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The complex and heterogeneous ecosystem of the Internet of Things (IoT) makes it difficult to achieve energy-efficient routing because of the power, memory, and processing constraints of smart motes. Recently, metaheuristic-based routing is preferred by researchers for energy-efficient transmission in IoT. Existing literature divulge their studies to apply metaheuristic directly in IoT by ignoring the principles that account for the overall performance and the global optimum solution. Also, there is no comprehensive study that addresses the issues, principles, and significance of metaheuristic routing in terms of hybridization, objectivity, and applicability in IoT. Being enthused by the aforementioned issues, a detailed taxonomy of metaheuristic-based routing in IoT is presented in this study. A detailed taxonomy is abstracted into an energy-efficient routing framework to provide solutions to the main adversaries encountered during evaluation. The theoretical framework dwells upon two predictive models: i) Metaheuristic-based selection of potential node for energy efficiency in an IoT. ii) Introduction of metaheuristic principles to avoid convergence issues during evaluation. The comprehensive study confers the routing vulnerabilities, energy saving mechanisms, and the pros and cons of metaheuristic in context to IoT. The key research challenges in metaheuristic based routing and future directions to curb with same are thoroughly provided. Further, a smart manufacturing-based case study is demonstrated to generate the fitness criteria for process scheduling problems to gain energy efficiency. The proposed framework provides a benchmarking solution for the ongoing metaheuristic adversaries that have been undercoated in literature to prove the superiority of an algorithm.

A number of prefix delegation-based schemes have been proposed in the literature to solve the route optimization problem in mobile networks. The route optimization solutions generate overheads and affect the performance of mobile networks. However, currently there is no tool available to aid in the selection of an appropriate scheme for a given mobility scenario. The objective of this paper is to develop analytical models for prefix delegation based schemes and compare the performance of the schemes for different mobility scenarios. Results show that the performance of a scheme depends on the characteristics of the mobile network, and there is no single scheme which suits all mobility scenarios.

In this paper, we analyse the provision of enhanced communications between vehicles. It is expected that vehicles will have several communication devices, and that a specialised node will provide external connectivity to these devices, i.e., the devices in the vehicle form a Mobile Network. We propose the use of Network Mobility communication solutions for providing access from the vehicles to an infrastructured network (e.g., the Internet) or for communication with other vehicles. The main contribution of this paper consists in a route optimisation solution for mobile networks - based on the use of mixed ad hoc and infrastructure communications - that enables inter-vehicle communications to be improved in terms of bandwidth and delay. The mechanism provides the same level of security than today's IPv4 Internet, by means of reusing Mobile IPv6 security concepts, and the use of public key cryptography and Cryptographically Generated Addresses. The proposed solution is characterised and evaluated through extensive simulation, showing that it provides an efficient optimisation in vehicular communications. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6TYP-4N3GFKC-1/1/d7641ab7fb03454de3a4ebb693d8cdeb

Poster at IST Mobile & Wireless Communications Summit 2007, Budapest, Hungary, 1-5 July 2007. The success of cellular communications networks shows the interest of users in mobility. Host mobility support in IP networks is a first step in the adaptation of these networks to the needs of users in this field. But, there exists also the need of supporting the movement of a complete network that changes its point of attachment to the fixed infrastructure. This paper describes the architecture designed in the EU DAIDALOS II project to provide Internet access through moving networks. The designed moving networks architecture support the following main features: Route Optimisation, Multicast traffic delivery, security and authentication integration, end-to-end QoS and interaction with Localised Mobility Management solutions. Publicado