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Hydroponics is a technology for growing without soil, using nutrient solutions in water. Vegetables hydroponically is more hygienic without pesticides and fresh. The selling price of vegetables hdroponik also higher than conventional vegetable. However, the high cost on the level of investment and operating costs to be one important factor to be researched is it still efficient to run. The purpose of this study is to analyze the income of the hydroponic farming of vegetables and analyze the needs of the vegetables usahtani in the P.T Central . The method of determining the area used in this research is Purposive, while the method of analysis of the likelihood ratio of the profit and efeiciency level, B/C ratio. The results showed the average profit of farm in the PT. Central is Rp. 29.674.000 ,- per season and Farming system vegetables hydroponics worth to cultivated of PT. Central .

This study estimated and compared profit and profit efficiency levels of energy sources for irrigation in the Keta Municipality of Ghana. The data was analysed using profit and Stochastic Frontier Analyses. The multi-stage sampling technique was used to sample 250 respondents. A semi-structured questionnaire was used via face-to-face interview to collect data from the respondents. The most profitable energy source for irrigated vegetable production is solar energy while the least profitable is petrol energy. On average, farmers had a profit efficiency of 59%. The study concluded that energy sources have significant effects on the profit levels of vegetable production as well as the profit efficiency level of the farmer. Solar-powered irrigation facilities should be promoted in the study area and Ghana as a whole.

Vegetable plants when viewed in terms of the economy is well-developed or cultivated due to the increasing demand, with simple technology, a fairly short lifespan between 3-4 weeks can be harvested, and the market continues to be wide open. Looking at the current situation, researchers want to do more in the influence of pandemic covid 19 on the income of vegetable farmers at the village Way Mhorock Jayapura City. Primary Data is used with in-depth interviews to farmers. With the number of samples of the 16 heads of family Farmers Research site was held in the village Way Mhorock Kota Jayapura which took place in June-July year 2020. Data analysis method is the analysis of earnings R/C Ratio analysis, analysis of B/C ratio (Benefit and Cost Ratio and analysis of BEP (Break Even Point). The results showed that the average profit gained by farmers from vegetable farming is and is IDR 11,168,267,-every month. Based on the profit and expense incurred, the value of B/C ratio of the total cost obtained by the farmer farmers is 2.47, so in other words B/C > 0 This means that the farming of vegetables in this village can provide benefits or beneficial and worthy to continue even in situations pandemic Covid today. The strategy is an opportunity so that the farmer managed to remain strong in the face of Covid 19 namely: continue to work hard, farmers still pay attention to the protocol health in farming. Both hand wash and wear masks. The average age of farmers is the age of productive, so with this age then a fairly strong and tough age against the corona virus. There is always an adequate supply of manure for daily use, so if there is a large social restriction, it is not an obstacle because of the availability of the manure. Farmers continue to provide good service, to customers and buyers with attention to the quality of vegetables purchased by consumers. The location is very close to the resident settlements, it is the strength for farmers in farming.

This study aimed to find out the general description, analyze the level of application, and determine the income of the kale agribusiness in Napan Village. This research was conducted at the Bikiu Farmer Group, Napan Village, North Bikomi District. Data collection was carried out in August 2020. Sampling was carried out using a purposive sampling method, which only took all group members. The data collected in the form of primary and secondary data were then tabulated using income analysis and R/C ratio to determine the feasibility of water spinach farming. The results of the study concluded that the stages of water spinach farming activities with an area of ​​15 hectares with each group member entitled to 5 acres, with a total fixed cost of Rp. 2,509,374.5 or the average fixed cost incurred is Rp. 167.291.7 -/ha. The total variable costs incurred are Rp. 400,000, with an average variable cost of Rp. 26,666.67,-/ha, the total income obtained by farmers in water spinach cultivation activities is Rp. 36,294,625, - with an average income of Rp.1,960.2 00, with total income is Rp. 36,294,625, with an average income of Rp. 2,419,642., -/ha for one planting season. The feasibility of water spinach vegetable farming (R/C Ratio) obtained by farmers is 13.47. Water spinach farming is profitable, so it is feasible to continue.

Vegetables polyculture system is potentially increasing pathogenic fungi diversity because various plant hosts are available. There is no data about patogenic fungi diversity at polyculture vegetable farming in Serang village, District of Karangreja, Purbalingga Regency. This study aimed to determine patogenic fungal diversity and disease percentage caused by the fungi at polyculture vegetable farming in Serang village, District of Karangreja, Purbalingga Regency. This research used purposive random sampling. Infected plants were collected at ten polyculture farming locations and fungal identification was performed at the laboratory. Fungi were identified morphologically based on the signs, symptoms, as well as macroscopic and microscopic characters. The fungi's pathogenity was determined by applying Koch's postulate test. The data were analyzed descriptively through literature comparison. The results showed that seven fungal species were found at polyculture farms in Serang Village. The obtained fungi were Colletotrichum sp., Fusarium sp., Alternaria sp., Septoria sp., Cercospora sp., Botryodiplodia sp., and Nigrospora sp. The lowest damage was 18.24% on tomato fruit infected by Fusarium sp. and the highest was on chili plants which was caused by Colletotrichum sp. The data is the first report for polycuture system. The obtained data has important implication for the management of vegetables farming in Serang Village.

PurposeThis paper is intended to investigate the economic, organizational and social factors affecting the receipt of advance payment by greenhouse vegetable producers from commission agents operating in the wholesale market.Design/methodology/approachThe data were gathered through questionnaire forms developed for this specific purpose through face-to-face interviews with 180 producers growing greenhouse vegetables in the central district and Serik, Antalya in the Western Mediterranean Region of Turkey. A logistic regression model was employed to analyse the factors affecting the likelihood of greenhouse vegetable growers getting advance from commission agents.FindingsA good financial status of enterprises producing greenhouse vegetables and the fact that their production input needs are met by cooperatives reduce their dependence on commission agents, thereby increasing their bargaining power when selling their products. Since producers can readily meet their need for the capital required for the vegetable production process from commission agents, they do not prefer to borrow from lending institutions making agricultural loans with requirements such as collateral. The fact that greenhouse vegetable farmers receive technical and market information and advice from commission agents strengthens their relationship with them.Originality/valueIt is the first study that evaluates in detail the financial aspect of the relationships between producers and commission agents in the greenhouse vegetables wholesale market. It contributes significantly to agricultural policymakers regarding the functioning of the greenhouse vegetable market, and in particular, the regulations on agricultural loans for production processes.

PurposeMental budgeting, as a part of mental accounting theory, is expected to impact a household's budgetary management in terms of expenses. The purpose of this paper is to study whether and how mental budgeting can explain differences in farmers' reactions to different incentives of low-toxicity pesticide use.Design/methodology/approachBased on data from a survey of 393 vegetable farmers in the Sichuan Province, this analysis, using a Likert Scale approach, first explores whether farmers utilize mental budgeting. Secondly, using a Probit model, this paper analyzes how mental budgeting affects farmers' intentions to switch to low-toxicity pesticide use when faced with different incentives.FindingsThe results show that the majority of farmers categorize agricultural inputs into different groups and that 26.46% of the investigated farmers utilize mental budgeting for pest control practices. In addition, farmers who utilizing mental budgeting report a higher willingness to switch to low-toxicity pesticides when they're presented with a specific subsidy. Furthermore, if offered a price premium for quality, the willingness to switch to low-toxicity pesticides for farmers utilizing mentally budget is lower compared to other farmers.Originality/valueThis paper examines the existence of mental budgeting among farmers. It provides a better understanding of how farmers categorize agricultural inputs and their mental mechanisms with respect to agricultural expenses. Finally, this paper is the first to study the effects of mental budgeting on farmers' reactions to different incentives aimed at stimulating the adoption of low-toxicity pesticides.

Kelompok Tani Baramban sejak tahun 2014 telah melaksanakan usaha tani sayuran sehat dengan produk sayur yang telah bersertifikat Prima 3. Namun sampai saat ini, pengelolaan usaha tani sayuran sehat oleh Kelompok Tani Baramban di Kecamatan Banuhampu, Kabupaten Agam ini belum banyak mengalami perkembangan usaha tani karena belum terciptanya pasar yang luas dengan harga yang memihak kepada kesejahteraan petani. Penguatan kelembagaan petani dalam pemasaran sayuran sehat dengan demikian menjadi sangat penting dan menjadi elemen penting dalam pengembangan agribisnis sayuran sehat, baik di pasar lokal, nasional, bahkan pasar global. Metode yang digunakan adalah penyuluhan, pembinaan dan pendampingan. Kegiatan ini direncanakan akan dilaksanakan selama lima tahun ke depan, yang dimulai dengan membangun kesepakatan kerjasama dengan kelompok tani Baramban, dimulai tahun 2020. Beberapa alternatif solusi untuk menyelesaikan permasalahan mitra kelompok usaha tani sayuran sehat yang diusulkan dan disepakati oleh Kelompok Tani Baramban adalah sebagai berikut: a. Melakukan kegiatan pendampingan kepada petani sayuran sehat dengan mentransfer daya dari perguruan tinggi melalui keilmuan yang terintegrasi dengan cara pandang agribisnis, b. Pemberdayaan petani dengan basis Penguatan Kelembagaan kelompok agar terbangun aksi kolektif (collective action) yang kemandirian petani untuk menggerakkan pasar sayuran sehat, c. Memfasilitasi petani untuk menciptakan segmen pasar sayuran sehat, melalui pasar modern dan pasar online (online market) dengan teknologi informasi 4.0 dan 4. Membangun kemitraan dengan Transmart sebagai pasar modern berskala nasional dan memiliki jaringan pemasaran berskala global. Kesimpulan adalah bahwa kelompok tani bersedia untuk menjadi partner Tim Pengabdi dalam skim program kemitraan masyarakat membantu usaha berkembang.

This work examined the effects of industrial effluents on surface water used for vegetable irrigation in Kano City of Kano State. As the population of Kano increases, more demand is placed on these industries for products thus leading to the generation of large volumes of effluents that are discharged directly into nearby streams without treatment. The usage of this surface water for vegetable irrigation by a significant number of vegetable farmers is a matter of major concern due to the presence of pollutants. Some of the field measurements were carried out insitu while others were taken to the laboratory for analysis. Groundwater samples were taken from a borehole and two hand-dug wells while surface water was taken from point of discharge and two other points along the Challawa River which is the main source of water for vegetable irrigation. Composite soil samples were taken from four points within the vegetable farms. The Federal Environmental Protection Agency and the Federal Ministry of Environment standards were used as baseline standards for limits. Results show that presence of Fe, Pb, Mn, Cr and Cd were found to be above the FMEnv limits in the soil, the presence of SO4, Cu and K were also found to be above the FMEnv limits as well in groundwater while BOD, NO2 and Cr were above the FEPA limit for surface water. Some of the recommendations include constant monitoring for the presence of heavy metals in soils and irrigation water and that the need for the construction of both primary and secondary treatment plants has become essential.

This paper deals with the livelihood pattern and the socio-economic condition of vegetable farmers of Chhathar Jorpati rural municipality, which lies in the eastern part of Dhankuta district of Nepal. The study applied household questionnaire survey, focus group discussion and field observation to collect information of vegetable farming and the impact of vegetable farming on farmers’ livelihood. The study conducted 45 households questionnaire survey in total using simple random sampling in ward number six of Chhathar Jorpati rural municipality. The statistical analysis of collected field survey data was preformed through correlation test and standard deviation. The result shows that the socio-economic condition and the livelihood of the vegetable farmers is improving in recent years. Before doing commercial vegetable farming, farmers cultivated potatoes and used to exchange their production with cereal crops to the neighboring villages. Farmers used to cultivate maize in their farmland, but due to the climatic and the topographic condition it took almost nine months (from January to October) for production. Among the total households, 24.4 percent farmers have seven members in their family and the average family size is 6.3. The Chhetri is the dominant ethnic group of the study area. Among educated groups, the majorities have completed secondary level of education. Most of the farmers are (35.5%) holding land size between 16 and 20 Ropani (0.82-0.10ha.). The majorities of the farmers cultivated high valued vegetables i. e., cauliflower, cabbage, tomato, pea, radish, carrot and green leafy vegetables. The average income from vegetable farming is NRs. 250000/household per year. Primarily, farmers use their income to manage foods, clothes, children education and daily-required goods. Further, due to the lack of sufficient human resources, improved seeds and fertilizer, the majorities of the farmers are facing challenges in their vegetable farming. In addition to this, the vegetable farmers are utilizing their capabilities and are devoted to enhance their livelihood through vegetable farming.

The study reviewed cassava and vegetable farming activities on wetland among farmers in Ibaji LGA Kogi State. Wetland can be defined as lands subject to excessive wetness, to the extent that the wet conditions influence the possible land uses. The wet soils in Kogi State exhibit similar physical, chemical and biological characteristics as do most or all soils in wetland ecologies. The textural composition of the wet soils in the study area varies widely from sand to clay loam with good physical properties. Data collected included information on farming season, social/infrastructures available in the area, major occupation of the people, major crop grown and others. Potentials of wetland soils include wetlands are seasonally or perennially wet and have ample water supply occur in level to gently sloping landscapes, are immune to the hazards of soil erosion. The soils are saturated 6 to 8 months of the year. Sources of information available to the farmers are through neighbours, friends and extension agents. Constraints to wetland land use are climatic (mainly rainfall), hydrological, soil, biological, and socio-economic factors. However, the major constraints to the cropping systems in the wet lowlands are abundance of water and its management, disease, pest and weed control. Wet land farming should be encouraged by all to reduce food insecurity in the study area. Stakeholders should encourage farmers by providing farming inputs all year round Key Words: Cassava, vegetable farming, wetland, farmers

Climate resilient practices in farming is an integrated process that reduces risks in production and marketing. This study introduced an integrated package of climate resilient practices in vegetable farming to cope with climate change and related problems. The study that was carried out in Udayapur district of Nepal and it analyzed application of climate resilient practices in value chain of vegetable farming. The data were obtained from Himalica pilot project initiated by International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD) which surveyed 300 vegetable farm households using a semi-structured questionnaire. In addition, a checklist was used for Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) with farmers’ groups. The collected data were coded and entered into Microsoft Excel and descriptive statistics such as frequency, percentage and mean were calculated. For the analysis of costs, revenue and profitability, simple accounting method was used. The study shows that profit of farmers depends on the market type and farmers revenue increases when they sell their produce through farmers’ co-operatives. Farmers need irrigation water, material supports, technology as well as organized farmers’ group in order to increase the profit and to mitigate the risk from climate change and climate variability. The study found that climate resilient practices in vegetable value chain benefits farmers in terms of social, economic and environmental aspects.

The Indonesian agricultural sector provides a high proportion of employment for the rural community. However, the farmers’ livelihood is relatively low. Sending the farmers to non-formal education ...

Food insecurity remains a major challenge worldwide, especially among the rural areas of developing nation. Women and children are most vulnerable to this phenomenon. However, while many studies have assessed farming households’ food security status in general, there is dearth of information on vegetable farmers’, who are mostly women, food security status in particular. This study, therefore, investigated the food security status of vegetable farming households, its drivers and coping strategies in Kwara State, Nigeria. Descriptive statistics, food insecurity index and logistic regression were used to analysed data collected from 180 respondents. The findings showed that food insecurity remains a major challenge in rural areas as only 45.55% were food secure. The food secure group surpassed the food security line by 17%. Food insecure group fell below the food security line by 36% with a daily average calorie intake of 1581.35 kcal. Annual income (p< 0.1), cooperative membership (p< 0.1), vegetable production (p< 0.05) and access to credit (p< 0.05) were the significant factors enhancing their food security status, while household size (p< 0.01) negatively influenced it. The widely used food insecurity coping mechanisms by the households were eating less expensive food, eating wild fruits, reducing rational consumption, allowing children to eat first, borrowing money to buy food, buying food on credit and skipping meal within a day. The study recommends encouragement of vegetable production through provision of credit facilities to the farmers as this would enhance their food security status.

This study aims to describe farming activities kale in District Paal Merah city of Jambi, knowing sustainability index farm kale from the dimensions of the ecological, economic and social, as well as to determine the factors that affect adoption of sustainable farming kale in District Paal Merah city of Jambi. Methods of data analysis using descriptive analysis and quantitative analysis using MDS (Multi Dimension Scale) doped with Rapfish application. In addition, to determine the factors that affect the linear regression. The result showed that: (1) The results of the analysis of vegetable farming income in the study area showed that vegetable farming that farmers provide benefits for farmers. The average farmer's income earned in the District of Paal Red kale Rp. 1.231.125,67;-, with the cost of Rp. Rp. 910.728,50;- and the reception received by farmers Rp 2.141.854,17;-. (2) The results of the analysis of the value of sustainable farming in the district kale Red Paal at 61.42. The figure shows the level of integration of sustainability kale farm in the District of Red Paal quite sustainability. With the analysis of the ecological dimensions of sustainability index of 71.27%, 57.10% of the economic dimension and the social dimension of 55.88%. (3) Based on the results of t-test analysis showed that, the value of sustainable farming in the district kale Red Paal farmers are affected by age. When viewed from the significance value then age watercress farmers have significant influence with age farmers. While the experience factor, farmers' income and education did not significantly affect the farmers to adopt sustainable farming values kale. Keywords: farming kale, sustainability index, factors that affecting

Labor has an important contribution in the structure of farm costs. The labor can come from within and outside the farming family. This study aims to determine the contribution of labor from within the family to vegetable farming with four different cropping patterns in rainfed lowland land and its effect on farming profits. The research was conducted in Pondok Kelapa District, Bengkulu Tengah Regency from May to October 2019. There are six vegetable cropping patterns in Pondok Kelapa District, namely (1) cucumber - paria - long beans, (2) cucumber - gambas - long beans, ( 3) cucumber - long beans - long beans, (4) long beans - pariah - long beans, (5) long beans - luffa - long beans, and (6) long beans - long beans - kale pulled - pulled kale. Data were collected through a census of 50 vegetable farmers, namely 42 people in Pekik Nyaring Village and 8 people in Srikuncoro Village related to the input and output of vegetable farming which were then analyzed descriptively using the structure of farm costs and the R / C ratio. The results showed that the contribution of labor costs from within the family to the six cropping patterns was between 38.84 - 61.36% with an R / C ratio between 1.55 - 1.94. The highest labor contribution was obtained in cropping pattern 6, namely 61.36% with the lowest R / C ratio value of 1.55. However, if the family labor cost is assumed not to be taken into account the farm input costs, then the R / C ratio value in cropping pattern 6 is the highest, which is 4.06.

For the Russian Far East (RDV), the subjects are calculated self-sufficiency of vegetable products and its connection with the population. A close correlation between these indicators has ignore once. In order to stabilize the population and consolidate it, it is necessary to increase dramatically the production of vegetables. There are a number of prerequisites for this: a network of research agricultural institutions throughout the territory and a specialized 1Primorskaya vegetable experimental station – branch of the Federal scientific vegetable center in the south of the region, has established. Its employees have clarified the basics of Far Eastern vegetable farming (principles of selecting sites for vegetable plantations and pre-intensive cultivation of their soils, reclamation of the territory; experimentally tested and recommended specialized crop rotations, their effective links; refined fertilizer system; system of resource-saving treatment of soils on the basis of crest-ridge cultivation technology), a number of promising varieties of vegetables "borscht" group, established their seed production, solved many issues of mechanization for cultivation processes. Significantly, important areas of further work were planned.

Tokat, which is located between the Black Sea Region and the Central Anatolia Region and has a transition climate, is one of the provinces with high agricultural potential. This potential also provides important advantages in terms of vegetable agriculture. In Tokat, where the vegetable cultivation dates back to many years, many types of vegetables can be grown. While the farmers engaged in vegetable cultivation until the beginning of the 2000s were satisfied with their situation, in the last 15 years, growers have started to turn to alternative products due to the decrease in quality, productivity and profitability. There are significant difficulties and decreases in competitiveness of vegetable farming in the field and greenhouse cultivation. In the study, strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of vegetable cultivation of Tokat were analysed. Solutions for the improvement of vegetable cultivation have been discussed by making determinations.

— The research objective was to partially and simultaneously analyze the influence of socio-economic factors of farmers (farmer age, education level, length of farming, number of family dependents, farm area, labor and capital) on farm production in Plaosan Village, Plaosan District, Magetan Regency. The population in this study were all vegetable farmers in Plaosan Village, Plaosan District, Magetan Regency. Data collection techniques using interviews and documentation. Meanwhile, the data analysis technique uses multiple linear regression analysis, hypothesis testing and determination analysis. The research findings (1) partially there is a significant influence on the variables of education, experience, land area, labor and capital on the production of vegetable farming in Plaosan Village, Plaosan District, Magetan Regency. Meanwhile, age and dependency variables influence the production of vegetable farming in Plaosan Village, Plaosan District, Magetan Regency; and (2) simultaneously there is a significant influence on the variables of age, education, experience, dependents, land area, labor and capital on the production of vegetable farming. Keywords—: socio-economy; farmers; farming.

In cold and dry high desert climate such as in Mustang, Manang or Dolpa growing green vegetables is a challenging task despite solar radiation throughout the whole year. Harsh and snowy winter, turbulent wind, limited availability of arable lands and water impedes plant growth. Solar greenhouse (SGH) is a renewable energy-based alternative for growing vegetables in these zones round the year in surplus quantity. At present, a large quantity of vegetables is purchased from nearby market towns (Pokhara and Beni) at double the price. Promotion of greenhouse vegetable farming has not only potential to relieve local people from such financial burden but can even create new business opportunities. As vegetables produced at these altitudes use only organic manure, their quality is desirable for a market where demand for organic products is constantly increasing. From a literature study of SGH cases in Ladakh, Humla and Khumbu region it was found that varieties of vegetables could be grown even during winter when temperatures drop to -25°C. For instance, owners of specially designed SGHs in Ladakh ate eight times the volume of vegetables they had eaten prior to acquiring these SGHs and have seen their incomes rise by 30%. The following article presents a study on SGH possibilities for vegetable farming in the Baragaon rural municipality of Mustang district, applying methods such as observations, informal interviews and stakeholder inclusion. Currently, there exists only rudimentary samples of plastic greenhouses in most villages, where only green leafy vegetables grow during winter. During summer, vegetable growth is conducted in open fields rather than inside the greenhouses. This is mainly due to their overheating caused by lack of ventilation. In Chhengor, one of the villages in Baragaon, organic farming is already taking a promising leap towards organic vegetable business. After discussion with farmers and other stakeholders appropriate design of SGH seems a good solution for durability of SGH structure and to ensure that varieties of vegetables grow in surplus quantity round the year. The article presents possibilities for SGH design and discuses factors for SGH establishment such as affordability, monitoring and maintenance. Additionally, it pinpoints infrastructural support such as agriculture policy at local level, for example in forms of subsidies and training of farmers to grant successful implementation of SGH approaches for high altitude settlements.

India is an agricultural-based country and this output creates a deep impact on the Indian economy and the rest of the factors. Hence upgrading the traditional farming techniques by the use of technology should be our priority. In the case of fruits and Vegetable farming, it is seen that most of the output gets decomposed or gets dried after harvesting because of various problems like no preserving units into the farms, irregular timings of transportation facilities, wrong methods of storage, etc. This directly affects the fruits and vegetables by lowering the physiological loss in weight as well as by damaging their quality. So it is very important to find out a good preserving unit to increase the shelf life and to maintain the freshness of fruits and vegetables for a longer time. As well as, it is very difficult to install the refrigerating systems into the farms. It would cost a lot too. Hence we have to make this possible by the use of natural things which would be easily available to the farmers and very easy to build. These conditions can be achieved by installing a Natural cooling chamber. It provides higher humidity and lower temperature on the inner side of the chamber which would not promote any physiological loss in weight as well as other metabolic processes, resulting increase of shelf life by maintaining 10°C–15°C temperature below the ambient temperature. Also, it is very easy to build, has less maintenance, requires no electricity, and has a minimum cost of installation. Farmers would have a really good advantage of this natural preserver. How to cite this article: Kulkarni S, Haswal S, Galatage S et al. Development of Low-Cost Natural Cooling Chamber for Preservation of Vegetables and Fruits in Rural Area. J Adv Res Mech Engi Tech 2020; 7(3): 16-25. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24321/2454.8650.202005

The study was conducted to assess biodiversity and conservation aspects of vegetable crops in two different geographical areas of the Chitwan district. The household survey was carried out in Kailash (hill) and Nayabasti (terai) of Chitwan. Descriptive analysis, mean comparison, correlations, and biodiversity indices were used for data analysis. On the basis of biodiversity index, evenness, the adequate number of species, and Sorenson’s coefficient, open-pollinated (OP) (nonhybrid) vegetables were more diverse in hills than in terai, while hybrid vegetables are more diverse in terai than in hills. Hybrid vegetables were mostly grown in terai, where the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides was also higher. OP vegetables dominated hilly areas. Gurung ethnic community had a significant role in the conservation of indigenous vegetable biodiversity. The primary source of seed was home storage in the case of OP vegetables in hills. However, in terai, agro-concerns were used as a significant source of seeds, followed by co-operatives. Co-operatives’ involvement was high in terai as compared to hills, but the role was not significant in vegetable farming. In contrast, assistance in vegetable farming from agriculture service provider organizations was higher in hills as compared to terai. The major problem in vegetable farming was lack of irrigation in both areas, followed by market inaccessibility in hills, whereas climate change was rising as a problem in terai. Markets of produced goods were farm gate, local markets, and distant markets. A middleman mostly did the price determination of the products. Off-season vegetable farming was not practiced in the study areas. However, off-farm vegetable production was typical in hilly areas. Indigenous and OP vegetable biodiversity has been facing various challenges despite their roles in nutrition, indigenous knowledge promotion, and food security. Hence, it is suggested to strengthen government policy toward irrigation facility development, gene bank establishment, marketing facilities, and technology transfer and develop on-farm community based intense organizations for sustainable vegetable diversity conservation.

PurposeThe study was conducted to investigate the economics of dry season vegetable production in Ogun state, Nigeria.Design/methodology/approachDescriptive statistics, budgetary technique and regression analysis model were used to analyze the data collected from 120 respondents using multistage sampling technique.FindingsDescriptive statistics showed that while the mean age of the farmers was 62.1 ± 38.78, the mean farming experience was 17.3 ± 12.84. Majority (56.7%) of the respondents were uneducated. Vegetable enterprise in the area was male-dominant. The result of budgetary analysis revealed that the average net and total income were ₦ 55,405.29 and ₦ 131,514, respectively. While the average total variable cost was ₦ 64,767.29, average total cost was ₦ 76,108.70. Benefit cost ratio and rate of returns were 1.73 and 0.73, respectively. The regression analysis revealed that revenue from vegetable production in the study area was influenced by farm size, seed quantity, farming experience, quantity of labor and fertilizer used.Research limitations/implicationsIt is therefore imperative for policymakers to encourage dry season vegetable farming as a viable enterprise option for the unemployed and upcoming entrepreneurs. Meanwhile, the government should design and implement policies that would improve access to land, labor, quality seed, water and fertilizers.Originality/valueThe study adds to the growing body of literature on inherent prospects for labor and entrepreneurs as regards the opportunities latent in dry season farming activities.

Traditional farming that changes to profitable agribusiness can serve a machine for rural modernisation. This article assesses factors that determined the decision of smallholder vegetable producer...

In response to climate change, poultry – vegetable integrated practice was introduced for the management of poultry wastes and to reduce pollution. The cost of chemical fertilizers and the health implications of consuming vegetables produced using chemical fertilizers has been a source of concern to health and nutrition stakeholders. In order to mitigate this problem, the use of organic fertilizers was advocated. This study was conducted to determine the response level poultry – vegetable integration farming practice among farmers in Delta State, Nigeria. The data for the study was elicited from 192 randomly selected registered poultry farmers, with the use of questionnaire and structured interview schedule. The data were analyzed with the application of descriptive statistics such as frequency counts, percentages and means derived from 4 – point Likert – type scale and 5 – point Likert scale. The hypothesis that the socioeconomic attributes of farmers do not contribute to their practice of poultry-vegetable integrated farming was tested with the application of regression model. The farmers had a mean age of 45.1 years and poultry farm size average of 5571 birds with mean household size of 6 persons and means farming experience of 23.5 years. Most of them subscribed to membership of farmers’ groups had 2 times contact with extension agents monthly. Their responses to poultry – vegetable integrated farming was encouraging as they had adoption index of 0.51. The problems they had ranged from high cost of inputs, pests and diseases infestation low market price to inadequate information. It is recommended that Delta Agricultural Procurement Agency be revived; extension agents should introduce integrated pest management and organic method of pests and diseases control: Marketing extension was also recommended.

This study set out to find the predictors of food security for vegetable producing households in the Ketu Districts of the Volta Region of Ghana. In the study area, 226 heads of vegetable farming households were purposively interviewed. The data was subsequently analysed with both food security scale score and logistic regression analysis to determine each household's food security category. The study found eight variables as the major predictors of food security; they are: age,number of children, land ownership, access to change agent, access to financial services, number of vegetables produced, amount of credit received and vegetable produce markets. It is important that change agents focus on these factors among families to improve the availability of nutritious and adequate food in households. The other implication is that the improvement of elements such as amount of credit received and the location of vegetable markets can increase food security levels in the study site and extrapolation in other vegetable producing farm areas in the country. Keywords: Food security; predictors; credit; extension agent; land size .

Vegetable farming in Northeast Bangladesh has developed rapidly over the last 10 years, with limitations to field management and marketing. A survey was conducted in North-East Bangladesh, specifically Sylhet district to identify the main challenges faced by different value chain actors and their perception of risk management strategies for vegetable production and marketing. One hundred and fifty value chain actors from five different Upazilas of the Sylhet District were interviewed. Perceived major problems in vegetable production were extreme climate events such as flash flood and heavy rain, credit unavailability, and low price of vegetables during harvesting time. Form the trader’s point of view; the major problems were lack of financial assistance, lack of storage facility, low-quality product, and supply shortage. More experienced commercial vegetable farmers of that region faced less challenge. Adoption of new farming techniques, processing of products for better prices, crop diversification, storage facility, and crop planning were the actor’s perceptions to overcome the problem.

This research was prepared aiming to determine the amount of cost, income, and efficiency of vegetable farming in the Buluballea Environment, Pattappang Village, Tinggimoncong District, Gowa Regency. Besides this research is also to determine the effect of factors such as land area, labor, manure, urea fertilizer, KCl fertilizer, ZA fertilizer, and cropping patterns on costs and income. Tumpangsari Farming is planting in almost the same time for the same two types of crops. The basic method used in this research is descriptive study and is done by interview technique. The selection of sample farmers uses a stratified random sampling method with a total of 5 (five) people. The type of data used in the study is primary data and secondary data collected by interview, note-taking, and observation techniques

Vegetable crops play an important role in the Indonesian economy through their multiplier effect in farm household livelihoods. This paper analyses factors that determine farmers to commercialize vegetable-based agribusiness ventures. Intensive vegetable farming, as a part of agricultural commercialization, is considered a technological package that is more profitable, and high input and labor intensive compared to rice and other cereal crops. The study employed a qualitative approach to describe the farmers’ motivation. Data for this study were compiled from surveys conducted in 2014 by interviewing 357 farm households, which were located in four major vegetable producing regions of East Java and Bali, Indonesia. Qualitative surveys and descriptive statistics approaches were used to support the quantitative regression models. Results show that farmers were more motivated to commercialize because of economic and agro-ecological reasons. An enabling agribusiness environment such as access to good produce markets, credit, as well as market information and support systems access are expected to be other driving factors boosting commercial vegetable farming and associated steady growth of vegetable production in Indonesia. Vegetable markets should be emphasized in the potential vegetable producing regions of Indonesia.

The present paper attempts to examine the Spatio-temporal changes in the distribution patterns of male and female agricultural labour at tehsil level in Punjab. This study assumes importance given the significant decline in both male and female agricultural labour in the state particularly after the implementation of the new economic policy in India in 1991. The data on agricultural labour for census years of 1991 and 2011 collected from Primary Census Abstracts. The analysis concluded that vast areas of the state namely central plains followed by northeast sub-mountainous have recorded a decrease in the proportion of female agricultural labour which was more than their male counterparts during 1991-2011. The major reason behind the decline in female agricultural labour has been mechanization of farm operations while casualization of work in agriculture and shift of labourers from farm to better paid non-farm sectors led to the decline in male agricultural labour in the state. The most important suggestions came in the form of formulating a policy to absorb the displaced male and female labour in non-farm occupations through area-specific short term skill programs as well as implementing state’s crop diversification plan for engaging less skilled females in the cultivation of labour intensive and high income earning vegetables farming in Punjab.

This study has analyzed the trend of pesticides' use in vegetable farming in third world country like Nepal, and its impact in public health. This study tries to find out the increasing trend of pesticides’ use in vegetable farming and its optimum impact in human health that has also focused for the protection of environmental and human health. Vegetable, a kind of cash crops, is the crops that millions and millions of people use as their meal and it is directly associated with human health, nutrition and daily consumption. Highly use of pesticides in vegetable farming is ultimately the poison for human being because of its maximum uses which is beyond the immunity power of the human beings. This is a sensitive issue that suffers thousands of children and old aged people by bringing acute and chronic diseases. This study moreover tries to juxtapose library and field-based information that directs it in particular way. Both, theory of production and health behavioral theory have been applied in this research because theory of production touches with the producers or farmers and health behavioral theory attaches with consumers. Economic growth model can be attached with the large scale of production. Production approach relates with producers that inspires them to produce large amount of vegetable. This study belongs to not only a field-based research, but it deals with library information, productive concepts and its impact on health too. Applying explorative research design, qualitative and quantitative method with primary and secondary sources of data, this study analyzed significantly statistical information and theoretical concepts. For this study, Bharatpur Metropolitan city (ward number 25 and 27) Nepal was chosen as a research area. In order to study the trend of pesticides use and its health impact, primary data were collected from the vegetable farmers who operate farming at the village area. A purposive sampling method was applied to collect data from 110 farmers who use pesticides in vegetable farming. Sample was drawn in such a way that all kinds of farmers might be included into the sample. Statistical tools such as percentage tables were used to analyze the data, and finding revealed that varieties of pesticides were used by farmers, but awareness associated with pesticides application was not found as we expected among the respondents. Although farmers showed favorable attitudes about the risks of pesticides uses, they did not use protective tools while applying pesticides. Less than half respondents (42.27%) have got primary education whereas only less than one third (30%) respondents have secondary level of education. 77.27% male and rest of the female for this study were selected. This study furthermore deals with the experience of the respondents which begins with 1 year to 30 years while 36.36% respondents have 11 to 15 years experiences in vegetable farming but only 9.09% respondents have 26-30 years experiences. More than two third majority (95.45%) respondents have given their view that pesticides are ultimately harmful for human health although it helps to increase the production. Air pollution, land pollution, and harmful to non-target organisms were also found from the study. Majority of the respondents (vegetable producers 27.27 percent) have opinioned that they were suffering from skin problems but 20.91 % respondents have expressed headache problems whereas 7.27 % had excessive sweating problems. Few of them have reported sneezing, vomiting, muscular difficulties, respiratory difficulties and trembling hands. In order to study the using trend and practice of pesticides, vegetable farmers were using different types of pesticides based on their decision. No proper advices from stakeholders and extension agent were taken, and no safety tools were used at the time of pesticides' application. Some had taken partial training associated with vegetable farming although strong practical knowledge was not found. Educational awareness, pest control, safe work habits, safety tools, policy, innovative method of farming, and organic farming are recommended for the policy maker from the study.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyse the distribution channels of vegetable sectors in Indonesia, its economic impact on the performance of vegetable sales and the factors affecting marketing channels selected by producers. Design/methodology/approach The study employed qualitative and quantitative methods. A market survey was qualitatively conducted at producer, intermediary, wholesaler, hotel and food processing company as well as retailer levels. Producer survey was quantitatively conducted at the farm level, by interviewing 556 randomly selected farm households. Structural equation modelling was employed to accomplish the objectives of the study. Findings Marketing channels for vegetables in Indonesia was complex and relatively long. Farmers decided to select particular channels because of business circumstance and their knowledge. Distance and gentleman’s agreement with traders limited farmers to choose the desirable marketing channel. Marketing channels affect business performance in terms of high sales and profit. Research limitations/implications This study only pays attention to the supply side of vegetables. The effect of marketing channels also encumbers the consumers, which are beyond this study. Other studies are expected to highlight the consumer side. Originality/value This study focused on smallholder agribusiness players. This study uses two surveys as data sources: market survey and producer survey. The market survey serves as vital information to design producer surveys.

In the development of vegetable farming by the community, there are fundamental problems which are generally carried out conventionally with the use of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides to determine the success of their farming. With the farming system, the community suffers a lot of losses because the inputs used are relatively expensive and on the other hand the products become cheap because the quality is not guaranteed. The solution to this problem is to develop bio-culture organic fertilizers and bio-urine whose raw materials are available in the region. The partner village development program aims to conduct training on the making and development of liquid organic fertilizer bio-culture and biourine to support the cultivation of organic vegetables. The method of approach applied is technology transfer (TT) and entrepreneurship capacity building (ECB) which is carried out with the Participatory Rural Approach (PRA) approach ) which in its implementation uses the method of lecture/discussion, training, making demo plotting, and assistance. The results achieved in the implementation of this program were that participants were able to make and develop liquid organic bioculture fertilizers and biourin and apply it to their farms as an alternative to chemical fertilizers

Vegetable farming is the main source of livelihood for smallholder farmers in Eswatini. However, the production and marketing challenges they faced inhibits the farmers from benefiting fully, which...

The paper examines risk perceptions of urban and peri-urban vegetable farmers in relation to their on-farm activities. The study involved 66 in-depth interviews with vegetable farmers from four farming sites in urban and peri-urban Kumasi using interview guide and systematic observations. Relevant data were analysed thematically using NVivo 9 analytical software. Findings show that most vegetable farmers used contaminated water for irrigation and also applied fertilizers and pesticides to crops without any regulations. While these practices are potential health threats to both farmers and the unsuspecting public, the farmers perceived it otherwise and demonstrated lack of knowledge of the harmful health effects of these chemical compounds and the wastewater utilised. The paper argues that the current vegetable farming practices in the study communities are consequences of farmers’ low risk perception, which is shaped by socio-economic, political and cultural circumstances. Effective monitoring by environmental health agencies, coupled with sustained public education and campaigns on the potential health risks of unsafe farming practices could engender acceptable behavioural change among farmers.

To achieve the first two most important of the seventeen sustainable development goals vision 2030 (No Poverty and Zero Hunger), implementing development projects of intervention is inevitable. This study examined factors influencing household food security amongst MicroVeg project beneficiaries in Nigeria. Cluster sampling method was used to select four of the seven project host States in Nigeria. A total of 120 farmers were randomly sampled across the project sites in the four selected states. Relevant data were obtained on socioeconomic characteristics and food security variables while same were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results showed that 71.1% of the sampled respondents were males and 87.5% were married. Mean age was found as 49 years, 25.8, 33.3 and 27.5% had primary, secondary and post-secondary education respectively while 80.0% had farming as their primary occupation. The means of household size, farm size and annual farm income were found as 7 persons, 13,945.1 m(2) and ₦208,375 respectively. Almost half (48.3%) of the sampled respondents leased land for vegetable farming while 37.5% inherited their farmland. Personal interest, short production cycle and regularity of income were ranked 1st, 2nd and 3rd among others, as the reasons why respondents grow indigenous vegetables. About (54.2%) of the sampled respondents were food secured. Household composition, more specifically the ratio of male members in the active working age bracket (r=0.192; p≤0.05) was found to influence household food security among respondents. During periods of food shortage, modification of cooking methods, borrowing money to buy food/getting food on credit and substituting commonly bought food items with cheaper ones ranked 1st, 2nd and 3rd respectively as the coping strategies engaged by respondents. Thus, continuous efforts should be made towards building the capacity of the project beneficiaries thereby enabling many more of them achieve household food security on sustainable basis.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to analyse factors that determine farmers’ intention to commercialise vegetable-based agribusiness ventures in rural areas and assess the effect of commercialisation on farmers’ income.Design/methodology/approachThe study used a regression approach. Market participation and farmers’ income were hypothesised to be dependent on other external factors. This study employed data compiled from a quantitative survey of 357 farm households located in four major vegetable producing regions of rural East Java and Bali, Indonesia.FindingsResults indicate that household attributes, business environment, supporting facilities and farm characteristics determined farmers to commercialise vegetable farming. Access to credit, seed technology and farm site played high contribution to the market participation. Ultimately, commercial vegetable farming provides an economic advantage regarding increased income. Land fragmentation and status of landholding were identified to influence the net revenue of vegetable farming.Research limitations/implicationsThis study has a limitation concerning the number of samples and the availability of data and information. The number of samples is 357 which is about 4 per cent of the total population.Practical implicationsEstablishment of vegetable agribusiness terminals with all market infrastructures, adequate access to market information, credit and human capital investment through training and extension services are also required, will boost market participation. Re-structuring land ownership might be the best step to augment farmers’ income, through consolidation of fragmented fertile lands devoted to intensive vegetable farming.Originality/valueThis study was purposely conducted in rural areas where there were subsistence farmers, as this is to improve farmers’ income by commercialising vegetable crops. A novel feature of this finding is the role of access to credit in the commercialisation of vegetable farming and the impact of landholding status on the profitability of intensive farming of high-valued vegetables.

Vegetable farming is one of the alternative sources of earning livelihood and becoming important agricultural practices for income generation and employment opportunities. This paper aims to analyze the constraints and opportunities of vegetable farmers in Kirtipur. Altogether 80 farm household survey were conducted in four major areas of Kirtipur. A total of 20 key informant interviews (KII) were also conducted to understand the perception of farm households on commercial vegetable farming. The result shows that around 94% of the total sampled farm households have leasehold farmland that has spread to different settlements of Kirtipur Municipality. Out of total leasehold farmers, 69% have written agreement with the landowner. The result also shows that the farmers cultivate vegetables in an average area of 5.67 ropani (2884.49m2). Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) are the primary vegetable products, whereas cauliflower (Brassica oleracea) and other green leafy vegetables are mostly cultivated as secondary vegetable products. Dug wells are the major sources of irrigation on vegetable farmland. Out of the total sampled farm households, about 42% of farmers are associated with farmers group and 37% have basic training on vegetable farming. Majority of farmers have savings from vegetable production and marketing. Despite few constraints like price fluctuation (81%) and high middleman margins (71%), vegetable farming in Kirtipur has many opportunities particularly being a major source income and livelihood (93%), self-employment generation (87%) and growing market demand (83%). The opportunities in commercial vegetable farming have continuously attracted the farmers in Kirtipur; however, the existing constraints has deprived farmers from their expected returns. Therefore, this paper recommends to portray possible options to promote opportunities and overcome the existing constraints to retain commercial vegetable farming as a sustainable source for farm households in Kirtipur.

Vegetable production is influenced by a large number of factors including soil, climate, markets and availability of water. In this study, the information such as biographical information of the vegetable farmers, information about the vegetable gardens or farms, the current vegetable farming practices, irrigation practices on the vegetable soil and the farmers’ physical and financial records were assessed. The assessment was conducted through interviews and questionnaires. Seventy three point three percent of the farmers’ respondents farm on communal land whereas 33.3% of the respondents are farming on land size of two to four hectares. A model was developed to reflect the process vegetable farmers must follow when acquiring communal land from the Chief for vegetable production. Sixty six point seven percent plough the garden soil to the depth of 30 cm. Of the twenty-eight respondents, 85.7% are planting in seedbeds while the rest are planting on ordinary rows without seedbeds. The findings of this study will guide vegetables farmers towards best practices on vegetable production.

This study examines the impact of Prosperity Realization through Irrigation and Smallholder Market (PRISM) approach on farmers' income and poverty reduction in Kaski and Kapilvastu districts of Nepal. The study was purposively based on the selection of different vegetable farmers groups from IDE projects implemented and completed using PRISM approach. The sample consisted of 105 household heads from 15 farmers groups in Kaski and 168 household heads from 24 farmers group in Kapilvastu in vegetable farming of the project area. They were randomly selected using random table number. Using semi-structured questionnaire information was collected and situation compared before the project intervention and after the project period of ten years. The data collected were tabulated, processed and analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS). The project mainly intervened in networking of agricultural supplies to facilitate the small farmers to enhance production and productivity and marketing. After the project intervention, number of input suppliers increased with their services availability in time showing a positive impact in the area of input supply after the project. More than 92% of vegetable growing small farmers responded positively in the improvement of input supply situation. More than 86% of the respondents replied that the technical capacity of the farmers was improved, farmers were organized in groups and the forward and backward linkages with input suppliers and output traders were strengthen. More than 94% of sample populations indicated that the vegetable growers were able to sell their farm produce on time. It helped them to become commercially successful entrepreneur, with employment opportunity and income generation that greatly impacted on the alleviation of poverty. Living standard of the small vegetable growers was improved as indicated by increased food security, consumption of more vegetables and other protein containing foods, facilities like TV, radio and mobile phones at present owned by 80-90% farmers. Gender equity and female participation in decision making also was improved by 75 to 95%. Vegetable growers were health conscious as indicated by the consumption patterns and use of health facilities for the improvement of health and hygiene of infants, children and adults. Disease incidence decreased, which was indicated by the less visit of the family to the health facilities. In Kaski, net return was increased by 22 times, and in Kapilvastu 5 times than before the project. All the indicators used to measure the impact on input supply, farm production and produce marketing has been found improved as compared to ten years ago showing the positive impact of the PRISM Project. The increase in mean area of vegetable cultivation was highly significant after the project in Kaski and Kapilvastu as compared to before the project intervention. Increase in area under vegetables cultivation during winter and summer was also highly significant in Kaski but was non-significant in Kapilvastu. The multiple regressed F-value pooled of both districts was highly significant explaining nearly 2/3rd of the vegetable production contributed by the seasonal vegetable growing farm plus hired labors (R2 = 64.55) working on the farm. Therefore, it is imperative that the Government of Nepal should develop a policy to implement PRISM approach as a Program Planning tools for sustainable development.

The aim of our study was to determine the level of anxiety among farmers in different agricultural branches in Turkey during the COVID-19 outbreak and to examine its association with socioeconomic concerns and social support variables. Based on a survey of 2125 Turkish farm enterprises, this study examined effects on agricultural production during the implementation of COVID-19 restrictions among agricultural branches. The Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale and Oslo Social Support Scale were used in the study. Survey data were collected from farmers by phone. Age, place of residence, income status, agricultural branches, land size, the use of trucks, animal husbandry, access to technical support from agricultural organizations, access to support from neighbors, and social support level were found to have a significant effect on anxiety level (p &lt, 0.05). The anxiety levels of farmers engaged in animal husbandry and vegetable farming were found to be higher than those in other agricultural branches. The lowest anxiety level was observed in farmers engaged in cereal production. Taking these results into consideration is important for preventing problems in agricultural production. If anxiety levels are not improved, it is predicted that farmers in agricultural production branches with high levels of anxiety will move towards branches with lower levels of anxiety.

CONTEXT According to the bifurcation hypothesis, a gap may be growing between “agroecological” organic farms, which rely mostly on ecosystem services, and “conventionalised” ones, which rely more on external inputs, related to contrasting evolutions in farm structure (e.g. size, specialisation) and supply chains. OBJECTIVE The objectives of this study were to 1) analyse the diversity of organic vegetable farming systems in France, 2) investigate the extent to which bifurcation can be observed among organic vegetable farms in France and 3) investigate the extent to which structural factors that can reflect bifurcation (e.g. profiles of “new organic farmers”, marketing channels, farm size) are related to conventionalised or agroecological OF. METHODS We developed a farm typology based on Factor Analysis of Mixed Data (FAMD) and agglomerative hierarchical clustering (AHC) using information obtained from an online survey with 165 complete answers. We used composite indexes that aggregated primary indicators to compare the biotechnical and socio-economic dimensions of farms among clusters. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS The diversity that exists in organic vegetable farms, with large differences among farm clusters, can be interpreted as a snapshot sign of bifurcation, which is a temporal process, and support hypotheses that relate farming structure to farming practices in this perspective. Our study suggests that 1) the dichotomy that contrasts “agroecological” to “conventionalised” organic farms should be considered as a conceptual perspective with two poles and a gradient of farms between them; 2) farms that were created as organic tended to be more agroecological than farms that were converted from conventional farming; 3) new entrants to organic farming had the best agroecological performances; 4) the best agroecological performances were associated with short supply chains, although good agroecological performances did occur with some long supply chains; and 5) the smallest farms were more likely to implement agroecological practices, but farm size did not have the same influence on all agroecological practices. SIGNIFICANCE These findings confirm the influence of structural factors that reflect bifurcation of the degree of conventionalisation or agroecology of organic vegetable farming. For a given set of structural factors (i.e. farmer profile, farm size and supply chain), however, agroecological performances varied greatly. This suggests levels of freedom to develop more agroecological organic practices for a given farm size or supply chain that should be further investigated.

Vegetables are enriched with vitamins, essential for mental as well as physical health, are used in our routine life. Vegetable farming is one of the wide-scale businesses across the world. Many times, Vegetable plants are attacked by different diseases which consequences a heavy deficit for farmers. Early prognosis of these plant diseases can help to overcome this loss. Due to the variation of these diseases, it is difficult to identify the attacking disease. Deep learning models can be used for early detection of these diseased plants and appropriate measurements can be taken to minimize deficit. In this paper, we proposed a deep learning-based model for the early prognosis and classification of plant diseases. We have tuned a deep learning-based pretrained model in 2 folds over a publicly available dataset that contains images of different plants suffering from different diseases as well as healthy plants. We are envisioned to classify each instance as healthy or the name of the disease, the plant is being suffered. This transfer learning method has achieved remarkable results on this data-set of tomato plants and achieved 98.89% accuracy. To the best of our knowledge, this model is lightweight than other states of the art model with such significant results. This deep learning-based system can be used in real life for the detection of diseases of plants.

Various socio-economic factors play important roles in the adoption of commercial vegetable farming. Understanding these factors is crucial in enhancing the existing low rate of vegetable commercialization in Nepal, thereby achieving the overall development goal of poverty reduction. This article analyzes the personal, technical, and business factors associated with the adoption using Nepal Vegetable Crops Survey 2009–2010 data. A probit analysis is carried out. Caste/ethnicity is a critical factor hindering the adoption in Nepal. An awareness program to facilitate marketing of vegetables produced by the socially disadvantaged caste/ethnic groups and targeting them in interventions would be helpful in enhancing the rate of vegetable commercialization. Similarly, facilitating access to technical factors, mainly technical assistance, chemical fertilizers, pesticides, and improved seeds, would promote commercial vegetable farming. Such interventions can be introduced in vegetable production potential areas of Hills and Tarai. Land consolidation might not be important. Rather, any program or policies to facilitate secure land-tenure, which encourages farmers to invest in land development, would boost vegetable commercialization. Similarly, identification of vegetable cultivation areas and provision of irrigation in those land parcels would be vital.

Background: The overuse of chemical pesticides without proper Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) usehas put vegetable farmers at risk and has been an extreme concern over the past decades in the Maldives.Therefore, this study aimed to describe the patterns of chemical pesticide use and determinants of PPE useto diminish chemical exposure.Method: This cross-sectional study applied a two-stage random sampling method to select the studysubjects to respond a structured questionnaire. The multiple logistic regression was applied to determine theassociation.Results: Of 306 respondents, 90% used chemical pesticides while only 23% used PEE. Themultivariableanalysis indicated the use of PPE was significantly associated with education attainment (adj.OR=3.17,95% CI=1.80-5.57, p-value=

BackgroundIntegrated vegetable–poultry production system has recently attracted attention both from the scientific and policy making communities for its potential contribution to food security as well as the opportunities it offers in improving the livelihoods of smallholder farmers in Tanzania. Despite the efforts made, its benefits and costs in heterogeneous and real-world settings are not fully understood. Despite the promising design of the vegetable–poultry production system, rather little is known of its profitability and its contribution to better living conditions of rural households in different real-world settings. The same applies regarding the knowledge on factors influencing the decision to adopt such an integrated system.MethodsUsing cross-sectional data collected from 250 households in Babati district of Tanzania, we employ a gross margin analysis and a logit model to evaluate the profitability and to investigate the factors influencing the decision to integrate vegetable and poultry production systems.ResultsWe find that the integrated vegetable–poultry production system is more profitable than vegetable farming alone and the profitability increases as the poultry flock size increases. An integrating household should keep 18 birds to get significant higher profit than non-integrator. Furthermore, gender and education level of the household head, awareness of integration benefits, land owned, household size, off-farm income, and total income received by the household influence the decision to integrate vegetable and poultry.ConclusionThe study strongly promotes the integration of vegetable–poultry production system and highlights the influence of gender and awareness of integration benefits on the decision to integrate vegetable and poultry. Hence, the policy implication is to empower women and provide capacity building through training and extension services such as provision of affordable and improved vegetable seeds and poultry breeds.

This study aimed to determine the effect of the communication approaches used by the Local Government Unit (LGU) -Palayan City, Philippines in promoting modern farming to the Aeta Indigenous Peoples in Sitio Bacao. The study was conducted in Barangay Dona Josefa, Palayan City, Nueva Ecija. . Purposive sampling was used in selecting the respondents. The population considered in the study is 30 Aeta farmers. A structured interview guide served as the research instrument of the study. Findings revealed that most of the respondents were included in the age range of 20-29 years old. More than half are female (57%) and the majority of them are married (97%). Half (50%) are elementary undergraduates and worked as farmers for 10 years and less. Interpersonal approach vis-a-vis the program Farmers Field School was measured to be the most appropriate communication approach in promoting modern farming to Aeta Indigenous Peoples. Information about management in vegetable farming was the most frequent kind of information received from the Farmers Field School program. The broadcast media approach using the program School-on-the-Air was measured to be the inappropriate communication approach in promoting modern farming. Information about management in corn farming was the most frequent kind of information received from the School-on-the-Air program. The print media approach using the print materials was measured to be the less appropriate communication approach in promoting modern farming. Information about management in vegetable farming was the most frequent kind of information received from the print materials.

Organic farming plays an important role sustainable agriculture production with quality and environmental safety. Vegetable crops as one of the main component of agricultural sector, is providing nutritional security as general and source for livelihood in many farming communities especially the small marginal holders across the world. This chapter deals with organic production practices of vegetable. Nutritional quality of organic vegetables, nutrient management options for organic vegetables, disease and pest management in organic vegetables are discussed in details. In addition soil health management in organic vegetables, soil biological properties are also depicted. The chapter has discussed about Impact of organic vegetable farming on Environment. How Organic farming can enhance rural vitality, health risk reduction employment opportunity, ecotourism, are documented based on the recent studies.