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In a study to compare the durability of commonly used stains (Giemsa, Leishman, Wright, Eosin, Nigrosin and Gentian violet) for exfoliative vaginal cytology, vaginal smear was obtained from eleven apparently healthy West African Dwarf (WAD) female Goats and processed according to standard technique. Scores (0-3) were given on four parameters namely background of smears, overall staining pattern, cytoplasmic staining and nuclear staining. Quality index one (QI-I) was calculated from the ratio of score achieved to the maximum score possible (12), immediately post staining while quality index–II (QI-II) was obtained 35 days after. Calculation for durability index (DI) was self-derived and equalled to ratio of QI-II to QI-I. The data were presented as mean ± SEM. Multinomial logistic regression model was generated for the QI-I and QI-II using durability index as reference category. Giemsa, Leishman and Wright stains were more durable than others with their mean DI values significantly (P < 0.05) higher than Gentian violet, Nigrosin and Eosin.The model showed 89.2% overall model accuracy for the multinomial logistic regression model and 81.5% for the multinomial Bayes Naïve regression model. In conclusion, Giemsa, Leishman and Wright stains were more reliable and durable for exfoliative vaginal cytology compared to the other stains.

Background & Method: The material for the present study comprised of examination of 1542 cervical/vaginal smear, taken from patients attending the out-patient Department of Obstretric & Gynaecology and further sent to Department of Pathology for cytomorphological analysis. The study is done in Department of Pathology. Study Designed: Cross sectional observational study. Result: Maximum number of atypical epithelial cells of uncertain significance were found in age group 21-40 years (76.5%). Conclusion: The value of exfoliative vaginal cytology is undisputed today. The question arises about the feasibility of such study. The facilities for cytology being limited in our country, the needful and under privelaged population should also be taken into consideration in screening programmes. Post coital bleeding and sero-sanguinous discharge were the important symptoms associated with ASCUS and LSIL while bleeding per vaginum was the most important symptom associated with Squamous cell carcinoma. Keywords: Cytology, Diagnostic, Benign & malignant lesions.

Objective The aim of the present study was to analyze relapse rates and patterns in patients with endometrial cancer with the aim of evaluating the effectiveness of current follow-up procedures in terms of patient survival, as well as the convenience of modifying the surveillance strategy. Methods Retrospective descriptive study including all patients diagnosed with endometrial cancer relapse at the Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics of the Complejo Hospitalario Insular-Materno Infantil de Canarias, between 2005 and 2014. Results Recurrence was observed in 81 patients (10.04% of the sample); 66.7% of them suffered relapse within 2 years and 80.2% within 3 years after the termination of the primary treatment; 41.9% showed distant metastases while the rest corresponded to local-regional (40.7%) or ganglionar (17.4%) relapse; 42% of these were symptomatic; 14 patients showed more than 1 site of relapse. Relapse was detected mainly through symptoms and physical examination findings (54.3%), followed by elevated serum marker levels (29.6%), computed tomography (CT) images (9.9%) and abnormal vaginal cytology findings (6.2%). No differences in global survival were found between patients with symptomatic or asymptomatic relapse. Conclusion Taking into account that the recurrence rate of endometrial cancer is low, that relapse occurs mainly within the first 3 years post-treatment and that symptom evaluation and physical examination are the most effective follow-up methods, we postulate that a modification of the current model of hospital follow-up should be considered.

The present study was conducted in a goat farm for pregnancy diagnosis by using vaginal cytology and B-mode real time ultrasound using 5 MHz probe by transabdominal method. Seventeen pregnant does were used for this study. The objective of the study was to determine the earliest day of pregnancy and describe the chronological characteristics of pregnancy from day 22 to day 40 for vaginal cytology and day 25 to day 60 for ultrasonography of gestation. The differences among the average percentage of cell value in different age of pregnancy were significant (p < 0.05). The average percentage of intermediate cells (81.12%) was also significantly (p < 0.05) higher than superficial (9.41%), keratinized (7.10%) and neutrophil (2.61%) on 22-40th days of pregnancy. In case of real time B-mode ultrasonography, the gestational sac was observed only in three does out of seventeen (17.6 %) at 25-30 days whereas the placentomes and heart beat of the foetus were first detected at 31-35 days in six does (35.3%). The foetal leg buds were first visualized at 36-40 days in four does (23.5%) whereas the foetal vertebral column was first observed at 36-40 days of gestation in only three does (17.6%). In conclusion, vaginal cytology and trans-abdominal ultrasonography can be used for detection of early pregnancy in does.

OBJECTIVES Strain elastography is a novel method to assess the elasticity of tissues. We aimed to evaluate the value of vaginal strain elastography in women with vulvovaginal atrophy (VVA). METHODS Women with or without VVA were enrolled in this prospective study. Participants underwent vaginal cytology and vaginal wall elastography. Vaginal Health Index (VHI) was calculated. Based on Vaginal Maturation Value (VMV), participants were divided into atrophic and nonatrophic groups. Elastography parameters of the vaginal walls were measured in nine regions of interest (ROI). Elastography Index (EI) was defined by the average color score of nine ROIs. Groups were compared with unpaired t test or Mann-Whitney U test. Pearson correlation was used to determine the strength of association between EI and selected parameters. Multiple regression was used to evaluate the association between EI and age, VMV, and vaginal atrophy. RESULTS Ten women were diagnosed with VVA, and twenty had no cytological signs of vaginal atrophy (age-range 38-79 y). VHI score was significantly lower in the atrophic group (mean ± SD, 9.4 ± 2.011 vs 16.6 ± 4.22, P

Objective To analyze the histopathologic outcomes of patients with atypical glandular cells (AGC) in cervicovaginal cytology examinations. Material and methods Patients with AGC in cervicovaginal cytology were included in this study between March 2011 and March 2018 and patient data were collected retrospectively among all cytology results. AGC classification of cervicovaginal cytology were based on the Bethesda 2001 classification system. Results The total prevalence of cervical epithelial cell abnormality and AGC were found as 4.2% and 0.2%, respectively, in the study cohort. AGC-favor neoplasia (AGC-FN) was the subgroup of AGC with the highest malignancy rate with 62.5% (p=0.06). The incidence of malignancy in the postmenopausal group (33.3%) was detected higher than in the premenopausal group (8.3%) (p=0.07). Conclusion The probability of malignancy in AGC-FN cytology is more commonly associated with malignancy in the postmenopausal group. Therefore, histopathologic examination is strongly recommended in these patients with AGC smears because of the high risk for malignancy in this group.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Most recently vaginal laser treatment was introduced as a new option for women with genitourinary syndrome of menopause, vaginal dryness. Our objective was to assess the effects of intravaginal CO2 laser treatment on vaginal cytology. STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS Fifty-two women with symptoms of vaginal dryness were enrolled and underwent vaginal laser treatment using a fractional CO2 laser. Patients received three vaginal laser treatments 4 weeks apart. Vaginal cytology was obtained before the first treatment and 4 weeks after each additional treatment. Vaginal dryness was assessed by using a Visual Analog Scale (VAS). RESULTS Out of the 52 women enrolled, 34 were in menopause. Postmenopausal women had significantly lower vaginal maturation values (VMV) compared with premenopausal women at the baseline visit (mean ± standard deviation [SD], 42 ± 23 vs. 68 ± 13, P

Made available in DSpace on 2021-06-25T11:55:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2021-03-22 Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) EMBRAPA Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) The possibility of using cervical mucus and vaginal cytology as tools to predict ovulation time was assessed in 11 ewes and 11 does raised under tropical conditions. Every 12 h from progesterone removal to ovulation, estrus behavior, cervical mucus, vaginal cytology, and ovarian ultrasound exams were performed. In goats, vaginal cytology had 88% of accuracy on detecting the ovulation time. However, in sheep, there was no cell pattern in the vaginal cytology and cervical mucus varied at ovulation. In conclusion, both vaginal cytology and mucus evaluation may be useful tools to determine the ovulation time in goats; however, both strategies are less accurate in sheep. Univ Fed Fluminense, Fac Vet, Ave Vital Brasil Filho,64, BR-24230340 Niteroi, RJ, Brazil Univ Grande Rio, Fac Med Vet, Rua Prof Jose de Souza Herdy,1160, BR-25071202 Duque De Caxias, RJ, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Fac Ciencias Agr Vet, Via Acesso Prof Paulo Donato Castellani, BR-14884900 Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil Univ Presidente Antonio Carlos, Ave Juiz de Fora,1100, BR-36047362 Juiz De Fora, MG, Brazil Embrapa Caprinos & Ovinos, Nucleo Regional Sudeste, Rodovia MG 133,Km 42, BR-36155000 Coronel Pacheco, MG, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Fac Ciencias Agr Vet, Via Acesso Prof Paulo Donato Castellani, BR-14884900 Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil CNPq: 310166/2012-8 CNPq: 314952/2018-7 EMBRAPA: 20.19.01.004.00.00 CAPES: 001

Local estrogen therapy (ET) can improve vaginal atrophy symptoms and associated cellular changes in postmenopausal women. This study evaluated whether age at the start of treatment influences response.This post hoc analysis used data from a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial (NCT00108849), which treated 205 postmenopausal women aged ≥45 years with 10 μg vaginal ET for 52 weeks.Women aged 60 or ≥60 years at treatment start were evaluated according to the following: vaginal maturation index (assessed by vaginal cytology samples), vaginal pH, and most bothersome symptom (both graded on four-point scales). Covariance analysis aimed to evaluate mean change differences between groups from baseline-week 52.Vaginal ET improved vaginal maturation index (for all cell layers), vaginal pH, and symptom scores for both age groups. However, cytological profiles were significantly different in the 60 (n = 143) versus ≥60 years group (n = 55, estimated effect: -3.7, P = 0.0003 [parabasal cells]; 5.8, P = 0.0002 [intermediate cells]), indicating reduced cellular responsiveness to treatment among older women. Treatment effect on vaginal pH was less for older women, with a between-group difference of -0.19 (standard error = 0.05; P = 0.0003).Findings suggest that treatment may be initiated at any age since low-dose vaginal ET improved symptoms and signs of vaginal atrophy in both younger (60 years) and older (≥60 y) women. The stronger response observed in younger women supports current clinical recommendations to start treatment early. Continued treatment may be important to avoid recurrence of vaginal atrophy.Video Summary:http://links.lww.com/MENO/A653.

In this study, we aimed to develop a behavioral task that measures pro-social decision making in rats. A fully automated, operant pro-social two-choice task is introduced that quantifies pro-social preferences for a mutual food reward in a set-up with tightly controlled task contingencies. Pairs of same-sex adult Wistar rats were placed in an operant chamber divided into two compartments (one rat per compartment), separated by a transparent barrier with holes that allowed the rats to see, hear, smell, but not touch each other. Test rats could earn a sucrose pellet either for themselves (own reward) or for themselves and the partner (both reward) by means of lever pressing. On average, male rats showed a 60 % preference for the lever that yielded a food reward for both themselves and their partner. In contrast, females did not show lever preference, regardless of the estrous cycle phase. Next, the impact of juvenile environmental factors on male rat social decision making was studied. Males were group-housed from postnatal day 26 onwards in complex housing Marlau (TM) cages that provided social and physical enrichment and stimulation in the form of novelty. Complex housed males did not show a preference for the pro-social lever.

Ovulation timing in bitches is a routine procedure in small animal practice around the world. It is most frequently used for supporting breeding management, high-risk pregnancy monitoring and determination of the time of parturition. To learn more about how and for what reasons veterinarians interested in small animal reproduction perform canine ovulation timing, an online survey was conducted in 2017. The link to the survey was distributed via the mailing list cafereprod-l@list.cornell.edu and the website, the Twitter account and the Facebook page of EVSSAR. All respondents recommended using quantitative progesterone measurement for ovulation timing alone or in combination with other diagnostic tests. Vaginal cytology was also a commonly used technique. The 63 respondents followed different protocols for sampling and staining vaginal epithelial cells. Interestingly, 50 respondents used vaginal cytology routinely, but only two consider it as a very reliable and another nine as a somewhat reliable test if used alone. In a second project, delegates attending the EVSSAR congress held in Vienna, Austria, in June 2017 had the opportunity to examine seven stained vaginal smear slides under optical microscopy in a blinded approach. The results showed a marked heterogeneity in the identification of vaginal cells and assessment of the time in relation to ovulation. This heterogeneity supports the opinion of survey participants that vaginal cytology alone is not a valid tool for determining the day of ovulation. Results of both projects suggest that there is no standard procedure for the examination of vaginal smears in dogs. It is not recommended to determine the optimal time for mating based on the examination of a single vaginal smear only. According to some comments of survey participants, it is more useful to assess vaginal samples repeatedly and to use the findings to determine when to start progesterone measurement.

Blood progesterone concentration is used in several procedures related to the reproduction in the bitch, such as ovulation monitoring, estimating time of parturition, or hypo-luteoidism management. Several techniques are available to evaluate blood progesterone concentration, such as the radioimmunoassay (RIA), the chemiluminescent immunoassay (CLIA), and the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The aim of this study was to compare the blood progesterone concentration using these three methods during the periovulatory period of 23 bitches. Vaginal cytology was used to classify cytologic estrus (CE) and cytologic diestrus (CD), and blood samples were collected once during proestrus and every other day between CE and CD. The samples were retrospectively classified in the different phases of the estrus based on CD. Pregnancy rate and gestational length were also recorded. A significant increase of the circulating progesterone during the progression of the estrus was recorded, and there were significant differences in the values when using the different methods, with lesser, intermediate, and greatest values with use of the RIA, CLIA, and ELISA, respectively. There was a high correlation (Pearson’s correlation coefficient = 0.978) and substantial strength-of-agreement (Lin’s concordance correlation coefficient = 0.966) between values obtained when using CLIA and RIA, while there was a high correlation (Pearson’s correlation coefficient = 0.955) but poor strength-of-agreement (Lin’s concordance correlation coefficient = 0.866) with use of the ELISA and RIA. The data reported in this study provide evidence that the method used for measuring the blood progesterone concentration during the periovulatory phase of the bitch significantly affected the progesterone values.

Induction of estrus is used to improve reproductive efficiency of female dogs. In this study, 11 adult healthy female dogs were selected at anestrus stage. The dogs were assigned to treatment (6 dogs) and control groups (5 dogs). Single dose of estradiol benzoate was injected in treatment group at day 0 (0.01mg/kg, IM). Dogs in both groups received cabergoline (5μg/kg orally) from day 7 to the onset of proestrus. Vaginal cytology and blood samples were taken twice a week during study. Average time to the onset of proestrus was 10.33 ± 4.2 and 15 ± 7.5 days in the treatment and control groups, respectively (P = .08). The differences in time to the onset of estrus phase in the treatment group (14.67 ± 5.9 days) and control group (18.67 ± 10.8 days) were significant (P.05). The average length of proestrus phase in treatment and control groups was 5.33 ± 2.2 and 8 ± 4.6 days, respectively and their differences were significant (P.05). Average length of estrus phase in treated dogs with estradiol benzoate was 8.57 ± 3.5 days but it was 8 ± 4.6 days in control group (P.05). Administration of cabergoline caused significant decrease of prolactin concentration in both groups (P.01). The difference in serum prolactin concentration between treatment and control was not significant. The effect of cabergoline on serum prolactin concentration was not affected by administration of estradiol benzoate in treatment group (P.05). As a result, administration of estradiol benzoate 1 week before cabergoline improved induction and synchronization of estrus in dogs.

espanolIntroduccion: Los estrogenos conjugados via vaginal para aliviar la atrofia y sequedad vaginales pueden producir cambios endometriales. Objetivo: Conocer el efecto de la frecuencia de aplicacion de estrogenos conjugados via vaginal en el grosor endometrial en mujeres posmenopausicas. Metodo: Se estudiaron 70 mujeres posmenopausicas con sequedad vaginal que recibieron estrogenos conjugados en crema (0.625 mg/1 g) durante 12 semanas divididas de la siguiente manera segun la frecuencia de aplicacion: grupo 1, dos veces por semana (n = 35) y grupo 2, tres veces por semana (n = 35). Al inicio y final del tratamiento se determino el valor estrogenico en la citologia vaginal y se realizo ultrasonido endovaginal para medir el grosor endometrial. La comparacion entre los grupos se realizo con U de Mann-Whitney y entre los valores pre y postratamiento con prueba de Wilcoxon. Resultados: De 70 mujeres reclutadas solo se estudiaron 38 mujeres, 19 en cada grupo, pareadas por valor estrogenico inicial. No se encontro diferencia entre los grupos, ni antes ni despues del tratamiento, en el indice de maduracion, valor estrogenico ni grosor endometrial. Conclusion: No hubo diferencias en el grosor endometrial entre las distintas frecuencias de aplicacion de estrogenos conjugados en crema. EnglishIntroduction: Conjugated estrogens, when used by the vaginal route for the relief of vaginal dryness and atrophy, can produce endometrial changes. Objective: To know the effect of vaginal conjugated estrogens application frequency on endometrial thickness in postmenopausal women. Method: Seventy postmenopausal women with vaginal dryness who received conjugated estrogen cream (0.625 mg/1 g) for 12 weeks were studied. The women were divided according to application frequency as follows: group 1, twice-weekly (n = 35), and group 2, thrice-weekly (n = 35). At baseline and at end-of-treatment, vaginal cytology was examined to determine the estrogenic value, and an endovaginal ultrasound was performed to measure endometrial thickness. The comparison between groups was carried out with Mann Whitney’s U-test, and the comparison between baseline and post-treatment values, with Wilcoxon’s test. Results: Of 70 recruited women, only 38 were studied, 19 in each group, paired by baseline estrogenic value. No difference was found between groups, neither at baseline nor after treatment, in the maturation index, estrogenic value or endometrial thickness. Conclusion: There were no differences in endometrial thickness between the conjugate estrogen cream different application frequencies.

Cervical cancer is one of the most common malignant diseases of women, which begins with precursor lesions that can progress to become invasive cancers. However, its development can be prevented by cytology screening and appropriate treatment. This study aimed to verify the frequency of the cellular alterations of the female genital tract in women assisted by a clinical laboratory of Teresina – Piaui, Brazil, in 2016. The data were collected from the cervical cytology reports of 2016. 9040 reports were analyzed, among which 8,095 (89.55%) had negative oncology and 945 (10.45%) were positive. It was identified 1.97% of squamous cells of indeterminate significance, with 5.84%, low-grade intraepithelial lesions (LSIL), 1.33% of high-grade intraepithelial lesions, 1.25% of glandular cell atypia (ACG) and 0.06% of invasive squamous cell carcinoma. Regarding the level of schooling, women who did not complete elementary school corresponded to the higher percentage to attend to cytopathological exams. It is concluded that the incidence of atypia was considerably higher than described in the literature. Thus, it is recommended the adoption of strategies of health promotion designed to improve the cytopathological care.

For studies requiring accurate conception-timing, reliable, efficient methods of detecting oestrus reduce time and costs, whilst improving welfare. Standard methods use vaginal cytology to stage cycle, and breeders are paired-up using approximately five proven females with proven males to achieve at least one conception on a specific day. We describe an alternative, fast, consistent, non-invasive method of timed-mating using detection of lordosis behaviour in Wistar and Lister-Hooded rats that used unproven females with high success rates. Rats under reverse lighting had body masses recorded pre-mating, day (d) 3–4, d8, d10 and d18 of pregnancy. Using only the presence of the oestrus dance to time-mate females for 24 hours, 89% of Wistar and 88% of Lister-Hooded rats successfully conceived. We did not observe behavioural oestrus in Sprague-Dawleys without males being present. Significant body mass increases following mating distinguished pregnant from non-pregnant rats, as early as d4 of pregnancy (10% ± 1.0 increase cf. 3% ± 1.2). The pattern of increases throughout gestation was similar for all pregnant rats until late pregnancy, when there were smaller increases for primi- and multiparous rats (32% ± 2.5; 25% ± 2.4), whereas nulliparous rats had highest gains (38% ± 1.5). This method demonstrated a distinct refinement of the previous timed-mating common practice used, as disturbance of females was minimised. Only the number required of nulli-, primi- or multiparous rats were mated, and body mass increases validated pregnancy status. This new breeding management method is now established practice for two strains of rat and has resulted in a reduction in animal use.

Cover letter Vaginal cytology reflects changes in estrogen and progesterone in pregnancy. The change represents a transition from predominance of navicular cells and clusters of intermediate cells (evidence of progesterone) to appearance of fewer or small sheets of clusters with abundance of superficial cells (evidence of progesterone withdrawal) at the onset of labor. Thus, vaginal cytology is a simple and inexpensive parameter to predict the onset of labor with ease. The vaginal smear yields unsurpassed speed and convenience. Bishop score, a clinical parameter also predicts the onset of labor. At the onset of labor, Bishop score improves.

Aim: In 2013, the Local Health Unit Roma 2 ex C screening laboratory introduced a new set of indicators for quality assurance. We compare 2 sets of indicators based on routine multiple readings (peer review) for their ability to identify problems in single-reader accuracy. Methods: All suspect slides were blindly reviewed by all the cytologists of the laboratory. The standard set of indicators includes interreader Cohen's kappa, positivity rate and atypical squamous cell of undetermined significance/squamous intraepithelial lesion (ASC-US/SIL) ratio. The new set included sensitivity for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia of grade 2 or worse (CIN2+), positive predictive value (PPV) and percentage of positive high-risk (HR)-HPV cases among ASC-US. In order to estimate sensitivity and PPV, we considered all women for whom there was a consensus of negative cytology, negative HR-HPV test, negative colposcopy or negative histology true negative. Results: Kappa values ranged from 0.521 to 0.753, with narrow 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Positivity rate ranged from 73.9 to 85.7 and the ASC-US/SIL ratio from 0.61 to 0.81. Sensitivity for CIN2+ at the low-grade SIL threshold ranged from 85.8 to 94.2, PPV ranged from 14.8 to 19.4, and both had a broad 95% CI. Readers with low sensitivity did not show low kappa values. The percentage proportion of HR-HPV-positives (HR-HPV+) among ASC-US ranged from 39.9 to 43.8% with a narrow 95% CI. Conclusion: The proportion of HR-HPV+ among ASC-US cases is a powerful indicator to address in training.

En el CESAMO Las Palmas se atienden aproximadamente 100 pacientes diarios, entre los cuales se observó la necesidad de incrementar la toma de citología vaginal para la detección de infecciones de transmisión sexual y el cáncer cervino uterino. Evaluaciones realizadas a este programa y el análisis de la situación de salud del CESAMO, indican la baja captación y realización de citologías vaginales, debido a factores en la mujer, tales como falta de autocuidado, divulgación y educación, situación económica y pago excesivo de para realizar dicha prueba. Según estos datos, se había logrado un 35 % de cobertura en el semestre en que se programó la presente investigación. Entre los hallazgos encontrados en esta investigación, resalta que el 52 % de las mujeres en edad fértil no se realizan la citología vaginal; el 41 % tiene un grado de escolaridad de primaria completa y el 29 % no conocen la importancia de realizarse la citología. Igualmente, se observó que hubo un incremento significativo de 225 tomas de citología entre los meses de febrero a mayo de 2011, lo cual arrojó la cantidad de 199 resultados del laboratorio, de los cuales se presentó 1 caso de carcinoma escamo celular, 20 de cervicitis por infecciones de transmisión sexual, 36 de tricomoniasis, 4 de cándida albicans y 138 casos normales. Este logro se obtuvo producto de la gestión en la educación para la captación en mujeres en edad fértil; además quedó establecido bajar el costo a Lps. 20.00 por cada prueba y será gratis el día miércoles de cada semana. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/pc.v5i0.1849 Revista Portal de la Ciencia, No. 5, diciembre 2013: 21-25

ZusammenfassungBei einer 6-jährigen Pointer-Hündin mit periodisch auftretender Läufigkeitssymptomatik nach erfolgter Ovariohysterektomie wurde Ovarrest-Gewebe diagnostiziert. Die Diagnose basierte auf vaginoskopischer und vaginalzytologischer Befunderhebung, einer Serumprogesteronanalyse und einer magnetresonanztomographischen Untersuchung. Über eine Laparoskopie wurde das verbliebene Ovargewebe mithilfe eines Versiegelungsgeräts minimalinvasiv entfernt. Die Läufigkeitssymptomatik verschwand 14 Tage nach dem Eingriff.

Components of assisted reproduction technologies (ART), such as sperm cryopreservation, artificial insemination, superovulation and pouch young surrogacy, have been developed for a range of Australian and American marsupials. However, methods to effectively control ovarian function, arguably the key limiting factors in applying and integrating ART as a practical tool in conservation management, remain poorly developed. This is largely due to unique characteristics of the marsupial corpus luteum and its failure to respond to agents used to synchronize ovarian function in eutherian mammals. This paper presents an overview of relevant aspects of marsupial reproductive biology across marsupial taxonomic groups including information on the long-established technique of removal of suckling young to activate ovarian cycles. Ovarian monitoring tools for marsupials are reviewed and their usefulness for ART assessed (laparotomy, hormone cycling, vaginal cytology, laparoscopy and ultrasonography). We also discuss promising recent work examining the potential of manipulating hypothalamic-pituitary function using GnRH agonists and antagonists as the basis of ovarian control (female synchronization) strategies.

Objetivo:Determinar la conducta frente a la toma de la citología vaginal en estudian-tes de enfermería superior.Materiales y métodos:Estudio descriptivo transversalno comparativo. Se aplicó una encuesta a las participantes del estudio.Resultados:El 74% de las mujeres universitarias, participantes en el estudio, conocen la finalidadde la citología vaginal y saben que el examen se realiza para detectar la aparición decáncer de cuello uterino; sin embargo, el 16% de las mujeres desconoce la finalidadde la citología y la asocian con la detección de infecciones u otras enfermedades.(Chi2=13,9429; p=0,5299).Conclusiones:El conocimiento que tienen las mujeresuniversitarias del área de la salud frente a la citología vaginal es igual al que tienenlas mujeres de la población general.Objective: To determine the conduct towards the vaginal cytology in higher nursingstudents. Materials and methods: Descriptive-crossed study non comparative. Asurvey was applied to the study participants. Results: 74% of college women participantsin the study know about the purpose of vaginal cytology that is to detect theoccurrence of cervical cancer; however, 16% of women ignore the purpose of vaginalcytology and associate it with the detection of infections or other diseases (chi2 = 13,9429, p = 0,5299). Conclusions: The knowledge of the college women that studyhigher nursing from the vaginal cytology is equal to the knowledge that women in thegeneral population have about this topic.

espanolIntroduccion: ASC - US se denomina a la presencia de celulas escamosas atipicas de importancia no determinada que puede progresar a una lesion intraepitelial y carcinoma de cuello uterino, su vinculo al VIH es motivo de analisis. El objetivo es determinar la asociacion de lesiones intraepiteliales en pacientes seropositivas. Metodos: Se realizo un estudio, descriptivo, retrospectivo en el Hospital de Infectologia Jose Daniel Rodriguez Mariduena en 32 mujeres con diagnostico atipias celulares por test de Papanicolau, desde enero 2013 a marzo 2016. Se analizaron variables de edad, seropositivas al VIH seronegativas al VIH, resultado citologico. Resultados: Dentro del primer grupo (seropositivas) un 71% presento carga viral menos de 20, el valor de CD4 fue superior a 500 un 43%, antes de la cirugia el mayor esquema retroviral utilizado resulto ser el (TDF+FTC+EFV) con un 50% de los pacientes, en lo que respecta a la citologia vaginal previa se identifico que ASCUS encabezo con un 71%, la unica paciente que presento LIE de alto grado fue una de las que presento mayor carga viral. Las 18 pacientes seronegativas 72% presentaron ASCUS, 3 LIE BG, 2 LIE AG y ningun carcinoma. Conclusion: Podemos concluir indicando que el reporte citologico mas frecuente es ASCUS, que la prevalencia de carcinoma de cuello uterino in situ fue nula, que las lesiones intraepiteliales de bajo grado y alto grado pueden estar en relacion a una disminucion de los CD4 y aumento de la carga viral EnglishBackground: ASC - US referred to the presence of atypical squamous cells of importance not determined given that p ou can progress to squamous intraepithelial lesions and carcinoma of the cervix, its link to HIV is the subject of analysis. The objective is to determine the association of intraepithelial lesions in seropositive patients. Methods: It was performed studio, descriptive, retrospective at the Infectious Diseases Hospital Jose Daniel Rodriguez Mariduena in 32 women with a diagnosis of atypical cell by Pap test, from January 2013 to March 2016. They are variables of age, tested seropositive HIV seronegative HIV, cytologic result. Results: Within the first group (seropositive) 71% had viral load less than 20, the value of CD4 was greater than 500 43%, before surgery the largest retroviral scheme used was (TDF + FTC + EFV ) With 50% of the patients, in regard to previous vaginal cytology, it was identified that ASCUS led with 71%, the only patient who presented high-grade LIE was one of those with the highest viral load. The 18 72% seronegative patients presented ASCUS, 3 LIE BG, 2 LIE AG and no carcinoma. Conclusion: We conclude indicating that the most frequent cytological report is ASCUS, the prevalence of cervical carcinoma in situ was zero, that intraepithelial lesions of low grade and high grade can be related to a decrease in CD4 and increased the viral of the load.

Objective There are few studies analyzing surveillance for Type II endometrial cancer recurrence. Our objective was to determine the types of post treatment surveillance tests performed in our institution and the efficacy of these tests in detecting recurrence in type II endometrial cancer patients. Methods One hundred and thirty six cases of type II endometrial cancers at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center from January of 2000 to August of 2011 were identified and 106 patients met inclusion criteria. Medical charts were reviewed for surveillance methods and number of follow up visits. For patients who underwent a recurrence of disease, the surveillance method utilized for detection was documented. Results Forty-seven of the 106 (44%) patients developed recurrence with a mean progression free interval of 11 months. All patients had a history and physical at each surveillance visit, 78% had Pap testing, 57% had CA-125 levels drawn, 59% had CT (computed tomography) scans done, 6% had PET (positron emission tomography) scans done for surveillance. In our cohort, recurrence was detected by symptoms in 16, by CA-125 in 11, by physical exam in 7, by CT scan in 12, and by PET scan in one patient. No patients had recurrence detected by vaginal cytology. Conclusions Although performed in the majority of patients, Pap testing did not detect any recurrences within this cohort. History and physical exam detected the most recurrences. These findings suggest that educating patients about relevant symptoms and performing thorough follow-up exams may be the most important aspects of detecting type II endometrial cancer recurrence. © 2013 Elsevier Inc.

Vaginal cytology has many practical applications in the evaluation of both the normal and abnormal bitch. The objective of this review is to describe the use of exfoliative vaginal cytology as a diagnostic tool in clinical canine reproduction.

Introduction: Evaluation of estrous cycle in laboratory animals can be a useful measure of the integrity of hypothalamic-pituitaryovarian reproductive axis. Assessment of vaginal cytology is crucial to assess the milieu and compare the endocrine status of animals among the experimental groups. Aim: The present study was attempted to compare the estimation of estrous cycle by visual method and non invasive vaginal lavage method. Materials and Methods: Sixty healthy female swiss albino mice were used for the present study. The appearance of the vagina with respect to the opening of vagina, vaginal swellings were observed. Non-invasive method was used in vaginal lavage method in which nucleated epithelial cells, cornified squamous epithelial cells and leucocytes present in vaginal smears were used to identify the estrous stages. Results: The estimation of estrous cycle by visual method coincides with the vaginal lavage method. In Vaginal lavage method, the accurate proportion of cells and the transition phases can be evaluated. Conclusion: The non-invasive method reduces the risk of pseudo -pregnancy and mechanical trauma. Though, visual method is quick and reliable, for accurate estimation of the stage of the estrous, non-invasive vaginal lavage method is ideal.

Objectives: Our study examined accumulated data on vaginal cytology follow-up results of women treated for endometrial carcinoma (EmCa) by hysterectomy in a large academic women’s hospital practice. Methods: This study analyzed cases of EmCa treated by hysterectomy from January 2006 to December 2008 with documented follow-up vaginal cytology and/or vaginal biopsy results available prior to September 2013. Results: Of 607 patients with EmCa who had documented hysterectomy findings, 420 had either follow-up vaginal biopsy or cytology results during a mean follow-up period of 42.5 months, and 414 (98.6%) had at least one vaginal cytology follow-up result. Of 414 patients followed with vaginal cytology results, 48 (11.6%) had biopsy results while 366 (88.4%) had only vaginal cytology results. Recurrent EmCa in the vagina was documented by biopsy in 11 patients, eight within 2 years of hysterectomy. Cytology findings of neoplastic glandular cells triggered diagnostic vaginal biopsies in two of 11 cases. Conclusions: Vaginal recurrences of EmCa were diagnosed in 11 (2.6%) of 420 patients with documented vaginal follow-up testing. Abnormal vaginal cytology findings directly led to vaginal biopsy diagnoses of EmCa in two of the 11 patients. Vaginal cytology is no longer a recommended routine surveillance option for detection of vaginal cuff recurrence of EmCa.

The aim of our study was to determine the approximate length of the post- partum period of the local goat breed in Algeria. Based on the identification of cell layers of the vaginal mucosa (vaginal cytology) from the first week after parturition. In this work we used 13 goats aged 2 to 4 years and weighing 18 to 34kg liveweight. The experimental study was conducted at the experimental farm of the agro-veterinary faculty of the Blida University. By swab, vaginal smears were made ​​for each goat twice a week to 2 or 3 days interval from the seventh day post partum to 80 days post partum. We realized 312 smears of vaginal mucosa in total (stained with My-Grunwald-Giemsa staining) and we identify the resumption of the post-partum sexual activity when the superficial epithelial cells predominate in the smears. In the light of our study, the average interval parturition-resumption of sexual activity in the local goat in northern Algeria is short, estimated at 21,45 ± 3,56 days with a variation ranging from 16 to 27 days.

Author(s): Khan, Michelle J; Massad, L Stewart; Kinney, Walter; Gold, Michael A; Mayeaux, EJ; Darragh, Teresa M; Castle, Philip E; Chelmow, David; Lawson, Herschel W; Huh, Warner K | Abstract: ObjectiveVaginal cancer is an uncommon cancer of the lower genital tract, and standardized screening is not recommended. Risk factors for vaginal cancer include a history of other lower genital tract neoplasia or cancer, smoking, immunosuppression, and exposure to diethylstilbestrol in utero. Although cervical cancer screening after total hysterectomy for benign disease is not recommended, many women inappropriately undergo vaginal cytology and/or human papillomavirus (HPV) tests, and clinicians are faced with managing their abnormal results. Our objectives were to review the literature on vaginal cytology and high-risk HPV (hrHPV) testing and to develop guidance for the management of abnormal vaginal screening tests.Materials and methodsAn electronic search of the PubMed database through 2015 was performed. Articles describing vaginal cytology or vaginal hrHPV testing were reviewed, and diagnostic accuracy of these tests when available was noted.ResultsThe available literature was too limited to develop evidence-based recommendations for managing abnormal vaginal cytology and hrHPV screening tests. However, the data did show that (1) the risk of vaginal cancer in women after hysterectomy is extremely low, justifying the recommendation against routine screening, and (2) in women for whom surveillance is recommended, e.g., women posttreatment for cervical precancer or cancer, hrHPV testing may be useful in identification of vaginal cancer precursors.ConclusionsVaginal cancer is rare, and asymptomatic low-risk women should not be screened. An algorithm based on expert opinion is proposed for managing women with abnormal vaginal test results.

The vaginal epithelial changes document reproductive cycles and provide an index of the functional status of the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis. However, it is necessary to understand the vaginal cytology relationship. In our work we study the vaginal epithelium of intact and ovariectomized female mice. We analyzed young, middle aged and aged vaginal cytology and compared them with an ovariectomized group. The results show that female young intact mice manifest a four days estrous cycle phases: estrous, metaestrous, diestrous and proestrous. In contrast, female middle aged and aged mice showed the persistence of diestrous phase. Ovariectomized mice showed a similar cytology than the middle aged and aged intact ones. In conclusion, the vaginal cytology evaluates the reproductive axis integrity and reflects the circulating sexual hormones levels action and/or modification, which could produce transient changes in behavior.Los cambios del epitelio vaginal documenta los ciclos reproductivos, el estado funcional del eje hipotálamo-hipófisis-ovario asociados con cambios en la conducta. Sin embargo, es necesario conocer más sobre la relación citológica vaginal. En este trabajo se estudiaron las diferencias del epitelio vaginal de ratones hembra intactas y ovariectomizadas. Se analizó la citología vaginal de ratones hembra jóvenes, maduras y ancianas, y se comparó con un grupo ovariectomizado. Los resultados muestran que los ratones hembra intactas jóvenes presentaron las cuatro etapas del ciclo estral: estro, metaestro, diestro y proestro. En contraste, las hembras maduras y ancianas presentaron la fase de diestro persistente. Los ratones ovariectomizados presentaron una citología similar a la de los ratones intactos maduros y ancianos. En conclusión, la citología vaginal evalúa la integridad del eje reproductivo y refleja la acción y/o modificación de los niveles de las hormonas sexuales circulantes (los cuales pueden afectar la conducta del organismo).

Assessment of gestational age and parturition date prediction is a challenging, yet common task in clinical management of the pregnant bitch or queen. Knowing the approximate parturition date is essential for a thorough pregnancy monitoring. Radiographic and ultrasonographic methods are suitable in bitches and queens. In the bitch, moreover, ovulation timing by means of LH or progesterone assay, determination of onset of vaginal dioestrus by means of examination of vaginal cytology, and recognition of impending parturition by monitoring prepartal progesterone levels and body temperature variation are practical methods. A combination of different methods increases the accuracy of parturition date prediction.

Background: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the number of ovarian cancer and primary peritoneal cancer (PPC) progressive disease cases identified via routine follow-up procedures and the corresponding cost throughout a 16-year period at a single medical institution. Methods: Previously undiagnosed epithelial ovarian (n=241), PPC (n=23), and concurrent ovarian and uterine (n=24) cancer patients were treated and then followed via CA-125, imaging (e.g., CT scan, chest X-ray), physical examination and vaginal cytology. Results: In the group of 287 patients, there were 151 cases of disease progression. Serial imaging detected the highest number of progressive disease cases (66 initial and 45 confirmatory diagnoses), but the cost was rather high ($13 454 per patient recurrence), whereas CA-125 testing (74 initial and 20 corroborative diagnoses) was the least expensive ($3924) per recurrent diagnosis. The total cost of surveillance during the 16-year period was nearly $2 400 000. Conclusion: Ultimately, serial imaging and the CA-125 assay detected the highest number of ovarian cancer and PCC progressive disease cases in comparison to physical examination and vaginal cytology, but nevertheless, all of the procedures were conducted at a considerable financial expense.

To investigate the frequency and outcome of high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA testing of atypical squamous cell of unknown significance (ASC-US) and low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL) vaginal ThinPrep Pap tests (TPPTs).Atypical squamous cell of unknown significance and LSIL vaginal TPPTs (from women without a cervix) from 2005 to 2008 were identified retrospectively. The frequency of HPV testing in response to these cytologic abnormalities and results of testing were determined and compared with cervical TPPTs. The frequency and results of subsequent vaginal biopsies were reviewed.Of the ASC-US vaginal TPPTs, 76.5% (270/353) underwent HPV testing, with 31.9% (86/270) positive. Atypical squamous cell of unknown significance cervical TPPTs underwent HPV testing less often (69.5%, 7,155/10,297) but were more commonly HPV-positive (49.7%, 3,558/7,155). Similarly, the majority of LSIL vaginal TPPTs (59.2%, 202/341) underwent HPV testing, with 66% (133/202) testing positive. This compares with only 11.0% (1,092/9,947) of cervical LSIL TPPTs undergoing HPV testing, with 73.2% (799/1,092) positive. The increased rates of HPV test performance and lower rates of HPV positivity in vaginal ASC-US and LSIL TPPTs compared with similarly abnormal cervical TPPTs were statistically significant (p.05) by χ analysis. Histologic evaluation was more common after HPV-positive ASC-US or LSIL vaginal TPPTs compared with HPV-negative results. Most high-grade vaginal neoplasias were diagnosed subsequent to a positive HPV result.Human papillomavirus testing of ASC-US and LSIL vaginal TPPTs is common; lower rates of HPV positivity were found in vaginal versus cervical ASC-US and LSIL TPPTs. The majority of high-grade vaginal neoplasias were diagnosed subsequent to positive HPV testing. Evidence-based guidelines for the use of HPV testing for the management of vaginal cytologic abnormalities are needed.

Ultrasonography is a diagnostic method to image the conditions of reproductive organs and it could be supported by vaginal cytology to identify the activities of the ovaries by the types of vaginal exfoliate cells. The aims of this study was to observe reproduction organ through ultrasonography with supportive diagnostic with vaginal cytological assessment. A total of 10 individual queens were used in this study and then grouped into intact group (n=5) and spayed (ovariohysterectomy) group (n=5) based on the anamneses or their medical history. The vagina, cervix, uterus body and horns, and ovaries were imaged and measured by ultrasound. Vagina, uterine body and horn seem as pipe-like structures with hyperechoic outer lines. The lumen in uterine body and horn seem as a hyperechoic structure. The ovaries seem as round- or oval-shaped structures with anechoic follicles. The corpus luteal has thick wall and seen as anechoic in its centre part. The corpus albicans seems as a hyperechoic structure. The vagina of spayed queens seemed more corrugated than those intact queens. The cervix is seen as a hyperechoic structure linking the vagina and uterine body. Exfoliate vaginal epithelial cell types were then also be identified and counted on each queens. The results of vaginal cytology showed that proestrus occured in 3 intact queens, late metestrus in 1 intact and 3 spayed queens, anestrus in 1 spayed queen, and unidentifiable estrus stage in 1 intact and 1 spayed queens. Moreover, the morphology of cervix and uterine was affected by the activity of ovary.

Regulatory controls of quality assurance in veterinary laboratories are less common than in human reproduction laboratories and the intra- and inter-technician variation in the assessment of canine vaginal cytology has not been reported. This study was designed to determine whether variation in classification of vaginal epithelial cells and interpretation of vaginal cytology smears existed within and between technicians in a canine reproductive laboratory. Sixteen vaginal cytology smears representing different known stages of the oestrous cycle were examined twice by one experienced technician and three inexperienced technicians in a blinded random order study design. Seven assessments were made; counting and classifying one hundred vaginal epithelial cells into four morphological classifications and assessment of three cellular categories. Technicians also interpreted their results and reported the stage of the cycle they thought each slide represented. In addition, selected samples were sent to four external commercial laboratories for interpretation. For the experienced technician, intra-technician variation was low for the morphological classifications and cellular assessments (r = 0.69–0.95). There was more intra-technician variation between results from Examination One and Examination Two for the inexperienced technicians (r = 0.53–0.92 where correlations were found). When inexperienced technicians' results were compared to results from the experienced technician, the inter-technician variation was low; results were correlated for 17 of the 21 observations (four morphological classifications and three cellular assessments across the three technicians) (r = 0.38–0.87). When technician interpretations of stage of the oestrous cycle were compared to the known stage of the cycle for each smear, the experienced technician correctly interpreted 19 of the 32 smears, whilst the three inexperienced technicians correctly interpreted 14, 16, and 18 of the 32 smears. The interpretation of vaginal smears by external laboratories was varied and sometimes inconclusive; 50% of laboratories incorrectly identified metoestrus smears as proestrus and 25% of the laboratories incorrectly identified an oestrus smear as proestrus. The results of this study are highly important for clinicians undertaking canine reproductive assessments since they demonstrate the potential for variability of results. While the greatest precision was found when vaginal smears were examined by an experienced technician (who, on a daily basis, examines many smears), more variability in both the reporting of different cell types and interpretation of the smears was observed by inexperienced technicians and when samples were sent to external commercial laboratories. These findings suggest that suitable quality control programmes should be implemented for laboratories that are undertaking routine assessments of canine reproductive function.

INTRODUCTION:HIV-infected women are 10-11 times more likely to develop abnormal cervical cytology compared with HIV uninfected women, elevating the need for Pap smear surveillance. While guidelines for screening exist for HIV-infected women of reproductive age, there is inadequate data to guide care

Detection of ovulation was studied in 60 sterility cases attending the outpatient's department at a teaching Hospital in Bombay. 30 cases were studied for 3 successive cycles and all the three methods viz. endometrial biopsy, cervical mucus and vaginal cytology were employed. 24 cases were studied for 2 cycles only and the cervical mucus and endometrial biopsy were compared. Remaining 6 cases were studied also for 2 cycles only and the cervical mucus and the vaginal cytology were compared. Relevant literature on the subject reviewed and the present series compared with the reports of some of the workers in the field.