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A stepper motor is an actuator widely used in different areas for various purposes such as robots and CNC machines. This motor has 3 different types and the hybrid type is the most common and useful one. This paper has presented a new structure for conventional hybrid stepper motors (HSMs) that has improved the torque density dramatically and more than 200% compared with the conventional ones. This motor firstly is modeled on the computer and has been analyzed with a 3D finite element method (3D FEM) software. Then the results have been compared with the conventional motors and after the proof of its superiority, it is fabricated and the results of theoretical and practical tests are compared. These results confirm the advantages of the new structure for HSMs.

A PLC-based embedded device on a miniature conveyor machine for operating a rejection system has been designed and constructed. The research objectives, namely (i) design and manufacture of an integrated system, (ii) making program structure based on a ladder diagram, and (iii) measuring the performance of an integrated system. Integrated system assembled from a miniature of the conveyor machines and belt installation, and installing the dc motor, while the rejection system assembly by placing several sensors, installing stepper motor, and wiring to the PLC system. Programming based on ladder diagram carried out by determining algorithms, compiling the ladder diagram, addressing the input/output, and compiling and uploading the program from PC to PLC. The performance of the integrated system was observed when (a) observation during synchronization, (b) observations of sensor readings while the rejection system simulator is operating, and (c) observation and measurement of the processing time of the rejection arm. Overall results have been obtained in the form of a PLC-based embedded device for the rejection system simulator on observations of the condition of the bottle caps for beverage packaging. Based on the overall observation, the PLC-based embedded device has functioned to operate the rejection system can be implemented at a manufacturing scale. &nbsp, Telah dirancang dan dikonstruksi sebuah embedded device berbasis PLC pada miniatur mesin konveyor untuk pengoperasian simulator sistem rejection. Tujuan penelitian ini, yaitu (i) merancang dan membuat sistem terintegrasi, (ii) membuat struktur program berbasis ladder diagram, dan (iii) mengukur kinerja sistem terintegrasi. Sistem terintegrasi dirakit dari miniatur mesin konveyor dengan pemasangan belt dan motor dc, sedangkan sistem rejection dirakit melalui penempatan sejumlah sensor, pemasangan motor stepper, dan perkabelan pada sistem PLC. Pemrograman berbasis ladder diagram, dilakukan melalui penentuan algoritma, penyusunan ladder diagram, pengalamatan jalur masukan/keluaran, dan penyusunan dan pengunggahan program dari komputer personal ke PLC. Kinerja sistem terintegrasi diamati ketika (a) pengamatan selama sinkronisasi, (b) pengamatan pembacaan sensor saat simulator sistem rejection beroperasi, dan (c) pengamatan dan pengukuran waktu proses lengan rejection. Hasil keseluruhan telah diperoleh dalam bentuk embedded device berbasis PLC untuk simulator sistem rejection pada pengamatan terhadap kondisi tutup botol kemasan minuman. Berdasarkan pengamatan secara keseluruhan, perangkat tertanam berbasis PLC yang berfungsi untuk pengoperasian sistem rejection dapat diimplementasikan pada skala manufaktur.

A new insulin patch pump for continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion was developed. The pump is composed of reusable and disposable parts and operates with a stepping motor. This pump was compared to a patch pump and a durable pump regarding basal rate and bolus accuracy. Using a microgravimetric method, boluses of 0.2 U, 1 U and 7 U, and a basal rate of 1 U/h were tested. For all pumps, bolus accuracy was higher when larger volumes were delivered. While median deviations were similar for all pumps, there were differences in the precision of individual boluses and when regarding basal rate delivery divided into 1-h windows.

The long-term storage of nuclear-spent fuel in geological repositories has introduced the need to develop new technologies for safeguarding the fuel. Continuity of knowledge about the fuel's location must be maintained during transport of the copper canisters that contain the fuel from the encapsulation plant to the final repository. Among the possible different containment and surveillance measures are the identification and authentication of each canister. The authors propose an innovative solution for this purpose, which is based on the ultrasonic acquisition of two fingerprints: an artificial code realized by chamfers machined in the inner surface of the copper lid (identification) and a natural signature due to the weld between the lid and the tube (authentication). Several prototypes of ultrasonic acquisition devices have been developed and tested on real copper samples to validate the identification and authentication concepts. This article describes the design of a new, optimized version of the ultrasonic acquisition device. The aim of this new design is to provide a solution for the identification and authentication of copper canisters using a portable device that is cost-effective and easy to use, which does not require the presence of an inspector in the field. The mechanical design of the reader has been upgraded with the introduction of a stepper motor and a new probe holder that includes a beam splitter to acquire two fingerprints simultaneously. The new device has been tested on copper samples, both with and without chamfers, and the results are reported in this article. The implementation of the seal fingerprint acquisition device (SFAD) within the new portable acquisition system is discussed at the end of this article with the goal of improving the electronic performance of the acquisition device in the field.

This paper introduces a two-phase hybrid stepping motor’s mathematical model and control and driving principle. And base on it, according to the energy consumption requirements of the stepping motor used in the aerospace field, the energy relationship during the operation of the motor is analyzed. And propose a optimal control method corresponding to the current frequency, so that the motor uses the least energy under the premise of meeting the output torque requirement.

In this chapter, we will look at seven-segment displays and learn what they are and how they work. We will write a program to control the display on a single seven-segment display and then move on to a program to control a collection of four seven-segment displays. We will learn about the timers in a PIC and how to use them to create a variable delay. We will then move on to look at a simple stepper motor and write a program to drive it clockwise and anticlockwise. After reading this chapter, you will know how to use a delay and how to control and use a seven-segment display and drive a 5V DC stepper motor.

A gear-shift device based on rollers is proposed for a gearbox with composite gears and built-in clutches. For the sake of speed, the drive is an electric step motor with a combination of a screw pair and a wedge mechanism at the shaft. That increases the controllability of the clutch.

AIM: To develop a novel three-dimensional (3D) electric ophthalmotrope to improve the ophthalmology teaching effectiveness and evaluate the teaching value. METHODS: A 3D electric ophthalmotrope was designed by simulating the movement of the ocular and the extraocular muscles according to Sherrington's law. The model with joint bearing was to ensure the flexibility and centripetal rotation of the simulated ball and stepper motor as the driving device. A programmable processor was used to control the motion amplitude of the stepper motor. The size of hole was set at the back of the simulated shell to limit the amount of eye movement. Afterwards, using a 5-point Likert scale, 7 experts evaluated the 3D electric ophthalmotrope's simulation ability and precision, compared with the traditional anatomical model. In addition, the teaching effectiveness of the 3D electric ophthalmotrope was evaluated at in-class quiz and final exam in a randomized controlled trial. RESULTS: The 3D electric ophthalmotrope could be operated easily to demonstrate the eye movements with motion of different ocular muscles. The experts agreed that the 3D electric ophthalmotrope was different from the traditional model and was easier for students to understand every extraocular muscles' movement in each evaluation index (P

The consumption of prescribed medicine on time has become the most important requirement in day-to-day busy life. The adherence to the schedules of medicine dosage becomes critical with the problem or disease, which is being treated. Therefore, the importance of it varies from person to person. To overcome the problems of the adherence to medicine dosages, many products and designs of medicine dispenser have been proposed. In this paper, the prototype of Portable Smart Medicine Dispenser has been discussed, which overcomes the problems of many of the existing designs and provides the improved characteristics in it. Android has been used as the GUI for the system and NodeMCU ESP8266, a microcontroller with inbuilt Wi-Fi module, has been used. The Xcluma 28Ybj-48 Stepper motor is used to rotate the container of medicine. The history has also been setup, which shows the list of alarms, which have been successfully alerted and container is rotated. The medicine, if not taken within a specified time, the alert is sent to the caretaker in the form of notification of the Android App. Another improvement in this design is that the Firebase, which is a real-time and NOSQL database has been used, which helps in quick synchronization of the data from the Android app to Firebase and vice versa.

This paper proposes a 3D spatial upsampling algorithm using a 2D LiDAR and a single camera. These two devices are placed on the same line, and both data are acquired by rotating the stage 360° around a vertical axis using a step motor. The obtained data is used to calibrate between the LiDAR and the camera. And a high-density 3D map is generated through a proposed two-step upsampling method using HSD-based guide image.

We introduce OPAM, an Open source, low-cost (under $150), 3D-Printed, stepper motor driven, Arduino based, single cell Micromanipulator (OPAM). Modification of a commercial stepper motor led to dramatically increased stability and maneuverability of the motor, based on which the micromanipulator was designed. All components of this micromanipulator can be 3D printed using an entry-level 3D printer and assembled with ease. With this single cell manipulator, successful targeted single cell capture and transfer was confirmed under the microscope, which showed great promise for single cell related experiments.

In the current pandemic situation is arisen due to COVID-19, So every human has required to take precaution like wear mass, keep distancing, sanitizing hand, don't touch anything if not which not necessary. But something is like Table, door, vehicles etc. we touch so there is chance of spreading disease. In college and Offices, the peoples are meet so there are chances spreading disease due to the touching of door or any other thing on which germs are present. The project is based on automation, in which we will making an automatic opening and closing of door mechanism (home/college door). In which the door is open when the sensor on the door cut then mechanism is operated and open the door and after close automatically. So, there is no physical touch of human with door, hence it will help to prevent or reduce the spreading of pandemic disease COVID-19. Our project is based on Ultrasonic Sensor and Arduino, in which door is automatically opens and closes by detecting a person. As soon as a person approaches the door (at about 2 or 3 feet), the door automatically turned open and after some time (about 5 to 10 seconds), the door closes by turning in the reverse direction. Such Automatic Door Opening and closing systems are very useful as you do not need a person to standby the door and open it whenever a guest comes. Also, since the doors are opened and closed only when a person approaches the door, there is significantly less loss of air conditioning.

In order to meet the needs of operation and management of stepping motors in the Internet of things environment, this paper designed the software and hardware of the stepping motor drive system under the control of a single-chip microcomputer based on LabVIEW, which is a graphical programming platform developed by National Instruments Corporation of the United States, and tested and verified the functions of the system. The software part transmitted data between the host computer and the driver terminal based on a service cloud platform called Easy-Control, realizing the network real-time online management operation function. The hardware design made full use of the existing functions of the STM32F407ZGT6 single-chip microcomputer; moreover, the design of circuits was simplified by the special driver chip LV8726TA for stepping motor to increase system stability. The software and hardware of the system were developed on the LabVIEW platform, which had the advantages of high efficiency, short development cycle, low cost, and convenient function expansion. This work provides a scheme for the design and implementation of similar systems.

Providing painless surgery and delivering an accurate dose of anesthesia to the patient plays a very crucial role in any major surgeries. Failing in providing an accurate dose to the patient may show adverse effects and postoperative complications. In case of major surgeries which could take a longer period, the complete dosage of anesthesia could not be administered in a single dose to the patient since it may show lethal complications. Administering less dose of anesthesia makes the patient regain consciousness during the surgery. It is not easy for the anesthetist to deliver an accurate dose of anesthesia at regular intervals of time. To overcome such complications during surgeries a computer-controlled syringe is designed to deliver an accurate dose of anesthesia at regular intervals of time with constant speed. Therefore this project aims to introduce an automatic anesthesia control system integrating with monitoring parameters using Arduino Uno. This Embedded system uses a syringe pump to deliver the right amount of anesthesia to the patient. The anesthetist can set the desired amount of anesthesia that can be given to the patient with the help of a switch panel. Once the Arduino Uno receives the signal it activates the motor driver to drive the syringe pump at the preset intervals. The anesthesia is delivered to the patient according to the rotation of the stepper motor. After administration of anesthesia, the vital parameters like Temperature, Exhalation breath temperature, and Pulse are monitored side by side. If they are under the normal state then the second dose of anesthesia will be injected. On the onset of abnormality the doctor will be notified through a buzzer and anesthesia delivery would continue only if everything is under normal. Additionally, these parameters are checked by corresponding sensors. This integration of monitoring parameters increases the patient’s safety and keeps the anesthesiologists at ease.

Lidar observations are fundamental to quantitatively study the vertical distribution of atmospheric aerosols. In particular, some applications (e.g. air quality monitoring) need the description of the particulate from the ground up to the top of the atmospheric boundary layer. To correctly interpret the received lidar signal in the lowermost range, where the overlap between the telescope field of view and the laser beam is incomplete, an optimized alignment and the knowledge of the overlap function are required. The multi-wavelength multi-telescope RMR “9-eyes” system in Rome Tor Vergata [1] has the capability to move, through electronically controlled stepper motors, the orientation of the laser beams and the 3D position of the diaphragm of the receiving optical system around the focal point of the telescopes. Taking advantage of these instrumental characteristics, a set of semi-automated tools (the mapping procedure) was developed for the optimization of the telescope/beam alignment and the estimation of the overlap function.In this study the results of the mapping applied to a single combination of telescope-laser beam are reported. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the procedure the results were verified by comparing the whole profile of the signal and the outcome of the telecover test [2] before and after the alignment. The overlap function was estimated and the height of full overlap compared against the one obtained from a geometric model.The proposed method gives the possibility to characterize the signal profile as a function of the position of the receiving optical system in the 3D space around the focal point. This characterization improved the accuracy of the system alignment protocol. The mapping applied to the laser beam can be used to align systems with fixed receiving geometry and, as presented, to estimate the overlap function. [1] F. Congeduti, F. Marenco, P. Baldetti, and E. Vincenti, ‘The multiple-mirror lidar “9-eyes”’, J. Opt. Pure Appl. Opt., vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 185–191, Jan. 1999, doi: 10.1088/1464-4258/1/2/012.[2] V. Freudenthaler, H. Linné, A. Chaikovski, D. Rabus, and S. Groß, ‘EARLINET lidar quality assurance tools’, Atmospheric Meas. Tech. Discuss., pp. 1–35, Jan. 2018, doi: https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2017-395.

In order to improve the effect of stepping motor automation, the design method of stepping motor automation control system based on Lyaponov stability theory is proposed. Firstly, AT89C52 MCU is used to optimize the hardware configuration of stepping motor automation control system, and the system operation algorithm and operation steps are perfected.

In this chapter, we’ll build a device library for a stepper motor driver. Stepper motors get used primarily in robotics projects, but it is not inconceivable they could be used in IOT projects.

With PLC technology and machine vision technology as the core, a multifunctional automatic inspection system is constructed. First, the PLC controls the stepping motor to move with the industrial camera, and the industrial camera automatically takes pictures to find the target work-piece. When the industrial camera finds the target work-piece, the machine vision processing software on the PC sends information such as the position of the work-piece to the PLC. Finally, the PLC informs the industrial robot to grab the target work-piece. At the same time, the PLC is also connected to the HMI touch screen, which can control the forward and reverse rotation of the motor and monitor the running status of the system in real time.

In recent years, chip design technology and AI (artificial intelligence) have made significant progress. This forces all of fields to investigate how to increase the competitiveness of products with machine learning technology. In this work, we mainly use deep learning coupled with motor control to realize the real-time interactive system of air hockey, and to verify the feasibility of machine learning in the real-time interactive system. In particular, we use the convolutional neural network YOLO (&ldquo, you only look once&rdquo, ) to capture the hockey current position. At the same time, the law of reflection and neural networking are applied to predict the end position of the puck Based on the predicted location, the system will control the stepping motor to move the linear slide to realize the real-time interactive air hockey system. Finally, we discuss and verify the accuracy of the prediction of the puck end position and improve the system response time to meet the system requirements.

Hemodialysis is the most frequently used therapy for people with chronic kidney failure. However, there are several obstacles in hemodialysis therapy, first the formation of blood clots when the blood is pumped out of the body, then the speed of pumping blood is not stable causing the patient to experience in shock. This research focuses on design peristaltic pump and syringe pump using a motor stepper, by calibrating the amount step motor stepper to keep blood flow out stable at 200 ml/min and control the heparin injection so that blood clots do not form. The designed peristaltic pump can produce flow rate close to 200 ml/min and have levels with a precision of 98.4899% and an accuracy rate of 98.6155%. Syringe pump which is designed to inject heparin can work well. The resulting the precision level is 99.8797% and accuracy rate is 99.3861%.

In control electronics the stepper motor is widely preferred for its ease in usage. Sinusoidal driving of motor using FPGA ensures the precise working and improved torque of the motor. FPGA based design is compatible with conversation to an ASIC (Application Specific Integrated Circuit). Using VHDL allows the control algorithm to be easily applied. This paper presents driving a stepper motor using sinusoidal input from PWM through FPGA. This driver can perform stable, precise control and improves the torque.

A leading cause of stroke is carotid artery atherosclerosis. Attenuation coefficient (AC) parameters can evaluate carotid plaque echogenicity and visualize plaque composition for assessments of vulnerability. High-frequency radiofrequency (RF) data (fc = 40 MHz) were acquired using a stepper motor from 10 plaques removed via carotid endarterectomy. AC parameters such as Median AC were calculated using an optimum power spectral shift estimation (OPSSE) method developed in our lab. Parametric maps were created to visualize AC parameter variation throughout plaque. AC parameters were compared with surgical scores and histopathology assessments. Kendall's tau correlations compared AC parameters, whole plaque scores, and histopathology assessments. Kruskal-Wallis H and Dunn's post hoc test assessed ability of AC parameters to distinguish among tissue scores. This work demonstrates a technique for computing AC parameters that suggests correlations and discriminatory potential for surgical and histopathological markers of plaque composition and vulnerability.

This paper presents two electromechanical systems used for the overspeed protection of small wind turbines. The actuators have the purpose of rotating the back rudder (tail vane) of the wind turbine when the blades are overspeeding. The rudder rotation angle is 90 degrees in order to completely turn the wind turbine blades away from the wind flow direction. The first device is a new limited-angle torque electromechanical actuator consisting of a device with a simplified structure composed of four permanent magnets (two on each side) glued on a rotor mounted between two stator poles built from ordinary rectangular construction pipes and an electronic control unit. The second device is based on a regular stepper motor actuator with a reduction gear and an appropriate control scheme to maximize the energy harvested at high, over-nominal wind speeds. A generic comparison is provided for the proposed solutions.

En este trabajo se presenta un prototipo de biorreactor como alternativa para la micropropagación de especies vegetales. Se trata de una propuesta que disminuye de manera significativa los costos tanto en la construcción del biorreactor como en la técnica de propagación. La automatización de varios de sus elementos de manera intrínseca supone la posibilidad de ser más eficiente en su operación, lo cual podrá permitir incrementar la producción masiva de propágulos de diferentes especies agrícolas. En la construcción de este nuevo sistema se utilizaron varios materiales: el uso de un contenedor para la sujeción de los elementos que participan en la inmersión, un motor a pasos, una plataforma que contendrá las plántulas, una placa electrónica Arduino Uno y una placa Raspberry Pi. Mediante la programación de la placa Arduino Uno, se automatiza el motor a pasos, el cual controla los movimientos de la plataforma de soporte que contiene los explantes. La construcción en general del sistema se logra por medio de materiales de fácil adquisición como plásticos y metales de bajo costo. Como resultado, se logró construir un nuevo biorreactor para la micropropagación masiva de especies vegetales de fácil manejo, gracias al cual se espera tener una mayor producción a corto plazo.

The function of optical zooming is really rare in smartphone cameras due to its appearances and dimensions now. The manufactures need to provide a better optical performance and make a new gimmick to attract consumers. As a result, a novel VCM actuator with optical zoom for smartphone cameras is proposed in this paper, it has a simpler structure when compared to stepping motor smartphone cameras. The paper presents a segmented magnetic equivalent circuit method to analyze the magnetic characteristics of proposed VCM actuator and further verified by a commercial finite element model software. Furthermore, the performance of the proposed optical zoom VCM actuator was verified by constructing a laboratory-built prototype, the experimental results shows that the proposed VCM actuator has good positioning accuracy and good dynamic response.

Thickness measurement tools of materials based on microcontroller has been done. This instrument consists of mechanical system, ultrasonic sensor HC-SR04, Arduino UNO microcontroller module, stepper motor, and MicroSD Card module. Ultrasonic sensor HC-SR04 is integrated with the Arduino UNO module and measurement data is displayed on LCD 20 X 4 characters, then the measurement result of date was stored automatically in MicroSD Card. The accuracy of the thickness meter is done by comparing between the measurement data from the thickness meter with the measurement manually. The measurement result of composite board thickness has 93,8% accuracy on flat composite and 50% on the uneven composite board test.

The aim of this article is to design an interfering mobile device with a magnetron for the interference in Wi-fi signal in the band 2.4-2.5GHz. Propulsion of the interfering mobile device will be implemented using system of the stepper motor, which will be controlled with the help of the microcontroller ATmega 16. In order to deal with the interfering part, it is necessary to design an inverter 12V/4000V and 50-60Hz. The inverter is a supply of the high-powered vacuum tube that generates microwaves; magnetron. Magnetron is used as a source of electromagnetic interference high-frequency acting on targets, which operates in the band of Wi-Fi signal. For example, waves of high-frequency radio damage on-board electronic devices of the UAV, and by the way, we can disable fly of UAV in demarcated areas. The interfering mobile device will be used as a preparation interference and measurement electromagnetic compatibility of electronic military equipment.

Probeware (sensors combined with data-analysis software) is a well-established part of physics education. In engineering and technology, sensors are frequently paired with actuators—motors, heaters, buzzers, valves, color displays, medical dosing systems, and other devices that are activated by electrical signals to produce intentional physical change. This article describes how a 20-year project aimed at better integration of the STEM disciplines (science, technology, engineering and mathematics) uses brief actuator activities in physics instruction. Math Machines “actionware” includes software and hardware that convert virtually any free-form, time-dependent algebraic function into the dynamic actions of a stepper motor, servo motor, or RGB (red, green, blue) color mixer. With wheels and a platform, the stepper motor becomes LACI, a programmable vehicle. Adding a low-power laser module turns the servo motor into a programmable Pointer. Adding a gear and platform can transform the Pointer into an earthqu...

A hybrid stepper motor (HSM) can be practically driven by open-loop control, however, it is definitely not enough for the increasing demands on precision control in wide industry applications. In this study, a practical control scheme, consisting of model predictive control (MPC) and extended Kalman filter (EKF), is presented for controlling a sensorless hybrid stepper motor (HSM). Numerical simulations and real-world experiments are conducted to show the performance and effectiveness of the proposed strategy. To extend the practical usage of the presented design, the proposed strategy has been utilized to control an auxiliary adjuster for stereotactic frame fixation system for use in the precise clinical neurosurgery operation.

Stepper motors are very well suited for positioning applications since they can achieve very good positional accuracy without complicated feedback loops associated with servo systems. In this paper, an intelligent five-phase stepper motor driver of business card size proposed. Constant current chopping technique was applied for the purposes of high torque, high velocity and high efficiency. The driver was designed to drive a middle-sized hybrid stepper motor with wire current rating from 0.4 to 1.5A. An up-to-dated translator of five-phase stepping motor was used to drive the gates of N- channel MOSFET array. The resolution in full/half mode is 0.72/0.36 degrees/step. Moreover, an automatic power down circuit was used to limit the power consuming as the motor stops. Additionally, a self-testing program embedded in a 80C31-CPU (PCL838) can self-test whether the driver is normal or not. This embedded program including linear acceleration and deceleration routines also can serve as a positioning controller. The dimension of this driver is approximate 70x65x35 millimeters, which is smaller than a business card. Experimental results demonstrate that the responses of the driver can reach 60 kilo pulses per second

2020 IEEE Conference of Russian Young Researchers in Electrical and Electronic Engineering, EIConRus 2020 -- 27 January 2020 through 30 January 2020 -- -- 158636 Erythrocyte sedimentation rate test device, which is expensive as a commercial product, is a commonly used tools in the biomedical field. In this study, a low-cost and effective electronic control unit for erythrocyte sedimentation device was designed and implemented. This microcontroller-based control system manages the circular tray, where blood tubes stay on, for measuring sedimentation level using image processing technique. In order to manage the tray, control unit drives a stepper motor via switching components. Necessary information was transferred to computer via serial port communication in order to display to users. The position of circular tray is sensed for aligning camera and tubes. The measurement number data are taken to microcontroller from RFID Cards using RFID Transceiver. The unit controls also the amount of ambient light in the measurement area. The temperature level of device is measured using temperature sensor and step down by switching on a fan when necessary. © 2020 IEEE.

The paper presents the results of research on the performance of linear electro-hydraulic servomechanisms with stepper motor, evaluated by mathematical modelling and numerical simulation with the AMESIM software package. These servomechanisms have a great potential for application, including for agricultural technical equipment. Servomechanisms of various types are used for the rapid and high precision operation of the various systems. In practice, electro-hydraulic servomechanisms have been required in the case of the systems requiring high forces or moments. These equipment are automatic hydraulic tracking systems and can be analysed with methods specific to automatic systems. The paper contains a structural description of an electro-mechanical servomechanism with stepper motor, its operation, mathematical model and its performances obtained by numerical simulation. The mathematical modelling of the electro-hydraulic servomechanism is based on the relations between the input sizes and output sizes of the equipment in its structure as well as the connection relations between these equipment. Based on the obtained results it is demonstrated that the analysis and synthesis of electro-hydraulic servomechanisms with stepper motor can be determined by numerical simulation using the AMESIM simulation software.

An automated grading machine is developed using image processing techniques and Lab view to classify areca nuts harvested and processed across various locations of Goa. The aim is to grade the areca nut based on its color and texture features into good and bad quality nuts. The system comprises of a conveyer unit, illumination and image acquisition unit. Image processing is done by Lab view on a PC and Sorting unit. The various features of the areca nut are extracted using a web camera and the captured image is compared with the reference images using vision module of Lab view. After the required image processing is done, a signal is sent to the interface circuit and an appropriate actuator driven by a stepper motor is actuated. The main purpose of this project is to reduce inconsistencies in manual grading of areca nuts. Further scope of work is also mentioned in conclusion part

Conventionally, a bright, very wide-angle optical system is designed as a floating type optical system that moves two or more lens groups composed of multiple lens in order to focus accurately. These have been widely used as phase detection auto focus (AF) methods within conventional digital single-lens reflex (DSLR) cameras. However, a phase detection AF optical system cannot be used when recording motion pictures. In contrast, a compact system camera (CSC) performs AF by the contrast method, where a stepper motor is used as the driving source for moving the optical lens. Nonetheless, to ensure that the focusing lens is lighter, these stepper motors should not have high torque and AF must be possible by moving only one lens. Yet, when focusing is performed with only one lens, aberration change due to focusing lens movement is magnified. Therefore, a very wide-angle optical system comprised of a half-angle of view more than 40 degrees and F of 1/4 has not been developed. Here, a very wide-angle optical system was designed with high resolving power that enables high speed AF, even in contrast mode, by moving only one lens while minimizing aberration change.

A nano-stepping motor can translate or rotate when its piezoelectric element pair is electrically driven in-phase or anti-phase. It offers millimeter-level stroke, sub-micron-level stepping size, and sub-nanometer-level scanning resolution. This article proposes a visual servo system to control the nano-stepping motor, since its stepping size is not consistent due to changing contact friction, using a custom built microscopic instrument and image recognition software. Three kinds of trajectories&mdash, straight lines, circles, and pentagrams&mdash, are performed successfully. The smallest straightness and roundness ever tested are 0.291 &micro, m and 2.380 &micro, m. Experimental results show that the proposed controller can effectively compensate for the error and precisely navigate the rotor along a desired trajectory.

In the next work an automatic fringe projection system with a mobile camera has been proposed. A set of experimental images in order to scanning all the set positions in an automated rail are obtained. In each position, four profileometric images shifted pi/2 were taken and use the phase shift of 4 steps algorithm to obtain the wrapped phase. A Radon transform analysis was applied to quantify the object move using the gray levels as scale. A qualitative process to analyze the profilometry of an object with an irregular surface is applied, getting good results.

A SPR interferometric phases are typically manipulated with the analyte index change through the effective reaction length and operating wavelengths, respectively, from fiber based optical-low-coherence-interferometry (OLCI) and spectral interferometry for biosensing. The OLCI stepper motor stage built with 0.2-nm moving limit owns potential to achieve a 70-pM sensing resolution.

Number of people with motion disabilities is increasing worldwide, thereby, increasing the need for rehabilitation and physiotherapy devices. Automated assistive tools and devices have proven to be very efficient and crucial in treating physical injuries and disabilities. In this paper, a knee-joint rehabilitation device was designed and built. The Continuous Passive Motion (CPM) device was modeled and analyzed using SolidWorks. Furthermore, a device control system was developed using stepper motor, Arduino UNO board and electronic circuitry. A mobile phone application was developed using App Inventor to control the CPM device. The developed mobile application was implemented to communicate wirelessly with the CPM device allowing for easy control and monitoring. Tests and experiments were performed on the developed device mechanical structure as well as its control system to validate device accuracy and repeatability.

This paper introduces the simulation realize of stepper motor ring distributor based on Multisim. It mainly introduces the operating principle of stepper motor and the design of ring distributor. With Multisim software simulating and debugging, the simulation results show the circuit function can be achieved.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The eyelids are susceptible to a number of skin cancers, which are challenging to excise radically without sacrificing excessive healthy tissue. Photoacoustic (PA) imaging is an emerging non-invasive biomedical imaging modality that could potentially be used for intraoperative micrographic control of the surgical margins of eyelid tumors. In this study, non-cancerous human eyelid tissue was characterized using PA as a first step in the development of this technique.STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twelve full-thickness samples from nine patients were analyzed ex vivo using PA imaging. Two-dimensional PA images were acquired using 59 wavelengths in the range of 680-970 nm to obtain the spectral signatures of the skin, orbicularis oculi muscle, and the tarsal plate. Three-dimensional images were obtained by scanning the tissues using a linear stepping motor. Spectral unmixing was performed to visualize the chromophore distribution.RESULTS: The resulting PA spectra could be used to differentiate between the orbicularis oculi muscle and the other two structures (P < 0.05). The signals from the skin and the tarsal plate were more similar in appearance, probably due to similarities in their molecular composition. Spectral unmixing provided a clear visualization of the overall architecture of the eyelids.CONCLUSIONS: PA imaging can be used to differentiate between the orbicularis oculi muscle and the eyelid skin and tarsal plate. The main structures of human eyelids could be visualized in three dimensions using PA imaging. This technique could potentially be used to examine eyelid tumors intraoperatively in the future. However, further studies on tumors in vivo are needed before considering such clinical use. Lasers Surg Med. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Less)

This paper deals with procedure to compose mathematical model of real CNC laser engraving machine. It uses stiffness, damping ratio and other essential properties of individual machine components to create overall model. Comparison of the model and real machine is described as main performance rate of a model.