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Supply chain finance is an effective way to solve the problem of capital turnover of construction enterprises and stabilize economic growth under epidemic situation. Blockchain technology can solve the problems in the current supply chain finance business, such as incorrect information between banks and enterprises, lack of visibility in transaction process, and possible joint fraud in the core enterprise model. However, it still has problems such as inconvenient information verification, data fraud, and difficulty to achieve a balance between efficiency, security and cost. This paper presents a hybrid chain model combining PANDA (a consensus algorithm based on public chain) and X-Alliance (a consensus algorithm based on alliance chain). Such proposed hybrid chain model can process the transaction of each account in parallel, asynchronize from other unrelated accounts in the network, provide more reliable data storage and authority management, and ensure the ownership of change tracking data, which has higher performance and lower protection cost while ensuring data security and privacy security. According to the data of network crawling, the experimental results show that the throughput can reach 1200tps when four nodes are deployed. The model serves for the supply chain financial data management of engineering projects, making trade authenticity review, risk assessment and credit transmission of core enterprises more efficient. On this basis, each participant can carry out analysis and give early warning of capital flow, timely analyze and calculate the authenticity of transaction background. The proposed method provides a reference for the normal operation of the project fund under the COVID-19 epidemic.

This paper outlines the challenges faced in a particular instance of an enterprise modelling (EM) course that lost the ability to have face-to-face interactions and describes a solution that proved to be at least equally effective and appreciated when moved online. The revised course design is primarily driven by exercise and assignment work, provides course content in a ‘piecemeal’ fashion, and relies almost exclusively on asynchronous interactions. This paper distils the solution into specific design features of the revised course as well as more general design principles that can be applied to other EM courses (and potentially beyond).

UML profiles offer an intuitive way for developers to build domain-specific modelling languages by reusing and extending UML concepts. Eclipse Papyrus is a powerful open-source UML modelling tool which supports UML profiling. However, with power comes complexity, implementing non-trivial UML profiles and their supporting editors in Papyrus typically requires the developers to handcraft and maintain a number of interconnected models through a loosely guided, labour-intensive and error-prone process. We demonstrate how metamodel annotations and model transformation techniques can help manage the complexity of Papyrus in the creation of UML profiles and their supporting editors. We presentJorvik, an open-source tool that implements the proposed approach. We illustrate its functionality with examples, and we evaluate our approach by comparing it against manual UML profile specification and editor implementation using a non-trivial enterprise modelling language (Archimate) as a case study. We also perform a user study in which developers are asked to produce identical editors using both Papyrus andJorvikdemonstrating the substantial productivity and maintainability benefits thatJorvikdelivers.

Nowadays, IT operations devolve many tasks in IT services to internal customers (i.e., IT self-service). The rationale for this service task devolvement is often to reduce the IT personnel’s workload. However, prior research has shown that IT operations often fail to achieve this goal. Existing methods for modeling and analyzing services fall short of supporting service providers in identifying and specifying service tasks suitable to be devolved to (internal) customers. This paper presents, therefore, the first method for devolving service tasks in IT services (DESERV IT). DESERV IT is a compound of four method components encompassing a joint meta-model, a visual notation for modeling IT services, and procedural recommendations. The DESERV IT meta-model extends the meta-model of service blueprinting by means of concepts required to analyze service task devolvement. DESERV IT is evaluated in four evaluation episodes. The results of the evaluation episodes show that DESERV IT is perceived as effective, useful, complete, and generalizable by experts in the IT service management and enterprise architecture discipline. This paper contributes to enterprise modeling by demonstrating the feasibility of DESERV IT in an example case and describing DESERV IT’s evolution during the evaluation episodes. DESERV IT supports practitioners (e.g., request fulfillment managers) in modeling and analyzing IT services.

Nowadays, the organic nature of business processes and the increasingly complex and dynamic business environment make organizations face severe operational risks. However, current risk analysis methods of Information Technology (IT) resources ignore inter-process correlation and thus inter-process risk propagation. This gap needs a solution since the rigid alignment of organizations cause the risks which propagate throughout the whole organization to be the most serious operational risks. This paper presents a holistic approach for quantifying risk propagation in business processes based on the risk analysis of their underlying IT and human resources. This approach adapts financial techniques to quantify the level of risk that average and severe events on IT resources generate on individual business processes, and to quantify the risk propagation impact among dependent processes. This approach was applied to an enterprise modeling case study to quantify risk propagation for different risk epicenter scenarios. The results show that the proposed approach is capable of finding and quantifying both direct and indirect dependencies among operational assets within an organization. A high level of accuracy was observed when comparing the actual value of the process risk and the projected value considering risk propagation.

Managing organisational change is becoming increasingly important in an ever-changing world. A novel “lightweight” enterprise modelling technique called Fractal Enterprise Model (FEM) can be helpful in this effort. This technique is formally established, but the range of application areas for it is not yet fully explored. This paper aims to fill the gap, at least partially. This goal is being achieved by using FEM in an industrial project in which a water utility company wants to digitalise its business operations and external communication. The paper follows the Action Design Research paradigm, which combines theory generation with solving organisational problems. The project was structured along a generic Business Analysis process and contained elements from a number of fields, such as requirements engineering, information systems engineering, enterprise architecture management, and business process management. The paper describes 11 different generic problems that were solved with the help of FEM, the project-specific constraints and how FEM was applied in the process. As the same person carried out both the research and the practical work, the usefulness of FEM is examined via reflecting on the experience and generalising the knowledge. FEM supported the business analysis activities by enabling quick and systematic information gathering and comprehensible communication with various internal stakeholders. These insights can be used as a guideline for future practitioners planning to use FEM and for conducting further research regarding the applicability of FEM.

Teaching enterprise modelling is a complex task, as it requires both teaching modelling syntax as well as how to select and extract information from several sources, such as IT systems, employees, ...

We are in an age where there are several societal and scientific challenges that are facing humanity. The academic researcher is not left out of this entire dilemma. The same researcher who is expected to be active in research within the university system is also expected to be committed to teaching and service assignments. The research task itself requires a lot of processes scattered around various work, culture, people and structure such as writing proposals, liaising with the research department, looking for materials in the library, learning appropriate applications with the Information Technology (IT) department etc. The study is based on a case study of the University of Botswana. It uses the Nadler-Tushman Congruence Framework to perform a gap analysis on the current system. The outcome from the study is a proposed model to help align work, culture, people and structure. The blueprint provided by the model will allow one to see the real impact of change, identifying where gaps and opportunities exist, and understand how and where things can be improved for the benefit of all stakeholders. The paper also proposes that a more detailed model can be achieved using The Open Group Architecture Framework (TOGAF) architecture model.

Financial industries are undergoing a digital transformation of their products, services, overall business models. Part of this digitalization in banking aims at automating most of the manual work in payment handling and integrating the workflows of involved service providers. The focus of the work presented in this paper is on fraud discovery and steps to fully automate it. Fraud discovery in financial transactions has become an important priority for banks. Fraud is increasing significantly with the expansion of modern technology and global communication, which results in substantial damages for the banks. Instant payment (IP) transactions cause new challenges for fraud detection due to the requirement of short processing time. The paper investigates the possibility to use artificial intelligence in IP fraud detection. The main contributions of our work are (a) an analysis of problem relevance from business and literature perspective, (b) a proposal for technological support for using AI in fraud detection of instant payment transactions, and (c) a feasibility study of selected fraud detection approaches.

The transformation towards the Industry 4.0 paradigm requires companies to manage large amounts of data. This poses serious challenges with regard to how effectively to handle data and extract value from it. The state-of-the-art research of Enterprise Architecture (EA) provides limited knowledge on addressing this challenge. In this article, the Automated Modeling with Abstraction for Enterprise Architecture (AMA4EA) method is proposed and demonstrated. An abstraction hierarchy is introduced by AMA4EA to support companies to automatically abstract data from enterprise systems to concepts, then to automatically create an EA model. AMA4EA was demonstrated at an Industry 4.0 laboratory. The demonstration showed that AMA4EA could abstract detailed data from the Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) system and Manufacturing Execution System (MES) to be relevant for a business process model that provided a useful and simplified visualization of production process data. The model communicated the detailed business data in an easily understandable way to stakeholders. AMA4EA is an innovative and novel method that contributes new knowledge to EA research. The demonstration provides sufficient evidence that AMA4EA is useful and applicable in the Industry 4.0 environment.

Due to their intense dynamics, business environment relationships in the market drive constant changes within business systems and continuous accommodation to the newly arisen circumstances. As business operations have become too complex and dynamic, adaptability has arisen as one of the major features of business systems. A possible solution to the problem of increased flexibility and the ability for quick adaptation is the development of a business system states model as well as an alternative states management system model. It must be noted that the state and alternative solutions management system needs to respond timely and appropriately, taking into consideration the integrity of business processes and available resources. Contemporary information and communication technologies (ICT) have established themselves as a means of providing business systems support primarily due to their technological capability of processing vast amounts of information in a short period of time. Such processing is aided by scientific methods and techniques of business system modelling and design. Consequently, ICT and the solutions generated by them have become essential forms of business systems management support as well as the basis for the improvement of the efficiency of business systems themselves.

Cooperation in tourism is considered crucial for sustainable destination promotion, addressing several opportunities to decrease the level of competition among actors to achieve advantages for all. Global markets force rapid, virtual teaming up and high reconfigurability through heavy reliance on information and communications technology in the pursuit of specific market opportunities for a destination’s heritage promotion. In light of a reshaped destination management organization role, this work focuses on temporary cooperation and adapts the dynamic virtual enterprise model to tourism. A case history in Brescia was examined to support the theoretical construct. The resulting conceptual schema highlights the main features of a virtual enterprise in tourism (VEt), the life cycle stages—qualified by dynamic adaptation—and the leadership role of the destination management organizations. In generating a VEt model, four conditions for effectiveness emerge.

The EU is leading the world with its roadmap for companies – the Sustainable Industry as part of the Green Deal, the EU Climate Target plan for 2030 and the New EU Industrial Strategy. At the same time, in pursuit of these crucial objectives, the Union is heavily dependent on the contribution of the private sector. The question is whether companies are equipped to follow this path and take on the associated responsibilities. Hurdles that so far received little attention now present themselves in the realm of governance and management, organisation structure and culture as the major determinants of corporate behaviour. This paper argues that the dominant enterprise models, the shareholder model and the stakeholder model, both serve as barriers to the shift from growth-oriented to sustainable, resilience-oriented capitalism. It stresses the need for alternative models and sketches the contours of a new competitive enterprise model that is firmly rooted in values continental Europeans share. It will be called the EU Model. Finally, it proposes an EU agenda for a level playing field, because competition between models should be encouraged. The day has come for politicians and policymakers to no longer limit themselves to rubberstamping corporate governance codes. They must actively engage in discussions about how the private sector organises itself. Bravery will be rewarded.

Tabletops represent a convenient digital workspace that serves the purpose of collaborative enterprise modeling well. The participants of a modeling session must, however, share this workspace. In this paper, we will present a study on personal space and territorial behavior in collaborative modeling sessions of six different teams. We found that areas on the tabletop can be identified that are predominantly occupied by certain individuals. This, however, does not automatically imply the existence of personal territories. In fact, we state that personal territories were less represented than a general territory that seemed to belong to the whole team. The absence of an etiquette, e.g., participants usually did not ask for permission before taking away an item situated near a team colleague, underlines this finding and supports our assumption that the participants feel a collective ownership towards the model.

Digital Business Ecosystem (DBE) supports organizations to collaborate and combine their expertise to stay competitive through ICTs. Being beneficial to the organizations, DBEs are also complex and more difficult to manage. Through visual analysis and knowledge explication, modelling can increase the transparency of DBEs and improve the understanding of DBEs through multiple perspectives. However, current scientific literature suggests a lack of methodological guidance for modelling in support of the analysis, design, and management of DBEs. The purpose of this interview study was to elicit requirements and needs for developing a holistic method of modelling DBEs. Semi-structured interviews were conducted to explore and understand DBEs from an industrial and experts’ viewpoints with 11 participants from different business domains. The empirical data was analyzed using Thematic Analysis, which lead to 30 requirements, categorized into four classes, namely, requirements for model creation, analysis, management of DBE, as well as cross cutting requirements addressing the overall establishment and use of the modelling method.

Digitization is influencing a variety of industries and services, including universities. In this research, mockups for a mobile, indoor navigation application are presented using Wismar University as an example. Therefore, we utilized the first step of the Digital Innovation and Transformation Process (DITP). In the run-up to this research, digitization-relevant requirements for universities were identified, with 62 students from Wismar Business School using the first process step of the DITP. The important requirements identified were: routing to classrooms, localizing points of interest, and booking of rooms within the university. Our research represents our insights from applying the second step of the DITP. The aim was to develop a digital prototype for indoor navigation as a mobile application that can be utilized by different universities for the same purpose. The results were verified based on user opinions through a usability test. This research is relevant for IT experts and UI designers, as well as enterprise architects, who are interested in developing a mobile indoor navigation application for universities.

Change seems to be an inherent property of organizations and the enterprises they undertake. During such changes, coordination among the different actors involved is key, in particular when there is a need to consider the longer term impact of change.

Participatory enterprise modeling is about gathering domain experts and involving them directly in the creation of models, aided by modeling experts. It is meant to increase commitment to and quality of models. This paper presents an exploratory study focusing on the subjective view of the domain experts. We investigated the influence of direct collaboration versus individual modeling, and the influence of model revisions by modeling experts on psychological ownership and perceived model quality. Our results give hint that domain experts working individually with a modeling expert perceive model quality as higher than those working collaboratively whereas psychological ownership did not show any difference. Revisions caused changes in the subjects’ assessments only of model quality.

International audience; Organisational assessments provide a view of the state of different aspects of an enterprise so as to understand its strengths, weaknesses and possible improvement paths. A relevant element used to perform assessments is the assessment framework, which contains the requirements that the entity must fulfil as well as other aspects. On the other hand, another essential element during an assessment is the Evidence, which is any type of data reflecting the state of the assessed entity. Among several possible assessment evidences, such as documents, e-mails, interview extracts, and questionnaires, Enterprise Models represented through a specific Modelling Language can serve as such, since they allow to describe diverse organisational aspects. Thus, they can provide useful information to be considered when performing an assessment. Notwithstanding, the analysis of the models is demanding in terms of time and resources, and reducing the effort to perform such analysis could improve the assessment process. Thus, a possible manner of improving the analysis process is to understand beforehand which type of information can be found within an enterprise model taking into consideration the modelling language that has been used to represent it and the list of requirements defined by the assessment framework used to perform the assessment. In this sense, this work introduces a method to identify the requirements, devised by an assessment framework, that can be answered through the analysis of modelling elements defined using a specific modelling language. We ground our approach on a Requirement Decomposition task following the Pseudo-Requirement Graph method, and the matching between requirements and modelling language elements following the Goal Question Metric paradigm. To validate our method, we perform separate evaluations of the BPMN and ArchiMate languages, to identify the set of requirements from the ISO/IEC 33020 international standard that can be answered through models that are defined using each language. We also introduce a case study based on the analysis of a concrete business process, following the proposed approach.

This paper presents a causal modelling-based approach for aligning information systems development and business strategy execution. The purpose is to ensure alignment between the business strategy of the organization and the way the information system is built. The suggested approach is based on the Agile frameworks such as Scrum, SAF’e, enterprise modelling framework MoDAF, modelling language ArchiMate 3.0, and the causal modelling concept of management transaction (MT). MT concept is the normalized structure to reveal business needs content and bridges MODAF and Agile concepts. MT is used to Agile process description on the level of themes, initiatives, epics, and user stories. Data from three real Enterprise Application Software projects over a one-year period were used to test the method.

Enterprises are inherently complex systems, which involve a multitude of components working dynamically and in coordination to obtain a desired end goal. The intricacy of an enterprise and how the different components can be modeled is the area of research of Enterprise Modeling (EM). When holistically modeling an enterprise, it is required to use more than one modeling language, including general and domain specific modeling languages (DSML), to boost the comprehension of different enterprise areas. However, the use of multiple languages can lead to a lack of detail and understanding of the relationships between enterprise components that are modeled in different domains. Analyzing the relationships between various enterprise domains can generate valuable insight into understanding the uncertainty, complexity, and operations of an enterprise. In this paper, we present an approach to enable EM from multiple perspectives allowing enterprises to use different languages to describe various domains. This approach supports the creation of relationships and dependencies between domains, to analyze from different depths and viewpoints desired enterprise perspectives. Considering the needed requirements for multi-perspective modeling, we developed a workbench that allows the composition and merger of different EM languages and creates ad-hoc EM tools based on the necessities of the enterprise.

This paper aims to define a problem to be studied and summarize previous research work done. Remote work or telework enterprise model has been a growing trend. The Covid-19 pandemic forced businesses to adopt a temporary remote-working mode. Now managers are investigating whether this “new” working-mode is, or not, a better approach than the traditional working mode known as the “office model”. The proposed framework will support the transformation process from a physical into a remote work model supported by applying digital tools and methods. Furthermore, the framework proposed in this work aims to help business decision makers to decide which organizational model they should adopt after Covid-19: full-remote; “hybrid” or partially remote; or physical, also known as “going back to the office”. A simple and pragmatic framework is proposed to help organizations: understand if it’s possible to transform a business from a physical (“at the office”) to a full or partial remote model; define the main goals of this transformation; create a simple template to map the new digital enterprise architecture in terms of tools, data management, business processes and human resources (job functions and digital skills). info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Organizations adopt new tools and technologies even more during the Covid19 pandemic. Enterprise Architecture Management (EAM) as a holistic management discipline supports systematic adoption processes by integration business and IT concerns. This integrated view requires the participation of different stakeholders to EAM projects. To minimize the risks resulting from this multi-perspective aspect, the principles of Design Thinking methods should be applied in the early phases of EAM. For Enterprise Modeling (4EM) is an Enterprise Modeling method that exhibits Design Thinking characteristics. By examining eight EAM projects from qualitative and quantitative perspectives, this paper tackles the question whether the 4EM as a Design Thinking Method contributes to the goals of the EAM projects.

Enterprise models have the potential to constitute a valuable asset for organizations, e.g., in terms of enabling a variety of analyses. A prerequisite for realizing this potential is that an enterprise model is syntactically, semantically and pragmatically valid. To ensure these three types of validity, verification and validation (V&V) mechanisms are required to be in place while designing the enterprise modeling method, e.g., to validate identified requirements, to check created enterprise models against syntactic rules, or to ensure intra- and inter-model consistency. Therefore, the objective of this paper is to systematically embed verification and validation (V&V) techniques into the design of (enterprise) domain-specific modeling methods (DSMMs). To this end, we integrate steps and considerations of well-established DSMM engineering processes, and enrich them with V&V techniques based upon our earlier experiences and a literature analysis.

Traditionally, enterprise models have been used for representing knowledge on all aspects of an organization. This aided not only in composing a holistic picture of the different layers of an enterprise in terms of its business model, products and services, business processes and IT architecture, but also for describing the inter-dependencies between the layers. Depending on the degree of formalization, algorithms may be applied to the models, e.g. for simulations. With the upcoming of low-code approaches in software engineering, we regard in this position paper how similar concepts may be integrated in enterprise engineering. In particular we regard augmented enterprise models as interfaces to digital systems and illustrate this view with approaches for semantic technologies, data analytics and blockchain platforms. It is envisaged that such approaches will aid domain experts in integrating digital technologies in their daily work practices.

TC 5: Information Technology Applications; International audience; IFIP’s workgroup 5.8 on Enterprise Interoperability was founded in 2008. In this paper we provide a workgroup point of view on the state of the art in Enterprise Modelling, Enterprise Engineering, Enterprise Architectures, Enterprise Integration, Enterprise Interoperability. We present an overview of the state-of-the-art from the WG5.8’s research point of view. A brief history of these topics, with special attention to the work developed by IFIP WG5.8 former and current members is given. With respect to application, references to production systems and the manufacturing enterprise will be made. This article closes with a brief look into very recent developments in the domain of Enterprise Interoperability.

Digitalization and digital transformation have been an important topic for a lot of industries and application domains during the last years. In many enterprises, the result is a long list of digitalization projects – some of them completed, many still ongoing - and doubts about long-term benefits. Where are the disruptive effects of digital transformation? Radical digitalization is a way of (re-)focusing on innovation opportunities with strategic and long-term effects for an enterprise. In practice, this requires definition of problems and goals, changes in business models, design of new processes and services – and much more that can be supported by enterprise modeling. The resulting challenges and opportunities for enterprise modeling are discussed in the paper. The perspective taken is the practice of enterprise modeling rather than new theoretical approaches.

Most of the human interaction is non-verbal, and communication using technology-based means is not as effective and face-to-face meetings. There is a new set of complex challenges in organizations when face-to-face communication is transferred to technology-based communication. Not all people have the natural ability for effective communication. It is especially critical within online communication. The global pandemic in 2020 emphasized the importance of technology in our work communication. The new digitalized work setting creates new challenges and problems. Technology-based communication system developers have to consider many constructs. The aim is to investigate the impact of communication technologies on employee motivation and satisfaction, recognize the challenges and develop 4EM (For Enterprise Modeling) model for effective communication system in an quarantine situation for secure remote workplace. Recommendations for organization leaders were presented and the model of requirements using 4EM approach has been created.

Part 8: Requirements Modeling; International audience; Increased digitalization and the pervasiveness of Big Data, along with vastly improved data processing capabilities, have led to the consideration of digital data as additional sources of system requirements, complementing conventional stakeholder-driven approaches. The volume, velocity and variety of these digital sources present numerous challenges which existing system development methods are unable to manage in a systematic and efficient manner. We propose a holistic and data-driven framework for continuous and automated acquisition, analysis and aggregation of heterogeneous digital sources for the purposes of requirements elicitation and management. The proposed framework includes a conceptualization in the form of a meta-model and a high-level process for its use; the framework is illustrated in a real case of an enterprise software.

Part 2:Enterprise Modeling and Enterprise Architecture; International audience; Today’s dynamic business environment requires enterprises to be agile in order to remain competitive. Competition also impacts enterprise modeling (EM) aiming at the systematic development of the enterprise’s business processes, organizational structures, and information systems. Although EM is a mature discipline, organizations still do not exploit the full potential of EM. We suggest, the concept of a Digital Twin of an Organization (DTO) provides a means of digitalization to introduce more agility. A DTO draws upon graph-based, machine readable knowledge representation of enterprise models. In order to run through various scenarios in real time, the DTO approach makes use of Context Spaces that provide the required information semantically structured, which improves the comprehensibility and applicability of the used models. The DTO combines EM with operational reality and, thus, increases the agility of the enterprise.

Part 4:Foundations and Applications of Enterprise Modeling; International audience; Effective decision-making based on precise understanding of an organisation is critical for modern organisations to stay competitive in a dynamic and uncertain business environment. However, the state-of-the-art technologies that are relevant in this context are not adequate to capture and quantitatively analyse complex organisations. This paper discerns the necessary information for an organisational decision-making from management viewpoint, discusses inadequacy of the existing enterprise modelling and specification techniques, proposes a domain specific language to capture the necessary information in machine processable form, and demonstrates how the collected information can be used for a simulation-based evidence-driven organisational decision-making.

The article analyzes the development trends of industrial enterprises in Ukraine and describes the key reasons for the discrepancy between the state of their functioning and global trends in digitalization. It is proved that to a large extent the backwardness of industrial enterprises in technological aspects is due to the loss of their adaptive abilities to quickly respond to market needs. Digital reengineering is defined as a key tool for the transformation of industrial enterprises in Ukraine in accordance with the modern imperative for the development of the global economy. The article reveals the content of reengineering from the point of view of implementing radical transformations in the current enterprise model of organization by optimizing and formalizing business processes achieved by introducing information and communication technologies and tools in order to create conditions for improving the consistency and efficiency of management actions in the process of its innovative restructuring. It is determined that it is based on technological innovations and information and communication tools for maintaining connections that ensure the formation of an integrated management environment for the process of creating and producing products. The technological, organizational and economic aspects of reengineering are described, and its main types are analyzed. The advantages and opportunities of digital reengineering in the field of implementing innovative transformations in the activities of industrial enterprises are revealed. The concept of implementing digital reengineering in the activities of industrial enterprises has been developed, which sets goals and objectives, defines the conditions, tools and stages of its implementation to increase their adaptive abilities and improve their competitive position in high-tech markets. It is determined that the implementation of digital reengineering will ensure digital modernization of the production potential of industrial enterprises, improvement of production resource support, optimization of communication management and development of personnel competencies, and, above all, the formation of an internal digital knowledge system. Keywords: industrial enterprises, digital reengineering, concept, tools, transformation.

Not only companies, but also cities and public administrations are increasingly thinking about complementary and new digital business—and corresponding service models due to growing digital networking, smarter services, omnipresent access technologies, and dynamic customer requirements. Thus, the development and implementation of smart city technologies is a unique opportunity for cities of various sizes to make digital innovation potentials more usable for residents, visitors, and local businesses. This paper describes the application of the Digital Innovation and Transformation Process (DITP) in an urban environment, as it collects, analyzes, and evaluates digitalization goals, customer values, and actions of a small city, which focuses on digitalization in northern Germany and combines it with related research work within the area of digital services for smart cities. The investigation aims to analyze and focus the municipal governments’ intention for the digitization of urban space by using the first phase of the DITP. Possible business concepts and best practices were gathered and experiences from the use are used to improve DITP approach.

major at consumer service. Information system Growth and Information Technology will affect to competition that growing competitive, this condition goes into effect also in the world of education especially for college that managed by society (private sector), claim the party of organizer to develop and develop information system in helping actifity business, reach organization target and service for stake holder especially related to data, information, technology and application. This Development and information system development must in harmony with instruct organization strategy (enterprise), found such cases of information system management experiences of failure in achieving target (objective) this organization because utilization disagree with collegepurpose and direction (organization). Enterprise Architecture Planning (EAP) as method or frame of reference to develop an information architecture. EAP is an architecture planning methods that orientation at business need that consist of data architecture, application and technology and implementation planning from architecture that has been made to support business activity to attainment of organization mission. EAP explains data architecture, application and technology that required to support organization business. Much developments IS experience of failure because need development IS are made base certain need without planning beforehand. Politeknik Piksi Ganesha, as one of higher education organizer that managed by private sector have strong comitment for information system utilization to support its business activity until must plan architecture enterprise. Architecture enterprise that will be modeled at Politeknik Piksi Ganesha, consist of : Data Architecture, Application, Technology Architecture, Roadmap implementation plan..Architecture enterprise modeling relate to processes that already commonly use in business higher education management in Politeknik Piksi Ganesha Bandung, where as discussion scope is limited at area Academic, area Administrations and Finance, area HRD and General.

Monitoring the financial health of a company to prevent bankruptcy is not only a matter of interest to owners, management and creditors as previously thought, but also a subject of interest to the wider community due to the consequences that bankruptcy may cause. There are numerous models for predicting bankruptcy, but one of the most commonly used is Altman's Z-score model. Over time, the model has been modified so that from its initial form that was intended solely for one enterprise model, today we have a model that can be applied to manufacturing, service, public and private enterprises, as well as to businesses operating in developing markets. The paper uses Altman's Z-score model for companies operating in developing markets to assess the financial health, that is, the possibility of bankruptcy in a sample of 7 hotel companies listed on the Belgrade Stock Exchange.

Production networks have been established in many industrial domains with globalized supply structures, sourcing strategies or cooperation environments. Knowledge management in such networks requires a context-oriented approach in order to accommodate for individual and organizational needs when providing relevant knowledge for complex tasks, such as value creation. The focus of this paper is on the procedure by which to determine what actually has to be taken into account as part of the ‘context’ for establishing context-oriented knowledge management, how to capture this context, and how to use it. The variability of organisational and individual tasks both at design time and at runtime is essential for understanding context in production networks. The main contribution of the present study is a context modelling method, including variability identification. The application of this method is demonstrated by using an example of a production network from automotive industries.

Today, enterprises have to cooperate to survive in an increasingly competitive environment. This cooperation is carried out using networked organisations. To cooperate in the best way possible, each enterprise must be interoperable with many other ones. From an engineering point of view, it is necessary to model the enterprises and their collaboration, to detect where interoperability is considered less than expected, to evaluate the effort necessary to fill the lack of interoperability and to propose solutions to improve the situation. This paper focuses on the modelling, detection of non-interoperability and evaluation of efforts issues. First, this paper exposes the problems of interoperability, focusing on organisational interoperability and the necessity of using enterprise modelling techniques. The second part of this paper is dedicated to the presentation of a method enabling the characterisation of organisational interoperability and the evaluation of effort needed to reach or maintain the targeted interoperability level. This method is based on enterprise modelling, graph theory and rules checking. The third part of the paper presents in detail the five main rules of the method. This presentation is proposed through a real case study to demonstrate its applicability. A discussion of the research results is presented at the end of parts two and three. Finally, a conclusion and some perspectives are presented at the end of this paper.

Demand Side Management (DSM) performs a significant function in the electrically powered energy system in order to manage power demand-side resources. Although China has brought DSM for the first time in the early 1990s, its advantages have not been entirely utilized. In this study, we first present a quick history of the energy policy of China, its electricity enterprise, and reform. Based on the analysis of DSM practices in Asia- Pacific region, the DSM development and the reform of electrical energy pricing in seven countries namely, Pakistan, India, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, Bangladesh, and China have been discussed. The primary limitations to DSM include fallacious market-oriented DSM mechanisms, the underdeveloped power carrier industry, low motivation level of grid companies for DSM because of their conventional business model, and low motivation of electricity end-users. This paper represents a case study of China’s electricity sector reform which can probably alter power transmission and pricing of distribution scheme and enterprise model of grid companies, thereby enhancing competition. A number of rules & regulations and series of policies linked to DSM were formulated by Chinese country wide ministries. But still, there are many troubles in the implementation of DSM. The current status of DSM improvement in China is investigated from distinct factors of policies and guidelines associated with DSM, DSM improvement of representative regions and DSM organizational administration. This study has also discussed the challenges faced by the implementation of DSM and proposed feasible measures totally based on the challenges encountered in implementing of DSM. This study is beneficial in promoting the improvement of China’s DSM. Based on these findings, the possible effects of DSM reforms are; government must give more attention to DSM; grid companies might also have better incentives to invest in DSM; DSM end users of electricity motivations may also increase; demand response applications can be improved and commercial DSM business models can be proposed.

The focus of this article is on the adoption of immersive and haptic simulators for training of medical residents in a surgical process called Less Invasive Stabilization System (LISS) plating surgery . LISS surgery is an orthopedic surgical procedure to treat fractures of the femur bone. Development of such simulators is a complex task which involves multiple systems, technologies, and human experts. Emerging Next Generation Internet technologies were used to develop the standalone on-line haptic-based simulator accessible to the students 24/7. A standalone immersive surgical simulator was also developed using HTC Vive. Expert surgeons played an important role in developing the simulator system; use cases of the target surgical processes were built using a modeling language called the engineering Enterprise Modeling Language (eEML) . A detailed study presenting the comparison between the haptic-based simulator and the immersive simulator has been also presented. The outcomes of this study underscore the potential of using such simulators in surgical training.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to assist organizations in the assessment of both information technology (IT) and human factors required to support their business processes (BPs) by taking into account the interdependence and alignment of these factors, rather than considering them independently. Design/methodology/approach A design science research methodology was followed to build a maturity model (MM) enabling this assessment. The proposed design process is composed of four steps: problem identification, comparison of 19 existing MMs in business process management (BPM), iterative model development, and model evaluation. The last two steps were specifically based on three research methods: literature analysis, case studies, and expert panels. Findings This paper presents a MM that assigns a maturity level to an organization’s BPs in two assessment steps. The first step evaluates the level of sophistication and integration of the IT systems supporting each BP, while the second step assesses the alignment of human factors with the technological efforts. Research limitations/implications The research was conducted with SMEs, leading to results that may be specific to this type of organization. Practical implications Practitioners can use the proposed model throughout their journey toward process excellence. The application of this model leads to two main process improvement scenarios: upgrading the sophistication and integration of the software technologies in support of the processes, and improving the cohesion of the resources the organization already owns (human and IT resources). Originality/value The proposed MM constitutes a first step in the assessment of the interdependence between the factors influencing BPM.

Business process management (BPM) broadly covers a lifecycle of four distinct phases: design, configuration, enactment, and analysis and evaluation. Most BPM tool suites impose a strict separation between these phases, i.e., in each phase different languages and tools are used and the transition between phases is indirect and costly. This paper presents an environment for integrating all phases of the BPM lifecycle in which business process (BP) types and their instances can be modeled, visualized, managed and automatically synchronized, using a shared representation of models and code. The environment extends the capabilities of BP models to be used not only for specifying BPs but also for: (1) enactment—creating instance objects that capture BP operational data; (2) monitoring BP instances as they progress; (3) visualizing performance indicators of executed BPs at runtime; and (4) navigating from a BP type model to its respective instance population. As opposed to existing tools, the proposed environment does not require regenerating the workflow schema when BP designs change, nor does it require additional adaptations to support monitoring. Thereby, we facilitate a continuous and dynamic BPM environment, where workflow specifications can be changed at runtime. Our solution integrates a meta-programming language called eXecutable Modeling Facility (XMF) and the multi-perspective enterprise modeling framework (MEMO).

Many of the challenges that the society faces today are enterprise problems. Enterprise systems consist of technological, organizational, and social elements where there is no locus of control. Due to the complex nature of enterprise systems, they are particularly difficult to model and analyze in support of policy analysis. There is a need for accessible methods and approaches to aid those tasked with modeling enterprise problems. To that end, we considered an enterprise modeling methodology that emphasizes a layered view of an enterprise system and evaluated it by applying it to a case study on the intrusion of counterfeit parts in a supply chain. We conclude that the utility of the methodology does not lie in making specific predictions as there are many ways to accomplish that. Rather, the methodology shows promise for two applications: First, integrating diverse expert knowledge and data and communicating that to stakeholders and, second, searching for counter-intuitive results or unintended consequences of a policy option.

Enterprises are composed of an enormous number of elements (e.g., organizational units, human resources, production processes, and IT systems) typically classified in the business or the IT domain. However, some crucial elements do not belong in either group: they are directly responsible for producing and delivering the company’s goods and services and include all the elements that support day to day operations. Collectively, these elements have been called operational technologies (OT) and have been conspicuously excluded from enterprise modeling (EM) approaches which traditionally have focused on the business and IT dimensions. Evidence of this is the absence of OT elements in languages and metamodels for EM. This is in line with the historical division between IT and OT in organizations that has led to information silos, independent teams, and disparate technologies that only recently have started to be reconciled. Considering that OT is critical to most productive organizations, and the benefits that EM brings to its understanding and improvement, it makes sense to expand EM to include OT. For that purpose, this paper proposes an extension to ArchiMate 3.0 which includes crucial OT elements. On top of that, this paper also proposes an approach to further expand ArchiMate to address specific industries where more specific OT elements are required. This is illustrated in the paper with an extension for the Oil and Gas case that was validated with experts belonging to five companies in the sector.

The automotive manufacturing industry is under financial pressure due to massive cost structure, relatively small scale operation and strong global competition. In order to improve their operational cost efficiency, companies have adopt lean principles in all their manufacturing activities, in particular, just-in-time supply chain. However, a consequence of this policy makes the transportation network from the local supply chain time critical. This paper uses an enterprise system model integrated with a quantitative method to study a manufacturing company’s logistics system re-development project. The quantitative risk analysis examines the project’s systems engineering management plan to see if it is sufficiently to mitigate risks in design, monitoring and validation of the project’s lifecycle processes. The computed risk profile shows a trend of decreasing risk and suggests areas of improvement in the systems engineering plan to ensure greater probability of success. The research assumes a single risk profile for the supply chain. Research is continuing in expanding to more accurate risk profile of the project when partners of the supply chain have individual profiles.

Because the growth of internet of things (IOT) technology, stakeholders who come from different research areas (information modeling area, dynamic process modeling area, and so on) will very easily and simultaneously evaluate and control the manufacturing process from all over the world. Therefore, there is an urgent need for a comprehensive enterprise modeling methodology with the integration of information modeling and dynamic process modeling method. However, it is known that there is limited research on the realization of a modeling methodology that can simultaneously handle information modeling and dynamic process modeling. The method for object-oriented business process optimization (MO2GO) system performs modeling in terms of information and process. However, the process modeling part in this system is static. Meanwhile, the Petri net mathematical modeling language has strong dynamic simulation capability. Thus, our main contribution is to analyze the characteristics of Petri net, which would be helpful to the dynamic process modeling realization in the MO2GO system, and integrate Petri net engine into the MO2GO system to allow a static process model to become dynamic. In here, the system can not only display a simulated manufacturing process but also calculate actual information (time and cost) for a final manufactured product. Therefore, it is possible for the system to handle both information modeling and dynamic process modeling. Finally, the MO2GO system will be more competitive in the future industry.

The 27th issue of CSIMQ presents four articles that cover a wide range of research topics. The articles are extended versions of previous publications. The topics of this issue start with the discussion of sound workflow specifications. It suggests control-flow-based methods. The range of topics ends with the discussion of literature results about the relations of Big Data algorithms and Microservices. Additionally, an approach for modeling the prediction of bankruptcy for Latvian companies is discussed. Within the range of topics is also an article about identity management in organizations. It discusses a case study and the Fractal Enterprise Model.

Background: Workplace participation for people with ID is a major policy issue, with both economic and social imperatives. Policy reforms in Australia associated with the implementation of the National Disability Insurance Scheme (NDIS) require new and innovative approaches to address these problems. Objective: This project was established to investigate how a Social Enterprise Framework could be used as a mechanism to transform supported employment services (Australian Disability Enterprises) into open employment settings that secure meaningful, rewarding, and sustainable employment for people with ID. Methods: A systematic literature review was undertaken, and a model of Social Enterprise was developed that would be inclusive of people with ID. The theoretical model was reviewed by industry experts and refined. Its practical application and feasibility was then tested through the implementation of an organisational audit and strategic planning exercise. This was designed to produce an enterprise model. Results: Social Enterprise is an umbrella term describing any organisation that focuses on social change. For people with ID, its essential features include an economically viable business, which provide the payment of 'a living wage', in a setting involving meaningful work that includes opportunities for the acquisition of socially valued skills and career development, as well as contributing to the person's opportunities for social relationships. Conclusion: Though a challenging undertaking, Social Enterprise provides a promising employment option for some people with ID, when such initiatives are driven from executive and senior personnel of an organisation.

The benefits of enterprise modeling (EM) and its contribution to organizational tasks are largely undisputed in business and information systems engineering. EM as a discipline has been around for several decades but is typically performed by a limited number of people in organizations with an affinity to modeling. What is captured in models is only a fragment of what ought to be captured. Thus, this research note argues that EM is far from its maximum potential. Many people develop some kind of model in their local practice without thinking about it consciously. Exploiting the potential of this “grass roots modeling” could lead to groundbreaking innovations. The aim is to investigate integration of the established practices of modeling with local practices of creating and using model-like artifacts of relevance for the overall organization. The paper develops a vision for extending the reach of EM, identifies research areas contributing to the vision and proposes elements of a future research agenda. This is a post-peer-review, pre-copyedit version of an article published in [Business & Information Systems Engineering ] The final authenticated version is available online at: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12599-017-0516-y

An interesting research problem in our age of Big Data is that of determining provenance. Granular evaluation of provenance of physical goods (e.g., tracking ingredients of a pharmaceutical or demonstrating authenticity of luxury goods) has often not been possible with today's items that are produced and transported in complex, interorganizational, often internationally spanning supply chains. Recent adoptions of the Internet of Things and blockchain technologies give promise at better supply‐chain provenance. We are particularly interested in the blockchain, as many favored use cases of blockchain are for provenance tracking. We are also interested in applying ontologies, as there has been some work done on knowledge provenance, traceability, and food provenance using ontologies. In this paper, we make a case for why ontologies can contribute to blockchain design. To support this case, we analyze a traceability ontology and translate some of its representations to smart contracts that execute a provenance trace and enforce traceability constraints on the Ethereum blockchain platform.

The paper first takes a look at the state of the art on the overlapping areas of: Enterprise Modelling, Enterprise Integration/Interoperability, Organisational Learning and Knowledge Management. We...