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Despite considerable efforts, gender disparity exists in cardiology all over the world. In the United States and the United Kingdom, approximately 50% of medical students and nearly 50% of internal medicine residents are female. Despite this, only 20% (United States) and 28% (United Kingdom) of

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(1) Background: Clinical presentation, disease distribution, or treatment received may provide insights into the reasons contributing to sex differences in chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH). (2) Methods: We evaluated 453 patients (56% women) between 2007–2019. Data was collected from REHAP (Registro Español de Hipertensión Arterial Pulmonar) registry. Two time periods were selected to evaluate the influence of new treatments over time. (3) Results: Women were older. Baseline functional class was worse, and distance walked shorter in women compared with men. Women had higher pulmonary vascular resistances. Despite this, pulmonary endarterectomy (PEA) was carried out in more men, and women received more frequently pulmonary vasodilators exclusively. The 2014–2019 interval was associated with a better survival only among women. Interestingly, women had a more distal disease during this second period of time. (4) Conclusions: Even though women were older, and received invasive treatments less frequently, mortality was similar in both sexes. The introduction of balloon pulmonary angioplasty and the improvement of pulmonary endarterectomy, especially during the last years, could be associated with a survival benefit among women.

Women as One is a nonprofit organization with the mission of promoting talent in medicine by providing unique professional opportunities to women physicians. With a start in cardiology, the overarching goal of the organization to fortify the pipeline of women leaders in cardiology through novel

“We must believe that we are gifted for something, and that this thing, at whatever cost, must be obtained.”—Marie Curie ([1][1]) It has been widely discussed that women across the world face multiple challenges when pursuing their career of choice. Medicine, as a competitive and evolving

At the beginning of the SARS Co V2 (COVID-19) pandemic, women worldwide represented the majority of health care workers As part of the fight against the pandemic, women health care workers became a part of the significant frontline response This led to unique challenges that affected women physicians as well as the women patients they were taking care of The American College of Cardiology Women in Cardiology International Working Group set up a webinar to discuss the challenges being faced by women physicians and women patients in various parts of the world and look towards finding possible solutions for these issues in a webinar themed “WIC Global Perspectives: COVID-19 © 2020, Serbia Medical Society All rights reserved

Background Social media is an effective channel for the advancement of women physicians; however, its use by women in cardiology has not been systematically studied. Our study seeks to characterize the current Women in Cardiology Twitter network. Methods and Results Six women‐specific cardiology Twitter hashtags were analyzed: #ACCWIC (American College of Cardiology Women in Cardiology), #AHAWIC (American Heart Association Women in Cardiology), #ilooklikeacardiologist, #SCAIWIN (Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions Women in Innovations), #WomeninCardiology, and #WomeninEP (Women in Electrophysiology). Twitter data from 2016 to 2019 were obtained from Symplur Signals. Quantitative and descriptive content analyses were performed. The Women in Cardiology Twitter network generated 48 236 tweets, 266 180 903 impressions, and 12 485 users. Tweets increased by 706% (from 2083 to 16 780), impressions by 207% (from 26 755 476 to 82 080 472), and users by 440% (from 796 to 4300), including a 471% user increase internationally. The network generated 6530 (13%) original tweets and 43 103 (86%) amplification tweets. Most original and amplification tweets were authored by women (81% and 62%, respectively) and women physicians (76% and 52%, respectively), with an increase in original and amplification tweets authored by academic women physicians (98% and 109%, respectively) and trainees (390% and 249%, respectively) over time. Community building, professional development, and gender advocacy were the most common tweet contents over the study period. Community building was the most common tweet category for #ACCWIC, #AHAWIC, #ilooklikeacardiologist, #SCAIWIN, and #WomeninCardiology, whereas professional development was most common for #WomeninEP. Conclusions The Women in Cardiology Twitter network has grown immensely from 2016 to 2019, with women physicians as the driving contributors. This network has become an important channel for community building, professional development, and gender advocacy discussions in an effort to advance women in cardiology.

Aims Women’s participation is steadily growing in medical schools, but they are still not sufficiently represented in cardiology, particularly in cardiology leadership positions. We present the contemporary distribution of women leaders in cardiology departments in the World Health Organization European region. Methods and results Between August and December 2020, we applied purposive sampling to collect data and analyse gender distribution of heads of cardiology department in university/third level hospitals in 23 countries: Austria, Azerbaijan, Belgium, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, North Macedonia, Morocco, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Switzerland, Tunisia, Turkey, Ukraine, and the UK. Age, cardiology subspecialty, and number of scientific publications were recorded for a subgroup of cardiology leaders for whom data were available. A total of 849 cardiology departments were analysed. Women leaders were only 30% (254/849) and were younger than their men counterpart (♀ 52.2 ± 7.7 years old vs. ♂ 58.1 ± 7.6 years old, P = 0.00001). Most women leaders were non-interventional experts (♀ 82% vs. ♂ 46%, P < 0.00001) and had significantly fewer scientific publications than men {♀ 16 [interquartile range (IQR) 2–41] publications vs. ♂ 44 (IQR 9–175) publications, P < 0.00001}. Conclusion Across the World Health Organization European region, there is a significant gender disparity in cardiology leadership positions. Fostering a diverse and inclusive workplace is a priority to achieve the full potential and leverage the full talents of both women and men.

Background An increasing number of residents and fellows have children during training. However, little is known about the specific experience of cardiology fellows who become parents during training. Methods and Results A 66‐question Internet‐based survey about experiences of pregnancy during graduate medical training was administered between May 1 and July 15, 2013, to all trainees (N=1516) in the Mayo School of Graduate Medical Education across 3 academic sites. Questions explored the experiences of new mothers, fathers, and their fellow trainees. There were 644 survey respondents overall (response rate, 42%), and of 73 cardiovascular trainees, 29 (10 women [35%]) completed the survey. Of those surveyed, 59% reported having children. All trainee mothers reported making alterations to their training schedule due to pregnancy and maternity leave. Twenty percent of trainee fathers also reported changing their training because of their partner's pregnancy. Of trainees with children, 41% reported difficulty completing research because of pregnancy and childcare obligations. Nontrainee mothers were significantly more likely to breastfeed beyond 6 months compared with trainee mothers (P=0.018). A perceived stigma attached to pregnancy was reported by 62% of trainees. Both male and female trainees felt that their programs did not promote pregnancy‐related schedule flexibility. Conclusions Our study shows that both men and women entering parenthood during cardiology training often have to change their schedule, research, and career path. Cardiology training programs should focus on curriculum design and supportive parenthood policies to both avoid negative stigma and optimize fellowship training during this time period., See Editorial Jarvie and Levy