Search

Background and Aims: The current pandemic known as Coronavirus Disease-19 (COVID-19) is a significant public health menace. Currently, there is no specific treatment for this disease, although some medicinal agents are under investigation. Some published articles have reported Severe Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS CoV-2) involvement in other organs, including the liver and kidneys, which can impair the metabolism and excretion of the medications taken to treat the disease. This study evaluated the effects of 3 herbal mixtures on some biochemical parameters of the liver and kidney of laboratory animals. Methods: Liver enzymes such as serum aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, albumin and total serum protein were quantified. Urea, creatinine and bilirubin (total and direct) were also evaluated. These parameters were determined for all three polyherbal combinations (CoV Pla-1, CoV Pla-2, CoV Pla-3). Results: The extracts did not produce any mortality up to 5000 mg/kg per oral. Results showed that the polyherbal extracts (CoV Pla-1, CoV Pla-2 CoV Pla-3) did not cause any significant changes in ALT, AST, ALP, compared to control. The mean values of urea showed an insignificant (P>0.05) decrease across all test doses in the three extracts, compared to the control. In the current study, the mean creatinine concentration showed slight decrease across all three extracts. Total protein was observed to be lower in CoV Pla-1 and CoV Pla-2, and increased in CoV Pla-3, though these changes were not statistically significant. Serum albumin decreased at the low and intermediate doses for the three polyherbal extracts in an insignificant manner compared to control. Conclusion: The results obtained in this study indicate that the extracts did not cause significant changes in biochemical parameters evaluated and support their use in the treatment of Covid-19.

Scarce data exists about serum enzyme in bariatric patients. We attempted to evaluate serum enzyme status in patients receiving Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) and sleeve gastrectomy (SG) and to identify related predictors. We retrospectively reviewed the patients receiving RYGB and SG in our center from January 2013 to January 2018. Anthropometric data and serum enzyme data were collected preoperatively and 6 and 12 months postoperatively. Five hundred patients (201 RYGB, 299 SG) were included. Serum enzyme abnormalities were common preoperatively, with 50.8% for elevated alanine aminotransferase (ALT), 33.0% for elevated aspartate aminotransferase (AST), 36.6% for elevated γ-glutamyltranspeptidase (γ-GT), 17.6% for elevated creatine kinase (CK), 15.2% for elevated lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), 9.0% for elevated adenosine deaminase (ADA), 6.2% for elevated hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (HBDH), and 8.4% for decreased superoxide dismutase (SOD). After RYGB and SG, the prevalence of serum ALT, AST, γ-GT, LDH, and HBDH abnormalities reduced. The levels of ALT, AST, γ-GT, ADA, cholinesterase (CHE), LDH, CK, and HBDH reduced significantly, while amylase and SOD levels increased. Age and preoperative γ-GT level were independent predictors of ALT, AST, γ-GT, and LDH change 1 year postoperatively. Preoperative ALT, AST, ALP, LDH, and HBDH levels could predict postoperative change, respectively. Gender and surgical procedure could predict postoperative ALP change. Serum enzyme abnormalities are common in bariatric surgery candidates, with reduced prevalence of abnormalities postoperatively. RYGB and SG are related with reduced ALT, AST, γ-GT, ADA, CHE, LDH, CK, and HBDH levels, as well as increased amylase and SOD levels.

Macroenzymes are high molecular weight complexes that are formed by the binding of normal serum enzymes with circulating immunoglobulins - primarily IgG, IgA, and IgM. These high molecular weight complexes are difficult to clear through the kidneys, therefore they remain persistently elevated in the serum leading to inaccurate diagnoses and unnecessary workup. The prevalence of macroenzymes is relatively rare in the general population; however, it is an important phenomenon to be aware of when working up isolated elevations in serum enzymes. A quick and efficient test for the detection of macroenzymes is the polyethylene glycol precipitation test. Here, we present a case of macro-aspartate aminotransferase masquerading as an underlying hepatobiliary disease ultimately leading to an extensive evaluation before arriving at the correct diagnosis. This case highlights the importance of an accurate and efficient diagnosis of macroenzymes in the serum in order to prevent unnecessary healthcare utilization and also to decrease the psychological burden on the patient.

BackgroundCholesteatoma-related bone destruction is the cause of many complications due to chronic otitis media. This study aimed to evaluate osteoclastic activity in cholesteatoma-related bone destruction using tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 5b, an enzyme specific to osteoclastic activity.MethodSeventy-two patients diagnosed with chronic otitis media were included in this study and were divided into two groups: with and without bone destruction. The blood serum and tissue tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 5b levels from both groups were compared.ResultsThere were no significant differences in the level of serum enzymes between both groups. However, in tissue samples, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 5b levels were significantly lower in the bone destruction group than the group without bone destruction.ConclusionThis study determined that the level of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 5b, a specific enzyme for osteoclastic activity in cholesteatoma-related bone destruction, is locally decreased. This data suggests that osteoclastic activity may decrease in cholesteatoma-related bone destruction. However, further experimental and clinical studies are required to clarify this highly complex mechanism.

Postoperative (or postpancreatectomy) acute pancreatitis (PPAP) in the pancreatic remnant has recently been recognized as a distinct complication entity that may occur after both partial pancreatoduodenectomy (PD) and distal pancreatectomy (DP). However, it remains unclear what constitutes PPAP. Moreover, the pathophysiologic events leading to PPAP are not fully understood and no internationally accepted definition of PPAP exists. Recent studies mostly used an early postoperative increase of serum amylase above the institutional upper limit of normal to diagnose PPAP, but this resulted in exceptionally high PPAP rates exceeding 50% after PD and DP in those studies. To assume that more than 50% of those patients who had undergone PD or DP develop PPAP is at least questionable or may even be exaggerated. This article summarizes the current evidence on PPAP and on the diagnostic potential of postoperative pancreatic serum enzyme levels to identify patients suffering from PPAP.

This preliminary trial investigated the effect of transportation and lairage periods on physiological parameters of goats subjected to slaughter. Nine male Boer cross goats aged 8-12 months were transported for 6 h and kept at lairage for 3, 6, or 16 h (n = 3). Blood samples were collected at pre- (pre-T) and post-transportation (post-T), and post-slaughter (post-S) for determination of hematological parameters, serum enzyme, protein, and cortisol concentrations. Electroencephalogram readings were taken at pre-T, post-T, pre-slaughter (pre-S), and post-S to determine the median frequency (F50 ) and total power (Ptot) values. At post-T, there were manifestations of stress leukogram; increase in hematocrit, total protein, and muscle enzyme concentrations; and decrease in Ptot (p

The objective of this work was to evaluate the proteins, minerals, metabolites, and serum enzymes profile in Quarter Mile equines subjected to training for Team Penning competitions by comparing the results before and after training. The animals were from the Agricultural Exhibition Park of Uberlândia (CAMARU), in Uberlândia in the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. These animals perform constant periodic training with an average duration of two and a half hours per training. Blood samples from twenty male and female equines were collected at the beginning and end of a 45-day interval and then analyzed. A 5 mL blood sample from each animal was collected before and after training by a jugular external venipuncture, and the samples were placed in a tube—without anticoagulant and containing separator gel—to obtain the serum. The components analyzed were: total proteins, albumin, globulins, albumin to globulin ratio (A:G), total and ionized calcium, phosphorus, calcium to phosphorus ratio (Ca:P), cholesterol, triglycerides, creatinine, urea, alkaline phosphatase, ɤ-glutamyl transferase, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), aspartate amino transferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and creatine kinase (CK). Statistical differences were observed with higher values after exercise for total calcium, ionized calcium, Ca: P ratio, creatinine and ALT and decreased concentrations were found for globulins, phosphorus, cholesterol and triglycerides. Despite the changes observed in the serum concentrations of some elements after exercises, it was concluded that the animals were in adequate physical condition to perform the proposed physical exercises. O presente estudo objetivou comparar o perfil de proteínas, metabólitos, minerais e enzimas séricas em equinos Quarto de Milha submetidos a treinamento para provas de Team Penning no Parque de Exposições Agropecuárias de Uberlândia (CAMARU), Uberlândia-MG. Os animais realizavam treinos periódicos e constantes com duração de duas horas e meia em média. Foram analisadas 40 (quarenta) amostras de sangue de 20 (vinte) equinos, machos e fêmeas, coletadas em dois momentos com intervalo de 45 dias. Por meio de venopunção jugular externa, coletou-se 05 (mL) de sangue em tubo sem anticoagulante e contendo gel separador para obtenção de soro, antes e após o treinamento de cada momento. Os constituintes analisados foram proteínas totais, albumina, globulinas, relação albumina globulina (A:G), cálcio total e ionizado, fósforo, relação cálcio fósforo (Ca:P), colesterol, triglicérides, creatinina, ureia, fosfatase alcalina, ɤ-glutamiltransferase (GGT), lactato desidrogenase (LDH), aspartato aminotransferase (AST), alanina aminotransferase (ALT) e creatina quinase (CK). Sendo observado diferenças estatísticas com valores mais elevados após o exercicio para cálcio total, cálcio ionizado, relação Ca:P, creatinina e ALT e concentrações diminuidas para globulinas, fósforo, colesterol e triglicérides. Apesar das alterações observadas nas concentrações séricas de alguns elementos após a prática esportiva, conclui-se que os animais se encontravam em condicionamento físico adequado para realizarem os exercícios físicos propostos.

This study assessed the effects of galacto-oligosaccharides (Oligomate) on hematocrit, serum enzymes, total bilirubin levels, and serum electrolytes in controls and severely malnourished infants, with emphasis on gastrointestinal symptoms. Oligomate doses and phases did not affect stools frequency per day, indicating that prebiotic effect on stool may be due to the prebiotic type. The number of vomits per day during phases 2 and 3 were significantly reduced (p0.05). Moreover, prebiotics administration during phases 2 and 3 markedly improved hemoglobin levels (p

OBJECTIVE In Duchenne muscular dystrophy, creatine kinase and transaminases are released into the circulation, indicating muscle injury. Their usefulness in monitoring muscle injury or disease progression has not yet been fully evaluated. Thus, this study examined serum creatine kinase and transaminase concentrations at different ages in patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy and evaluated their association with muscle injury. DESIGN This is a prospective cohort study that included 110 patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy categorized by age groups. Creatine kinase and transaminases were quantified in the serum; the Vignos scale evaluated the muscle function. RESULTS Creatine kinase and transaminase levels were higher in ambulatory than that in nonambulatory patients, which significantly decreased as age increased. Serum creatine kinase and transaminase concentrations were elevated in all ages, and those aged 3-4 yrs had the highest concentrations. Age and Vignos Scale were significantly correlated with creatine kinase and transaminase concentrations. Age, creatine kinase, and transaminases explained the 42.5% of loss of muscle function. CONCLUSIONS This study added the knowledge on the natural history of Duchenne muscular dystrophy at different ages and confirmed that creatine kinase and transaminases decrease with age and loss of muscle function, making them generally inappropriate for monitoring response to therapy, although they are useful for the clinical diagnosis.

The records of 28 children whose first episode of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia occurred before 12 years (median age 10 months) were reviewed. There were 17 males and 11 females. In 17 cases the first attack occurred before the first year and in 11 of these it occurred after the first year. One case had congenital heart disease (ASD). The WPW syndrome was diagnosed in 3 cases. When first seen, most of the infants presented with signs of incipient or manifest congestive heart failure. In almost ninetenth fo cases rhere was an increased of serum enzymes (lactic dehydrogenase, creatinephosphokinase and glutamic oxaloaccetic transaminase. Digitals was effective against congestive heart failure and when continued, might prevent failure during subsequent attacks. Antiarrhythmic agents other than digitals were not used. It is recommended to continue digitalis treatment for at least one year in all patients with SVT, whether or not the first episode terminated spontaneously.

Background: Malaria remains one of the most important causes of morbidity and mortality in endemic areas, primarily affecting children under five years of age. The highest death burden occurs in young children who have not yet developed protective immune mechanisms against the parasite. Objective: This study was undertaken to investigate the effect of Plasmodium falciparum infection on liver function in malaria patients in Ikare Akoko, Ondo State Nigeria. Methods: Blood samples taken from 101 patients (children between the ages of 6 months – 5years) at the State Specialist Hospital Ikare Akoko Ondo State Nigeria between August to October, 2012 were examined. After screening, the patients were grouped into two. Group 1, the test group (those who tested positive to falciparum malaria) and a total of 101 children were selected into this group while 101 children who tested negative to malaria were selected into group 2 (control group). Changes in the activities of serum enzymes were determined in both groups using normal range values as baseline. Results: In falciparum malaria patients, the serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities respectively were 63.10+2.76, 138.46+5.04, 70.50±4.33 and those of the non infected patients respectively were 62.39+2.96, 131.46+4.38 and 65.57 ±2.39. This indicates the serum levels of ALT, AST and ALP in infected patients were significantly (P = 0.05) elevated relative to their non-infected counterparts, an indication of defective liver function. Conclusion: This study suggests that malaria parasites could be responsible for derangement of the liver functions in patients and could therefore contribute to organ damage in affected individuals if not treated.

Background Anabolic–androgenic steroids (AAS) are synthetic drugs derived from testosterone, the uncontrolled usage of which may lead to serious side effects. Previous studies have shown that resistance training (RT) is the main exercise modality practiced by AAS abusers. Thus, this work was carried out to evaluate the hepatotoxic effects of sustanon (Su) as an example of AAS in trained male rats. Methods Rats were divided into sedentary/non-Su, sedentary/Su, RT/non-Su, and RT/Su. Su-administration groups received Su 10 mg/kg intramuscularly once a week for 8 weeks. In the 8-week RT, the rats climbed a vertical ladder 3 days/week. Results After Su administration, the mean values of serum parameters related to hepatic function were within normal ranges. Superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase activities were higher (P

Thirty children aged 3-10 years with clinically confirmed or suspected Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) were analyzed for chromosomal aberrations using cytological preparations, biochemical change...

Background: Acute Myocardial Infarction is the reduction of coronary flow to such an extent that supply of oxygen to the myocardium do not need the oxygen demand of myocardial tissues. The diagnosis of AMI cannot be fulfilled unless the elevated levels of serum cardiac enzymes particularly CK-MB iso-enzyme activity. The rate of release of cardiac enzymes is highly diagnostic. Aims and Objectives: Therefore, the present thesis aim is-in evaluating, whether the elevated levels of cardiac marker enzymes can be compared to the extent of the Myocardial infarction. Material and Methods: Therefore the present study was undertaken on 50 patients of MI and 50 patients of control. They were group according to the age and sex. The activity of different cardiac enzymes were studied. Result: The AMI patients had significantly elevated levels of 90% patients of high LDH values and 86% patients have elevated levels of AST. The significant elevation of serum enzymes as compared to the control. Conclusion: The magnitude of the elevated levels of enzymes can be compared to the extent of the myocardial infarction. Serum GGT can also be useful marker of oxidative stress in myocardial infarction. Asian Journal of Medical Sciences Vol.8(2) 2017 34-37

Activities of alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase, and concentrations of serum metabolites [beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) and non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA)] of primiparous (n = 83) and multiparous (n = 213) Holstein cows were studied as possible predictors of retained fetal membranes (RFM), grade 2 clinical metritis (CM) and clinical endometritis (CEM). A logistic regression model was used to calculate odds ratios (OR) for the prevalence of CM diagnosed between 0–5, 6–10 and 11–20 days in milk (DIM) and for the prevalence of CEM diagnosed between 22–28 and 42–49 DIM. The activities of the examined serum enzymes did not show significant associations either with CM or with CEM. For NEFA sampled on days 0 and 5, an OR of 2.38 for CM 0–20 DIM and an OR of 2.58 for CM 11–20 DIM was found. For BHB sampled on days 0 and 5, an OR of 8.20 for CEM 22–28 and 42–49 DIM and an OR of 1.98 for CM 6–10 DIM were found. The prevalence of RFM was higher in ≥ 4 parity cows compared to primiparous cows (46.3% vs. 26.5%). BHB and NEFA levels measured between 0 and 5 DIM could have a predictive ability for postpartum uterine disorders such as RFM, CM and CEM.

Liver injury has great importance, especially the drug-induced type. To assess the protective effects of vitamin D3 in a model of acetaminophen-induced acute hepatic injury, 18 male rabbits were assigned to three groups equally. Group 1 received acetaminophen to induce acute hepatic injury by three spaced doses, group 2 received a single dose of vitamin D3 before the induction of hepatic injury, and group 3 was the control. Twenty-four hours after acetaminophen-induced injury, blood samples were taken to measure the serum levels of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, and albumin. Significant elevation (P ≤ .05) of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase was seen in groups 1 and 2 compared with the control. No significant variation was observed (P ≥ .05) between groups 1 and 2 regarding serum enzyme levels. In conclusion, although not statistically significant, vitamin D3 did lower the level of alanine aminotransferase, but this requires further evaluation. A new model of acetaminophen-induced acute hepatic injury was successfully achieved.

Due to the high use of animals as experimental models for pharmaceutical trials, especially rats, it is necessary to standardize reference values for the evaluation of liver perfil by the analytes alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and renal function, through the analytes urea and creatinine. For this purpose, samples were collected from 169 samples of Rattus norvegicus of Wistar strain, from the Vivarium of the University of Franca (SP), provided of semi-automated analytical methodology. For the calculation of the value, mean and standard deviation were performed for standardization and for the creation of reference values, therefore -2DP for minimum value determination and + 2DP for maximum value were used. The liver enzyme ALT presented a reference range from 21 to 96 U / L, while the AST from 44 to 186 U / L. In renal markers, urea was 20 to 73 mg / dL and creatinine 0.23 to 0.77 mg / dL. Given the applied methodology and the results obtained, it is admitted that it is very important to standardize the reference values of analytes in animal houses due to geographical changes, protocols, diets, among others; In addition, reducing the use of animals in experimental procedures in addition to guiding researchers on animal health and assisting analysis in various experimental research projects. Debido al alto uso de animales como modelos experimentales para ensayos farmacéuticos, principalmente ratas, es necesario estandarizar los valores de referencia para la evaluación del perfil hepático por los analitos alanina aminotransferasa (ALT) y aspartato aminotransferasa (AST) y la función renal, a través de los analitos de urea y creatinina . Para ello, se recogieron muestras de 169 muestras de Rattus norvegicus de la espécie Wistar, del Vivarium de la Universidad de Franca (SP), realizadas con metodología analítica semiautomatizada. Para el cálculo del valor, se realizaron promedios y desviaciones estándar para la estandarización y la creación de valores de referencia, utilizando -2DP para determinar el valor mínimo y + 2DP para el valor máximo. La enzima hepática ALT mostró un rango de referencia de 21 a 96 U / L, mientras que la AST de 44 a 186 U / L. En los marcadores renales, la urea fue de 20 a 73 mg / dL y la creatinina de 0.23 a 0,77 mg / dL. Dada la metodología aplicada y los resultados obtenidos, se admite que es muy importante estandarizar los valores de referencia de analitos en viveros animales debido a cambios geográficos, protocolos, dietas, entre otros, además de reducir el uso de animales en procedimientos experimentales. , además de guiar a los investigadores en salud animal y ayudar al análisis en varios proyectos de investigación experimental. Devido ao alto uso de animais como modelos experimentais para ensaios farmacêuticos, principalmente ratos, é necessário padronizar valores de referência para avaliação do perfil hepática pelos analitos alanina aminotransferase (ALT) e aspartato aminotransferase (AST) e função renal, através dos analitos uréia e creatinina. Para tanto, foram coletadas amostras de 169 amostras de Rattus norvegicus da linhagem Wistar, do Biotério da Universidade de Franca (SP), realizados com metodologia analítica semi-automatizado. Para o cálculo do valor, foram realizados média e desvio padrão para padronização e criação de valores de referência, sendo utilizados -2DP para determinação do valor mínimo e + 2DP para o valor máximo. A enzima hepática ALT apresentou uma faixa de referência de 21 a 96 U / L, enquanto a AST de 44 a 186 U / L. Nos marcadores renais, a uréia foi de 20 a 73 mg / dL e a creatinina de 0,23 a 0,77 mg / dL. Dada a metodologia aplicada e os resultados obtidos, admite-se que é muito importante padronizar os valores de referência dos analitos em biotérios de animais devido a alterações geográficas, protocolos, dietas, entre outros, além disso, reduzindo o uso de animais em procedimentos experimentais, além de orientar pesquisadores sobre saúde animal e auxiliar a análise em vários projetos de pesquisa experimental.

Background: Liver diseases are among the public health concerns that significantly contribute to the global burden of mortality and illness. Herbal medicines are always used to treat a great number of diseases such as hepatotoxicity worldwide. Objectives: The current study aimed at investigating the hepatoprotective activity of microemulsion (ME)-based system Prunus cerasus kernel extract against carbon tetrachloride (CCL4)-induced hepatic injury in mice. Methods: In the current experimental study, 56 male Swiss albino mice (weighed 25 - 30 g) were randomly divided into 7 groups. The plant extract was administered orally in mice in doses of 2.5%, 5%, and 10% with or without CCL4 for 10 days and then, their blood and liver were used for biochemical and histopathological analyses, respectively. Results: The findings of the current study revealed that the increased serum enzymes activity and various pathological changes in mice received CCL4 were significantly affected by the hepatoprotective activity of Prunus cerasus kernel extract in the groups treated with 2.5% ME, 5% ME and 1000 mg/kg non-ME. Conclusions: In the current experimental conditions, 5% ME extract and 1000 mg/kg non-ME extract had almost similar hepatoprotective effects on CCL4-induced liver injury.

Aflatoxins, toxic metabolic by-products produced by Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus, are unavoidable food contaminant and reducing their toxicity in animals is of great interest. The potential of licorice which exhibits antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties was evaluated for alleviating the AFB1-induced (Aflatoxin B1) hepatotoxicity in rat. Four experimental groups were used, each comprising 5 rats; control group (G1), licorice-received group (G2) (300mg/kg b.w intragastric daily for 7 days), AFB1-treated group (G3) (5 mg/kg b.w. one dose intrapretonial), and a group given licorice 7 days before AFB1 intoxication (G4) 24 hours later, the animals sacrificed. The activities of Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were measured in rat serum as well as histopathological examination of liver. Results revealed the following: AFB1 significantly elevated the serum ALT, AST and the liver showed diffuse necrosis, bile duct hyperplasia, congestion of the central vein and portal mononuclear cells infiltrations. Rats received licorice before AFB1, showed a significant amelioration in serum enzymes and improvement in liver tissues architecture. In conclusion, licorice was found to be safe and successful agent counteracting the toxicity induced by AFB1 in the liver of rat.

INTRODUCTION: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common primary malignant tumor of the liver. Hepatic metastasis occurs in 40-50% of adult patients with extrahepatic primary malignancies. The levels of enzymes alkaline phosphatase (ALP), gamma glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) and leucine aminopeptidase (LAP) are deranged in pathological conditions. AIM: To study and compare the serum enzymes Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) and Leucine aminopeptidase (LAP) in cases of hepatobiliary carcinoma. METHODOLOGY: 30 patients diagnosed with heptobiliary carcinoma were enrolled for the study and 50 healthy individuals of matched age and sex served as controls. Serum Leucine Aminopeptidase (LAP), Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) and Gamma-glutamyl Transpeptidase (GGT) were determined and compared in study and control groups. RESULTS: The mean levels of serum ALP, GGT and LAP in the study group were 786.3±465.05 IU/L, 193.3±116.73 IU/L and 96.86±34.74 IU/L respectively. These values were significantly higher than in the control groups. Serum LAP showed abnormal levels in maximum number of cases (93.3%) followed by serum GGT in 83.3% and serum ALP in 76.6% cases. ALP, GGT and LAP levels were significantly higher in icteric and nonicteric groups as compared to control group. CONCLUSIONS: Serum ALP, GGT and LAP were significantly elevated in the patients with hepatobiliary carcinoma and the elevations were significantly higher in icteric as compared to nonicteric groups. Serum LAP is a better indicator of hepatobiliary carcinoma.

Traditional medicine has a long history of serving people all over the world. In recent years, the use of traditional medicine information in cancer research received considerable interest. Solanum pubescens has been used in traditional and folklore medicine for the treatment of cancer. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of methanol extract of the leaves against intraperitoneally injected Dalton’s Ascitic Lymphoma (DAL) cell line in swiss albino mice. DAL cells were injected intraperitoneally (1 ×10 cells / ml / mouse) to the mice. The MESP at a dose of 100 mg / kg and 200 mg / kg body weight were administered orally for 14 consecutive days to the tumor bearing group of animals. Derived parameters, haematological parameters, serum enzyme and lipid parameters were measured and compared to the cancer control group. 5Flurouracil (20 mg / kg) was used as a standard. Both the dose of MESP decreased average increase in body weight, reduced the packed cell volume, viable tumor cell count and increased the life span of DAL treated mice and brought back the haematological parameters, serum enzyme and lipid profile near to normal values. All the values were found to be statistically significant with cancer control group at P < 0.01. These observations are suggestive of the protective effect of extracts in Dalton’s Ascitic Lymphoma (DAL). All these findings enable to conclude that MESP at 200 mg / kg dose possess a protective effect against DAL.

The current study was conducted on 152 clinically normal Awassi sheep to evaluate serum activities of alanine aminotranferase (ALT), aspartate amino-transferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and gamma glutamyltransferase (GGT) in Baghdad governorate / Iraq. Sheep were divided into males; 62 ram lambs and rams, 90 females; ewe lambs, pregnant and lactating ewes both aged 7 to 48 months. The samples were collected from October 2011 until March 2012, and the sera were used for measurement of serum liver enzymes.The results revealed that the range and mean ± SEM of these enzymes were as follows : serum ALT 3.5 – 24 U/L and 9.66 ± 0.31 U/L, serum AST 25 – 220 U/L and 71.83 ± 3.09 U/L , serum ALP 59 – 300 U/L and 139.86 ± 3.56 U/L and serum GGT 2.3 – 38.2 U/L and 15.9 ± 0.78 U/L respectively. There were significant differences (P

Many previous studies on reference intervals are hampered by the inclusion of only hospital-based populations of children and adolescents.This study included 694 children, evenly distributed from 6 months to 18 years of age. They were recruited as volunteers at child care units and schools. All subjects were apparently healthy. A questionnaire on diseases and medications was filled out by parents and by the older children.Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), albumin, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), bilirubin, conjugated bilirubin, C-reactive protein (CRP), creatine kinase (CK), Gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT), HbA1c (mono S and IFCC calibrations), lactate dehydrogenase (LD), myoglobin and panceratic amylase were analyzed on Abbott Architect ci8200, and for HbA1c on Tosoh G7 and a mono S-system. Age- and gender-related 2.5th and 97.5th percentiles were estimated. For some analytes the differences to comparable studies were substantial.The study gives age- and gender-specific pediatric reference intervals, measured with modern methods for a number of important analytes. The results emphasize the importance to evaluate pediatric reference intervals in different populations and ethnic groups including only healthy subjects.

Sixty pullets, aged 17 weeks, were presented when presumed to be ‘dead’ after being exposed to wet‐cold weather transportation. The birds appeared unconscious and their feathers were soaking wet, and with a body rigid and cold to touch. The aim of the study was to resuscitate the hypothermic pullets. Blood samples were obtained and core body temperature recorded before and after rewarming. The birds were resuscitated using active external rewarming technique. Blood samples revealed significant (P

The article presents the results of serum enzymes study in endurance sports. 311 elite athletes were investigated in swimming, biathlon, cycling, cross country skiing, rowing and kayaking. Capillary blood examination was performed on training camps during ten years. We included in statistical analysis 6950 CK tests, 5904 - AST and 5667- ALT. They were analyzed depending on kind of sport, training stage preparation and gender. The physiological serum enzyme ranges of elite athletes were estimated in view of sport, gender differences and stage of preparation. Serum enzyme activity trend was found in endurance sports at various preparation stages of the annual cycle of training. The high individual variation of CK activity was in endurance sports (variation coefficient 65,0-102,9% for men and 44,0-128,8% for women). It revealed the significantly higher CK activity in men compared to women. The trend of CK activity decrease was found from preparatory to competitive period. We examined the excess frequency enzyme activity higher upper limit of reference ranges for healthy individuals. It was 29,0% for CK, 23,2% - AST and 9,3% - ALT.

Fibromyalgia (FM) is a chronic pain syndrome with number of symptoms that present challenge in terms of diagnosis and treatment. Patients with FM show abnormal profile of purines in plasma. In this work, we measured serum activities of enzymes involved in purine metabolism, namely total adenosine deaminase (ADE) and its isoforms (ADE1 and ADE2), ecto- ATPase, and 5′- nucleotidase (5′-NT). We also measured activity of dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPPIV) and prolyl endopeptidase (PEP). Spectrophotometric and fluorometric methods were used for enzyme activity determinations. Enzyme activities were measured in sera of 24 patients with FM that were not undergoing pharmacological treatment during the study. Control group comprised 32 healthy control subjects. Significantly higher activities of total ADE (P = 0.025) and ADE2 (P = 0.011) were observed in FM patients, while no significant differences in ADE1, ecto-ATPase, and 5′-NT activities (P > 0.05) were found when compared to healthy controls. Moreover, increase in the activity of DPPIV (P = 0.015) and lower activity of PEP (P = 0.011) were also found in the FM group. ROC analysis pointed to different diagnostic sensitivities/specificities for individual enzyme activities measured as follows: ADE (50.0/87.5), ADE2 (41.7/90.6), DPPIV (62.5/71.9), and PEP (83.3/62.5). ADE2 and PEP were shown to be independent predictors of FM, while combination of the two gives AUC of 0.786 (95 % confidence interval of 0.656–0.885, P < 0.05). Our results are showing that serum activities of ADE2 and PEP could be useful as biomarkers for FM diagnosis. However, relatively low diagnostic sensitivity of ADE2 and specificity of PEP must be taken into account.

Classification data related to the Liver-Related Adverse Effects of Drugs have been studied with the CORAL software (http://www.insilico.eu/coral). Two datasets which contain compounds with two serum enzyme markers of liver toxicity: alanine aminotransferase (ALT, n=187) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST, n=209) are analyzed. Statistical quality of the prediction for ALT activity is n=35, Sensitivity = 0.5556, Specificity = 0.8077, and Accuracy = 0.7429. In the case of AST activity the prediction is characterized by n=42, Sensitivity = 0.6875, Specificity = 0.7692, and Accuracy = 0.7381. A number of structural alerts which can be related to the studied activities are revealed. It is the first attempt to build up the classification QSAR model by means of the Monte Carlo technique based on representation of the molecular structure by SMILES using the CORAL software.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the protective activity of aqueous extract from Platycodon grandiflorum (BC703) on thioacetamide (TA)-induced hepatotoxicity in mice. We found that BC703 significantly decreased mortality and the change in serum transaminase following TA administration. The group treated with BC703 at doses of 1, 5, and 10 mg/kg produced significant hepatoprotective effects against TA-induced liver damage by decreasing the activities of serum enzymes, nitric oxide and lipid peroxidation in dose-dependent manners. Histopathological studies further substantiated the protective effect of BC703. These results show the hepatoprotective activity of aqueous extract from Platycodon grandiflorum on thioacetamide-induced fulminant hepatic failure.

Summary From 35 spastic and 31 normal calves, blood samples were taken for enzymological investigation. Serum GOT, CPK and LDH (total and isoenzymes), remain within normal limits. The significantly higher (P < 0.01) differing serum GOT and CPK values in spastic animals probably only reflect the secondary effect of prolonged muscle spasm in spastic animals. From 35 spastic and 22 normal animals biopsies of the lateral head of the gastrocnemius muscle were taken and histologically compared. These investigations failed to reveal any etiological factor responsible for bovine spastic paralysis. Zusammenfassung Spastische Parese des Rindes Eine vergleichende Untersuchung der Serumenzyme und Biopsien des M. gastrocnemius Von 35 Kalbern, die an spastischer Parese erkrankt waren und 31 gesunden Kalbern wurden Serumenzyme untersucht. Die Aktivitaten der GOT, CPK und LDH (Total- und Isoenzyme) kranker Tiere bewegten sich zwar noch innerhalb der normalen Schwankungsbreiten. Die GOT- und CPK-Aktivitaten waren aber bei den erkrankten Tieren signifikant hoher als bei den gesunden. Die totale LDH-Aktivitat zeigte keinen Unterschied zwischen den beiden Tiergruppen. Immerhin waren die LDH3-Werte bei den spastischen Tieren signifikant kleiner als bei den gesunden. Die abweichenden GOT- und CPK-Werte bei den spastischen Tieren durften wahrscheinlich lediglich durch die lange dauernden Muskelspasmen verursacht sein. Fur die Abweichung der LDH3-Werte kann keine Erklarung gegeben werden. Von 35 erkrankten und 22 gesunden Tieren wurden Biopsieproben des lateralen Kopfes des M. gastrocnemius histologisch untersucht. Bei den erkrankten Tieren waren die Muskelzellkerne etwas kleiner. Diese Erscheinung durfte lediglich auf die allgemeine Atrophie des M. gastrocnemius zuruckzufuhren sein. uber die atiologie der Krankheit ergeben sich aus den Untersuchungen keine neuen Erkenntnisse. Resume Parese spastique du veau Etude comparative des enzymes seriques et de biopsies du muscle gastrocnemien Les enzymes seriques ont ete recherchees chez 35 veaux atteints de paresie spastique et chez 31 veaux en bonne sante. Les activites de TGO. CPK et LDH (enzyme totale et isoenzyme) des animaux malades varierent a l'interieur d'une marge normale. Les activites de TGO et CPK furent plus elevees chez les animaux malades. L'activite totale de LDH n'a presente aucune difference entre les deux groupes d'animaux. La valeur de LDH3 fur toutefois significativement plus faible chez les animaux spastiques. La deviation des valeurs de TGO et CPK chez les animaux malades a ete probablement provoquee par les spasmes musculaires de longue duree. Aucune explication n'a ete trouvee pour la deviation de la valeur de LDH3. Des echantillons de biopsie de la tete laterale du muscle gastrocnemien ont ete examines histologiquement chez 35 animaux malades et 22 sains. Les noyaux des cellules musculaires etaient un peu plus petits chez les animaux malades. Cette donnee morphologique devrait etre certainement en rapport avec l'atrophie avec la tendance vers l'atrophie du muscle gastrocnemien. Ces recherches n'ont rien apporte de nouveau concernant l'etiologie de la maladie. Resumen Paresia espastica de los vacunos Un estudio comparativo de las enzimas sericas y biopsia del m. gastrocnemio Se examinaron las enzimas sericas de 35 terneros enfermos de paresia espastica y de 31 terneros sanos. Las actividades de la GOT, CPK y LDH (total e isoenzimas) de los animales enfermos se mantenian aun dentro de los limites normales. Pero las actividades GOT y CPK eran significantemente superiores en los animales dolientes a las de los sanos. La actividad LDH total no presentaba ninguna diferencia entre los dos grupos animales. Sin embargo, los valores LDH3 eran significantemente menores en los animales espasticos que en los sanos. Resulta probable que los valores GOT y CPK divergentes en los animales espasticos solo se debieran a los prolongados espasmos musculares. No se puede ofrecer explicacion alguna por la desviacion de los valores LDH3. Se examinaron histologicamente muestras biopsicas de la cabeza lateral del m. gastrocnemio de 35 animales enfermos y 22 sanos. En los animales dolientes eran algo menores los nucleos miofibrilares. Tal vez se deba este fenomeno solo a la atrofia general del m. gastrocnemio. De los resultados obtenidos no se desprenden conocimientos nuevos sobre la etiologia de la enfermedad.

Summary 1 The hepatotoxicity of chloramphenicol in normal goats after i. v. injection of a therapeutic dose (40 mg./kg. b. wt.) was studied by measuring CHE, GPT, GOT and γ-GT activities in serum. 2 CHE and γ-GT activities significantly declined 1–48 hours after medication. The most pronounced fall was observed after 24 hours with CHE and 4 hours with γ-GT. 3 Both transaminase activities rose; GPT values were higher than GOT. The activity of GPT was raised between 1 and 48 hours after chloramphenicol treatment and its maximum level occurred after 4 hours. GOT activity increased between 4 and 72 hours and its maximum was at 48 hours. 4 Through calculation of the ratios GOT/GPT and γ-GT/GOT, as a further diagnostic aid in hepatotoxicity, there is an indication that chloramphenicol when injected i. v. in normal goats induced liver damage. Zusammenfassung Enzymatischer Nachweis der Hepatotoxizitat von Chloramphenicol bei Ziegen 1 Durch Bestimmung der Aktivitat von CHE, GPT, GOT und γ-GT wurde die Hepatotoxizitat von Chloramphenicol (therapeutische Dosen von 40 mg/kg. Kgew. i. v.) bei gesunden Ziegen untersucht. 2 Die Aktivitat von CHE und γ-GT zeigte innerhalb der ersten 48 Stunden nach der Medikation eine signinkante Senkung. Die groste Abnahme wurde bei der CHE nach 24 Stunden und bei der γ-GT nach 4 Stunden gefunden. 3 Die Transaminase-Aktivitaten erhohten sich, und zwar die GPT starker als die GOT. Die GPT-Aktivitat stieg wahrend der 1.–48. Stunde nach der Chloramphenicol-Behandlung an und erreichte den hochsten Wert nach 4 Stunden. Die GOT-Aktivitat stieg zwischen der 4.–72. Stunde an und erreichte das Maximum nach 48 Stunden. 4 Die Berechnung des GOT/GPT- und γ-GT/GOT-Quotienten, welche ein weiteres Diagnostikum fur eine Hepatotoxizitat darstellt, zeigt, das i. v. Applikation von Chloramphenicol bei gesunden Ziegen eine Leberschadigung hervorruft. Resume Mise en evidence enzymatique de la toxicite hepatique du chloramphenicol chez des chevres 1 On a examine la toxicite hepatique du chloramphenicol chez des chevres saines (doses therapeutiques de 40 mg/kg de poids i/v) en determinant l'activite de CHE, TGP, TGO et γ-TG. 2 L'activite de CHE et γ-TG s'est abaissee significativement dans les premieres 48 heures qui ont suivi le traitement. La plus forte diminution a ete trouvee apres 48 heures por CHE et apres 4 heures pour γ-TG. 3 Les activites des transaminases ont augmente et plus fortement pour TGP que pour TGO. L'activite de TGP a augmente entre 1 et 48 heures apres les traitement au chloramphenicol et a atteint la valeur la plus elevee apres 4 heures. L'activite de TGO augmenta entre 2 et 72 heures pour atteindre un maximum apres 48 heures. 4 Le calcul des quotients TGO/TGP et γ-TG/TGO, qui representent un diagnostic supplementaire pour une toxicite hepatique, a montre qu'une application i/v de chloramphenicol chez des chevres en bonne sante provoque une lesions hepatique. Resumen Identificacion enzimatica de la hepatotoxicidad de cloramfenicol en cabras 1 Mediante la valoracion de la actividad en suero sanguineo de CHE, GPT, GOT y γ-GT se estudio la hepatotoxicidad del cloramfenicol (dosis terapeuticas 40 mg./kg. peso corporal iv.) en cabras sanas. 2 Las actividades de CHE y γ-GT mostraban un descenso significante durante las 1–48 horas primeras despues de la medicacion. El descenso mas pronunciado se observo en la CHE tras 24 horas y en la γ-GT al cabo de las 4 horas. 3 Aumentaron las actividades de las dos transaminasas, siendo mayores los valores de GPT que los de GOT. La actividad de GPT crecia durante la 1° a la 48° hora tras el tratamiento con cloramfenicol, alcanzando su nivel maximo tras 4 horas. La actividad de la GOT aumentaba entre la 4° y la 72° hora, alcanzando el maximo despues de 48 horas. 4 Muestra el calculo de los cocientes GOT/GPT y γ-GT/GOT, que son una ayuda diagnostica mas en la hepatotoxicidad, que la administracion iv. de cloramfenicol a cabras sanas induce una lesion hepatica.

Summary Thirty-four foals with muscular dystrophy and twelve control foals were studied. Clinical course, serum activity of aspartate aminotransferase (ASAT) and creatin kinase (CK), muscle biopsies and postmortem changes were investigated. Most cases were seen within the first three days of life. There was no sex or breed predilection. Foals with the acute stage of muscular dystrophy showed difficulties in standing up, had stiff and swollen muscles, and tachycardia. The serum activity of ASAT and CK was increased in all diseased foals. Myofibrillar degeneration, necrosis, phagocytosis and muscle fibre regeneration was evaluated by repeated muscle biopsies which gave a good picture of the muscular changes at various stages of the disease. The morphology of the biopsies was correlated with the levels of serum enzymes. Myofibrillar damage was the earliest change seen at ultrastructural examination. Very young foals showed only slight pallor or no changes in affected muscles at necropsy. This indicates the importance of histopathological exmination of skeletal muscle in foals with clinical signs of muscle disease without macroscopic lesions. Zusammenfassung Muskeldystrophie beim Fohlen Bei 35 Fohlen mit Muskeldystrophie und 12 Kontrolltieren wurden folgende Kriterien untersucht: Klinischer Verlauf, Serumaktivitat der Aspartataminotransferase (ASAT) and der Kreatinkinase (CK), Muskelbiopsien und postmortale Veranderungen. Die meisten Falle wurden innerhalb der ersten 30 Lebenstage beobachtet. Es bestand keine Pradisposition bezuglich Geschlecht oder Rasse. Im akuten Stadium der Erkrankung zeigten die betroffenen Fohlen Schwierigkeiten beim Aufstehen, steife und geschwollene Muskeln und Tachykardie. Bei allen erkrankten Tieren waren ASAT und CK erhoht. An wiederholten Muskelbiopsien wurden die myofibrillare Degeneration, die Phagozytose und die Regeneration der Muskelfasern beurteilt, so das ein gutes Bild uber die Muskelveranderungen wahrend der verschiedenen Stadien der Krankheit entstand. Die morphologischen Veranderungen in den Biopsien korrelierten mit den Konzentrationen der Serumenzyme. Die fruhesten myofibrillaren Schaden wurden bei der ultrastrukturellen Untersuchung erkannt. Sehr junge Fohlen zeigten bei der Sektion nur eine leichte Aufhellung oder gar keine Veranderungen an den betroffenen Muskeln. Dies unterstreicht die Notwendigkeit von histopathologischen Untersuchungen an Skelettmuskeln von Fohlen mit klinischen Anzeichen einer Myopathie ohne makroskopisch erkennbare Lasionen. Resume Dystrophie musculaire chez le poulain Les criteres suivants ont ete examines chez 35 poulains atteints de dystrophie musculaire et chez 12 animaux de controle: evolution clinique, activite serique, aspartataminotransferase (ASAT) et creatinkinase (CK), biopsies musculaires et lesions post mortem. La plupart de ces cas ont ete observes dans les 30 premiers jours de vie. Il n'y pas eu de predisposition par rapport au sexe ou a la race. Au stade aigu de la maladie, les poulains atteints ont presente des difficultes en se levant, des muscles raides et enfles et un tachycardie. ASAT et CK furent augmentes chez tous les animaux malades. La degenerescence myofibrillaire, la phagocytose et la regenerescence des fibres musculaires ont ete examinees sur des biopsies musculaires repetees, si bien qu'une bonne image des lesions musculaires pendant les stades differents de la maladie est ressortie. Les lesions morphologiques dans les biopsies furent en correlation avec les concentrations des enzymes seriques. Les degâts myofibrillaires precoces ont ete reconnus par un examen ultrastructurel. Les tres jeunes poulains n'ont montre a l'autopsie qu'une legere decoloration ou pas de lesions du tout sur les muscles atteints. Ceci soligne la necessite de proceder a des examens histopathologiques sur les muscles du squelette des poulains presentant des signes cliniques d'une myopathie sans lesions macroscopiques visibles. Resumen La distrofia muscular en potros En 34 potros con distrofia muscular y 12 animales testigos se estudiaron los criterios siguientes: Curso clinico, actividad serica de la aspartatoaminotransferasa (ASAT) y creatinaquinasa (CK), biopsias musculares y modificaciones postmortales. La mayoria de los casos se observaron en los 30 dias primeros de vida. No existia predisposicion alguna con respecto a sexo o raza. En el estadio agudo de la enfermedad mostraban los potros afectados dificultades al levantarse, musculos rigidos y tumefactos y taquicardia. En todos los animales se hallaban incrementadas ASAT y CK. En biopsias musculares repetidas se evaluaron las degeneraciones miofibrilares, la fagocitosis y la regeneracion de las fibras musculares, de manera que se obtuvo una imagen buena de las modificaciones en le musculo durante los estadios diferentes de la enfermedad. La morfologia de las biopsias fue corelacionada con los niveles de enzimas sericas. Las lesiones miofibrilares fueron el cambio mas precoz visto al examen ultraestructural. Los potros muy jovenes mostraban solo en la necropsia una decoloracion ligera o incluso ningun cambio en los musculos afectados. Esto indica la importancia de examenes histopatologicos en los musculos del esqueleto de potros con signos clinicos de una miopatia sin lesiones macroscopicas visibles.

The present study draws attention to a late rise in SGPT following acute myocardial infarction (AMI) beginning about 4 days after the SGOT max. This observation is illustrated by an investigation of 7 patients, selected because of this finding, and 7 controls, also with an AMI, but without this enzyme pattern. Peak SGOT and LDH enzyme levels during the acute phase were similar in the two groups. The late SGPT rise was associated with high serum alkaline phosphatases 2 weeks after the AMI, but not 5–9 months later. Two weeks after onset of symptoms BSP excretion was commonly impaired but failed to separate the two groups. In contrast to the controls, BSP excretion was significantly improved at reinvestigation 5–9 months after the AMI in the group with the SGPT rise. 17) and can at times jeopardise the serum enzyme diagnosis of AMI (4, 5). The present investigation of patients with AMI was initiated by repeated observations of a late rise in SGPT beginning about a week after onset of symptoms and exceeding simultaneous SGOT values. This rise was usually not accompanied by a rise in SGOT and was therefore assumed not to reflect reinfarction, nor was there any clinical evidence of this being the case. In an attempt to clarify this enzyme rise a further evaluation was made of hepatic function in 14 patients with AMI, 7 with and 7 without this enzyme rise.

Summary This study determined the normal enzyme levels in horses, cattle, and dogs for a group of 10 enzymes. The enzyme tests were then evaluated under clinical conditions, and case histories are presented to illustrate the useful applications of these tests. Following clinical evaluations, the tests were grouped into profiles for the study of disease syndromes. Each profile contained the tests of greatest value in evaluating a specific organ or tissue. Sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH) and glutamic dehydrogenase (GLDH) are enzymes found primarily in the liver and are combined with the less tissue specific glutamic oxalacetic transaminase (GOT) to monitor hepatocellular degeneration. Aldolase (ALD) and creatine phosphokinase (CPK) are enzymes found primarily in skeletal muscle. Elevations of ALD, CPK, and GOT can assist in the diagnosis of skeletal muscle degeneration. Not only are the newer enzyme tests relatively organ specific but also offer greater sensitivity than has previously been obtained.

Twelve patients with polymyositis or dermatomyositis were examined repeatedly during the course of the illness by muscle strength tests, serum enzyme determinations, frequency analysis of the electromyographic signal, and estimations of the spontaneous activity. All methods can be used to follow the course of the disease. Increasing muscle strength was correlated to decreasing serum enzyme values, decreasing spontaneous activity, and decreasing proportion of high-frequency components in the EMG signal, except during the initial period of treatment, when a temporary increase in high-frequency components was recorded.

Total creatin kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) serum levels depend on age, gender, race, muscle mass, physical activity, and climatic conditions. High CK serum levels in athletes following rest and without any further predisposing factors should prompt a full diagnostic workup, with special regards to signs of muscle weakness or other signs not always evident. In subjects who have silent myopathy, repeated intense prolonged exercise may produce negative effects, because given the continuous loss of muscle proteins, it does not induce the physiological muscle adaptations to physical training. Serum total LDH and specific isozyme activities change with the training status of the athlete. Variation in LDH isozymes profile might have a role in studying muscle response to training.

Piroxicam is one of the important therapeutic nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory class of drugs used mainly to suppress pain and inflammation in arthritis and other musculoskeletal disorders. Besides being anti-inflammatory, these drugs are analgesic and antipyretic often used for the relief of nonspecific fever condition. Recently, piroxicam has also gained attention as an effective therapy for tumors, colorectal, and invasive bladder cancers. The objective of the current study is to evaluate the protective effects of the alcoholic leaf extract of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis (AEH), Malvaceae, against piroxicam-induced toxicity in mice. Sixty adult Swiss albino mice ( Mus musculus) were divided into four groups ( n = 10), which included a control group, a group treated orally with AEH (30 mg kg–1 b.w.) for 15 days, a group treated orally with piroxicam (6.6 mg kg–1 b.w.) for 15 days, and another group treated orally with piroxicam and AEH for 15 days. The results indicated that treatment with piroxicam alone resulted in a significant increase in the activities of serum marker enzymes, namely, aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, and alkaline phosphatase with profound hepatic lipid peroxidation as evidenced by a marked increment in the level of thoibarbituric acid reactive substances along with a distinct diminution in reduced glutathoine content and various antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase in the liver. However, treatment with AEH during piroxicam treatment retrieved or partially antagonized the effects induced by piroxicam toward the normal values of controls. Histopathological observations also corroborate with the above findings. It can be concluded that AEH exhibited a protective action against piroxicam toxicity and effective in combating oxidative stress-induced hepatic damage.

Purpose: to discuss the biologic and chemical mechanism of the influence on the organisms' health exerted by different athletic loads. Method: experimental method is adopted to observe the influence of different athletic loads for six weeks continuously on such indices as IgG, CK, LDH, GPT-ALT and so on in the rats' blood. Results: The IgG in the rats' serum of 15 normal exercise rats in this test significantly rises with significant difference compared with the control group (P

The diabetes-inducing agent streptozotocin (STZ) is a glucosamine–nitrosourea compound produced by Streptomyces achromogenes, which specifically induces DNA strand breakage in β-cells causing diabetes mellitus. The destruction of pancreatic β-cells by STZ is associated with a huge release of insulin in their first phase, and then in the second phase, the destruction has lead to deficiency of insulin causes hyperglycaemia. A detailed method on selection of diabetic animals, investigation of blood glucose levels, body weight, biochemical and histopathological parameters is presented in this chapter.

A enzimologia clínica veterinária tem assumido um importante papel nos tempos atuais, principalmente no que se refere ao auxílio diagnóstico de diversas enfermidades. Este trabalho teve por objetivo apresentar uma revisão sobre os principais fatores que interferem na determinação das enzimas no soro e no plasma e que podem acarretar uma interpretação inadequada dos resultados