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Introduction Worldwide, there are more lesbians who chose to have children in the context of a same-sex relationship than ever before. The Czech studies focusing on this issue, including the analysis of methods of conception, are limited. Aim We aimed to examine the changes over time in the desire of Czech lesbian women for children and to analyze their chosen methods of conception. Methods We analyzed retrospectively the personal history of lesbian patients who visited our clinic in the period from 2009 to 2017. Our sample (n = 318) was divided into 2 groups: Group A – our patients between 2009 and 2013, whereas group B comprised our patients from 2013 to 2017. Main outcome measures The outcome of this study is comparing groups A and B, regarding factors associated to parenthood, such as desire to have a child and preferences in methods of conception. Results We compared group A and group B and obtained the following results: The percentage of homosexual women who did not desire to have a child decreased (22.5% vs 15.6%). Regarding the changes in the preferences in methods of conception among group A and group B, the findings are as follows: a child from a previous relationship (31.2% vs 27.4%), clinically assisted reproduction with an anonymous donor (19.6% vs 30.1%), home intrauterine insemmination with a known donor (24.6% vs 19.2%), clinically assisted reproduction with a known donor (13.1% vs 9.6%), coitus outside the relationship for the purpose of a child conception (9.8% vs 5.5%), home intrauterine insemmination by sperm from an anonymous donor (1.6% vs 4.1%), assisted reproduction performed abroad was selected only in group B (2.7%). Conclusions We confirm that the percentage of Czech lesbians who have a child or want to have a child has increased and that several variables regarding the desire for parenthood in the Czech lesbian community are changing over time (eg, methods of conception) mostly in concordance with other Western European countries. Turcan P, Prochazka M, Prochazka P, et al. Desire for Parenthood and Associated Trends in Czech Lesbian Women. Sex Med 2020;8:650–659.

This literature review outlines modern language-teaching methods used in the Czech Republic and Slovakia. It attempts to identify the current level of English proficiency in Slovakia and the Czech Republic. In addition, it aims to summarize modern methods of language teaching that became available with advent of information technologies. The review has three major parts. The first part examines the current level of English proficiency in Slovakia and the Czech Republic. The second part describes the commonly recognized language proficiency levels established by the Council of Europe. The last part of the review introduces some of the most recent language-training methods that have become widely available due to the development of IT in the last few years. The conclusion includes recommendations about the use of IT for language training. This paper provides an overview of the subject, focusing mainly on readers who are either new to the topic or looking for a simple overview of the present situation. Based on the findings, it can be concluded that the Czech Republic and Slovakia have an average level of English proficiency and at least nine modern teaching methods can be used to improve an individual’s language skills.

While literary history normally avoids using political milestones to define literary epochs, we can hardly ignore that (particularly when it comes to modern Czech literature) historical events and social changes had a direct impact on the quality of literary life and its products. In the nearly one hundred years since the establishment of the independent Czechoslovak state we can identify several periods, each of which tended to last for about twenty years each. Defined by changes in the political landscape, each of them likewise offered distinctly different conditions for literary undertakings, reader reception, relations between the authorities and the creative individual. This study describes the forms and functions of art as reflected in the choice of topics and formal execution, as well as in the emergence of trends, covering interwar literature (1918–1938), post-February literature (1948–1968), Normalization era literature (1969–1989) and, most recently, post-November literature (1989–present).

Within literary comparative studies, inquiries into typological connections represent a markedly high level, primarily because the principle of comparing phenomena can be applied in its full spectrum, which includes dissimilarities. An overarching central European climate becomes clearly apparent when comparing the Czech and Slovak poetry of the 1920s (e.g., Březina, Hlavacek, Hviezdoslav, Lukac, Novomeský, Smrek, Toman, Wolker). Czech movements such as Devětsil and Poetismus ran alongside the Slovaks' poetic naivete, not unlike its Czech counterparts and their socially-engaged lyrics, as this developmental relationship was fostered in large part by the union of both nations' literatures. Set against the backdrop of a wider context, including French and American poetry, as well as Russian prose, this paper traces the highly international niche established by the Czech and Slovak lyrical schools.

The contribution focuses on the transformations of the field of Popular Music Studies in the Czech Republic within the transition to a post-communist historiography, both in academic and non-academic discourse. Attention is paid to the changes of the contents of the field of Popular Music Studies, specifically its conception and interpretation of popular music history, including thematic preferences and evaluative standards. In this respect, the paper will discuss the key determinants of Czech post-communist popular music historiography, especially in the form of the impact of authority figures, such as a dissident, writer, philosopher and president Vaclav Havel, who strongly influenced Czech humanities by his holistic concept of the function of art and music, based on the dialectical relation of aesthetic, noetic and ethical aspects, namely, relation of an artistic beauty, a true reflection of a specific reality and a service to a moral good.

Stakeholder Approach and the Corporate Financial Performance The following paper aims to describe the analysis and utilization of stakeholder approach, which was used in the research of the Research Centre for Competitiveness of Czech Economy. The stakeholder model was employed in the research to explain the behavior of enterprises and to find factors of competitiveness. Here we can find assessment of stakeholders' importance and its relationship to corporate financial performance with some chosen interfering factors, which is preceding step before assessment all potential factors of competitiveness using multi dimensional analysis. Also the achieved results are related to chosen international and Czech studies.

The article concerns the titles of new sport disciplines in Bulgarian and Czech language, which come from English, or, in some cases, from Eastern languages (Chinese, Japanese, etc.). The purpose of the study is to determine the dynamics of this scientific field and the paths of its renewal. This process is determined by expanding the influence of sport activities in everyday life of our society and becoming more and more popular due to mass media and Internet.

This paper describes the general principles, design, and present state of the Czech National Corpus (CNC) project. The corpus has been designed to provide a firm basis for the study of both the contemporary written Czech (a goal well attainable with the present resources) and the Czech language beyond the limits of contemporary written texts (a long-term commitment including the building of a corpus of spoken Czech and diachronic and dialectal corpora). The work on the CNC project, now in the eighth year of its official existence, has resulted in the completion of SYN2000, a 100-million-word corpus of contemporary written Czech, the organization of the cores of spoken, diachronic, and dialectal corpora, and the finding of workable solutions to some general theoretical problems involved in the building of these corpora.

The article proceeds from the linguistic, social and political situation that has developed on the territory of the Czech Republic over the course of the 20th century. The biographical accounts given by people of German extraction who live in the Czech Republic form the empirical starting point. The article focuses on how they construct their language biographies. Of particular interest is how they acquired the Czech language (especially after 1945) — namely which factors in the acquisition of Czech they view as important and what their reported acquisition strategies are like. Similarly, the paper takes notice of how the German language has been preserved in the older generations of Czech Germans and the ways in which the younger generations of Czech Germans acquire German.

An article summarising the reception of Czech independent literature in the first decade of the post-communist era.

The present text deals with content analysis of Czech teaching texts with regard to presence of iconic text. The subject of the analysis is the image of Poland after World War II in Czech textbooks of history for the second stage of elementary education in the latter half of the past and the beginning of this century. Following summarisation, analysis and interpretation of the found visual material the author of this contribution concludes that the textbook authors still apply the stereotype of selective choice scheme and little activating teaching potential of the selected images.

The building of the modern Czech nation in the nineteenth century depended to a considerable extent on a scientific description of its language and literature. This chapter describes the origins, formation, methods and goals of Czech philology, as embodied by three generations of scholars from Vaclav Fortunat Durych and Josef Dobrovskỳ, to Josef Jungmann. From oriental philological studies Dobrovskỳ and his circle adopted the method of comparative linguistics and applied it to the Slavic languages and dialects. References to analogous properties of the Slavic dialects in comparison with oriental languages can be found mainly in the work of the two founders of Slavic philology, Dobrovskỳ and Durych. Jungmann's first major and minor translations were essentially a thesaurus of the new Czech language which Jungmann created in his greatest work, the Czech-German dictionary. Keywords: Czech philology; Josef Dobrovskỳ; Josef Jungmann; Slavic linguistics; Vaclav Fortunat Durych

Language technology is used to develop software systems designed to handle human language and are therefore often called “human language technology”. Human language comes in spoken and written forms.

Computer manufacturers should include both the Czech and Slovak character sets in future plans. These character sets are described and compared.

This article aims at a multifaceted view of Eiichi Chino, who was a charismatic Japanese polyglot, professor of the Tokyo University of Foreign Studies, and president of Wakō University. He is known above all as a leading Japanese specialist in Czech philology, Slavic philology, a researcher in general linguistics and the Japanese language (co-editor of a 6-volume encyclopedia of linguistics). He translated into Japanese a number of books from canonical Czech literature, lectured on Czech culture, and initiated a program of Czech studies in Japan. Chino is also the author of many enlightening books on linguistics.

Bohuslav Havranek (1893–1978) played a significant role during the interwar period in the Prague Linguistic Circle. His legacy can be seen in the many volumes of dictionaries, grammars, handbooks, and readers of the Czech language. He seemed to have had a hand in most major projects, including a Czech–Russian dictionary, a dictionary of Old Czech, and a handbook of Czech orthographic rules. He contributed to the understanding of Czech dialects and the differences between literary and colloquial Czech.

This article deals with the language situation of the Hungarian community in the Czech Republic after the division of Czechoslovakia (January 1, 1993). Nearly 20,000 Hungarians live in the Czech Republic today. Various Hungarian public organizations operate here, journals are published in Hungarian, and the Hungarian language appears in the Czech mass media regularly. The results of the qualitative research into Hungarians in the Czech Republic, carried out by the authors, are presented in this article. The questionnaire-based interviews were used to extract from the informants, belonging to three different age-groups, the following bilingualism issues: the degree of their knowledge of Hungarian and Czech, the domain in which the informants use either Hungarian or Czech, the choice of languages for written and spoken communication, and attitudes of the informants to both languages.

The paper investigates a specific type of genre, descriptions of linguistic books in Internet catalogues of three Czech and three Anglophone publishers. It strives to capture their structural organization and some other characteristics that could bring into relief differences between the Czech and the English discourse strategies of their composition. Using a two-level analytical framework to identify the structural parts of the descriptions and the meaning components that realize them, the study finds certain tendencies that to some extent distinguish between them. Still, the English descriptions and even less so the Czech ones are far from homogeneous and striking dissimilarities can be found both between and within the Anglophone and the Czech publishers.

Against background of the growing need of information, which for language used to be supplied in a rather limited way, the new solution found in language corpora and the way how this has been implemented is outlined and discussed. For the Czech language, this solution has materialized in the 100 million representative Czech National Corpus (CNC, 2000). In the following, a brief tour is offered through various stages of its build-up, characterizing both various corpora within CNC and giving some figures about proportions of various types of language represented. The last part of the contribution sets a minimal programme for further research and desiderata to be followed in general in this branch of important and international stream of modern science.

The essay printed here was destined for a collection of Czech studies of linguistic and cultural questions in the Far East. The title of the volume was “A World Behind the Bars of Characters”; what we had in mind was a strange state of affairs. Apart from what we know from our own experience, we know the world, especially in the past, only through the medium of written characters. On the other hand we often feel in the course of this cognition that instead of being a window, the medium has become a barrier between us and the reality we are trying to get to know, rather than something to bring it nearer. How often, gazing at the fascinating Chinese or Japanese characters written or printed on the page before us, have we wondered what they really meant, what human experience had brought them forth, what the man was like who was talking through them, or who was talked of in them. And too often there was no answer or only a partial and twisted one.