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The challenges of disruptive innovations have gained significant attention from both academics and practitioners, commercialization being one of the most critical phases. At the same time, however, it is the less studied area of disruptive innovation. Therefore, this article examined scholarly papers on the commercialization of disruptive innovations through a multidisciplinary systematic literature review. It resulted in the analysis of 64 high-quality peer-reviewed academic articles. The analysis highlighted the commercialization models and main constructs that are affecting the commercialization process: market orientation, market learning, user's involvement, market configuration, adoption networks and stakeholders, and innovation transference. The study evidences how commercialization has evolved from a later stage in innovation to influence even the early phases of innovation, characterized in turn by exploration, learning and ecosystem creation activities. Additionally, the analysis led to a proposition that established an integrated commercialization model for high uncertainty innovations. The model has three phases: 1) Concept/value proposition validation, 2) Business model validation & Market creation, and 3) Creating sales in the majority market. Lastly, the article contributes to a better understanding of commercialization processes in high uncertainty innovations, bridging also the academic-practitioner divide.

El presente estudio se centró en identificar las brechas que existen en relación al conocimiento del cambio climático, sus impactos y oportunidades, así como identificar sus potencialidades y restricciones como una alternativa a la Bioeconomía. Se desarrolló un modelo de entrevistas, cuyo universo, tuvo por objeto la selección de tres tipos de poblaciones: Las Empresas Privadas, Instituciones de Educación Superior: Profesores y / o administradores y tomadores de decisiones de estas instituciones, las Instituciones Públicas y Organizaciones no Gubernamentales. Los resultados demostraron que el sector privado otorga mayor prioridad a reducir costos e incrementar eficiencia, el aumento de la rentabilidad y retención de clientes en relación a responder eficazmente a las amenazas y oportunidades del cambio climático, lo que indica que existe una brecha de conocimientos en relación a los impactos y oportunidades que ofrece el cambio climático, mientras que en la docencia se observó que, existe una abundante formación de maestrías relacionadas con la temática medioambiental, sin embargo los cursos que se imparten en las universidades sobre cambio climático son muy escasos y por otro lado no existe un programa nacional de formación de postgrados en cambio Climático y sólo el 58% de los docentes entrevistados realizan tareas de investigación. En las instituciones públicas y ONG opinan que es baja la frecuencia de acceso a becas para adquirir conocimientos sobre cambio climático y que a nivel nacional la fuente de conocimientos sobre cambio climático muy frecuentemente utilizada por los docentes e investigadores es internet.

Este artículo analiza los procesos de transferencia de tecnología 4.0, las condiciones implicadas en ésta y las principales tendencias tecnológicas transferibles en América Latina. El enfoque de complejidad en el ecosistema permite explicar cómo los actores o subsistemas se (re)adaptan o (re)aprenden con base en su interacción sin ser gestionados por alguna entidad o componente específico. El proceso metodológico se basa en un análisis cienciométrico, uno temático con base en los proyectos financiados con recurso público de 2002 a 2018, y otro del ecosistema de innovación en la región emergente del Bajío mejicano. Los hallazgos muestran la relevancia de los organismos intermedios en el liderazgo social para la transferencia tecnológica. Big data, IoT y cloud computing son las principales tecnologías 4.0 potencialmente transferibles para responder a condiciones territoriales heterogéneas. This paper analysed the processes of technology transfer 4.0, its conditions and the main transferable technological trends in Latin America. The complexity approach in the ecosystem allowed to explain how the actors or subsystems are (re)adapted or (re)learned based on their interaction without being managed by any specific entity or component. The methodological process consisted of a scientometric analysis, a thematic analysis based on the projects financed with public resources from 2002 to 2018, and an analysis of the innovation ecosystem in the emerging region of the Mexican Bajío. The findings showed the relevance of intermediate organisms in social leadership for technology transfer; big data, IoT and cloud computing are the main technologies 4.0 that are potentially transferable to respond to territorial heterogeneous conditions. Este artigo analisou os processos de transferência de tecnologia 4.0, suas condições e as principais tendências tecnológicas transferíveis da América Latina. A abordagem de complexidade no ecossistema permitiu explicar como os atores ou subsistemas são (re)adaptados ou (re)aprendidos com base em sua interação sem serem gerenciados por nenhuma entidade ou componente específico. O processo metodológico consistiu em uma análise cientométrica, uma análise temática com base nos projetos financiados com recursos públicos de 2002 a 2018 e uma análise do ecossistema de inovação na região emergente do Bajío mexicano. Os resultados mostraram a relevância de organismos intermediários na liderança social para transferência de tecnologia; big data, IoT y cloud computing são as principais tecnologias 4.0 que são potencialmente transferíveis para responder a condições territoriais heterogêneas

La teoría económica evolucionista ayuda a comprender la relación entre conocimiento, tecnología e innovación como elemento propulsor del desarrollo económico-productivo. A partir de este enfoque teórico se presenta una explicación sobre el rol que jugó la Federación Nacional de Cafeteros de Colombia y su Centro de Investigaciones del Café, Cenicafé, en la generación y gestión del conocimiento relacionado con la caficultura colombiana, y la transferencia de tecnología. Se realizó una cuidadosa revisión bibliográfica que posteriormente permitió seleccionar y clasificar la producción científica del Centro de Investigaciones del Café, para así poder identificar los principales campos en los que se concentró la generación y aplicación del conocimiento. El material bibliográfico se clasificó en dos categorías: a) el conocimiento proposicional, que hace referencia al conocimiento científico— los artículos científicos publicados en la revista de Cenicafé— y b) el conocimiento prescriptivo, que se refiere a conjuntos de técnicas e instrucciones de aplicación concreta —los documentos denominados «avances técnicos», libros y manuales, cartillas, boletines y brocartas—.Finalmente, el análisis de la información permitió concluir que, si bien los principales avances tecnológicos incorporados en la caficultura colombiana han sido orientados e impulsados desde el trabajo científico y tecnológico de Cenicafé, la generación de conocimiento científico como la transferencia de tecnología se focalizaron en la producción del grano, dejando de lado la agregación de valor moderno a través de la industrialización.

[Bangladesh] innovation can be understood as a technological asset in relation to the protection of knowledge with regard to intellectual property, and a challenge for universities and companies regarding the transfer of technology, since there are numerous variables that influence even full monetization. It is important to reflect on all the energy expended in relation to the authors involved in this process, having as general aim to analyze the perception of researchers about the processes of protection of intellectual property and its security mechanisms, characteristics of innovation and technology transfer. A structured research was used as a methodology, using the survey method, applied to specialists, with hypotheses formulated, based on the literature review. The results mainly understand that there is a moderate correlation index in quantitative terms of graduate programs and number of patents, by region of Brazil, an awareness in agreement with the elements of protection of intellectual property. In global efforts among researchers, universities and companies, only about 5% of patents have reached the level of royalty generation, demonstrating that the other 95% are still available for potential exploitation for society.

Nesta pesquisa, buscou-se analisar os métodos de valoração de patentes discutidos pela literatura e valorar a patente de defumador de pescados (MU 8802959-0) do Núcleo de Inovação Tecnológica do Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia da Bahia – NIT/IFBA. Para tanto, os procedimentos metodológicos adotados consistiram em pesquisa exploratória, de natureza bibliográfica, documental, baseada em artigos, dissertações, teses, relatórios técnicos e sites institucionais. A abordagem empregada na pesquisa foi a de pesquisa qualitativa, com análise de dados qualitativo e quantitativo. Quanto aos dados, foram coletados dados secundários utilizados que foram obtidos a partir do documento de patente e por meio de observação direta realizada no NIT/IFBA. Como resultados observou-se que o método alternativo de valoração, que leva em consideração a característica do ativo, bem como o Nível de Prontidão Tecnológica (NPT) e variáveis econômicas, mostrou-se mais favorável para a valoração da patente de defumador de pescados do NIT/IFBA, quando comparado com as abordagens tradicionais, a exemplo do método de Fluxo de Caixa Descontado (FCD), opções reais e abordagem de custos. Ademais, o método alternativo considera, também, as particularidades e a dinâmica dos NITs, além de requerer dados que são acessíveis aos Núcleos e apresentar flexibilidade, podendo ser adaptada de acordo com as características da patente.

O objetivo deste estudo consistiu em analisar comparativamente os resultados da valoração de ativos intangíveis pela abordagem das opções reais, baseado no modelo de Black e Scholes, com o método do fluxo de caixa descontado, no contexto de um software desenvolvido na Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. As flexibilidades consideradas no desenvolvimento do trabalho foram a opção de abandono e a opção de prorrogação do contrato de licenciamento. Os resultados mostraram que o modelo das opções reais se adapta melhor a esse cenário, pois incorpora ao valor final do ativo as opções presentes desde o momento da Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento até o fim do licenciamento e proteção da tecnologia. O valor esperado sob a ótica das opções reais foi estatisticamente superior ao do fluxo de caixa tradicional. Esse resultado mostrou que as contingências relativas ao caso de estudo são relevantes e com isso devem ser consideradas no processo de valoração. A maior proximidade desse valor com a realidade representa benefícios tanto para a universidade quanto para a empresa. Ademais, é importante ressaltar que uma tecnologia protegida é capaz de criar uma grande vantagem competitiva e que os ganhos com sua exploração podem ir muito além dos financeiros.

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to analyse how different patterns of production factors consumption of Spanish universities lead to specific technology transfer (TT) profiles (outcomes).Design/methodology/approachAdopting a resource-based view perspective (RBV), qualitative comparative analysis (QCA) is used to analyse the relationship between different combinations of resources – human resources, financial resources and support services – and various portfolios of TT outcomes – intellectual or industrial property agreements, spin-offs and TT income.FindingsResults indicate that there is no unique formula of resource consumption that leads to a specific portfolio of TT outcomes. These results seem to reflect the characteristics and competencies added by universities, along with the characteristics of their socioeconomic context. From a RVB perspective, this indicates that the considered resources are substitutable.Practical implicationsThe effectiveness of university policies is expected to vary by university, for example depending on the type of resources that is most relevant in the university’s production process. To develop competitive advantages Spanish public universities must resort to internal intangible resources or specific and inimitable combinations of the available resources.Social implicationsSince Spanish universities are heterogeneous and display different TT portfolios they address the needs of different users.Originality/valuePrevious studies have failed to acknowledge the heterogeneity among universities. To perform the analysis QCA is used, an innovative methodology in the higher education sector that enables us to purposefully acknowledge institutional diversity (in both resources and results). This allows us to indirectly take into account the capabilities of universities using a more holistic approach to evaluate their competitiveness.

Health education is very important to raise awareness about the dangers of excessive exposure to the sun, and other climatic elements, especially for more sensitive groups of people such as children. Although there are many known benefits of sun exposure to human health, it is also true that, when in excess, it can also raise the risk of diseases related to exposure to these elements. It is, therefore, important to have monitoring mechanisms to keep children safe from health risks that may arise from exposure to those climatic elements. This work describes the development of a wearable device that monitors some parameters associated with health and conditions to which a child may be exposed and, depending on these conditions, it alerts to the risk to which the child is exposed. The strengths of the described system, regarding children's health, focus not only on the warnings that the changing colours of the light alert will provide them with, as to UV solar radiation, body temperature and ambient temperature, it also improves knowledge about the promotion of health and protection measures to be adopted, considering the conditions to which the child is exposed. For adults, the prototype also reveals some interest, according to the responses to the surveys, and advantageous in that it can help them in the constant monitoring of their children. But, above all, it makes it possible to raise awareness of the importance of health care, especially with children.

This article examines how the perceived quality of the service provided by technology transfer offices influences researchers’ likelihood to patent their research results. A novel three-dimensional model is proposed aiming at analyzing the combined effect of service quality perceptions—service reliability, infrastructures and staff—alongside with factors that capture the university's regulatory framework and the profile and experience of the researcher. Results suggest that the profile of the researcher is much more critical for driving patenting activity than the quality of the services offered by the technology transfer office (TTO). However, the effect of the service quality delivered by the TTO is stronger when the researcher has less experience compared to researchers with a consolidated career., Este artículo examina cómo la calidad percibida del servicio prestado por las oficinas de transferencia tecnológica influye en la probabilidad de que los investigadores patenten los resultados de sus investigaciones. Se propone un novedoso modelo tridimensional que pretende analizar el efecto combinado de las percepciones de calidad del servicio -fiabilidad del servicio, infraestructuras y personal- junto con factores que recogen el marco normativo de la universidad y el perfil y experiencia del investigador. Los resultados sugieren que el perfil del investigador es mucho más crítico para impulsar la actividad de patentamiento que la calidad de los servicios ofrecidos por la oficina de transferencia de tecnología (OTT). Sin embargo, el efecto de la calidad de los servicios prestados por la OTRI es mayor cuando el investigador tiene menos experiencia en comparación con los investigadores con una carrera consolidada., a Dirección de Investigaciones, Fundación Universitaria Los Libertadores, Carrera 16 # 63 A - 68, Bogotá, Colombia b Department of Economy and Business Organization, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, C. Immaculada, 22. 08017, Barcelona, Spain c Department of Managerial Decision Sciences, IESE Business School, Universidad de Navarra, Avenida Pearson 21, 08034 Barcelona, Spain d Escuela Colombiana de Ingenieria Julio Garavito, AK 45 (Autonorte) 205-59, Bogotá, Colombia

Transferencia de tecnología, derecho internacional y protección de la biodiversidad marina más allá de la jurisdicción nacional: Cuestiones clave para un nuevo acuerdo internacional Este trabajo aborda cuestiones relevantes sobre transferencia de tecnología que surgen del proceso de negociación de un nuevo instrumento internacional legalmente vinculante sobre biodiversidad marina en áreas más allá de la jurisdicción nacional. Desde las regulaciones inadecuadas contenidas en la Convención de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Derecho del Mar y otros instrumentos internacionales, hasta el estado actual de las negociaciones en la Conferencia Intergubernamental sobre Biodiversidad Marina en áreas fuera de la jurisdicción nacional, este trabajo intenta presentar los desafíos, lagunas y oportunidades en juego, es una oportunidad histórica para configurar una protección integral y específica de la diversidad biológica más allá de la jurisdicción nacional, en un momento en el que los océanos enfrentan más amenazas y peligros que nunca. This paper deals with the relevant issues on technology transfer arising from the process of negotiation of a new international legally binding instrument on marine biodiversity in areas beyond national jurisdiction. From the difficult implementation of provisions contained in the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea and other international instruments, to the current state of negotiations in the Intergovernmental Conference on Marine Biodiversity of Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction, this paper tries to present the challenges, the gaps and the opportunities at stake. This is a historic opportunity to shape integral and specific protection of the biological diversity beyond national jurisdiction, while the oceans are facing more threats and perils than never

Science parks play an important role in the promotion of innovation. Their objective is to act as a bridge between universities and industry with the support of public administrations. However, the specific role of a science park might vary depending on the geographical setting. For that reason, the mission statement of science parks can greatly differ from one another. The original contribution of this study stems from investigating the relationship between strategic managerial choices (how science parks define their mission statement) and their performance. A qualitative approach is used and is based on a sample of 20 Spanish science parks. Our results demonstrate the importance of concentrating on a few relevant components, namely, customers, product offer, geographic scope, investors and society.

Universities play a unique role in ecosystems of innovation. They interact with the other agents of the Triple Helix model, developing their functions in relation to each other and together with industry and government. Grounded in key conceptual frameworks—Triple Helix, Regional Innovation Systems and Entrepreneurial University—we analyze how the leading universities in Silicon Valley (UC Berkeley, Stanford and UC San Francisco) have evolved, adapting to new demands and, in turn, shaping the evolution of Silicon Valley. To do so we use quantitative and qualitative data and examine the changes occurring between 2007 and 2018. A close examination of the data from this period reveals an increased attention to entrepreneurship education and an intensified activity of technology transfer offices. Equally relevant are the increased interactions between universities and investors (business angels, Venture Capital funds and corporate investors), and the improvement of specific infrastructures to incubate and accelerate business ideas. Las universidades desempeñan un papel único en los ecosistemas de innovación. Interactúan con los otros agentes del modelo de la Triple Helix; desarrollando sus funciones en relación entre sí y junto con la industria y el gobierno. Tomando como punto de partida los marcos teóricos de la triple hélice, los sistemas regionales de innovación el de la universidad emprendedora; en este estudio se analiza cómo las universidades líderes de Silicon Valley (UC Berkeley, Stanford y UC San Francisco) han evolucionado, adaptándose a las nuevas demandas y, a su vez, contribuyendo a la evolución de Silicon Valley. Para ello se combina el uso de datos cualitativos y cuantitativos para investigar los cambios ocurridos entre 2007 y 2016. Del análisis de los datos de este período se desprende un creciente énfasis en la educación emprendedora y un incremento de la actividad desarrollada por las oficinas de transferencia de tecnología. Igualmente relevantes son las mayores interacciones que se han observan entre universidades e inversores (business angels, fondos de Venture Capital e inversores corporativos), y la mejora de infraestructuras específicas para incubar y acelerar ideas de negocio. info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion

Unversity-industry links and their impact on innovation processes have been widely acknowledged. However, previous studies have mainly examined university-industry knowledge transfer activities from the perspective of the research and third stream missions. This paper goes a step further, analysing such processes from the perspective of the university’s teaching mission. More specifically, it explores how educational crowdsourcing platforms help bring universities and industry together to develop joint activities in undergraduate and graduate programmes. Nine platforms with different business models were examined. A qualitative exploratory approach was adopted to manually collect and analyse data from the platforms. This study identified three categories of educational crowdsourcing platforms based on their focus (education, crowdsourcing or networking). The analysis shows that, although these platforms have some shortcomings, they provide benefits to all stakeholders by facilitating experiential learning, promoting skills acquisition and encouraging the development of new ideas to meet industry needs.

Crop and livestock production have become spatially decoupled in existing commercial agricultural regimes throughout the world. These segregated high input production systems contribute to some of the world's most pressing sustainability challenges, including climate change, nutrient imbalances, water pollution, biodiversity decline, and increasingly precarious rural livelihoods. There is substantial evidence that by closing the loop in nutrient and energy cycles, recoupling crop and livestock systems at farm and territorial scales can help reduce the environmental externalities associated with conventional commercial farming without declines in profitability or yields. Yet such 'integrated' crop and livestock systems remain rare as a proportion of global agricultural area. Based on an interdisciplinary workshop and additional literature review, we provide a comprehensive historical and international perspective on why integrated crop and livestock systems have declined in most regions and what conditions have fostered their persistence and reemergence in others. We also identify levers for encouraging the reemergence of integrated crop and livestock systems worldwide. We conclude that a major disruption of the current regime would be needed to foster crop-livestock reintegration, including a redesign of research programs, credit systems, payments for ecosystem services, insurance programs, and food safety regulations to focus on whole farm outcomes and the creation of a circular economy. An expansion of the number of integrated crop and livestock systems field trials and demonstrations and efforts to brand integrated crop and livestock systems as a form of sustainable agriculture through the development of eco-labels could also improve adoption, but would likely be unsuccessful at encouraging wide-scale change without a more radical transformation of the research and policy landscape. Made available in DSpace on 2020-03-18T14:43:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Drivers-of-decoupling.pdf: 1071766 bytes, checksum: 042134bf5cdd1952a07781e992a5a3d8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2020

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No. of bitstreams: 1 CHAI - Closing the ‘intangible technology transfer’ gap within the exixting legal frameworks.pdf: 429211 bytes, checksum: 313886079a65fe4e442877727ee0d882 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-06-10 O cenário atual de terrorismo apresenta níveis crescentes e diversos de ameaça, com respostas complexas e desafiadoras de contraterrorismo, à medida que grupos terroristas (TGs) se tornam mais globais em seu alcance, criativos em seus métodos, bem como mais ligados a grupos criminosos organizados (OCGs). Uma tendência preocupante, pelo menos em algumas regiões geográficas, é o aumento da cooperação entre OCGs e TGs ou mesmo a convergência em que o nível de integração entre os dois grupos é tal que é difícil discernir os parâmetros entre eles. Tal cooperação ou convergência pode colocar sob pressão os marcos legais aplicáveis ​​existentes, destacando ou mesmo criando lacunas normativas no processo. Por sua vez, isso pode impedir uma cooperação internacional eficaz, incluindo nos domínios da prevenção legal do terrorismo e respostas da justiça criminal ao crime organizado e ao terrorismo atividades, representando assim ameaças significativas à paz e segurança internacionais. Os riscos relacionados, juntamente com os desafios e complexidades que os acompanham, para a comunidade internacional no combate efetivo a tais ameaças, estão aumentando exponencialmente por meio de rápidos avanços tecnológicos, notadamente “tecnologias emergentes”. Estas são agravadas pelo fato de que os instrumentos legais aplicáveis ​​(internacionais, regionais e nacionais) geralmente não têm conseguido acompanhar tais avanços tecnológicos e riscos associados. Uma dessas áreas está relacionada à transferência de tecnologia intangível (ITT) por OCGs e TGs, que incorpora técnicas de fabricação, know-how técnico e propriedade intelectual, e podem assumir várias formas, como a transferência eletrônica de projetos de armas. Uma questão específica, considerada neste artigo, se relaciona ao potencial de OCGs / TGs para adquirir tecnologia de “uso duplo” (ou seja, tecnologia com potencial para ser usada para fins civis / militares legítimos, bem como para fins criminosos ilícitos), por exemplo, impressoras 3D, juntamente com o software e / ou projetos necessários (por exemplo, obtidos através de crimes cibernéticos ) para imprimir armas. Em termos dos riscos apresentados pela ITT, embora não seja possível imprimir em 3D materiais físseis, químicos, explosivos, etc., no entanto, o setor de defesa e segurança é relatando o rápido desenvolvimento da tecnologia para a impressão 3D do componente partes de mísseis, por exemplo, por tropas militares implantadas operacionalmente. Claramente, se essa tecnologia cair nas mãos de OCGs / TGs, consequências catastróficas podem ocorrer. Surpreendentemente, apesar dos riscos associados e previsíveis à paz e à segurança, tais questões atraíram apenas pesquisas modestas ou mesmo atenção política até o momento de uma perspectiva legal, resultando em lacunas significativas de conhecimento em relação ao desenvolvimento de política, legislação e prática que regem os desafios relacionados às tecnologias emergentes. Mais preocupante são as lacunas que parecem estar presentes na justiça criminal e no combate ao terrorismo instrumentos que regem as atividades OCG e TG. Como este artigo revela, existe uma criminalização mínima, se houver, das atividades relacionadas ao ITT. Em vez disso, duas lacunas primárias parecem existir: primeiro, os tratados existentes geralmente não criminalizam a transferência de tecnologia intangível como um ativo para fins criminosos, seja para ganho financeiro ou para perpetrar atos terroristas; segundo, as estruturas existentes não criminalizam a utilização de tecnologia para a transferência de ativos intangíveis de tecnologia por OCGs ou TGs. O artigo conclui com uma série de recomendações sobre como alguns dos os pontos fracos identificados podem ser corrigidos. The current terrorism landscape poses increasing, diverse levels of threat, with accompanying complex and challenging counter-terrorism responses, as terrorist groups (TGs) become more global in their reach, creative in their methods, as well as more connected to organized criminal groups (OCGs). One concerning trend, in at least some geographical regions, is increased cooperation between OCGs and TGs or even convergence whereby the level of integration between the two groups is such that it is difficult to discern the parameters between them. Such cooperation or convergence can put existing applicable legal frameworks under strain, highlighting or even creating normative gaps in the process. In turn, these may hinder effective international cooperation, including in the domains of legal terrorism prevention and criminal justice responses to organized criminal and terrorist activities, thereby posing significant threats to international peace and security. The related risks, together with the accompanying challenges and complexities for the international community to effectively counter such threats, are increasing exponentially via rapid technological advances, notably “emerging technologies”. These are aggravated by the fact that applicable legal instruments (international, regional and national) have generally not managed to keep pace with such technological advances and associated risks. One such area relates to intangible technology transfer (ITT) by OCGs and TGs, which incorporates manufacturing techniques, technical know-how and intellectual property, and can take a number of forms such as the electronic transfer of weapons blueprints. A particular issue, considered in this article, relates to the potential for OCGs/TGs to acquire “dual use” technology (i.e., technology with the potential to be used for both legitimate civil/military as well as illicit criminal purposes), for instance 3D printers, together with the software and/or blueprints necessary (e.g., obtained through cybercrime) to print weapons. In terms of the risks posed by ITT, though it is not possible to 3D print fissile, chemical, explosive etc materials, nonetheless the defence and security sector is reporting the rapid development of technology towards the 3D printing of the component parts of missiles, for instance, by military troops who are operationally deployed. Clearly, if such technology were to fall into the hands of OCGs/TGs, catastrophic consequences could ensue. Somewhat surprisingly, despite the associated, foreseeable peace and security risks, such issues have attracted only modest research or even political attention to date from a legal perspective, resulting in significant knowledge gaps in relation to the development of policy, law and practice governing emerging technologies related challenges. More worrying are the gaps which appear to be present within existing criminal justice and anti-terrorism instruments governing OCG and TG activities. As this article reveals, minimal, if any, criminalization of ITT related activities exist. Instead, two primary gaps appear to exist: first, existing treaties do not generally criminalize the transfer of intangible technology as an asset for criminal purposes, whether for financial gain or to perpetrate terrorist acts; second, the existing frameworks do not criminalize the utilization of technology for the transfer of intangible technology assets by OCGs or TGs. The article concludes with a number of recommendations as to how some of the identified weaknesses might be addressed.

En México la producción de vainilla (Vanilla planifolia) ha disminuido como resultado de una escasa aplicación de paquetes tecnológicos adecuados a las condiciones edafoclimáticas del cultivo. Para comprobar esta hipótesis se realizó un análisis de su productividad de 2003 a 2014 a nivel internacional, mediante pruebas de medias de Tukey, y a nivel nacional con el modelo de descomposición de factores del crecimiento de la producción propuesto por la Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Alimentación y la Agricultura. Los resultados mostraron que, en el periodo de estudio, México no incrementó su exportación de vainilla a nivel internacional debido a que se destinó una escasa superficie al cultivo. En el contexto nacional, para el periodo 2009-2014 en comparación con 2003-2008 hubo un incremento en la producción de 2.5 % como respuesta a los rendimientos de campo (2.0 %). Esto se registró en 14 de los 52 municipios involucrados, que presentaron un aumento de 1.6 % en la superficie sembrada y 1.8 % en el campo, lo que contrasta con la caída de producción (-0.1 %) de los restantes 38 municipios, producto de una reducción en el área cultivada (-2.3 %). Estos resultados indican que a pesar de los buenos rendimientos en campo que se obtuvieron de 2009-2014, el país no ha podido incrementar su productividad a nivel internacional, principalmente por la escasa superficie sembrada y a la falta de transferencia de tecnología para impulsar el desarrollo del sector.

L'émergence d'un géant comme la Chine bouscule les acquis. La localisation de centres de R&D par des entreprises multinationales dans les pays émergents modifie les perspectives et crée un véritable changement de paradigme en termes d’innovation et de transfert technologique. Dans cet article, nous confirmons d'une part cette tendance mondiale déjà évoquée dans les études précédentes et nous démontrons que les multinationales peuvent maintenant choisir les pays émergents comme un lieu stratégique pour externaliser la R&D. D'autre part, nous allons plus loin en montrant empiriquement les phénomènes d’innovation inverse et de transfert technologique inverse dans le secteur pharmaceutique., The emergence of a giant like China changes the landscape. The potential localization of multinational companies' R&D centers into emerging countries changes the analytical perspective. This phenomenon moves the knowledge frontier and creates a real paradigm change in terms of innovation and technology transfer. On the one hand, we confirm the global trend of knowledge sources implied in previous studies and we demonstrate that multinationals might now choose emergent countries as a strategic place to externalize R&D. On the other hand, we go further by empirically showing the phenomena of reverse innovation and reverse technology transfer in the pharmaceutical sector., La aparición de un gigante como China molesta a los que ocupan el espacio. La ubicación de los centros de I&D de las empresas multinacionales en los países emergentes modifica las perspectivas y crea un cambio de paradigma en términos de innovación y transferencia de tecnología. En este artículo, confirmamos por un lado esta tendencia mundial ya evocada en estudios anteriores y demostramos que las multinacionales pueden ahora elegir los países emergentes como un lugar estratégico para externalizar I&D. En segundo lugar, vamos más allá al mostrar empíricamente los fenómenos opuestos de la innovación inversa y la transferencia tecnológica inversa en el sector farmacéutico.

The Technology Innovation Agencies in Brazil are a recent phenomenon still in the maturing process. Inspired by the Technology Transfer/Licensing Offices, they have the challenge to encourage the diffusion of knowledge from universities and research centers in order to promote innovation and economic development. For many reasons, the context of the Brazilian Agencies is characterized by the absence of support and the scarcity of human resources, with small teams and a small institutional structure to fulfill their mission. Therefore, the process of technology transfer and fostering innovation becomes harder than usual, and no much expertise about how can these Agencies tackle the challenges for innovation. The article presents a methodology to support the process of technology transfer in the Brazilian context. The research is based on a case study and the data was collected through interviews and internal documents of an organization that has been working in partnership with these agencies in several regions of Brazil. The results stand out for the novelty of proposing a formalized process to evaluate technologies for transference in contexts of low resources. In addition, the article presents good practices and specific challenges in the final discussions. The main goal is to support the agencies and to improve the study of mechanisms for the technology transfer process., Os Núcleos de Inovação Tecnológica (NIT's) no Brasil são um fenômeno recente e ainda em processo de amadurecimento. Inspirados nos Escritórios de Transferência de Tecnologia internacionais, cumprem a missão de incentivar o transbordamento do conhecimento das universidades e centros de pesquisa de modo a promover a inovação e o desenvolvimento nacional. Por uma série de motivos, o contexto dos NIT's brasileiros se caracteriza pela ausência de suporte e escassez de recursos humanos, com equipes pequenas e pouca estrutura institucional para cumprir a missão a que são destinados. Deste modo, o processo de transferência de tecnologia e incentivo à inovação se torna mais árduo que o usual, além de pouco conhecimento ter sido produzido para a orientação dos NIT's perante à realidade da estrutura brasileira. O presente artigo tem como objetivo apresentar uma metodologia voltada para suporte ao processo de transferência de tecnologia em um contexto nacional. A pesquisa se baseia em um estudo de caso cuja coleta de dados se deu por meio de entrevistas e materiais internos de uma organização reconhecida pelo trabalho com NIT's em diversas regiões do Brasil. Os resultados se destacam pelo ineditismo em propor um processo formalizado na avaliação de tecnologias para transferência em contextos de escassez de recursos. Além do processo apresentado, o artigo complementa com detalhamento de boas práticas e desafios específicos nas discussões finais. Espera-se, deste modo, oferecer suporte aos NIT's nacionais e avançar as pesquisas relativas a estágios de maturidade de mecanismos ligados aos processos de transferência tecnológica.

Introducción: La literatura relacionada con la transferencia de tecnología (TT), ha colocado un mayor énfasis en las organizaciones una vez que han establecido un vínculo de colaboración con instituciones de educación superior (IES); sin embargo, existe escaso conocimiento que observe el efecto inverso, es decir, la TT al interior de una IES tras esta interacción. Este trabajo aborda el caso de un laboratorio de investigación y desarrollo (I&D) integrado a una universidad pública federal, que, además de generar ciencia básica para proyectos internos, ofrece servicios tecnológicos al sector biofarmacéutico nacional e internacional; cuyos ingresos, le permiten autofinanciar su operación, empleando de forma marginal el presupuesto federal. Bajo un enfoque organizacional e institucional, este artículo tiene como objetivo dar a conocer los mecanismos de TT que confluyen en este laboratorio, pero también, exponer la contribución de estos al fortalecimiento de su conocimiento acumulado.Método: Este estudio se realizó a partir de veintiocho entrevistas semiestructuradas con personal y agentes externos de la UDIBI, empleando cuestionarios diferenciados con preguntas abiertas, y otras, cerradas con escalas tipo Likert. De igual manera, fueron revisados diferentes convenios de colaboración sostenidos entre este laboratorio y otros actores de la industria con la finalidad de observar el objeto de su interrelación. El procesamiento de la información fue realizado empleado el software NVIVO, lo que favoreció a realizar un análisis más eficiente.Resultados. El laboratorio institucional estudiado requiere allegarse de conocimiento de última generación para desarrollar su operación crítica basada en la generación de ciencia básica y la oferta de servicios tecnológicos. Se encontró que al interior de esta entidad politécnica confluyen múltiples y variados mecanismos de TT (organizacionales como institucionales), cuyos productos se traducen en conocimiento de diversa naturaleza que complementa y potencia la base acumulada de conocimiento propio y es base para la explotación de productos científicos, tecnológicos y servicios de alto valor tanto para la academia como para la industria. Otro hallazgo identificado fue que no sólo estos mecanismos transfieren tecnología en un solo sentido; sino, que dada la contribución que hace este laboratorio a su fuente de conocimiento, el flujo se convierte en bidireccional.Discusión o Conclusión: Los diferentes mecanismos aquí presentados son el producto de la dinámica de la interacción que sostiene el laboratorio estudiado con actores externos e internos, donde, el conocimiento asimilado de estos, junto con el conocimiento propio; pero al mismo tiempo de una visión científica-comercial por parte de su directiva. Todos en conjunto, conforman una importante base de su actual desarrollo, expansión, e incluso, su autosostenimiento; representando así, uno de los escasos casos de excepción en México, de unidades científicas similares integradas a IES públicas que aspiran a trascender hacia un enfoque emprendedor de las universidades.

Purpose Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (Embrapa, the Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation), owned by the Brazilian Government, is one of the most efficient agencies for promoting sustainable tropical agriculture in the world. However, although information is available, farmers do not always put the technologies and knowledge into practice. There is a large difference between the average productivity of farmers and crop or herd potential. Thus, this paper aims to describe and analyze the process of technology transfer of the Embrapa Agrobiology Unit. Design/methodology/approach The study reviewed the classical and diffusionist models of technology transfer (TT) in Brazilian agriculture and the role of the government in innovation. This was based on documentary research and structured interviews with four employees, supported by a structured roadmap composed of four categories for analysis: the role of TT; the organizational structure of the area; the TT strategies; and the ways of delivery, methods and tools of TT. By a qualitative approach, the results were treated through content analysis. Findings The results indicated that the area of TT at Embrapa went through a recent restructuring, which included the interchange and collective construction of knowledge (ICC) in its TT process, to turn entrepreneurship into reality. The company is dedicated to bringing knowledge to the most important people: farmers. This has been done through a participatory TT model, which has involved multiplier agents from the research stage to the transfer stage. Research limitations/implications Some limitations were found, among them, the fact that only internal members of Embrapa were interviewed, limiting the view of the TTICC staff and without knowing the multiplier agents’ opinion and other actors involved in the process. In addition, it is a qualitative research that is subject to the interpretation of the researcher. Practical implications This study contributed to reflections about the TT process and how it can be used by different actors, along with the role of the State in innovation. Social implications In addition to contributing to the development of products, processes and technologies for the economic, social and environmental development of Brazil, Embrapa has been outstanding in generating knowledge for the advancement of science. Its results have had impacts not only nationally but also worldwide. Embrapa has played a key role in Brazilian agriculture as well as in livestock, mainly, in supporting governmental projects and in the implementation of public policies. Originality/value The aim of this study was achieved, as there was a possibility of describing and analyzing the technology transfer process at Embrapa Agrobiology Unit, located in the city of Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro. It is concluded that Embrapa has been committed to involving the farmer in the process of interchange, collective construction of knowledge and technology transfer. The farmer has become the focus of this process, reducing the development of “shelf” researches and increasing the participation of the farmer or of the multiplier agent. The importance of studying and knowing the process of technology and knowledge transfer to the public of interest should be highlighted, and especially the reasons why this technology or knowledge are often not adopted by the public. It was possible to identify that Embrapa has noticed the difficulties of farmers and realized that the best way the best way of transforming technological solutions and knowledge into innovation is by involving the farmer in the process of construction and of transfer. Thus, the farmer gives greater credibility to the technology or generated knowledge because this is something that he himself helped build. In the sphere of contemporary institutional knowledge management, Embrapa has had as its main point of departure the demand and the needs of society. For this, it has created means to ensure the participation of different actors because they signal the construction of technological solutions and of innovation and they are the ones who know the real situation. However, this is a recent progress within Embrapa that has evolved and generated results. Thus, research, science and technology institutions must go beyond technology transfer and must ensure the involvement, participation and interaction of the public of interest to promote significant change, social, economic and environmental development and transformation. Embrapa observed this from the referential framework that included technology transfer, interchange and the collective construction of knowledge.

Objetivo: realizar un análisis comparativo entre las estrategias Plan Puebla y MasAgro, a través de su componente de extensión, en el “Distrito de Desarrollo Rural 05 Cholula”, en el estado de Puebla, México. Metodología: aplicación de una encuesta censal a pequeños productores de maíz de temporal originales activos del Plan Puebla y una muestra dirigida a pequeños productores que trabajan con MasAgro. Resultados: con la estrategia de extensión de MasAgro existe menor participación de los técnicos, menor calidad en el servicio ofrecido al pequeño productor y falta de apertura para trabajar el servicio de extensionismo con elementos culturales tradicionales locales alrededor de la producción de maíz. Limitaciones: el “Plan Puebla” y “MasAgro” son programas que operaron en diferentes periodos, pero constituyen referentes importantes de aprendizaje sobre este proceso y sus impactos en la agricultura familiar. Conclusiones: los agricultores califican los elementos de extensionismo de MasAgro como insuficientes, baja aplicabilidad a la realidad local y altos costos de las tecnologías propuestas.

Economic growth and technological development are closely related. In this article, the process of technology transfer developed by the UFMG (a new sole cushioning system for a footwear industry in Nova Serrana city, in Minas Gerais State) is analyzed, using a case study. The data were collected from UFMG document research and through semi-structured interviews with the principal stakeholders. The process of technology transfer from the university to Crômic was a great learning process for both institutions. It led to a better relationship between the UFMG and the productive sector, opening up opportunities for new agreements and products. The study identified some aspects that need to be improved, such as simplification of procedures, bureaucracy reduction and regulation of the Brazilian Innovation Law within the departments of the university. The case study shows how much better cooperation between university and industry can contribute to the innovation process and improve competitiveness and the development of our country in these times of economic crisis., Há uma estreita relação entre crescimento econômico e desenvolvimento tecnológico. Neste artigo, analisa-se o processo de transferência de tecnologia desenvolvida na Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG) – um novo sistema de amortecimento para solados – para uma empresa de calçados Crômic de Nova Serrana (MG), usando-se o método de estudo de caso. Os dados foram obtidos por meio de pesquisa documental realizada na UFMG e de entrevistas semiestruturadas realizadas com os principais agentes envolvidos no processo. O processo de transferência de tecnologia da UFMG para a Crômic foi um grande aprendizado para as instituições envolvidas. Esse processo permitiu um maior diálogo da universidade com o setor produtivo, além de abrir espaço para novos convênios e novos produtos. O estudo identificou também aspectos que precisam ser aprimorados: (1) simplificação dos procedimentos; e (2) redução da burocracia e a necessidade de regulamentação da Lei de Inovação no âmbito da UFMG. O caso estudado demonstrou o quanto o aumento do processo de cooperação entre universidade e empresa pode contribuir para a inovação, competitividade e desenvolvimento nacional, especialmente em períodos de grave crise econômica.

Este trabalho tem como objetivo fazer uma revisão bibliográfica a respeito da extensão rural no Brasil e no Mundo com um olhar voltado para o Objetivo 2 dos Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável (ODS), que tem como meta a fome zero e agricultura sustentável. Para tanto, realizou-se uma pesquisa exploratória de caráter qualitativo, com busca nas principais bases científicas com vistas a selecionar referências no estudo de extensão rural com foco nos ODSs. A estruturação do trabalho pautou-se na compreensão do contexto mundial e nacional, verificando as influências da extensão rural antes e no pós 2015 (estabelecimento dos ODS para a Agenda 2030), resultados e transferência de tecnologia e por fim as discussões e considerações. Os resultados indicam a necessidade de uma dedicação do Estado em regular os serviços de extensão público e privado, para que não haja produtor descoberto de serviços de extensão, além de fomentar junto aos produtores e agricultores familiares, práticas sustentáveis de produção agrícola, como a agroecológica, como forma de atender às demandas crescentes por alimentos saudáveis e manter a prática agrícola sustentável.

Desde sua introdução no Brasil, na década de 1990, a web vem despertando interesse como meio de comunicação, informação e interação entre pessoas, instituições e profissionais de diversas áreas, incluindo a extensão rural e a pesquisa agropecuária. Este estudo buscou analisar a apropriação que os extensionistas fazem dos novos veículos de comunicação via web, confrontando a incorporação destes com os canais convencionais. A pesquisa utilizou-se do método survey para o levantamento de dados. Conclui-se que a web como meio de comunicação e interação ainda não está totalmente apropriada pelos extensionistas rurais.

Science-industry R&D alliances have been a longstanding object of analysis in the literature as they are reinforced by the changing global economy and the fast-moving nature of technological research. In order to advance knowledge on how these alliances should be designed and managed, this paper examines whether the factors most valued by technology centres to engage in science-industry R&D alliances have an impact on the success of the alliance: planning, partner profile, trustworthiness, IPR protection issues and communication channels. The empirical application considers 58 technology centres located in the Spanish region of Catalonia from which data were collected. First, using factor analysis, we validate that items included in the survey are indeed grouped into the five factors identified in the literature review. Second, we use qualitative comparative analysis to explore which combination of factors best explains successful R&D alliances.

Today’s universities are expected to simultaneously conduct teaching, research and third stream activities. These latter activities are usually materialized in the form of technology transfer activities. In a context were researchers are expected to simultaneously excel in all the tasks they perform, the scheme of incentives for the academic community is crucial. This study seeks to investigate and generate a new debate on in which activities are researchers devoting their efforts and time. In order to do so, we describe the evolution of research (publications) and technology transfer (R&D contracts and funded projects) outputs in the four technical universities of Spain. Results reveal that while revenues coming from R&D activities have notoriously diminished in the last years, the number of scientific publications has increased. These findings lead us to question whether Spanish universities are not properly aligned with industry needs, thus contradicting their raison d’être.

This article investigates the connection between performance, group, and society. The argument is that group formation around particular farm operations and the details of the activities they engage in are an expression of the preferred way of technology implementation. The argument is developed using Paul Richards' notion of agriculture as performance. Two cases are presented. The first is the composition of a spraying team for weed control in smallholder oil palm production in Sumatra, connected to a global agreement on sustainable oil palm production, known as the Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO). The second case is about a team of women transplanting young rice seedlings on prepared paddy fields in a village in Uttarakhand, India. A new way of rice transplanting was introduced by a local non-governmental organization, known as the System of Rice Intensification (SRI). The analysis shows that group performances provide essential information about how introduced plans, regulations and material designs are reworked and turned into meaningful and effective changes to agricultural practices. The article concludes that these activities are not merely technical adjustments but in themselves express arguments about the preferred way of organising farming, farm labor, and payments. Performing groups thus exert a form of bargaining power against development actors. Keywords: Group performance, smallholder farming, technology transfer, political acts

In 2007, Spain reformed its regulatory framework to give priority to research and knowledge transfer activities at universities. It is in this context that we examine the efficiency of Spanish public universities and their evolution during the period 2006–2010. Results report that on average, universities have improved their efficiency. Economies of scope and scale are also discussed, observing that large universities with a concentrated academic offering are more likely to display higher efficiency scores. Surprisingly, neither the existence of specific infrastructures aimed at boosting knowledge transfer outputs (i.e., business incubators) nor regional wealth seems to influence universities’ efficiency.

This paper assesses risks of knowledge leakage associated with training in technology transfers. Today states want to master sovereign technologies. As a consequence, exporting firms have adapted their offers to respond to customers’ requests and provide training in technology transfer contracts. We have recorded the perception of trainers regarding risks of knowledge leakage associated with training activities. Due to different interpretations of technology transfers and related risks, trainers’ assessment of knowledge leakages is not homogeneous in the training process. A typology of trainers and their typical behaviors in professional situations is proposed and leads to recommendations to mitigate knowledge leakages., Cet article évalue les risques de fuite de connaissances associés à la formation dans le cadre des contrats de transfert de technologie. Aujourd’hui, les États veulent maîtriser les technologies souveraines. En conséquence, les entreprises exportatrices ont adapté leurs offres pour répondre aux demandes des clients et donc dispenser une formation. Après avoir recueilli la perception des formateurs engagés dans ces contrats, une typologie des formateurs et de leurs comportements typiques dans les différentes situations professionnelles est proposée. Le tout conduit à des recommandations pour atténuer les fuites de connaissances., Este artículo evalúa los riesgos de la fuga de conocimientos asociados a la formación en los casos de transferencia de tecnología. Actualmente, los Estados desean controlar las tecnologías de soberanía. Como consecuencia, las empresas exportadoras proponen una formación en sus contratos de transferencia de tecnología. Al tomar en cuenta la percepción de los profesores que son confrontados a estas situaciones, hemos observado un riesgo importante de fuga de conocimiento. Por ello, proponemos una tipología de profesores y de sus comportamientos típicos en situación profesional, seguido de recomendaciones para disminuir dichas fugas y tener un mejor control de los conocimientos vendidos.

O artigo analisa a interface entre inovação e energias renováveis, mediante estudo de prospecção tecnológica que procurou sistematicamente áreas de pesquisa estratégica e as tecnologias emergentes propensas a gerar benefícios socioeconômicos. Foram analisadas as patentes registradas nos últimos dez anos mediante coleta no software Patent Insight Pro, catalogadas no banco mundial de patentes Space Net. Verificou-se a necessidade de realização de novas parcerias entre instituições de ensino e empresas, para a transferência de tecnologia para energias renováveis, em prol da sustentabilidade.