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We report the dual gate (DG) amorphous Indium-Gallium-Zinc-Oxide (a-IGZO) thin-film transistor (TFT) with a top-gate (TG) drain offset (LTG(Off)) structure under dual-gate driving. The TFT shows an on/off current ratio of ~107, subthreshold swing of 0.23 V/dec, and field-effect mobility (μFE) of 14.6 cm2/Vs when LTG(Off) is 5 μm, which is 30% reduction compared to the conventional DG TFT with no drain offset (μFE=20.9 cm2/Vs). The Technology computer-aided design simulation indicates the electron concentration of ~1016 /cm3 at the offset region near top gate insulator/a-IGZO interface when LTG(Off) is 5 μm. The fabricated TFT exhibits stable performance under positive bias temperature stress with a threshold voltage shift of +0.1 V.

High temperature (HT) stress has become one of the most detrimental stresses in crop production among constantly changing environmental factors. Exploiting approaches to enhance crop thermotolerance would have great significance in assuaging adverse effects of HT stress on crop growth and development. As jasmonates (JAs) and brassinosteroids (BRs) are novel phytohormones and play important roles in responses to biotic and abiotic stresses and in a wide range of plant developmental processes, this paper reviewed the roles and mechanisms of JAs and BRs in mitigating HT stress, with focus on rice (Oryza sativa L.) subjected to HT stress during anthesis. It is demonstrated that JAs alleviate spikelet-opening impairment and BRs ameliorate pistil fertilization ability under HT stress during anthesis of rice, although there are controversial observations. Activating the defense system, enhancing osmotic regulation, protecting photosynthesis, and interacting with other phytohormones, especially with ethylene and abscisic acid, are main physiological mechanisms by which JAs or BRs attenuate HT stress to plants. Elevating levels of JAs or BRs in plants could be considered as an important approach to enhance crop thermotolerance through breeding new varieties. Using JAs or BRs as chemical regulators and adopting proper water and nitrogen management practices could reduce the harm of HT stress to rice. Further research is needed to elucidate the roles of JAs and BRs in different plant tissues in responses to HT stress under different genetic backgrounds and environments, reveal the molecular mechanism underlying JAs and BRs mediating HT stress, understand the cross-talk between phytohormones in modulating HT stress, and establish integrated crop management to minimize the hazard of HT stress in rice production.

Temperature stress is a major concern in the agricultural practices due to the changing global climatic condition. The present investigation was conducted to evaluate cold and heat tolerant ability of few boro rice cultivars of Assam, India. Based on the different morpho-physiological responses under heat and cold stresses, 27 boro rice cultivars showed varying degrees of susceptibility. The total stress response index (TSRI) calculated on the basis of morpho-physiological parameters identified Buro as the most tolerant variety under both cold and heat stress. In contrast, Disang and Swarnabh were found to be the most susceptible cultivars under both the stresses. Our findings suggest that morpho-physiological traits are useful in screening rice varieties under environmental stress and TSRI can prove to be a suitable marker for developing promising heat and cold tolerant rice varieties in further rice breeding programs.

We live in the times of climate change when global temperatures are constantly rising. The impacts of climate change will also be felt in agriculture in Slovakia: increased productivity and yields in colder areas, reduced production in warmer areas due to temperature stress, risk of erosion as a result of more extreme weather conditions (stronger winds, more intense precipitation), the occurrence of new pests etc. Hence, we should be prepared for adaptation measures that would help mitigate it. The aim of this paper is to present the impacts of climate change on agriculture and land, and to offer adaptation measures, and show the prognosis of the climate indicator Ts >10 °C from now until 2100.

The small yellow croaker (Larimichthys polyactis) is an important marine economic fish that is widely distributed in the East Sea, Yellow Sea and Bohai of China. However, the wild populations of small yellow croaker are severely depleted, and there is currently a developing large-scale artificial propagation of this fish for aquaculture. However, the current variety of small yellow croaker that is cultivated is not capable to coping with large fluctuations in temperature. Therefore, it is important to understand the molecular mechanisms that are activated in response to temperature stress in the small yellow croaker. Here, we conducted transcriptomic analysis of the liver of small yellow croaker under heat and cold stress. A total of 270,844,888, 265,727,006 and 259,666,218 clean reads were generated from heat temperature group, low temperature group and control group, respectively, and comparing expression of genes in these transcriptomes,10,878 unigenes that were differential expressed were identified. Sixteen of the differentially expressed unigenes were validated by qRT-PCR. Pathway enrichment analysis identified that the ER pathway, immune signaling pathway and metabolic response pathway were affected by temperature stress. The results of this study provide a comprehensive overview of temperature stress-induced transcriptional patterns in liver tissues of the small yellow croaker. In addition, these results can guide future molecular studies of heat and cold stress response in this species for improving the stock used for aquaculture.

In-Ga-Zn-O (IGZO) nanometer thin-film transistors (TFTs) are promising candidates for liquid crystal display (LCD) divers and human body sensors. It is critically important to study the temperature...

High temperature due to global warming and the overcrowding or limited space for cultured species have been evident in the aquaculture setting nowadays. In this study, physiological changes such as ventilation rate (VR), eye color pattern (ECP), and skin color were observed in red tilapia subjected to high temperature (T2), confinement stress (T3), and the combination of both stressors (T4). The VR, ECP, and skin color were monitored before the introduction of stressors (day 0) and every day after the introduction of stressors until day 15. Results showed that fish in T2, T3, and T4 had significantly faster VR, darker ECP, and more intense skin color as compared to those in the control group (T1). Increasing VR, ECP, and skin color were also recorded from day 1 to day 15 of subjecting the fish to stressors indicating that the fish were not able to adapt to the stressful environment during the duration of the study. The highest values were observed in T4 since there were two stressors present in the treatment. This only connotes that high temperature and overcrowding could really impose stress on red tilapia and 15 days was not enough for the fish to adapt to the stressful environment.

With the increasing number of dairy cattle and the intensification of production, heat stress has become one of the most important challenges facing the dairy industry today. The aim of this review is to examine the effects of heat stress on the well-being of dairy cattle, current heat reduction strategies as well as to inform about the sustainability of future heat stress management. Heat stress negatively affects the health, biological functioning, milk production and reproductive performance of dairy cattle. It can also jeopardize the emotional state of dairy cattle by reducing feelings of hunger and thirst. Some studies have examined how temperature stress affects animal behavior, as well as how to manage the evolutionary adaptations of the animal to achieve thermoregulation in modern farms. Further research is needed to determine advanced comprehensive pro-cow measurements that can show real-time responses to high ambient temperatures and be incorporated into heat reduction management practices., Süt sığırı sayısının giderek artması ve üretimin yoğunlaşması ile sıcaklık stresi, günümüzde süt endüstrisinin karşılaştığı en önemli zorluklardan biri haline gelmiştir. Bu derlemenin amacı, sıcaklık stresinin süt sığırlarının refahı üzerindeki etkilerinin incelenmesi, mevcut ısı azaltma stratejilerinin yanı sıra gelecekteki sıcaklık stresi yönetiminin sürdürülebilirliği hakkında bilgilendirme yapmaktır. Sıcaklık stresi süt sığırlarının sağlığını, biyolojik işleyişini, süt üretimini ve üreme performansını olumsuz yönde etkiler. Ayrıca açlık ve susuzluk duygularını azaltarak süt sığırlarının duygusal durumunu tehlikeye atabilir. Bazı çalışmalarda sıcaklık stresinin hayvanın davranışlarını nasıl etkilediğinin yanı sıra, modern işletmelerde hayvanın termoregülasyonu sağlamak için evrimsel adaptasyonlarının nasıl yönetildiği incelenmiştir. Yüksek ortam sıcaklıklarına karşı gerçek zamanlı tepkileri gösterebilen ve ısı azaltma yönetimi uygulamalarına dâhil edilebilecek gelişmiş kapsamlı inek yanlısı ölçümleri belirlemek için daha fazla araştırmaya ihtiyaç vardır.

The Midwestern “Corn‐Belt” in the United States is the most productive agricultural region on the planet despite being predominantly rainfed. In this region, global climate change is driving precipitation patterns toward wetter springs and drier mid‐ to late‐summers, a trend that is likely to intensify in the future. The lack of precipitation can lead to crop water limitations that ultimately impact growth and yields. Young plants exposed to water stress will often invest more resources into their root systems, possibly priming the crop for any subsequent mid‐ or late‐season drought. The trend toward wetter springs, however, suggests that opportunities for crop priming may lessen in the future. Here, we test the hypothesis that early season dry conditions lead to drought priming in field‐grown crops and this response will protect crops against growth and yield losses from late‐season droughts. This hypothesis was tested for the two major Midwestern crop, maize and soybean, using high‐resolution daily weather data, satellite‐derived phenological metrics, field yield data, and ecosystem‐scale model (Agricultural Production System Simulator) simulations. The results from this study showed that priming mitigated yield losses from a late season drought of up to 4.0% and 7.0% for maize and soybean compared with unprimed crops experiencing a late season drought. These results suggest that if the trend toward wet springs with drier summers continues, the relative impact of droughts on crop productivity is likely to worsen. Alternatively, identifying opportunities to breed or genetically modify pre‐primed crop species may provide improved resilience to future climate change.

Milkfish, an important aquaculture species in Asian countries, are traditionally cultured in outdoor-based systems. There, they experience potentially stressful fluctuations in environmental conditions, such as temperature, eliciting changes in fish physiology. While the importance of the gut microbiome for the welfare and performance of fish has been recognized, little is known about the effects of thermal stress on the gut microbiome of milkfish and its interactions with the host&rsquo, s metabolism. We investigated the gut microbiome of juvenile milkfish in a thermal stress experiment, comparing control (26 &deg, C) and elevated temperature (33 &deg, C) treatments over three weeks, analyzing physiological biomarkers, gut microbiome composition, and tank water microbial communities using 16S amplicon sequencing. The gut microbiome was distinct from the tank water and dominated by Cetobacterium, Enterovibrio, and Vibrio. We observed a parallel succession in both temperature treatments, with microbial communities at 33 &deg, C differing more strongly from the control after the initial temperature increase and becoming more similar towards the end of the experiment. As proxy for the fish&rsquo, s energy status, HSI (hepatosomatic index) was correlated with gut microbiome composition. Our study showed that thermal stress induced changes in the milkfish gut microbiome, which may contribute to the host&rsquo, s habituation to elevated temperatures over time.

Environmental stressors can promote the vulnerability of animals to infections; it is therefore, essential to understand how stressors affect the immune system, the adaptive capacity of animals to respond, and effective techniques in managing stress. This review highlights scientific evidence regarding environmental stress challenge models and the potential effectiveness of vitamin supplementation. The major environmental stressors discussed are heat and cold stress, feed restriction, stocking density, and pollutants. Much work has been done to identify the effects of environmental stress in broilers and layers, while few involved other types of poultry. Studies indicated that chickens' performance, health, and welfare are compromised when challenged with environmental stress. These stressors result in physiological alterations, behavioral changes, decreased egg and meat quality, tissue and intestinal damage, and high mortalities. The application of vitamins with other nutritional approaches can help in combating these environmental stressors in chickens. Poultry birds do not synthesize sufficient vitamins during stressful periods. It is therefore suggested that chicken diets are supplemented with vitamins when subjected to environmental stress. Combination of vitamins are considered more efficient than the use of individual vitamins in alleviating environmental stress in chickens.

As important aquaculture species worldwide, shrimps and crabs are thermophilic animals with a feeble thermoregulation ability. Changes in environmental factors are the main reason for the decrease in the immunity and disease resistance ability of cultured organisms. Water temperature is one of the most common abiotic stress factors for aquatic ectotherms. It influences nearly all biochemical and physiological processes in crustaceans, resulting in an imbalance in ion and water homeostasis, neuromuscular function loss, cellular dehydration, and altered metabolic pathways. The present review summarizes the current knowledge on the effects of low temperature on the physiological response, and the behavior, development, and growth of shrimp and crab. We suggest a deeper research to understand the physiological processes involved in thermoregulation; this knowledge could be used to reduce the adverse effects in the shrimps and crabs during the culture.

Conductive hydrogels have attracted great attention due to their promising applications in wearable sensors. However, developing conductive hydrogels with excellent sensor properties and multiple stimulus responsive for smart wearable devices is still a challenge. This paper presents a facile synthetic method of a crosslinked chitosan quaternary ammonium salt and liquid metal (CHACC-LM) composite hydrogel with temperature-stress bimodal sensing for smart wearable sensor. LM as liquid fillers toughen the hydrogel matrix (stress: 1.11 MPa) and enhanced the hydrogel extensibility (strain: 233%). The CHACC-LM hydrogel exhibited conductivity (0.6 S/m), excellent antibacterial properties (> 99%), electrical self-healing property and strain sensitivity (GF = 1.6). In addition, the CHACC-LM hydrogel can be used as wearable flexible sensor with the ability of monitoring human activities directly and the distinguished ability of discerning subtle motions (handwriting). It also shown sensitivity in the external environment such as low temperature, thermal response and water solution. Importantly, the composite hydrogel also functioned under stress and different temperature stimuli owing to the existence of LM. Furthermore, the CHACC-LM hydrogel can be used for gesture recognition and to control the manipulator in human-computer interaction. All these properties provide great scope for researchers to achieve practical advances in smart wearable sensor. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

The demand for cotton fibres is increasing due to growing global population while its production is facing challenges from an unpredictable rise in temperature owing to rapidly changing climatic conditions. High temperature stress is a major stumbling block relative to agricultural production around the world. Therefore, the development of thermo-stable cotton cultivars is gaining popularity. Understanding the effects of heat stress on various stages of plant growth and development and its tolerance mechanism is a prerequisite for initiating cotton breeding programs to sustain lint yield without compromising its quality under high temperature stress conditions. Thus, cotton breeders should consider all possible options, such as developing superior cultivars through traditional breeding, utilizing molecular markers and transgenic technologies, or using genome editing techniques to obtain desired features. Therefore, this review article discusses the likely effects of heat stress on cotton plants, tolerance mechanisms, and possible breeding strategies.

Temperature stress analysis is of prime importance to ensure the adequate servicing of super-long frame structures during their service life. The existing design codes and recommendations for reinforced concrete (RC) structures provide methodologies for the reinforcement of design elements that neglect differences in the linear expansion coefficients of steel and concrete. In this paper, we present a numerical method based on a degenerated three-dimensional solid virtual laminated element for simulating and analyzing the temperature stress of a two-layer super-long frame reinforced concrete structure subjected to allover cooling action, whereby the difference in the linear expansion coefficients of steel and concrete are taken into consideration. The results show that the difference in the linear expansion coefficients of steel and concrete, with different constraints, affects the temperature stress experienced by each material in the structure, and this difference adversely affects attempts to avoid structure cracking.

To ensure both food and nutritional security of teeming millions of Bangladesh, cropping intensity must be increased along with nutritional food production. Mungbean, which is an important source of protein, can easily cope with the intensive cropping system due to short duration. But sometimes, to obtain maximum productivity per unit area in a calendar year, mungbean cannot be sown in optimum time. Considering this, a field study was carried out at Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University to explore the effect of additional potassium and boron application to increase the yield of late sown mungbean which was sown on 25 October. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design with three replications and five treatments. Results revealed that additional potassium and boron along with recommended fertilizer dose had significant influence on growth, yield and yield contributing characters of late sown mungbean. The growth and yield of late sown mungbean is hampered due to temperature stress which cannot be overcome by recommended dose only but can be by addition of extra potassium and boron with recommended dose. The highest seed yield (1.12 t ha-1) was obtained from recommended dose along with 10 Kg K and 2 Kg B ha-1which was 40% higher than recommended dose only. Similar results were recorded for other parameters also. So, supplementation of recommended dose with 10 Kg K and 2 Kg B may be suggested to increase growth and yield of late sown mungbean.

Chimneys – typically recognized as high and flexible structures – are subject to a large number of failure cases. The failure cases of 739 chimneys were statistically summarized in this paper, and a few statistical laws of chimney failure under many causes such as earthquake action, wind load and temperature stress were analyzed. The results indicate that the failure of steel chimneys were mainly triggered by wind load, the damage to reinforced concrete chimneys were mainly caused by temperature stress and construction defect, while 90% of the failure cases of masonry chimneys are put down to earthquakes. Most failures are the consequences of earthquakes, followed by temperature stress. Moreover, were masonry chimney to be excluded, temperature stress becomes responsible for the most damage – accounting for about 50% and earthquakes; construction and wind load inclusive, account for nearly the same proportion. The severity of these causes are arranged in a descending order – wind, earthquakes, temperature and construction. In addition, the heights of damaged chimneys are similarly arranged in a descending order: wind, construction, temperature and earthquake. As the chimney height increases, the damage grows. The conclusion of this paper could enhance people's macroscopic understanding of chimney failure and serve as a reference for designers and researchers.

Summary Improvements in next‐generation sequencing technologies have resulted in dramatically reduced sequencing costs. This has led to an explosion of ‘‐seq’‐based methods, of which RNA sequencing (RNA‐seq) for generating transcriptomic data is the most popular. By analysing global patterns of gene expression in organs/tissues/cells of interest or in response to chemical or environmental perturbations, researchers can better understand an organism's biology. Tools designed to work with large RNA‐seq data sets enable analyses and visualizations to help generate hypotheses about a gene's function. We present here a user‐friendly RNA‐seq data exploration tool, called the ‘eFP‐Seq Browser’, that shows the read map coverage of a gene of interest in each of the samples along with ‘electronic fluorescent pictographic’ (eFP) images that serve as visual representations of expression levels. The tool also summarizes the details of each RNA‐seq experiment, providing links to archival databases and publications. It automatically computes the reads per kilobase per million reads mapped expression‐level summaries and point biserial correlation scores to sort the samples based on a gene's expression level or by how dissimilar the read map profile is from a gene splice variant, to quickly identify samples with the strongest expression level or where alternative splicing might be occurring. Links to the Integrated Genome Browser desktop visualization tool allow researchers to visualize and explore the details of RNA‐seq alignments summarized in eFP‐Seq Browser as coverage graphs. We present four cases of use of the eFP‐Seq Browser for ABI3,SR34,SR45a and U2AF65B, where we examine expression levels and identify alternative splicing. The URL for the browser is https://bar.utoronto.ca/eFP-Seq_Browser/. Open research badges This article has earned an Open Data Badge for making publicly available the digitally‐shareable data necessary to reproduce the reported results. Tool is at http://sps:urlprefix::https; RNA‐seq data at http://sps:urlprefix::https and http://sps:urlprefix::https. Code is available at http://sps:urlprefix::https, Significance Statement We present a tool, the eFP‐Seq Browser, for rapidly identifying RNA sequencing samples with strong expression levels of a given gene, or where the read maps for a given gene/sample best match a particular gene model. Details can be called up with convenient links to the Integrated Genome Browser.

Background Dietary Reference Intakes are used to guide the energy intake of the Canadian Armed Forces (CAF) field rations provided to military personnel deployed for training or operations. However, the high energy expenditures likely to occur under harsh environmental/metabolically challenging deployment conditions may not be adequately considered. This study examined the Ad libitum energy and nutrient intakes of CAF personnel (n = 18) consuming field rations in a resting thermoneutral environment and during a day of standardized strenuous infantry activities at varying environmental temperatures. Methods Dietary intake was assessed using a measured food intake/food waste method during the experimental treatment and for 6 h after treatment. Four treatments were administered in a randomized counterbalanced design: exercise (as standardized infantry activities) in the heat (30 °C), exercise in the cold (− 10 °C), exercise in temperate thermoneutral (21 °C) air temperatures and a resting (sedentary) trial (21 °C). Results The average Ad libitum consumption of field rations was 70% of the provided total energy (2776 ± 99 kcal/8 h) during all treatments. Even with an acute challenge of increased energy expenditure and temperature stress in the simulated field conditions, participants’ energy intakes (1985 ± 747 kcal/8 h) under hot, cold and temperate treatments did not differ from energy intake during the sedentary condition (1920 ± 640 kcal/8 h). Participants’ energy intakes (1009 ± 527 kcal/6 h) did not increase during the 6 h posttreatment period when the stresses of the strenuous physical activities and the harsh environmental temperatures had subsided. Conclusion These results should be considered when planning the provision of field rations for CAF personnel expected to be engaged in strenuous physical activities with prolonged exposure to temperature extremes. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s40779-019-0216-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Thin-film transistors (TFTs) with ScInO or MgScInO semiconductors were fabricated with the annealing temperature of only 150 °C. Compared with ScInO TFT, MgScInO TFT exhibited much better stability under negative-bias temperature stress (NBTS) at 60 °C with negative turn-on voltage ( ${V}_{ \mathrm{\scriptscriptstyle ON}}$ ) shift of −0.6 V at the initial stress stage (≤;900 s) and then positive $V_{ \mathrm{\scriptscriptstyle ON}}$ shift (>900 s). First-principles calculations show that the oxygen vacancies ( ${V}_{\text {O}}$ ) tend to be bounded with Mg and form Mg– ${V}_{\text {O}}$ pairs with activating (or binding) energy of greater than 0.1369 eV, which is ascribed to the NBTS stability improvement for MgScInO TFT.

The development of mechanised large-scale farming has led to changes in rice production systems. Increases in time of farming operations often occur under large-scale farming conditions, which can lead to delayed transplanting (DTP). In this study, field experiments were conducted in the late rice-growing season in 2016 and 2017 to compare the growth stages, growing-season temperature and yield attributes between normal transplanting with 15- to 20-day-old seedlings and DTP with 30-day-old seedlings of two rice cultivars. DTP resulted in 6- and 12-day delays in heading stage for both cultivars in 2016 and 2017, respectively. As a consequence, low temperature stress occurred at anthesis under DTP in both years, which led to significantly reduced spikelet filling and grain yield under DTP for both cultivars. These results confirm that DTP can reduce spikelet filling and grain yield due to low temperature stress at anthesis in machine-transplanted late-season rice. This finding highlights that greater efforts should be made to develop high-yielding short-duration rice cultivars to meet the development of mechanised large-scale rice farming.

The electrical connector is an important basic element, and its electrical contact performance is easily changed by ambient factors, such as temperature, resulting in various intermittent and permanent faults of the electrical connector. The intermittent faults of the electrical connector are difficult to reproduce, raising serious challenges to equipment availability and mission success. This paper addresses the problem of the intermittent faults of electrical connectors caused by ambient temperature stress and provides qualitative analyses of the impacts of temperature stress on electrical contacts. A finite element simulation model of the contact pairs of electrical connectors is established. The characteristics of intermittent faults at different temperature stress levels for electrical connectors with different contact pair sizes and materials are simulated and analysed. Based on this simulation analysis, experimental studies are conducted on the mechanisms of different temperature stress levels, different contact pair sizes and materials on the intermittent faults of electrical connectors. The results show that external temperature stress and temperature impacts obviously influence the contact performance of the electrical connector and that random intermittent faults occur. The more extreme the temperature and the higher the temperature change rate are, the more obvious their influences.

Thermal damage control of mass concrete is the key to guarantee the quality of mass projects. Based on several engineering experiences and finite element software ANSYS, the temperature field and stress field of the typical dam section of the Tengzigou hydropower station in Sichuan province were simulated. Considering the actual materials used, cooling measures, etc., maximum tensile stress and compressive stress at different time points derived from the temperature stress field during the time of concrete maintenance were calculated, and the numerical results showed that strength increment under the given conditions was much less than the actual condition. After the concrete of the dam body of the hydro power station were poured, there was no significant temperature stress crack appeared through a long-term observation, and the project condition was in tune with the calculated expectation. The above research results are valuable to further prediction of concrete temperature in different periods, the pre-study of the effect of temperature control measures, and these could offer guidance of the adjustment of temperature control measures in the case of abnormal conditions.

This review presents the main findings from measurements carried out on cereals using chitosan, its derivatives, and nanoparticles. Research into the use of chitosan in agriculture is growing in popularity. Since 2000, 188 original scientific articles indexed in Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases have been published on this topic. These have focused mainly on wheat (34.3%), maize (26.3%), and rice (24.2%). It was shown that research on other cereals such as millets and sorghum is scarce and should be expanded to better understand the impact of chitosan use. This review demonstrates that this chitosan is highly effective against the most dangerous diseases and pathogens for cereals. Furthermore, it also contributes to improving yield and chlorophyll content, as well as some plant growth parameters. Additionally, it induces excellent resistance to drought, salt, and low temperature stress and reduces their negative impact on cereals. However, further studies are needed to demonstrate the full field efficacy of chitosan.

Plants are extensively well-thought-out as the main source for nourishing natural life on earth. In the natural environment, plants have to face several stresses, mainly heat stress (HS), chilling stress (CS) and freezing stress (FS) due to adverse climate fluctuations. These stresses are considered as a major threat for sustainable agriculture by hindering plant growth and development, causing damage, ultimately leading to yield losses worldwide and counteracting to achieve the goal of "zero hunger" proposed by the Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) of the United Nations. Notably, this is primarily because of the numerous inequities happening at the cellular, molecular and/or physiological levels, especially during plant developmental stages under temperature stress. Plants counter to temperature stress via a complex phenomenon including variations at different developmental stages that comprise modifications in physiological and biochemical processes, gene expression and differences in the levels of metabolites and proteins. During the last decade, omics approaches have revolutionized how plant biologists explore stress-responsive mechanisms and pathways, driven by current scientific developments. However, investigations are still required to explore numerous features of temperature stress responses in plants to create a complete idea in the arena of stress signaling. Therefore, this review highlights the recent advances in the utilization of omics approaches to understand stress adaptation and tolerance mechanisms. Additionally, how to overcome persisting knowledge gaps. Shortly, the combination of integrated omics, genome editing, and speed breeding can revolutionize modern agricultural production to feed millions worldwide in order to accomplish the goal of "zero hunger."

Population growth and food necessity envisaged the dire need for supplementation to a larger community balance in food production. With the advent of the green revolution, agriculture witnessed the insurrection of horticultural fruit crops and field crops in enormous modes. Nevertheless, chemical fertilizer usage foresees soil pollution and fertility loss. Utilization of biocontrol agents and plant growth promotion by microbial colonization enrooted significant restoration benefits. Constant reliability for healthy foods has been emancipated across the globe stressing high nutritive contents among indigenous field crops like tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). However, stress tolerance mechanisms and efficient abatement require deeper insights. The applicability of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) poses as an ultimate strategy to minimize the deleterious consequences of abiotic stress such as salt, drought, temperature and heavy metal stress sustainably. The rational modality employing the application of AMF is one of significant efforts to lessen cell damages under abiotic stress. The novelty of the compilation can be redressed to cohesive literature for combating stress. The literature review will provide agricultural scientists worldwide in providing a rational approach that can have possible implications in not only tomato but also other vegetable crops.

Nanoparticles application in plant science requires technological and theoretical amalgamation governed by features of nanoparticles as well as their molecular and physiological responses in each plant. Agriculture is the most important sector for human wellbeing as it provides resources for food and feed industries. Factors contributing to abiotic stress are regarded as one of the strong constraints for the sustainable production of crops as it negatively influence the vegetative as well as reproductive physiology of plants, thereby reducing the yield. Heat and cold stresses in plants cause diverse as well as often detrimental variations in growth, development, biological processes as well as yields. Nanotechnology has improved crop production, though, it is still in the infancy of its development. In recent years, the exploitation of nanomaterials has been used to diminish the damage of plant systems due to temperature stress by stimulating the protective/tolerance physiology in plants. This journey has long way to go regarding our understanding of the eco-toxicity, permissible limit, and uptake capacity of various nanomaterials in plant systems. This chapter explores the range of uses of various nanoparticles for alleviating the temperature stress in plant science.

Global warming and worsening environmental problems have worsened the heat resistance of peony and difficult maintenance and management. The high temperature stress caused by the environment has become an important environmental factor for the growth and development of peony. The article summarizes the morphology, yield, physiological and biochemical indicators and research status of peony under high temperature stress; summarizes the research status of peony heat tolerance evaluation index screening, germplasm heat tolerance evaluation and heat-resistant peony breeding, in order to promote tolerance Selection and breeding process of hot peony germplasm resources. At present, related researches on peony mainly focus on pharmacological effects and germplasm resources. The physiological mechanism of high temperature and breeding of heat-resistant varieties of peony are relatively lagging behind. In-depth study of the physiological mechanism of high temperature in peony combined with multi-omics will help to adopt technical measures to improve the heat tolerance of high plants and reduce heat damage, so as to speed up the selection and breeding of heat-resistant peony germplasm, and meet the survival and medicine of peony in harsh environments. Use and other needs.

Channel field and stress time dependent critical voltage in dynamic ON resistance of GaN HEMTs is reported for the first time. Electro – Photo Luminescence, low temperature stress experiments and their dependence on device parameters is correlated to propose a novel channel field and buffer trap interaction mechanism regulating the critical voltage which is not related to new trap generation or hot electrons.

The railway track with continuously welded rails is an essential part of the modern railway superstructure around the world. Calculation of the temperature stresses in continuously welded rails has great significance for the planning of maintenance activities in order to maintain traffic safety (risk of derailment due to either rail break, or track buckling). This paper presents the finite element model for calculation of rail stresses and displacements due to the temperature changes, which was developed by the authors. The monitoring of the track sections, which are significant regarding traffic safety, was suggested in this paper.

Restrained deformations in concrete structures induce the development of stresses and sometimes cracking. Therefore the whole service life of concrete structures is influenced by the appropriate consideration of the early age behaviour of concrete under restrained conditions. For that reason, several devices were developed in the past to characterize the risk of cracking of cement-based materials. In the 1990s, a new experimental concrete testing concept has been designed: the Temperature Stress Testing Machine (TSTM). The device is able to monitor several parameters such as the age of cracking, the stiffness development and the stress relaxation. Between 1990 and 2010, less than fifteen laboratories worldwide have developed or acquired this kind of experimental equipment. All devices bear some similarities but major differences remain in the test set up designs, in the testing processes and also in the scale of the material used. This chapter summarizes all existing technics used to assess the behavior of concrete under restrained deformation, a comparison of the different existing TSTM is presented. New advanced techniques aim at monitor the cracking risk of cement-based materials such as the active ring test or the elliptical ring test are also presented.

An adiabatic temperature rise test of cemented sand and gravel (CSG) is conducted, a model for temperature rising of CSG is proposed, and its application to temperature stress prediction of CSG dam is presented. Adiabatic temperature rise tests are first conducted to investigate the temperature rise properties of CSG material with different cementing agent contents. The results demonstrate that the hydration reaction time is longer for CSG material with higher cementing agent content, and a linear relationship is presented between cementing agent contents and final value of adiabatic temperature rise. Then, a calculation model considering different cementing agent contents is developed based on the regression analysis of the test data. The proposed model is implanted into the ANSYS software platform for predictions of temperature distributions and stress fields of a typical CSG dam. The results show that the distributions of temperature and temperature stress are similar to those of roller compacted concrete (RCC) dam. Due to the high temperature stress at the long intermittent surface and downstream surface of the dam, the thermal insulation measures on the surface of the dam should be considered in the CSG dam with high cementing agent contents and in the severe cold environment. Therefore, it cannot be generally considered that the temperature control of the CSG dam does not need to be considered, and it should be determined according to the specific working conditions.

Abiotic stresses are severe problem to the crop survival which someway influences plant growth and yield. Among abiotic stress, low- and high-temperature stress is important, which impacts adverse effect on rice (Oryza Sativa L.). Rice is one of the chief and staple cereal crops of world population. Rice in response to low- and high-temperature stress changes its gene expression pattern and protein products. Several studies concerning genome profiling mutational and transgenic plant reveal complex transcriptional mechanism that activates in response to low- and high-temperature stress. By using different strategies, biotechnology improves crop yield and quality by enhancing their capacity to defend against different stresses. This chapter focuses on the conventional and improved biotechnological approaches for the betterment of low- and high-temperature stress tolerance in rice.

Temperatures that extend beyond normal levels of tolerance cause severe stress to plants, especially during the reproductive and grain filling/ripening stages. Heat stress leads to serious yield losses in many crop plants, including rice (Oryza sativa). In view of the current scenario of global climate change, frequent fluctuations and a significant increase in average temperatures will pose challenges to protecting those yields. Therefore, elucidating the molecular mechanisms that make crop plants more tolerant of heat, particularly in organs at the reproductive stage, is of utmost importance. Precise molecular information will be helpful for the manipulation and exploration of relevant genes for use in crop improvement programs. In this review, we highlight recent progress in research on the molecular responses to high temperatures in pollen and seed and provide a perspective on the development of heat tolerance in rice cultivars. The responsible mechanism is a very complex phenomenon that involves several biochemical and physiological changes, molecular responses, and a series of signal transductions. Improving our understanding requires detailed knowledge at various omics levels. Recent technological advancements have accelerated genomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics studies in rice, a model crop plant. Here, we discuss those technological and omics approaches being taken to investigate the heat tolerance mechanism, particularly in rice. In addition, we address the tools being used to identify key genes and QTLs that can then be utilized for molecular breeding and biotechnology.

The improved electrical properties of Cu-gate thin-film transistors (TFTs) using an ink-synthesizing process were studied; this technology enables a low-cost and large area process for the display industry. We investigated the film properties and the effects of the ink-synthesized Cu layer in detail with respect to device characteristics. The mobility and reliability of the devices were significantly improved by applying a diffusion barrier at the interface between the Cu gate and the gate insulator. By using a TaN diffusion barrier layer, considerably improved and stabilized ink-Cu gated TFTs could be realized, comparable to sputtered-Cu gated TFTs under positive bias temperature stress measurements.

Rail stress in continuously welded railway (CWR) is a quite difficult problem for track maintenance and how to measure the temperature stress in the rail accurately is an important topic. In this p...

Over the past century, the average surface temperature and recurrent heatwaves have been steadily rising, affecting the yield potential of most food crops including bread wheat, the second most important caloric source, but is particularly vulnerable to the impacts of elevated temperatures. Significantly, the past decade has witnessed tremendous advancements in multiomics approaches to extract the key regulators that influence the adaptive responses to high temperature stress (HTS). With the help of genetic engineering technologies, transgenic wheat plants have been developed showing resistance to HTS without hampering productivity. In this review, we described the effect of rising temperature at a global scale and the drastic impacts on crops, particularly on wheat production. Also, this review is focused on accomplishing a deeper understanding of the genetic and molecular basis of HTS responses of crop plants, wheat in particular along with current strategies and technologies to generate thermotolerant varieties. Collective strategy and identified thresholds of HTS tolerance and susceptibility will contribute to the value-added modelling of wheat growth and yield under predictable future climate conditions.

The article presents the results of the analysis of amino acid composition of grain of spring soft and durum wheat varieties by the amount of proline and essential amino acids under conditions of favorable and dry years in terms of weather factors. An increase in the amount of proline was established under conditions of temperature stress and a lack of moisture in soil, it allows us to consider this fact as an index of resistance to unfavorable environmental factors. The amount of essential amino acids depended on weather and technological factors. The content of the amino acid proline in spring wheat grain should be considered as a signaling function for stressful vegetation conditions. The content of essential amino acids in spring wheat grain increases in favorable years and against the background of moldboard plowing.

Continuously welded rail (CWR) has been widely applied in modern railway structures, and its performance is directly related to the safety of railway transportation. After the removal of the rail joints, the CWR cannot expand and contract freely. The longitudinal temperature stress within the CWR turns out to be the core structural parameter in the maintenance and repair of the track. In this study, an ultrasonic theoretical model of the rail temperature force was established, and the mechanism of the critical refracted longitudinal wave to detect the rail temperature stress was analyzed. A numerical simulation calculation was conducted with the three-dimensional finite element model, and the longitudinal wave incidence angle, frequency, and transducer spacing were calculated. The impact of critical factors on the accuracy of refracted longitudinal wave detection temperature stress was investigated. The ultrasonic acoustic propagation under the corresponding stress value of the rail was calibrated to eliminate the influence of residual stress and ensure the accuracy of ultrasonic detection of temperature stress. Finally, an online rail temperature stress monitoring system was built, and a long-term operation was carried out in the Changzhou section of the Shanghai-Nanjing high-speed rail. The monitoring data of the line in 2019 was obtained, and the temperature stress change of the line was recorded. The data showed that the ultrasonic sound obtained by real-time monitoring could accurately reflect the temperature and force changes of the rail. This proposed method is expected to provide a solution for online and remote acquisition of the temperature stress of the CWR. The accumulated long-term monitoring data is of great significance to the prevention plan for rail expansion and rail breakage.

Summary: There are plenty publications providing guidance for resistant taxa selection by experimental researches while the number of experimental taxa is often restricted. In this study, we presented a concise method to predict the temperature tolerance of wild Lilium in China based on open access botanical and associated environmental datasets. We divided all taxa into five groups to present an overview of Lilium's adaptability to temperature stress. Furthermore, according to the environmental conditions, the prediction of heat and cold tolerance in Lilium was made based on the combined multi-sources data at taxon level. Thirteen taxa with potential temperature tolerance were predicted of 42 taxa. The results showed that not only is tolerance prediction created by large-scale data analysis possible, but that it may supplement traditional laboratory researches with a comprehensive list of taxa.

Due to global climate change, temperature stress has become one of the primary causes of crop losses worldwide. Much progress has been made in unraveling the complex stress response mechanisms in plants, particularly in the identification of temperature stress responsive protein-coding genes. Recently discovered microRNAs (miRNAs) and endogenous small-interfering RNAs (siRN As) have also been demonstrated as important players in plant temperature stress response. Using high-throughput sequencing, many small RNAs, especially miRNAs, have been identified to be triggered by cold or heat. Subsequently, several studies have shown an important functional role for these small RNAs in cold or heat tolerance. These findings greatly broaden our understanding of endogenous small RNAs in plant stress response control. Here, we highlight new findings regarding the roles of miRNAs and siRNAs in plant temperature stress response and acclimation. We also review the current understanding of the regulatory mechanisms of small RNAs in temperature stress response, and explore the outlook for the use of these small RNAs in molecular breeding for improvement of temperature stress tolerance in plants.

Thermal pest control (TPC) is a technology that applies heated air in the vineyard to reduce pests. However, it can also alter grape anthocyanin synthesis in answer to temperature stress. The aim of this work was to determine the impact of TPC in 'Tannat' grape vineyards on wine quality. The major makers of quality considered in this study were the wine anthocyanin characterization by HPLC-PDA-MSn, beverage's sensory evaluation by descriptive analysis, and color parameters by instrumental analysis. A total of three experiments were performed in different harvesting years. In 2011/12 (Experiment I), four applications were performed from the flowering to fruiting. For the second experiment (2012/13), five applications were used only during fruiting. TPC treatment performed in 2013/14 (Experiment III) had a total of 19 applications from the flowering to harvesting. In the first experiment, TPC had increased wine pigments, color, and sensorial descriptors for visual (translucence) and gustatory (woody and body) perceptions. However, in the second experiment none of the evaluated wine quality parameters was affected by TPC (p≤0.05). In the last and longest experiment (19 applications), TPC has significantly increased some wine pigments content. Nonetheless, wine sensorial parameters were not affected. Since the climate was different among the years, it seems that TPC effect does not depend on the applications number and vegetable cycle period only, but also it can be affected by the weather conditions in which the vine is being cultivated. However, when TPC treatment has resulted in the greatest anthocyanin increment (Experiment I) some wine sensory descriptors were also improved.

Developing new rice varieties adaptive to heat stress is important to maintain high rice production in anticipating global warming effects. This research was aimed to find selection characters and to select the best segregant in early generation based on agronomic characters for adaptation of rice to heat stress. The experiment was carried out in September 2014 to Januari 2015. About 210 F2 segregants generated trough hybridization between IPB 4S (sensitive parent) and Situ Patenggang (tolerant parent), 20 individuals of IPB 4S, and 20 individuals of Situ Patenggang, were used as genetic control. All genetic materials were exposed to high temperature stress by growing in a green house of Bogor Agricultural University. The average temperature in the research period was 24 °C and 42.09 °C, respectively for minimum and maximum temperature. The results showed that charachters of productive and total tiller number, total grain number, and seed weight had high heritability, high coeffiecient of genetics variability-with an additive gene action. That charachters could be proposed as selection criteria in early generation for rice breeding of adaptation to high temperature stress. The characters could be applied in either single trait or multiple traits selection. Based on multiple traits selection we found 50 the best F2 segregation.Keywords: differential selection, early generation, heat tolerant, heritability, gene action, variability genetics coeffiecient

The change in ambient temperature is one of the risk factors for the aggravation of bronchial asthma (BA). Yet, whether the ambient temperature influences the immune functions associated with allergic asthma remains unknown. In this study, we treated asthmatic mice with standard temperature (ST, 20 °C) or thermoneutral temperature (TT, 30 °C). The results showed that the airway inflammatory cell counts in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) were significantly reduced in the mice treated with TT as compared with the mice treated with ST. The imbalance of Th1/Th2 response in the lung was improved following housing the mice at TT. In addition, the pulmonary Treg cells were increased in asthmatic mice after TT treatment. The temperature stress (29 °C and 41 °C) drove naïve CD4T cells towards Th2 cells. Our data demonstrate that the change of ambient temperature was a risk factor to aggravate experimental asthma.

The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the safety of the Er,Cr:YSGG bleaching treatment in terms of pulp chamber temperature increase in teeth, as well as to test two different bleaching gels applied in the same procedure. Our previously published pilot study suggested that the most susceptible teeth during Er,Cr:YSGG-supported bleaching are the maxillary lateral incisors and mandibular incisors. These two types of teeth were used in order to assess the safety of the procedure with regard to tooth vitality. For the needs of this study, 60 teeth were tested (30 maxillary lateral incisors (TT1) and 30 mandibular incisors (TT2)). The experimental procedure involved the use of an Er,Cr:YSGG laser (2780 nm, Waterlase MD, Biolase, USA) with two different bleaching gels. A yellow-colored bleaching agent, with a concentration of 38% H2O2 (Power whitening, WHITEsmile GmbH, Germany) (BG 1), and a purple-colored agent for in-office tooth whitening, with a concentration of 35% H2O2 (Laser-White20, Biolase) (BG 2), were utilized in the experiment. The tip employed was a 6-mm-long Z-type glass tip (MZ8) of 800 μm diameter. As to the applied power settings, the average output power was set at 1.25 W and the pulse duration at 700 μs (S-mode), while the pulse repetition rate was 10 Hz. The results showed that during Er,Cr:YSGG-supported tooth bleaching, the temperature rise in the pulp chamber did not exceed the temperature threshold of 5.6 °C, regardless of the bleaching gel used (2.03 ± 0.55 °C for BG1 and 1.53 ± 0.48 °C for BG2) and can therefore be considered a safe procedure. Moreover, a time-consistent higher temperature difference was observable during the BG1 application, compared to that of BG2.

One of the specific characteristics of Mongolian livestock is that parturition occurs during the cold winter and spring seasons. Aim of our study is to investigate acute phase proteins (APP) in pregnant ewes during the time of cold temperature stress. According to the study, haptoglobin (Hp) concentration in serum of pregnant ewes was highest in February, as well as high variation of Hp was detected during the remaining months. In addition, alpha -1 acid glycoprotein (α1AGР) was also highest in February, but decreased gradually in the following months.

Monitoring body temperature is a fundamental health issue for workers that, like firefighters, are sometimes exposed to high thermal stress. Wireless epidermal sensors are a non-invasive tool to collect temperature data in a very efficient way. This paper describes an experimental study carried out during a Compartment Fire Behavior Training. We used wireless thermometers based on Radiofrequency Identification (RFID) technology to measure firefighters clothing layers temperatures. Such devices can be placed directly on the skin like a plaster and are compatible with the UHF RFID standard. Thanks to the simplicity of sensor activation and data download, we managed to obtain multiple data from 10 firefighters during their training. These collected data give an idea of the thermal load that the firefighters experience while performing their duties.