the relationship between business and society. Ethics is a good business investment that generates trust and confidence between the parties and in turn guarantees long-term performance. Corporate identity is formed in the way a company manages the stakeholder claims through its values and actions. This paper attempts to define different nonfinancial parameters of ethical identity based on corporate governance, corporate social responsibility and sustainability and measure the extent of ethical practices followed in selected companies based on these parameters. Using Kruskal Wallis analysis, it was found that there is a significant difference between different industries in following and reporting ethical practices in India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the research is to empirically investigate the impact of Green Supply Chain Management (GSCM) practices on organization's performance—operational, environmental, and financial. The paper also aims to theorize and empirically assess a comprehensive GSCM practices and performance model. The data from a national sample of 161 company managers working for Indian manufacturing organizations participating in green supply chain is analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) methodology. Hypotheses are formulated for linkages between GSCM practices and organizational performance. The results of hypotheses testing show that there is a positive relationship between GSCM practices and organization's performances. All these performances in turn enhance the overall organizational performance. The findings may prove to be effective in inducing Indian firms to adopt GSCM practices for improving their performances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Firms from developedcountries are increasingly offshore outsourcing services to developing countries to have cost as well competitive advantages. Although this is a growing practice, there has been limited empirical attention in understanding the outsourcing phenomenon, particularly from the perspective of service provider firms that execute important business processes for their overseas clients. Despite growing trends to outsource, only a few service provider firms report success. This puts the service provider firms under increasing pressure to add value and improve quality of relationship. They have to depend not only on tangible factors but some intangible factors also play an important role in their performance. In this paper, the authors try to find out factors thai influence performance of service provider firms. Multiple regressions using four indicators of firm performance are carried out to see the influence of certain factors on information technology enabled service CITES) firms 'performance [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It has been shown that corruption has a negative effect on firm growth, but what about its impact on product innovation? I find that corruption, functioning as a bribe tax, diminishes the probability of new products being introduced. I use a World Bank Enterprise Survey conducted in India in 2005, with 1,600 firms answering both whether they introduced a new product to the firm, and whether and how much was paid in bribes. Controlling for innovation determinants and firm characteristics, sector-state bribery averages have a negative and significant impact on product innovation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose- Procurement Management has emerged as a key approach for enterprises seeking to become competitive in the long run. This paper aims to evaluate and describe world class procurement practices and impact on firm performance among various Indian manufacturing organizations. In order to sustain competitive edge in extreme cut throat competition and also global recession has forced producers to reduce cost and improve profitability without compromising with quality of the goods/services which is finally delivered to the customer. Procurement has major impact on direct material costs which constitute around 40%-70% of the total cost of the goods sold (Aberdeen Group, 2006; Bumpas and Betsch, 2009). Thus, it is likely the way purchasing is managed can significantly impact a firm's financial performance. Design/methodology/approach- Our research uses longitudinal case study methodology, which gives a possibility to be close to data, enabling in-depth insight into procurement practices. The study was conducted at a mining and bulk material handling equipment manufacturing company in India with multi location plants across the globe. Findings- Procurement directly impacts on the corporate strategic planning process of the firm mainly with regard to aligning the strategic goals of procurement management with the firm strategy. To strategically manage supply, managers must examine the effect of procurement on competitive position and firm performance. Indian firms have increased their environmental awareness due to regulatory, competitive, and marketing pressures and drivers. However, this awareness has not been translated into strong GSCM practice adoption. Research limitations/implications- The investigation and its findings are still relatively exploratory. Future research can investigate relationships identified in this work. A more broadly-based and random sample study across India would also provide a better picture of this situation. Practical implications- Mangers must understand the importance of procurement management and should adopt the world class purchasing practices to gain competitive advantage. Mangers should use a specific framework for evaluating the purchasing performance. Originality/value- This work is one of the few and pioneering efforts to investigate world class procurement practices in Indian manufacturing firms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Globally and in India also, there is increasing interest in green management and sustainability. This paper studies the reasons for green management and sustainability and its impact on performance in top 100 firms in India. The reasons for green management and sustainability vary across sectors. 'Compliance with legislation', 'Global Environmental Concerns', 'Responsible Corporate Citizen', 'Carbon Credit Initiatives' and 'Competitive Advantage' are the major reasons for companies to go for green management and sustainability. The impact on performance is mixed. It varies across sectors. It is found/ talked about more in sectors like Chemical, Oil & Gas and Metals. It was found that 54% (27 out of 50) of the private companies had an impact on their performance whereas 42% (21 out of 50) of the public companies had an impact on their performance by doing green management. However, the impact on performance is not dependent on whether the company is public or private but it depends more on the type of industry they belong to. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Corporate Governance practices are required to ensure better performance of the firm and hence better shareholder returns. But whether the corporate governance practices bring in better firm performance is always a research question. In this paper, we study the relationship between the firm performance and three corporate governance mechanisms namely board practices, financial disclosure and ownership rights using a sample of blue chip Indian firms. The results of the multiple regressions suggest that our model, which is conceptualized based on literature existing literature does not explain the relationship between the dependent and study variables. But study provides base for further research in this area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This paper investigates the effect of group-affiliation on Indian corporate firms’ capital structure, based on data on 875 Indian non-financial firms for the period 2002–2010. The GMM turns out to be the most appropriate among the three alternative methods. Following our hypothesis, group-affiliated firms are found to have lower leverage than the stand-alone firms. Managers of group-affiliated firms seem to prefer equity as high leverage increases its bankruptcy risk. Also, firms are forced to cut capital requirements and R&D investments in order to service debt payments, damaging their long-run efficiency and competitive position. From our analysis the conclusion that follows for the policy makers is that although group-affiliation is considered to be beneficial for emerging economies like India in some earlier studies (Khanna & Palepu, 2000a), they ignored other dimensions of firm performance such as optimization of capital structure. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Pledging of personally held common stock is widespread in India, where pledging often serves as lender collateral for large shareholder and promoter personal debt acquisitions. This practice is exacerbated by high ownership concentrations in India, as promoters, often firm founders, control, on average, 51% of their firms' equity. We examine promoter stock pledging impacts on stock volatility, capital investment decisions, and firm performance, using a sample of 1,452 Indian firms. We find that pledging relatively large proportions of outstanding shares and substantial proportions of shares held by promoters exacerbates stock volatility, fosters lower risk capital investments, adversely affects firm values, and impedes longer‐term performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The continuing quest of Indian companies to become leading in the region leads to two research questions: (1) How high performing are Indian organizations currently, compared to other Asian organizations? and (2) What do Indian organizations need to focus on to become truly world-class? We investigate the answers on these two questions using the High Performance Organization (HPO) Framework - a scientifically holistic improvement framework - that evaluates whether organizations are high-performing, and if not, what they need to focus on to become HPO. The study also compares HPO scores of Indian organisations with other Asian companies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The information system plays an essential role in success of company's performance. ICT in manufacturing sectors have created simpler processes, increased efficiency and competency all over the world. The present study aims to explore the ICT tools adopted by the Pharmaceutical manafucturing firms in supply chain management. The large, medium and small sized firms located in western region of India was surveyed and investigated their existing status of IT usage, largely prefered software and investment in ICT tools and percentage of cost as per the size of the firms. The finding suggests that all the firms under the study irrespective of their size (large, medium and small) invest in ICT tools for better functioning of the supply chain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose This study aims to analyse the impact of company performance, company size, ownership structure, board characteristics and other company characteristics on the disclosure of managerial remuneration in 134 listed companies in India from the year 2003 to 2012.Design/methodology/approach A disclosure and compliance index is developed on the basis of 14 statements prepared regarding the disclosure of managerial remuneration in corporate governance reports of companies. The Papke and Wooldridge (2008) approach is adopted to estimate fractional response models, and fractional probit model is estimated using the generalised estimating equation approach, with an independent working correlation matrix to determine the effect of various company attributes on managerial remuneration disclosure.Findings The study shows that company size and the presence of remuneration committee are significantly related with the disclosure and compliance index of managerial remuneration. Remuneration disclosure is found to be time-dependent as time dummies for all years are found to be significant.Research limitations/implications This study highlights the importance of the formation of remuneration committees on corporate boards. The findings of the present study can be used as inputs for promoting better compliance and comprehensive executive remuneration disclosure.Originality/value Nothing concrete in the field of managerial remuneration disclosure (to the best of researcher’s knowledge) has yet been done in an emerging economy such as India. This study aims to address this gap by deriving a disclosure and compliance index for managerial remuneration disclosure and examining the impact of various corporate attributes on it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The term 'intellectual capital' is normally taken as a misnomer, often understood to be of relevance to only high-technology industries and information and communication technology companies. But, it is important to understand that intellectual capital is essentially relevant to every business organization. Rapid technology advancements, fiercely competitive environments, deregulations, product innovations, etc., have made firms increasingly rely on leveraging intellectual capital, so as to develop strategies for sustained competitive advantage. Management initiatives to execute business strategy can be extracted from firm's intellectual capital to deliver value. Management of intellectual capital and knowledge management practices can result in significant benefits to an organization that can aid in formulation of business strategy, process design as well as gaining competitive advantage. However, there is limited empirical evidence revealing mixed results of the impact of intellectual capital on financial performance of business in India. Thus, the present study has been undertaken as an attempt to provide important insight into measurement of intellectual capital of publicly listed companies in India and its impact on financial performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research aims at examining the relevance of “high-performance work system” in Indian context. Further, influenced by the concept of “black box,” the mediating role of employee engagement has also been tested. Agreeing with the universalistic perspective, the study result proves the relevance of high-performance work system to India. Consistent with ability-motivation-opportunity theory, the result also proved that high-performance work system aligned with employee engagement can significantly improve organizational performance. The finding suggests the Indian corporate practitioners to adopt high-performance work system by suitably aligning with employee engagement to improve organizational performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The core idea of sustainability is that current decisions should not impair the prospects for maintaining or improving future living standards (Repetto, 1986). GRI (2006) defined sustainability as "meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs". The challenges of sustainable development are many and it is widely accepted that organisations have not only a responsibility but also a great ability to exert positive change on the state of the world's economy, and environmental and social conditions. Further, the issue of environmental sustainability is intertwined with that of poverty and inequity. The causative relationship runs both ways- increased poverty and loss of rural livelihoods accelerates environmental degradation as displaced people put greater pressure on forests, fisheries, and marginal lands. The present study has made an attempt to investigate the relationship between sustainability reporting and financial performance of companies in India. Data have been collected with the help of annual reports of selected companies and Prowess Database. Collected data have been analysed with the help of SPSS 16.0. The study shows that sustainability reporting practices of companies has improved over the time. Further, research reveals that sustainability reporting practices of a firm impact its performance negatively in short run while positively in long run. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examine the ex-ante performance of 1185 firms that filed for bankruptcy between 1992 and 2009. Evidence suggests that firm specific poor operating performance and industry wide distress are the principal causes (contributing 42% each for cash flow shortfall) of corporate distress. We observe vitiating investment, operating, and financing performance of the sample firms starting from four years prior to their bankruptcy. Further, we report less severe decline in capital expenditure in the case of state controlled firms and business group affiliated firms, indicating the presence of "soft budget constraints" among the sample firms. Logistic regression, estimating firm level distress probabilities offer indirect evidence for "risk sharing argument" among business group affiliates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We demonstrate a negative relationship between pro-market reforms and the sustainability of superior profits in an emerging economy. The decline in sustainability of superior profits shows that pro-market reforms bring significant threats in addition to the various opportunities such as greater availability of production factors and greater freedom to enter and operate businesses highlighted in the extant literature. Our study thus contributes to a more complete conceptual understanding of the performance consequences of pro-market reforms in emerging economies. We also show that investment in research and development and greater investments in marketing and advertising are firm-level resources that provide a measure of protection against the erosion in sustainability of superior profits associated with pro-market reforms. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

India is one of the fastest emerging global manufacturing hub with a large number of firms shifting their manufacturing base to the country due to cheap labor and good supplier(s) base. Over the years, India has the largest number of companies, outside of Japan, that have been recognized for excellence in quality. As many as 21 companies have received the Deming Excellence awards; 153 companies have achieved Total Productive Maintenance (TPM) Excellence Award for their total productivity management practices by the Japan Institute of Plant Maintenance (JIPM) committee (Source: IBEF, 2010). Here in this research article author(s) conducted an empirical survey among Indian manufacturing firms to understand how manufacturing competency effect the firm performance. It has been observed that manufacturing competency has negative impact on firm performance which is contradicting with the so far empirical studies conducted in European, Japanese and American countries. Here in this study authors provides in depth analysis to explain this negative impact and how this can lead to positive impact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose - The study has a two-fold purpose: to investigate whether some specific characteristics of hotels affect organisational performance in the hotel industry in India; and to investigate whether some HRM systems affect organisational performance in the hotel industry in India. Design/methodology/approach - A total of 439 hotels, ranging from three-star to five-star deluxe, responded to a self-administered questionnaire that measured 27 HRM practices, five organisational performance variables, and ten demographic variables. Factor analysis was performed to identify HRM systems, one-way ANOVA was employed to test the association of the demographic variables with organisational performance, and correlation analysis was used to test the relation between HRM systems and organisational performance. Findings - The results indicate that hotel performance is positively associated with hotel category and type of hotel (chain or individual). Furthermore, hotel performance is positively related to the HRM systems of recruitment and selection, manpower planning, job design, training and development, quality circle, and pay systems. Research limitations/implications - Single respondent bias may have occurred because a single respondent from each organisation provided information on HRM practices and perceived measures of organisational performance. The sample was drawn from the population of best performing hotels in India, so is not representative of the hotel industry in India. Practical implications - If hotels are to achieve higher performance levels, they should preferably belong to a chain and increase their category, and management should focus on "best" HRM practices indicated in the study. Originality/value - The study makes a modest attempt to add information to the very little empirical knowledge available referring to the link between HRM and performance in the hotel industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prior research studies on knowledge management (KM) offer inconsistent support that it enhances firm performance. A majority of them discuss KM without incorporating the valuation of KM efforts. This article proposes a conceptual model comprised of six KM and two performance constructs. Performance is classified as financial and non-financial. Survey data from 313 Indian respondents is used to examine the influence of KM on firm performance. The results show that there is a strong, positive and significant link between the six KM constructs and organizational performance. Further, it is found that the influence of KM constructs on financial performance is indirect, that is, their influence is accomplished through the mediating variable organizational performance. The study provides evidence, firstly, through identifying important KM constructs and secondly by examining its influence on performance. It contributes to managerial practice by proposing an empirically validated KM model, which can guide KM practitioners in developing capabilities for enhancing organizational performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]