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In this study, technical and economic analysis of dairy cattle enterprises in Balıkesir province were carried out. The factors which affect the competitiveness of enterprises and are important in terms of the continuity of production were determined. The stratified sampling method was used to determine the sample, and the study material was two-year (2017–2018) data obtained from 147 enterprises. In addition to the economic analysis of the data obtained, factors affecting unit profit in enterprises were estimated using the multiple linear regression model. The cost elements in total enterprises in Balıkesir province in 2017–2018 include feed expenses (47.90%-47.29%), livestock depreciation (16.64%-16.13%), labor expenses (13.84%-14.30%), veterinary health expenses (4.03%-4.50%), fuel transportation expenses (3.43%-4.15%), building equipment depreciation (3.37%-3.64%), and other expense items. A distinct difference was observed between scales in terms of profit and loss states of the enterprises in the study, with an increase in the profitability level from small toward large scale enterprise. The small-scale enterprises, in particular, are at a loss. The most important determinant of competitiveness in the study is the region’s development level, where the enterprises are established in the borders of Balıkesir province. Additionally, among the technical parameters, the calving interval and the reduction of the disease rate have a positive effect on the competitiveness of the enterprises. Therefore, improving the financial structure of the enterprises and boosting the rate of technology utilization while simultaneously increasing enterprise scales will contribute positively to competitiveness.

Background Perioperative services have been scrutinized in the context of cost containment in health care, particularly in the procurement and reprocessing of surgical instruments. Although solutions such as surgical instrument inventory optimization (IO) have been proposed, there is a paucity of literature on how to implement this change. The purpose of this project was to describe the implementation of an IO using Kotter's Change Model (KCM). Methods This study was conducted at a tertiary academic hospital across the four highest-volume surgical services. The IO was implemented using the steps outlined by KCM: (1) create coalition, (2) create vision for change, (3) establish urgency, (4) communicate the vision, (5) empower broad-based action, (6) generate short-term wins, (7) consolidate gains, and (8) anchor change. This process was evaluated using inventory metrics, operational efficiency metrics, and clinician satisfaction. Results Total inventory was reduced by 37.7%, with an average tray size reduction of 18.0%. This led to a total reprocessing time savings of 1,333 hours per annum and labor cost savings of $39,995 per annum. Depreciation cost savings were $64,320 per annum. Case cancellation rate due to instrument-related errors decreased from 3.9% to 0.2%. The proportion of staff completely satisfied with the inventory was 1.7% pre-IO and 80.0% post-IO. Conclusion This is the first study to describe the successful implementation of KCM to facilitate change in the perioperative setting. This success contributes to the growing body of literature supporting KCM as a valuable change management tool in health care.

Background Total laboratory automation (TLA) is an innovation in laboratory technology; however, the high up-front costs restrict its widespread adoption. To examine whether the capital investment for TLA is worthwhile, we analyzed its clinical- and cost-effectiveness for the expected payback period. Methods Clinical chemistry tests and immunoassays performed in the clinical laboratory of a tertiary care hospital were divided into a post-TLA group, including 1,182,419 tests performed during December 2019, and a pre-TLA group, including 1,151,501 tests performed during December 2018. Laboratory information system data were used to measure clinical effectiveness, and depreciation data were used to calculate TLA costs. Results Laboratory performance improved after TLA adoption in all four key performance indicators: mean turn-around time (TAT), representing the timeliness of result reporting, decreased by 6.1%; the 99th percentile of TAT, representing the outlier rate, decreased by 13.3%; the TAT CV, representing predictability, decreased by 70.0%; and weighted tube touch moment (wTTM), representing staff safety, improved by 77.6%. Based on these effectiveness results, economic evaluation was performed using two approaches. First, the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio and wTTM were used as the most cost-effective performance indicators. Second, the expected payback period was calculated. Considering only staff cost reduction, it was anticipated that 4.75 yrs would be needed to payback the initial investment. Conclusions TLA can significantly enhance laboratory performance, has a relatively quick payback period, and can reduce total hospital expenses in the long term. Therefore, the capital investment for TLA adoption is considered to be worthwhile.

Information technology is a technology used to process data, including processing, obtaining, compiling, storing, manipulating data in various ways to produce relevant, accurate and timely information, which is used for personal, business and government purposes and is strategic information for decision making, in recording fixed assets for example, must be managed properly because the need for the data is frequent intensity, the number of items is not small so it is impossible to memorize, the calculation of depreciation of fixed assets of a company needs to be done at the end of every year because it will affect the book value and depreciation expense on the balance sheet and depreciation expense on fixed assets on the income statement. This depreciation calculation can also be used as a reference in the allocation to purchase new assets if the existing fixed assets can no longer be used. Obstacles in preparing depreciation reports if not resolved immediately will have a bad impact on schools, for example being late in submitting annual tax reports due to the long preparation of depreciation reports will result in schools being fined for being late in reporting the annual corporate tax return. With the accounting information system for depreciation of fixed assets, it is expected that it will facilitate officers in managing fixed asset data and depreciation reports. The new system that will be designed is web-based, so that it can be accessed at any time by interested parties and makes coordination time more effective.

Almost all studies in the trade literature have concentrated on the trade in goods. Recently, a study considered trade in two service industries (insurance and financial) between the U.S. and six of her trading partners and concluded that exchange rate changes have no significant effects on the U.S. service trade. Could such a finding be due to assuming the effects to be symmetric? We provide an affirmative answer by arguing and demonstrating that the effects of exchange rate on service trade could be asymmetric, which requires using nonlinear models. Once we estimate the nonlinear models, indeed we show that dollar depreciation and dollar appreciation have significant short-run and long-run effects on the U.S. inpayments from and outpayments to most of its partners in the two service industries. We attribute our new discoveries to the nonlinear adjustment of the real exchange rate.

The aim of the study was to determine the features of industrial development in modern decentralization. Materials and methods. This study is based on the study of literature sources that characterize the problems of industrial nature management, features of development and operation, geospatial features of industry. The most well-known literary sources are analyzed, namely monographs, reporting materials, articles, reports concerning the problems of industrial nature management in the conditions of modern decentralization. Results. Decentralization contributes to the development of the economy, as the authorities respond more quickly to the demands and needs of society. Decentralization processes are improving the so-called investment climate, resulting in economic growth. That is why it is important to consider the factors influencing the development of industry in today's decentralization. We highlight the political and legal, economic, socio-demographic, technological factors of industrial development. On their example, we will consider features of development of the industry in the conditions of modern decentralization. Conclusion. The analysis of development factors and structural transformations in industry has revealed a number of sharp contradictions that create many risks for the existence of the industry itself, as well as the economy and social sphere of the country. This poses a number of serious challenges to the country to overcome such contradictions as: the inconsistency of the general trend of the industry with the development of world industry in structural and technological terms; continuation of structural and organizational degradation of production with preservation of its export-raw material orientation and corresponding dependence on external conditions; increasing technological simplification and primitivization of production; inconsistency of domestic production with the needs of the population; the progressive decline of processing industries, including high-tech and fund-generating, for the domestic consumer market; high depreciation of fixed assets and unattractive investment of the industry, including for foreign investors; remoteness of the financial sector from servicing long-term investment needs of production; "Conservative" distribution of investment resources; lack of a mechanism for redistribution of investment resources in favor of promising industries. The identified contradictions and the resulting risks to the further functioning of the industry must be resolved as soon as possible for progressive changes and industrial development in the future.

The article presents a conceptual overview of modern approaches to accounting for depreciation of machine and tractor fleet in agrarian production used in different countries of the world. The emphasis is placed on the agricultural specifics, which determines the use of certain methods and tools for calculating depreciation charges. The mechanism of the influence of the operating conditions of agricultural machinery on the choice of the organization’s depreciation policy, as well as the distinctive principles of management accounting for depreciation at agricultural enterprises, is disclosed, the possibilities of taking into account a number of specific factors in the process of determining depreciation are considered – inflation, uneven operation of equipment, its repair cycle, etc. The problem of scientifically based distribution of the value of long-term assets over time is touched upon.

The study aimed to analyze the credit risk management practices that the commercial banking sector in Morocco is committed to and their impact on the banking sector.Accordingly, the study reached many conclusions about the importance of applying the mechanism of transferring risks into credit opportunities in the market, which can be achieved through diversifying the bank’s revenue schemes in an optimal manner and correct compatibility with market requirements, which allows the bank to use different sources of interest and fees granted from other areas of service that provided by the Bank, rather than focusing primarily on loan portfolios. In addition, the study highlighted the importance of the relevant specialist within the Bank to deal with more macroeconomic research. Designed for market-based economies, other than adopting credit trend analysis alone, therefore, depreciation of bank assets comes from a variety of market drivers, which have a fundamental role in influencing the credit capabilities of the bank.

We examine a simple measure of operating leverage: the ratio of fixed costs (measured by depreciation and amortization plus selling, general, and administrative expenses) to the market (or book) value of assets. We find that this measure of operating leverage positively predicts returns. This operating leverage measure is not explained by common factors and performs better than the traditional measures of operating leverage. Furthermore, an exploratory two-factor model with the operating leverage factor works at least as well as, but does not subsume, the Fama and French five-factor model. (JEL G11, G12, G30)

Do investment tax incentives improve job prospects for workers? We explore states' adoption of a major federal tax incentive that accelerates the depreciation of equipment investments for eligible firms but not for ineligible ones. Analyzing massive establishment‐level data sets on occupational employment and computer investment, we find that when states expand investment incentives, eligible firms immediately increase their equipment and skilled employees; whereas they reduce routine‐task employees after a delay of up to two years. These opposing effects constitute an overall insignificant effect on the firms' total employment and shed light on the nuances of job creation through investment incentives.

This research aims to analyze the effect of exchange rates on foreign tourist flows in ASEAN-3. A fixed-effect model is used to estimate data from three ASEAN countries, namely: Indonesia, Malaysia, and Thailand from 1995 to 2016. The result shows that the exchange rate has a significant positive effect on foreign tourist flow. In other words, the depreciation of domestic currency increasing foreign tourist flow. Other control variables such as income per capita, HIV prevalence, trade, and consumer price index significantly affect a different sign.

There are multiple metrics available to analyze the profitability of a business’ core operations. EBIT and EBITDA are most commonly used among those. The key difference between EBIT and EBITDA is that EBIT deducts the cost of depreciation and amortization (D&A) from income, whereas EBITDA does not. They can traditionally be computed on the basis of operating income as well as net income. And they can also be adjusted or modified for the purpose. Differences in their computations can lead to varied results though they have similarities. EBIT allows us to better measure the profit under different capital structures and tax rates but EBITDA also excludes diversities in asset structures by D&A. But it should be remembered that these excluded espenses, such as interests and D&As, are actual and could be significant. Given that there is not a common ground on computing and using ways of these metrics, the purpose of this study is to guide the computation and use of these metrics relevantly in a rationale framework. In addition, the misleading perception that EBITDA and D&A alone represent cash flow has been tried to get breached. In the study based on IFRSs and taxonomies, reference computations have been made for practitioners and researchers.

New powertrain technologies, such as those used in Hybrid Electric Vehicles, have a price premium which is often offset by lower running costs. Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) combines these purchase and operating expenses to identify the most economical vehicles overall. This is a valuable assessment for both private and fleet purchasers. To date, no studies have compared Total Cost of Ownership across more than two vehicle markets or analysed historic costs. To address this gap, this research provides a more extensive assessment of TCO in three industrialized countries — the U.S.A. (California specifically), the UK, and Republic of Korea — for the time period from 2015 ∼ 2019. As an early analysis of the regional characteristics of TCO, this study aims to examine how TCO varies across different geographic regions and develop an analysis methodology for future analysis of environmental vehicles. To analyze the TCO under identical conditions for each region, the TCO result is calculated using data from conventional vehicles by utilizing sufficient statistical data. The TCO model includes registration and road taxes as well as insurance, fuel, financial interest, depreciation, and maintenance costs. To represent the local features, the research considers four vehicles from different manufacturers. Using the proposed TCO model, the regional characteristic is analyzed and a sensitivity analysis is performed with the parameters constituting the TCO model. This research has implications for both fleet purchasers and private owners considering new vehicles. The findings are also relevant for carmakers aiming to develop vehicle sales strategies optimized for specific regions.

Problem setting. When organizing an incentive-bonus system at the enterprise, along with determining the source of bonuses, indicators and conditions of bonuses, establishing the amount of bonuses and terms of bonuses, the grounds for depreciation of employees are established. Analysis of resent researches and publications. Most researchers who have studied bonuses have also paid attention to the problem of depressing employees. Among them A.Yu. Pasherstnik, O.D. Zaykin, S.S. Karinsky, R.Z. Livshits, OI Protsevsky, MI Kuchma, V.Ya. Gotz, P.D. Пилипенко, В.І. Prokopenko, VG Rotan and others. However, the problems that exist in this area determine the relevance of the topic, and their research - timely and practically necessary.Article’s main body. Due to the entry into the market economy, employers rejected almost everything that was proclaimed by the socialist society, although the principles of bonuses remained the same. If we look from the standpoint of compliance with the employee's right to timely and full payment, some approaches to bonuses should be found to violate the rights of the employee, especially the right to receive wages in full. We are talking about non-payment of bonuses for violation of labor discipline.Conclusions and prospects for the development. Each type of bonuses - conditioned and not conditioned by the system of remuneration - has its official purpose, which indicates its legal specificity. The bonuses set by the remuneration system include a clear system of guarantees for their payment, so they are more objective than other bonuses and meet the objectives of material incentives. Bonuses that are not determined by the pay system, leave more opportunities to encourage individual labor contributions of the employee, are more subjective.

When using a cryptocurrency, it is necessary to understand the attributes of each, as these features can affect the process of maintaining and reflecting in the accounting of transactions involving cryptocurrency. However, accounting for cryptocurrencies is crucial for companies whose activities are directly related to the creation of e-wallets and the accumulation of cryptocurrencies in them for various purposes (the company may be, for example, an investor or trader), as well as for companies mining (cryptocurrency mining). Previously, transactions with Bitcoin were relevant, as a rule, for exchanges and Internet resources, but today the sphere of influence is significantly expanding. The purpose of the study is to analyze existing types of equipment wear. Identify the factors influencing the operation of cryptocurrency mining equipment. Analyze the work of applicationspecific integrated circuit during the extraction of bitcoin coins. The research is based on a comprehensive analysis of events in the world of cryptocurrency. The main method of scientific research is the empirical method, which was used to observe changes in the attitude of countries to cryptocurrency. The measurement process helped to understand the size of the bitcoin market. During the study, a method of description was used to capture certain features of the accounting display of cryptocurrency in accounting. This allowed to expand the understanding of how cryptocurrencies are mined, what resources are used for the emergence of a new bitcoin coin in the world. In accounting and financial analysis, the concept of depreciation, which reflects the physical side of the phenomenon, is closely related to the economic concept of depreciation of equipment. Depreciation means both a decrease in the cost of equipment as it ages, and the attribution of part of this decrease to the cost of production. This is done in order to accumulate in special depreciation accounts funds for the purchase of new equipment or partial improvement. Digital wear should be understood as the loss of technical and economic characteristics of the equipment that generate cryptocurrencies. This applies to mining farms, ASICs, video cards and computing facilities. Digital wear consists of components that affect the design capacity of the equipment. They can be divided into a separate group: physical, moral, technological and functional. When purchasing mining equipment and filling out the primary accounting documentation, it is appropriate to use standard forms for accounting forfixed assets. The growing complexity is due to the emergence of more powerful equipment for the extraction of cryptocurrencies. In this case, the previously effective equipment brings less profit and gradually loses relevance. That is why the question of how long Asika lives for Mining cannot be answered exactly. This parameter depends on a number of factors.

The mining sector in Burkina Faso has grown since 2009 but revenue mobilization remains an important issue for the country. The purpose of this study is to test the necessary conditions for the economic sustainability of gold mining in Burkina Faso. This condition requires that the royalties collected by the government (institutional royalties) equal the economic depreciation of gold stock (economic royalties). The Hotelling rent approach is used to determine the economic depreciation of gold stock. The results are twofold. First, the results show a strong level of the economic depreciation of gold stock with an average scarcity index of 0.68. Second, the royalties collected by the government represent approximately 18% of the economic depreciation of gold stock meaning that the tax system is neutral. Therefore, the necessary condition of sustainability is not satisfied. This study is the first one concerning Burkina Faso to provide the empirical proof that the contribution of gold mining to economic sustainability is jeopardized by the insufficient collection of royalties from mining companies. Revising the institutional royalty rate by increasing its level is required to generate more revenue from the mining sector and reach sustainable management goals.

Setiap aset tetap dimiliki dan/atau dikuasai oleh satuan kerja pemerintah pusat merupakan bagian dari kekayaan negara yang akan disajikan dalam Laporan Keuangan Pemerintah Pusat. Akuntansi aset tetap hingga menghasilkan LKPP dilakukan dengan basis kas yang diatur dalam Buletin Teknis 15 tentang Akuntansi Aset Tetap Berbasis Akrual. Rumusan masalah yang dibahas adalah implementasi kebijakan akuntansi mulai dari klasifikasi, pengakuan, pengukuran, penyusutan, serta penyajian dan pengungkapan aset tetap pada satuan kerja pemerintah. Adapun tujuannya adalah untuk melihat keakuratan implementasi kebijakan akuntansi aset tetap pada satuan kerja pemerintah. Satuan kerja pemerintah yang menjadi objek penelitian adalah kantor daerah dari salah satu kementerian yang berada di Provinsi Lampung. Pengambilan data penelitian dilakukan dengan metode wawancara dan dokumen.

Accounting for tangible fixed assets is a very important part of the accounting of public institutions, because these types of assets have a very large share and come in a variety of forms in public entities of different sizes and profiles, without which they would not could fulfil the missions for which they were created. The issue of accounting for these assets according to national regulations has been proposed to highlight it by comparison with international regulations represented by accounting standards for the public sector. In addition to the significant progress made since 2005 in aligning public accounting in the area of tangible fixed assets with that of the international standard (IPSAS – 17), we have found that there are provisions that have not been implemented for various reasons. Therefore, based on the research of the specialized literature, personal experiences and a survey conducted by us among professional accountants in the army, we have identified some possible solutions to continue the process of implementing this international standard, opinions and solutions that we present at the end of this article.

A comprehensive assessment of the level of development of the housing sector in the regions of the Russian Far East has been carried out. Private and integral ratings of regions have been constructed. Calculations were made using indicators reflecting the quality of housing (construction time, wall material, degree of depreciation, share of dilapidated housing, equipment with communal amenities), housing provision of the population, housing construction, provision to those on the waiting list, and financial affordability of home purchase. The results of constructing ratings of regions using the methods of ordinal scaling and linear scaling were analyzed.

The article is devoted to the disclosure of problems and improvement of depreciation of fixed assets as a source of their reproduction. The organizational and methodological aspects that clarify the essence and economic content of depreciation of fixed assets as an accumulated and used source of financing for the renewal and reproduction of fixed assets are considered. Recommendations for improving the structure of the contractual account 02 “Depreciation of fixed assets”, the financial and productive account 84 “Retained earnings (uncovered loss” in terms of the amount of information reflected on them are proposed. The proposals for rationalizing the accounting of accumulated and used depreciation amounts, retained earnings in financing the renewal and reproduction of fixed assets are identified.

A major uncertainty in the diffusion of autonomous vehicles is the split between ownership and automated mobility services. We calculate total cost of ownership and use (TCOU) to compare four alternatives: private manually driven vehicles, private automated vehicles, automated on-demand exclusive use mobility services (ridesourcing) and automated on-demand pooled mobility services (ridesplitting), for both conventional and electric propulsions. We also included potential usefulness of travel time in the driverless vehicles in the TCOU calculations, thus including some of the non-financial factors in travel decision making. While nearly all current studies are limited to comparing average representative trips or mileage of existing vehicles, we calculate TCOUs for every vehicle in the UK National Travel Survey dataset, considering heterogeneity in mileage patterns, trip purposes, time spent driving, value of time, vehicle age, depreciation and other factors between different vehicles. The results suggest that a near-total transition to automated ride services is highly unlikely, since ownership of (automated or manually driven) vehicles continues to be the least-cost option in most cases. Even in the most pro-mobility service test case, ownership remains more cost-effective for one third of the current vehicle fleet. Regression analysis shows that higher income of the main driver, business use of the vehicle, rural location of the household or being the main household vehicle leads to a higher likelihood that automated vehicle ownership will be lower cost compared to automated mobility services. Within automated on-demand ride services, exclusive use services are cost effective for more cases compared to pooled, shared-use type options, with uncertain consequences for future travel demand.

The Brazilian accounting system started its convergence process to international accounting standards with the creation of the Accounting Pronouncements Committee, which is the entity responsible for issuing and studying the pronouncements guiding principles of the process. The initial process was based on the Law 11.638/2007, which included, among others the Fixed Assets, and as a result, the Accounting Pronouncements Committee issued CPC 27, which deals specifically with the subject Fixed Assets and one of its items establishes the concept of economic useful life for depreciation purposes. The present article aimed to answer the following question: Are companies in the poultry sector in Brazil applying the content of CPC 27 with respect to the concept of economic useful life for the purpose of depreciation calculation? The research consisted in connecting the practice, through questionnaires answered by the aviculture companies, the theory evaluating the objective of applying the concept of economic useful life for purposes of depreciation, linked to the use of the asset as condition to generate economic benefits to the controlling entity, and through statistics tests to compare both averages. The questionnaire performed questions in order identify the application of this concept, average useful life by subgroups of fixed assets, relevance of the cost x benefit of the application and impact on financial statements. Although more than two/thirds consider that the assessment of economic useful lives for depreciation purposes has a significant effect on the financial statements, their practical application was not shown in the same level.