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The article attempts to compare the three female characters in the novel Doctor Zhivago to identify their role in the formation of the psychological image of the main character, as well as their main functions as characters in the plot structure of the novel. Distinguishing the terms “character” and “hero” as theoretical concepts, we seek to establish the complementarity of two methods: character analysis as a way of structuring the text, on the one hand, and phenomenological, which allows us to capture the uniqueness of a single hero, as well as its influence on the fate of other participants in the action. Taking into account the long-term work on Doctor Zhivago, the author of the article proceeds from the idea that along with autobiographical material in the characterization of three women – Tonya, Larisa, and Marina, B. Pasternak widely uses plot analogies with masterpieces of Russian and world literature, as well as certain allusions to biblical images. Important here is the principle of inseparability and non-confusion in the depiction of the fates of the three women in their relationship with the main character, associated with the Christian tradition. For the first time, the article introduces the essentiality– existentiality opposition to compare the main female figures. At the same time, it is important that the author, creating female images, uses a different measure of fabulousness associated with the vicissitudes in the life of the main character – the maximum in the relationship of Yuri and Lara and the minimum in relation to the hero with Marina. There is also a different degree of detail of the three images, the use of symbols in their characterization, and the symbolization as the main method of Marina’s characterization is noted. The author concludes that the outstanding Russian poet and novelist B. Pasternak shows a high degree of skill, penetrating the depths of female psychology. At the same time, while maintaining the principles of construction characteristic of the classical narrative, the writer, thanks to the special arrangement of the material, gives the novel features that bring it closer to the best examples of world literature of the twentieth century.

Serum alpha-klotho (s-klotho) protein has been linked with lifespan, and low concentrations of s-klotho have been associated with worse physical and cognitive outcomes. Although its significance in aging remains unclear, s-klotho has been proposed as a molecular biomarker of frailty and dependence. This study is a secondary analysis of data from a clinical trial performed in a population of 103 older individuals living in 10 nursing homes in Gipuzkoa (Spain). We aimed to elucidate associations between s-klotho (as measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) and body composition, physical fitness, and cognition, as well as frailty and dependence (determined using validated tests and scales). In addition, we investigated the association of s-klotho concentration with falls in the six months following the initial assessment. Low s-klotho levels were associated with a lower score in the psychological component of the Tilburg Frailty Indicator, a worse score in the Coding Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, and a greater dependence in activities of daily living. Moreover, participants with lower s-klotho concentrations suffered more falls during the 6 months after the assessment. Future translational research should aim to validate klotho's putative role as a biomarker that could identify the risk of aging-related adverse events in clinical practice. This work was supported by grants from the Basque government (ELKARTEK15/39, ELKARTEK16/57, ELKARTEK17/61, RIS16/07, SAN17/11), the Euskampus Fundazioa Foundation, and the Convention between UPV/EHU and the Gipuzkoa Provincial Council (Gipuzkoa Eraikiz). Haritz Arrieta and Chloe Rezola were supported by two fellowships from the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU)

Aim. The article aims to reveal the relationship between the past, present, and future in the fate of the characters of V. Hugo's epic novel «Les Miserables». Methodology. The corpus of text is analyzed. The article deals for the first time with the question of Providence in relation to V. Hugo's epic novel «Les Miserables». The object of the study is 27 examples of the use of this word in a particular context. Methods of observation, description and generalization are used in the analysis of text material. Results. According to the study results, it is concluded that the scientific novelty consists in the philosophical and religious justification of the influence of Providence on the behavior of characters. According to the study results, it was found that Providence, as Such, manifests itself in the form of warning signs, as well as in the close relationship of deterministic events. Its action is aimed at creating conditions for the life of the characters to develop safely. Research implications. The research results contribute to the study of the work V. Hugo. They can be used for lectures and seminars.

Oil spills resulting from maritime accidents pose a poorly understood risk to the Arctic environment. We propose a novel probabilistic method to quantitatively assess these risks. Our method accounts for spatiotemporally varying population distributions, the spreading of oil, and seasonally varying species-specific exposure potential and sensitivity to oil. It quantifies risk with explicit uncertainty estimates, enables one to compare risks over large geographic areas, and produces information on a meaningful scale for decision-making. We demonstrate the method by assessing the short-term risks oil spills pose to polar bears, ringed seals, and walrus in the Kara Sea, the western part of the Northern Sea Route. The risks differ considerably between species, spatial locations, and seasons. Our results support current aspirations to ban heavy fuel oil in the Arctic but show that we should not underestimate the risks of lighter oils either, as these oils can pollute larger areas than heavier ones. Our results also highlight the importance of spatially explicit season-specific oil spill risk assessment in the Arctic and that environmental variability and the lack of data are a major source of uncertainty related to the oil spill impacts.

Autor u članku pokazuje da u starozavjetnomu hebrejskom svjetonazoru nisu postojali mnogi koncepti, pa time ni nazivi, kojima se opisuju apstrakcije izvan čovjekovih emocija, volje, uma i odnosa s Bogom. Među takve se ubrajaju „sudbina“, „sreća“ i „priroda“ u apstraktnomu i konkretnomu smislu. No u suvremenim su zapadnim civilizacijama ti koncepti toliko uvriježeni da je bez njih gotovo nemoguće promišljati o stvarnosti i svijetu. Zato se neke od tih riječi pojavljuju u različitim prijevodima Svetoga pisma Staroga zavjeta. U članku su izdvojeni primjeri prevoditeljske uporabe takvih riječi te je na temelju hebrejskoga izvornika predloženo propitivanje prevoditeljskih rješenja u kojima se one nalaze., Old Testament Hebrew worldview and language did not contain several concepts and words relating to abstract phenomena outside human emotions, will, mind and man’s relation to God, which are common to our modern speech and understanding of reality. Among such concepts are fate, luck, and nature in its abstract and concrete meaning. Some of those concepts can nevertheless be found in translations of the Old Testament. In this article the author presented some examples of use of those words primarily in the Croatian Bible translations and, referring to the source text in Hebrew, proposed their reconsideration.

The author of the article deals with the poetic newspaper debut of Irena Tuwim (1898-1987), an outstanding author and translator of children’s literature, but also a poet who is forgotten or read only on the margin of the literary output of her brother, Julian Tuwim (1894-1953). The poem titled Panienka (A Maiden), published in Godzina Polski in 1916, is hereby subjected to a contextual analysis and referred to other poems by Irena Tuwim as well as confronted with her existence, also in the auto-emancipatory dimension.

International audience; Microplastics (MP) refer to all plastic particles that are less than 5 mm in size. Over the past decades, several studies have highlighted the impact of microplastics (MP) on living organisms. In addition to being pollutants themselves, these synthetic polymers also act as vectors for the transport of various types of chemicals in natural ecosystems. MP has been ubiquitously detected in a wide range of shapes, polymers, sizes and concentrations in marine water, freshwater, agroecosystems, atmospheric, food and water environments. Drinking water, biota, and other remote places. According to the World Bank, over 80% of the world’s marine litter is plastic and the concentration of litter on Caribbean beaches is often high, with a high presence of single-use plastics and food containers. In its work, the World Health Organization (WHO) suggests an in-depth assessment of microplastics present in the environment and their potential consequences on human health, following the publication of an analysis of the state of research on microplastics in drinking water. It also calls for reducing plastic pollution to protect the environment and reduce human exposure. In Haiti, the bay of Port-au-Prince is the natural receptacle of all the urban effluents generated by human activities in the Metropolitan Zone. This urban wastewater carries household waste, sludge from pit latrines and sewage, industrial wastewater which largely contributes to the pollution of the bay. Furthermore, 1,673,750 tonnes per year of household waste, including 93,730 tonnes of plastic waste, are not collected. What are the environmental dangers represented by the MP contained in those wastes for living organisms in exposed tropical ecosystems? The purpose of this paper is: (i) to do a bibliographical review of the physical and chemical properties, as well as the toxicological profile of MP, (ii) to identify the environmental hazards associated with MP contained in urban waste in the metropolitan area of Port-au-Prince.

From the late thirteenth through late seventeenth centuries, a single three-word Latin phrase—sapiens dominabitur astris, or “the wise man will be master of the stars”—proliferated in astrological, theological, philosophical, and literary texts. It became a convenient marker denoting orthodox positions on free will and defining the boundaries of the scientifically and morally legitimate practice of astrology. By combining the methodology of a diachronic historical survey with a microhistorical focus on evolving phraseology, this study argues that closely examining the use of this phrase reveals how debates about the meanings of wisdom, free will, determinism, and the interpretation of stellar influence on human events changed radically across four centuries of Western European cultural and intellectual history. The first half of this article charts the scholastic response to theological criticisms of astrology and the reconciliation of Aristotelian-Ptolemaic cosmology with Catholic theology, paying special attention to its implications for astrology as viewed through scholarly uses of the phrase. The second half of the article shows how the phrase developed a multitude of idiosyncratic meanings in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, fracturing its late medieval scholastic unity, as new forms of philosophical, socio-political, religious, and scientific critiques upended astrological beliefs and practices. Ultimately, this paper argues that examining the theory and praxis of astrology through the changing phraseological meanings of “sapiens dominabitur astris” allows historians and cultural anthropologists to better discern the dialectical (as opposed to binary) relationships between free will and determinism in the West.

Previous studies reported that specially designed ventilation systems provide good air quality and safe environment by removing airborne droplets that contain viruses expelled by infected people. These water droplets can be stable in the environment and remain suspended in air for prolonged periods. Encounters between droplets may occur and droplet interactions should be considered. However, the previous studies focused on other physical phenomena (air flow, drag force, evaporation) for droplet transport and neglected droplet interactions. In this work, we used computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to simulate the transport and fate of airborne droplets expelled by an asymptomatic person and considered droplet interactions. Droplet drag with turbulence for prediction of transport and fate of droplets indicated that the turbulence increased the transport of 1 µm droplets, whereas it decreased the transport of 50 µm droplets. In contrast to only considering drag and turbulence, consideration of droplet interactions tended to increase both the transport and fate. Although the length scale of the office is much larger than the droplet sizes, the droplet interactions, which occurred at the initial stages of release when droplet separation distances were shorter, had a significant effect in droplet fate by considerably manipulating the final locations on surfaces where droplets adhered. Therefore, it is proposed that when an exact prediction of transport and fate is required, especially for high droplet concentrations, the effects of droplet interactions should not be ignored. Electronic Supplementary Material Supplementary material is available in the online version of this article at 10.1007/s11783-021-1465-8 and is accessible for authorized users.

Cadmium (Cd) contamination in paddy fields is a serious health concern because of its high toxicity and widespread pollution. Recently, much progress has been made in elucidating the mechanisms involved in Cd uptake, transport, and transformation from paddy soils to rice grains, aiming to mitigate the associated health risk; however, these topics have not been critically reviewed to date. Here, we summarized and reviewed the (1) geochemical distribution and speciation of Cd in soil-rice systems, (2) mobilization, uptake, and transport of Cd from soil to rice grains and the associated health risks, (3) pathways and transformation mechanisms of Cd from soil to rice grains, (4) transporters involved in reducing Cd uptake, transport, and accumulation in rice plants, (5) factors governing Cd bioavailability in paddy, and (6) comparison of remediation approaches for mitigating the environmental and health risks of Cd contamination in paddy fields. Briefly, this review presents the state of the art about the fate of Cd in paddy fields and its transport from soil to grains, contributing to a better understanding of the environmental hazards of Cd in rice ecosystems. Challenges and perspectives for controlling Cd risks in rice are thus raised. The summarized findings in this review may help to develop innovative and applicable methods for controlling Cd accumulation in rice grains and sustainably manage Cd-contaminated paddy fields.