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The purpose of this activity is to increase the income of BUMDes through the Tirta Kamulyan bottled water business, which is one of the BUMDes Bangunjiwo business units. Problems in the production sector, namely the absence of a filter to filter ready-to-drink water and an unhygienic pouring process; while for the marketing field is the lack of ability of managers to market products online, besides that the packaging used is not attractive. The methods used are: 1) Procurement and training on the use of bottled drinking water filters, 2) Lectures on health protocol socialization for BUMDes managers and youth organizations, 3) Training and assistance in making product packaging labels, online product marketing, and making blocks and social media for youth groups. From the service activities, activities were held in the form of: 1) Procurement of water filters and training on the use of water filters, 2) Socialization of the Covid-19 health protocol for BUMDes managers and youth organizations, installing Covid-19 protocol banners around BUMDes, providing health protocol tools, 3) Training and assistance in the manufacture of product packaging labels, 4) Training and assistance in online product marketing; and 5) Training and assistance in making blocks and social media for youth organizations. All activities were completed and were successful, after the service program, sales of Tirta Kamulyan Kangen Water products increased by 20%.

Summary Drinking water is the primary source of fluoride intake for humans around the world. In southern Algeria, dental fluorosis is considered an epidemic that is spreading among the population by health professionals. Thus, the consumption of bottled water is important because it is considered safer for health. Objectives This study aims to determine the fluoride concentrations of bottled water commercially available in southern Algeria and report the non-carcinogenic health risk via daily human intake. Material and methods By 2021, 28 commercial brands were obtained from different supermarkets in Ouargla, Algeria. Fluoride was measured using a validated spectrophotometric method. The fluoride risk quotient (HQ) and the estimated daily intake (EDI) were calculated. Results All the brands did not mention the fluoride content on the label. The mean level was 0.40 ± 0.42 mg/L, and a wide range was found [0.00 to 1.65 mg/L]. The average was below the WHO standard. Most samples (75%, n=21) contained less than 0.50 mg/L, which can cause dental caries. The HQ values average ​​were less than 1, suggesting no health risk associated with drinking bottled water. Conclusion With the increasing consumption of bottled water, this work is important for primary prevention programs for dental caries. The main contribution is the constitution of a database concerning the fluoride levels in bottled water marketed in southern Algeria. Labelling of fluoride concentrations by manufacturers should be mandatory.

En el mundo actual de gran competencia empresarial es de gran relevancia como empresa contar con ventajas competitivas que permitan destacar de toda la competencia existente en el mercado, una de estas ventajas puede ser un tiempo de producción optimo; las estrategias o medios convencionales con las que una empresa puede reducir el tiempo de sus actividades o aumentar su producción por lo general pueden ocasionar un sobrecosto, para lo cual es muy importante que las empresas realicen una buena gestión de sus recursos optimizando procedimientos. Es por ello que el presente estudio de caso está enfocado en disminuir los tiempos en la producción de agua purificada en la empresa Agua Purissima mediante la aplicación de costos comprimidos con la herramienta PERT/CPM en la producción de agua envasada. Para ello se identificó y se desarrolló la ruta crítica, para representar gráficamente la misma tanto para el tiempo-costo normal; como para tiempo-costo comprimido. Como resultado esto permitido disminuir el tiempo de producción un 33.08% a cambio de aumentar un 28.78% sus costos y generando así un aumento en su productividad un 42. 27%.

This work was carried out in order to detect the presence of bacterial agent in the bottled water samples, and to evaluate the physicochemical qualities of these bottled water. Twenty samples selected from four different brands of bottled water sold in Owerri, were examined to determine their bacteriological and physicochemical qualities. Bacteriological analyses using Membrane filtration technique was carried out to determine the heterotrophic bacteria, total coliform and fecal coliform counts. Physicochemical qualities were also determined using standard methods. The heterotrophic bacterial count ranged from 0.00 to 12.00 CFU/ml, total coliform count ranged from 0.00 to 7.50 coliform/100ml. There was absence of fecal coliform in the samples. The pH, Color, Turbidity and Conductivity of the samples ranged from 5.18 to 7.28, 0.00 to 18.00 PCU, 0.55 to 1.62 NTU and 16.00 to 262.00 µs/cm respectively. The Chloride, Iron and Nitrite content of the samples ranged from 16.99 to 27.98 mg/L, 0.01 to 0.07 mg/L Fe, and 0.00 to 0.34 mg/L respectively. The bacterial species isolated belong to the genera Staphylococcus, Proteus, Klebsiella, Bacillus and Escherichia. Quality wise, most of the water samples met the XYZ standard for bacteriological and physicochemical quality for drinking water with the exception of few. It can be deduced from this study, that none of the bottled water is suitable for drinking with regards to the bacteriological and physicochemical parameters tested. Though some samples passed the bacteriological examination, most of them were acidic and therefore not safe for consumption.

In this investigation, an innovative index was developed based on the fuzzy inference system for assessing the quality of bottled drinking waters. A method was developed to aggregate the values obtained from the defuzzification step. A total number of 24 quality parameters revealing the characteristics of bottled were in terms of physiochemical, dietary, toxic, and pathogenic aspects were selected as the input parameters. 30 samples were taken from the independent brands found in the Hamadan province retail market to evaluate the bottled water quality index (BWQI). Results show that the values obtained from measuring the parameters are in the range of the standard levels set by national regulations. The BWQI scores obtained from samples were in the range of 61.2-73.8 attributing to the marginal and fair descriptive classes. The drinking bottled water samples had better scores because of low contents of NO3, NO2, Fe, Mn, Cu, and Zn that are subjugated public distribution systems having the severe standards on urban water treatment plants for in case safe water. The mineral bottled water samples examination indicated that they are generally affected by the mineral contents of sedimentary rocks and NO3 leaks from fertilizers used in the agricultural doings and also they do not elaborate the rigorous scrutiny system alike those donned in the public water distribution systems. Sensitivity analysis using the Monte Carlo algorithm reveals that the parameters NO3, Na, hardness, and NO2 have the most impact on the BWQI scores.

With the development of economy and society and the improvement of people's living standards, people have higher and higher requirements for drinking water quality. Therefore, the bottled water market has great development space in the future, but it is also accompanied by many prominent problems such as many manufacturers and fierce competition. In order to understand the young people's cognition and purchase preference of bottled water in Anhui Province, the research group used online questionnaires, expert interviews, field research and other methods to explore the development status, consumption needs and main problems of the bottled water industry. Firstly, we conduct descriptive statistical analysis on the survey data to understand the distribution of samples, and use contingency analysis and decision tree analysis to analyze the purchase preference of youth bottled water in Anhui Province. Secondly, from the four aspects of price, advertising, publicity and sales, AHP is used to explore the influencing factors of young people's purchase of bottled water. Thirdly, the structural equation model is used to explore the transmission mechanism of each influencing factor of bottled water purchase. Finally, from the dimensions of purchase habits, purchase scenes and purchase needs, this paper uses cluster analysis to describe the purchase behavior of five types of youth in Anhui Province.

Bottled water entails an environmental sustainability challenge, and the restaurant industry is a large-scale contributor to this problem as it seems to be reluctant, at least in some countries, to substitute tap water for bottled water. There are two plausible reasons for this; one is that the industry might assume that customers prefer bottled water, mainly because of its taste, and the second is that restaurateurs may be unwilling to forgo the high economic margin from bottled water sales. In this context, filtered water may represent a solution as it is a greener option than bottled water and tastes better than tap water. However, does it represent a satisfying taste option for diners? Moreover, are restaurant consumers willing to pay for filtered water? Given the importance of the answers to these questions, this study proposes to examine whether there are differences between filtered and bottled mineral water regarding their expected and actual taste and customers’ willingness to pay. To this end, this study employed three different experimental groups in an actual fine-dining restaurant in Barcelona. The results show that consumers derive a positive payoff by drinking a more environmentally sustainable option and may even be willing to pay for filtered water. However, there is still room for improvement in filtering systems in regard to the taste of water. These results entail important managerial implications for the restaurant industry since it can become more environmentally sustainable without losing economic profits.

Consumption of bottled water creates large amounts of non-biodegradable plastic waste that poses a serious threat to marine life. Single-use plastic bags have been banned in several states in India...

Do bisphenol A (BPA) levels in maternal urine, serum and follicular fluid affect embryo quality and intracytoplasmic sperm hinjection (ICSI) cycle outcomes in women with unexplained infertility?Prospective study conducted between 1 April 2019 and 30 September 2019. The study cohort consisted of 82 women aged between 23 and 33 years who underwent intracytoplasmic sperm injection owing to unexplained infertility and provided urine, blood and follicular fluid samples on the day of oocyte retrieval. Consumption of drinking water from plastic carboys or bottles at home were considered as chronic BPA exposure. Demographic features and IVF outcomes of the patients were collected.Among the 82 women with unexplained infertility, clinical pregnancy was achieved in 22 (26.8%) patients after the IVF and embryo transfer cycle. The patients who consumed tap water had statistically significantly lower BPA values in three body fluids compared with patients who consumed plastic bottled water (all P0.001). Women who had grade 1 embryos transferred had lower serum BPA values than women who had grade 2 embryos transferred (10.8 ± 5.2 versus 26.9 ± 22 ng/ml, P = 0.003). Serum and follicular fluid BPA levels were statistically significantly higher in women who failed to achieve clinical pregnancy (P0.001, P = 0.006, respectively) and obtain a live birth (both P = 0.007).A negative relationship was found between serum and follicular fluid BPA levels and embryo quality, clinical pregnancy and live birth in these women. In addition, the BPA levels of women who consume tap water at home were lower than those who use plastic bottled water.

Each year, millions of tons of bisphenol-A (BPA) are produced and used in the global economy. In children, BPA exposure causes impaired brain development, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), as well as anxiety and metabolic-related disorders. Pregnant women, infants and young children face the greatest risk from BPA exposure. Under public pressure, BPA has been banned from baby bottles, but BPA is still being heavily used in the industry and numerous consumer products. Using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with a UV detector (HPLC–UV), we measured BPA (mg L−1) in fifteen local brands of plastic bottled water (n = 24) which are sold in markets of Zanjan, Iran. BPA levels ranged between “non-detectable” to 0.98 mg L−1. Spearman correlation test did not detect significant relationships between BPA and bottle color, its volume, or water pH. BPA increased, though negligibly, with increasing storage time and sunlight exposure. The estimated daily intake (EDI) was 0.075 × 10–3 μg kg-bw−1 day−1. Levels of BPA in bottled waters of the City of Zanjan were negligible. Protection of humans, wildlife and planet earth requires nothing less than a total ban on BPA.

Water needed for daily use is viable water that is clean and healthy. Due to limited access to clean water, people buy bottled water and refillable drinking water. It is necessary to do clinical research at the laboratory to determine whether the water condition is feasible or not for consumption. The purpose of this study was to determine whether or not there is E.coli bacteria in the refillable drinking water and bottled water. This study uses an experimental method. Samples were taken from 15 refillable drinking water depots in Kecamatan Rawalumbu Bekasi and 15 bottled water samples. The bacterias identification was made by planting the samples in Blood Agar media and EMB. The results showed four positive samples of E. coli bacteria (26.7%) in the refillable drinking water depot at Kecamatan Rawalumbu Bekasi and one positive sample of E. coli bacteria (6.7%) in bottled water. It was also found that other types of bacteria such as Coliform (6.7%), Pseudomonas sp. (40%), Klebsiella sp. (13.3%), Staphylococcus sp. (6.7%), and Streptobacillus Gram + (13.4%). Key words: Refillable Drinking Water, Bottled Water, Escherichia coli.

There has recently been a significant increase in interest regarding the prevalence of microplastics in bottled water. Previous studies have shown that the composition of many of the microplastics in bottled water is consistent with the materials of the bottle and bottle cap. The focus of this study is to quantify microplastic particle generation from the cap and bottle interaction during open and close cycles. Nile Red dye was used for the detection of microplastics >4.7 μm in size. Microplastic contamination levels in the water were found to increase as the bottle cap is opened and closed repeatedly. The rate of generation of particles with bottle opening and closing cycles (553 ± 202 microplastics/L/cycle) is adequate to account for the total particle density in the water. This clearly demonstrates that the abrasion between the bottle cap and bottleneck is the dominant mechanism for the generation of microplastic contamination detected in bottled water. A large spread between the maximum and minimum levels of microplastic contamination for bottles from the same lot, regardless of the number of times the cap is opened and closed, suggests that mechanical tolerances in the manufacturing of bottles and caps might play an important role in microplastic generation. HIGHLIGHTS The opening and closing of the cap generates the majority of the microplastics in bottled water.; Improved repeatability of particle detection with Galaxy Count software.; Improved protocol for detecting microplastics in bottled water.

Regional Drinking Water Company (PDAM) Tirta Binangun is one of the Regional Owned Enterprises (BUMD) in the field of water delivery services for Kulon Progo residents. PDAM Tirta Binangun also has a Bottled Drinking Water (AMDK) production program. AMDK KU needs to identify the financial feasibility of a 240 mℓ cup product. The need for business analysis is to find out whether AMDK KU can generate profits in the future or vice versa. The analysis of business feasibility used the methods of Break Event Point (BEP), Net Present Value (NPV), and Net B/C Ratio. Besides, it is necessary to take alternative corrective actions at the company for 240 mℓ cup products. The company of AMDK KU has gotten the normal BEP for the first cup production of 240 mℓ is 70,654 cartons, and the income in 6 months and 15 days is Rp 1,130,470,076. The analysis result is the company of AMDK KU, with the cup production of 240 mℓ, can be said that it had a profit. If the income and the price are increased by 10 percent, 20 percent, and 30 percent, it still will have profit. According to the NPV analysis, the products of 240 mℓ cup of AMDK KU are feasible to be done, even for 10 days later. However, the analysis result of the Net B/C Ratio, the products of 240 mℓ cup of AMDK KU is profitable because the score is Rp 1.1332. Furthermore, the PP result found in 10 months 11 days is included as a quick return on investment. The alternative action to solve the unprofitable products is by developing the product using the new innovation, product branding, a new marketing strategy, and additional investment.

Single-use plastic waste have become ubiquitous in the natural environment globally. In Ghana, the drinking water sector has become heavily dependent on packaged water in the form of sachet and bottled water. This has resulted in increased generation of single-use plastic waste littered in the natural environment. Waste sachets, though still major a challenge, have received some attention over the years in terms of identifying solutions for sustainable management. On the other hand, limited studies have focused on waste plastic bottles in terms of their generation, disposal and options for sustainable management. This study sought to explore the socio-demographic and attitudinal drivers of bottled water consumption in Ayawaso West Municipal Area located in the Greater Accra Region of Ghana. The results showed that increasing income levels, perceptions of hygiene and safety as well as convenience were the main factors driving the patronage of bottled water. Bottled water consumption is expected to continue to rise in coming years in response to rising income levels. Residents showed willingness to engage in waste segregation of their plastics however limited waste collection systems are available to support this. It is important to prioritize the waste plastic bottles in the waste management agenda and offer households waste collection options that will make segregation of waste worthwhile and sustainable.

Background: The main objective of this study was to investigate the logics behind tendencies towards bottled drinking water usage in spite of availability of treated tap water. The amount of waste bottle is also estimated in Iran and managing principles for resolving the issue presented. Methods: A questionnaire was used to survey the logics behind tendencies toward bottled drinking water consumption among 120 participants. In order to estimate the quantities of the PET wastes produced in the country, data about bottled water production rate as well as volume of the imported and exported drinking bottled water were collected from 1962 to 2015 and applied in the calculations. Results: Findings suggested that about 0.026 to 3.86 billion liters (about 1.04 billion literson average) of bottled water was consumed annually between 2000 and 2015. Furthermore, bottled water consumption increased from 0.41 to 48.9 L/capita-year within the same time period. In the meantime, the plastic bottle waste generation rate rose from 12.84 to 1519.38 g/capita-year. There is no efficient and suitable system for managing and recycling waste bottles in the country. The perceived unreliability of tap water quality was the main reason of bottled water consumption among 74% of the respondents. Conclusion: To reduce bottled water consumption and the associated harmful environmental and health consequences, measures such as informing people, validating public water supply quality, preventive rules enactment, and establishing extended producer responsibility (EPR) are highly recommended.

The increasing pressure on freshwater resources motivates the need for exploring new water harvesting methods, critical for global sustainable development. Atmospheric water generator (AWG), or air to water, is a potential under-explored component of the water solutions portfolio. This paper offers the first bottom-up model of AWG in the environmental economics and policy literature to assess the economic potential and riskiness of a representative AWG system. The model is used to estimate the performance of a typical AWG machine in ten locations with heterogeneous climate and economic conditions. Using a 4-year time series, estimates of the value at risk for water production are provided as well. Assuming a perfect substitution between AWG machines and bottled water, the financial performance of the AWG machines demonstrates an attractive substitute product in the majority of locations. However, the results also indicate that the current state of AWG does not provide economically viable alternatives for potable tap water or nondrinking water sources. This paper provides a quantitative foundation to evaluate the AWG technology as a business practice. Our work can inform water supply debates in both developed and developing countries.

Understanding the water consumption patterns within a specific population informs development of increasingly accurate, spatially specific exposure and/or risk assessment of waterborne infection. The current study examined the consumption patterns of private well users in Ontario while considering potentially influential underlying sociodemographics, household characteristics, and experiential factors. A province-wide online survey was circulated between May and August 2018 (n = 1,162). Overall, 81.5% of respondents reported daily well water consumption (i.e., tap water). Results indicate a mean daily well water consumption rate of 1,132 mL/day (SD = 649 mL/day) among well water consumers. Gender was significantly associated with well water consumption, with higher consumption rates found among female respondents. The experience of acute gastrointestinal illness (AGI) symptoms or diagnosis in the past 12 months did not impact the volume of water consumed, suggesting that experiencing previous AGI does not decrease consumption volumes, and therefore exposure over time. Significantly higher rates of well water consumption were found among respondents who reported previous testing or ongoing water treatment. Approximately 45.5% of survey respondents who stated that they do not consume well water selected bottled water as their primary household drinking water supply. Bottled water consumption was also not associated with previous AGI experiences. Findings will inform future quantitative microbial risk assessments associated with private well water use by providing spatially and demographically specific estimates of well water consumption.

In recent years, we are having mixed feelings regarding the use of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles for storing water. The aim of this study is to determine any associations between bacterial load and the physical condition of the water bottle. For this study, bottled water was purchased, and parameters like pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), heterotrophic plate count (HPC), total coliform count, and Pseudomonas spp. count were determined as per the American Public Health Association, 2005. The pH value of water samples tested ranged from 5.2 to 6.8. The majority of samples (96%) were found to contain pH values that were unacceptable as per the Department of Food Technology and Quality Control (DFTQC) guideline. Value of electrical conductivity (EC) ranged from 5 to 199 μS/cm. HPC revealed that, out of 100 samples, 48 (48%) samples were found to be acceptable as per the DFTQC guideline value (

Water is the basic value of human life. However, the shortage of drinking water in the world is increasing and this global negative trend creates a strategic humanity threat. Because of this, the importance, economics, and water supply strategy are becoming more relevant and have become national security important factor. The authors analyze the main strategic tools for the drinking water shortage compensating in a number of regions and countries of the world and show that one of them is the drinking water bottling. Unlike the majority of foreign and domestic studies devoted to commercial aspects of the production and sale of bottled drinking water, the authors of this study consider these aspects mainly from the point of view of public and state (budget) efficiency. The article formulates the strategic possibility, feasibility and forms of fresh water in Russia commercialization – a country with one of the highest levels of availability of this resource. The authors consider the main priorities and formulate the main principles of strategizing the development of the Russian bottled drinking water industry. The authors also show that one of the most effective tools for successful implementation of the industry development strategy is strategic marketing and branding.

El objetivo que se persigue con el presente artículo es explorar los factores que están asociados a la disposición a pagar para mejorar la calidad del agua en la ciudad mexicana de Zapopan, Jalisco. Se lleva a cabo una encuesta a cuatrocientos hogares que arroja que los consultados toman agua embotellada (99%), consideran que el agua suministrada huele mal (53%) y que está contaminada (69%), temen por su salud o la de sus familiares por beber del grifo (74%) pero estarían dispuestos a tomar agua del mismo si la calidad mejorara (77%). Sin embargo, más de la mitad no estaría dispuesto a pagar más por mejorar la calidad del agua o pagaría no más de 40 pesos (31 y 22% respectivamente). A través de un modelo logit ordenado se encuentra que existe una relación significativa y positiva entre la disposición a pagar por mejorar la calidad del agua y estar abierto a tomar agua del grifo si esto sucede, a percibir que las autoridades encargadas del sector agua hacen lo correcto, a una creencia de escasez de agua en la colonia, a tener personas con problemas de salud en casa y al nivel de ingresos. Por otro lado, mayor disposición de pago se relaciona negativa y significativamente con la percepción de que el agua huela mal, el nivel de confianza en los otros y la edad.

The market of bottled water is projected to become the largest beverage category by volume worldwide. Consumption data are already impressive in many countries, with Italy leading the path in the European Union. Such market expansion will come with environmental costs, due to increasing plastics production and increasing bottle leakage in the environment. To tackle the problem consumer purchasing decision can make the difference. Using a hypothetical Discrete Choice Experiment this study explores consumer preferences and willingness to pay for plastic water bottles made of conventional plastic polymer and of more sustainable plastic alternatives. Additionally, by comparing two experimental conditions the study investigates whether information on plastic-related sustainability might affect consumer purchasing decisions. The results provide insights that could be relevant from a market and policy perspective. They indicate that Italian consumers prefer Bio-bottles water bottles with respect to common PET, being willing to pay more for these alternatives. Furthermore, recycled materials are dispreferred compared to virgin plastics and information provision seems to help consumers discriminating across different plastic types although it is not effective in increasing willingness to pay.

Due to the decrease in groundwater quality, as a result for Malaysia's to make the bottled water as their basic source of drinking water. It is a fact that each bottled water contains various types of minerals and each mineral will have its own benefits fo r general human health. Calcium, magnesium, zinc, iron, sodium, and more are common kinds of minerals found in bottled water. The type of minerals that are in the bottled drinking water depends on the water source. Many customers around the world, particul arly Malaysians, have turned to bottled water as their primary source of potable water. The research was performed to determine the best and most preferred brands of mineral bottled water available in UiTM Arau, Perlis in terms of its advantages and everyd ay mineral content. Fuzzy AHP is a hybrid method that combines Fuzzy Set Theory and AHP. It has been developed to take into account uncertainty and imprecision in the evaluations. The decision - making method used by multi - criteria is the FAHP method as an a pproach to the problem of selection bottled with mineral water. In this paper, the mineral water brands bottled namely "Spritzer," "Bleu" and "Ice Mountain" are analyzed and presented as sold in UiTM Perlis. The criterion given is price, availability, tast e, water source, and packaging. Comparison is made between these three brands to decide which of these brands is more favoured and desirable among UiTM Perlis students based on the weight of alternatives regarding the criteria. The results obtained were th at Spritzer has the greatest total score with a weight of 0.439. The analysis shows that the "Spritzer" brand is better compared to the other two daily life consumption brands, which weight is 0.439 with 5 criteria. Bleu, however, offers a better weighty f lavour, 0.386 of those two brands of mineral water bottles. This study can be a factor in influencing consumer behaviour and providing information to local bottled water companies' marketers. It will ultimately increase their profitability and revenue by n ew and better marketing techniques. In addition, bottled water producers can also produce bottled water that meets the needs of Malaysian consumers. In addition, this study will provide consumers with a greater understanding of the standard of bottled wate r that may affect the environment, such as pollution, etc. This study will also benefit both marketers and consumers by helping them make educated decisions on choosing the most appropriate mineral water bottled for consumption in keeping with their health concerns these days.

Aims: There is no data neither on consumption frequency of drinking water (exposure to fluoride) nor its effects on the prevalence of dental caries and erosion in Libyan schoolchildren. Therefore, the aims were to estimate the frequency of daily consumption of drinking water and test their relationship with the prevalence of dental caries and erosion in a group of Libyan children in Benghazi. Methods: A cross-sectional observational study. Data on daily water consumption from a randomly selected sample using a questionnaire survey was obtained. This questionnaire was based on the one previously used in the UK National Diet and Nutrition Survey (2000). Dental caries was assessed using the World Health Organization (WHO) criteria. Dental erosion was assessed using UK National Diet and Nutrition Survey (2000) criteria. Associations between caries, erosion and variables understudy were investigated through processes of bivariate and multivariate analyses. Results: Seven hundred and eighty eight schoolchildren completed questionnaire survey and underwent dental examination. The mean age was 11.7 years (SD±0.31). Of the sample; 441 (56%) of the subjects consumed both tap and bottled water. Two hundred and thirty four (30%) consumed just tap water with frequency ranged between 0.5 and 8 times a day. One hundred and thirteen children (14%) consumed just bottled water (low fluoride) with frequency ranged between 0.6 and 9 times a day. Four hundred and sixty children (58%) had experience of dental caries and 316 children (40%) exhibited dental erosion. Girls had more experience of dental caries and erosion than boys. There were no statistically significant associations between exposure to fluoride from drinking water (tap/bottled) in terms of frequency and experience of dental erosion and caries. Conclusion: In this study, the benefit of fluoride in drinking water was overwhelmed by exposure to other variables. Dental erosion and caries have multifactorial aetiology which suggests other factors had influence on their progression. However, drinking water should be encouraged and maintained within Libyan schoolchildren as part of a healthy diet and for its fluoride protection effect against dental caries and erosion and to displace sugared-acidic drinks consumption.

Introduction Previous research on sugar-sweetened beverage trends has focused on self-reported consumption from surveys. Few studies used objective store sales or explored differences by area-level demographics and store type. Methods The average volume of beverages sold per store per 3-digit zoning improvement plan code from 2006 to 2015 was calculated using national Nielsen Retail Scanner point-of-sale data from 24,240 stores. A multilevel regression model analyzed annual trends, with random intercepts for state and separate models for beverage type (regular soda, no/low-calorie soda, other sugary drinks, 100% fruit juice, bottled water). Differences by store type (convenience, supermarkets, drug stores, mass merchandisers) and area-level demographics (categorized as tertiles) were examined. Data were analyzed in 2019. Results The model-based estimates indicated that sales of regular soda (−11.8%), no/low-calorie soda (−19.8%), and 100% fruit juice (−31.9%) decreased over time, whereas sales of bottled water (+34.4%) increased and sales of other sugary drinks remained stable (+2.4%). Decreases in sugar-sweetened beverage sales were largely concentrated in supermarkets and larger in areas with high income and education levels and a high percentage of black and Hispanic people. There were also relatively larger increases in bottled water sales in states located in the South and Midwest. Conclusions The finding that sales of sugar-sweetened beverages decreased over time, whereas sales of bottled water increased is encouraging because sugar-sweetened beverage consumption is linked to obesity and other chronic conditions. This study provides a novel, rigorous assessment of U.S. beverage sales trends and differences by community and store characteristics.

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) is a really specific and sensitive method for surface analysis. The monitoring of antimony concentrations in polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles by XPS analysis is a new method for the characterization of bottled water contamination by antimony which frequently comes into contact with food and drink. The elevation of Sb concentrations in bottled waters is mainly due to Sb2O3 being used as a catalyst in the manufacture of PET. In this study, using a sensitive XPS determination of Sb in PET bottle materials, we observed that the water became contaminated with Sb during storage. Because the color of PET material may have an impact on the leaching of antimony, clear and blue PET bottle materials were analyzed separately and the results were compared directly. The main difference between the previous analyses and this study is that we analyzed only bottle plastic material rather than the water itself.

Increased community mobility has an impact on increasing demand for packaged beverage products. Data from Aspadin (the association of bottled water companies) there are more than 1500 brands of bottled water (AMDK) in Indonesia and it is estimated that trade will continue to increase every year. However, the profit margins of bottled drinking water products are not classified as high, so producers must do efficiency. One form of efficiency that can be done is to reduce the waste of packaging production, where most bottled water is made of plastic. This study aims to identify several product defects that often occur during the production process of bottled water based on PET. The process of making plastic-based drinking water packaging is divided into 3 stages. First is to make a bottle preform, the second is the blow molding process, which is the process of making a whole package from a preform, and the third is the process of making a lid. The machines used in these stages are different and in each of the stages successfully classified types of product defects. During the preform manufacturing stage, black specks or contaminants, short shots, bubbles, and flash are found. At the stage of making the whole bottle includes, off center base, failed blowing, arising bracelet, rough parting line. The last defect in the process of making the cap includes excess material flash Short shot, bridge or ring break, leak centergate.

Purpose of the study: This study aims to examine green marketing tools, eco-friendly labels, and green advertising influence on consumer purchase behavior in mineral water. This research elaborates on the Ades brand, which promotes eco-friendly image in Indonesia. Green marketing has become a trending issue in all consumer package goods industries in the past decades. The bottled water industry faces enormous challenges to produce an idiosyncratic product to win a highly competitive market. Methodology: This study applies the partial least square analysis to examine the variable relationships. 115 respondents were involved in this study. Data collected using a questionnaire and processed by SmartPLS 3.0. Main Findings: The analysis results show that eco-friendly Label and green advertising have a positive and significant relationship on the consumer purchase decision. Applications of this study: The results provide valuable inputs for bottled water manufacturers to commence a green marketing campaign that fits regional and global markets to improve sales performance and overcome challenges. Novelty/Originality of this study: Previous studies are rarely concern on consumer behavior in purchasing bottled water, therefore this research attempt to elaborate better understanding using the theory of planned behavior.

For consumers, the water composition is indicated on a label attached to the water bottle. Reports about wrong label information were the motivation for this comparative study of the real content of 20 different bottled water brands from Saudi Arabia and 19 other brands from different countries in Asia, Oceania, Africa, and Europe. The pH, total dissolved salt (TDS) concentration, and concentrations of nine cations and anions were evaluated and bacteriological analysis was carried out to determine for all Saudi and international brands. Bottled water from all tested brands is safe for consumption. Furthermore, the determined analysis agrees with the water parameters indicated on the bottle labels, proving the labels’ reliability. Statistical analysis also reveals that the drinking-water quality of the Saudi brands is comparable to international brands. Considering that bottled water consumption has increased, especially in geographic areas where drinking quality tap water is not available, quality control of bottled water becomes essential, aiming for correct information on the label to reliably inform the consumers and ensure human health. Key words: Bottled water, label, Saudi Arabia, brand.

Objective: The US Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommends increased consumption of the dairy group to three daily servings for ages 9+ years to help achieve adequate intakes of prominent shortfall nutrients. Identifying affordable, consumer-acceptable foods to replace dairy’s shortfall nutrients is important especially for people who avoid dairy. Design: Linear programming identified food combinations to replace dairy’s protein and shortfall nutrients. We examined cost, energy and dietary implications of replacing dairy with food combinations optimised for lowest cost, fewest kJ or the smallest amount of food by weight. Setting: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2011–2014). Participants: Nationally representative sample of US population; 2 years and older (n 15 830). Results: Phase 1 (only dairy foods excluded): when optimised for lowest cost or fewest kJ, all non-dairy food replacements required large amounts (2·5–10 cups) of bottled/tap water. Phase 2 (dairy and unreasonable non-dairy foods excluded (e.g. baby foods; tap/bottled water): when intake of non-dairy foods was constrained to Conclusions: Identifying affordable, consumer-acceptable foods that can replace dairy’s shortfall nutrients at both current and recommended dairy intakes remains a challenge.

Lack of magnesium can be associated with an abnormal immune function, as proven in acute and chronic infections. Moreover, the literature suggests that patients with bacterial infections, on average, have a statistically significant decrease in serum magnesium concentration. The aim of this prospective quasi-experimental study was to examine and determine whether the consumption of magnesium-rich bottled water improves the outcome in patients suffering from recurring urinary tract infections (UTIs). More specifically, the idea was to compare the outcomes of such patients (who consumed the aforementioned water) with the outcomes of equivalent patients who consumed regular tap drinking water. Forty-four adult patients aged between eighteen and eighty-four years that had a history of recurrent UTIs, participated. Participants were divided into two groups based on the type of water they consumed. The patients that consumed the local tap drinking water constituted the group A (N=22) and the patients that consumed the magnesium-rich bottled water constituted the group B (N=22). The required daily water intake was 2.0-2.5 litres. The tests that patients underwent when they initially entered the study (T0) were the following, a) urine analysis, b) urine culture, and c) measurement of serum magnesium levels. Furthermore, these tests were repeated during a scheduled follow-up, which occurred nine months after the participants entered the study (T1). After nine months of the different type of water consumption, there was no statistically significant difference concerning the number of UTIs between the groups (group A - group B). Moreover, patient who belonged to group B, had statistically significant higher serum magnesium levels than those in group A, regardless of their age. More studies are necessary to determine the effect of consuming magnesium-rich water on recurrent UTIs.

Pristine is a new product that puts the target market from premium to premium consumer mess smaller than regular AMDK products. Pristine pH 8 + that can neutralize acid effluent bodies. This research focuses on analyzing brand awareness, customer Satisfaction and perceived quality against the brand loyalty of bottled water consumers in the package (AMDK) SINARMAS Pristine brand. The type of research used in this study is descriptive research using quantitative methods. The population in this research is the community in Jakarta and its surroundings with samples taken as many as 66 respondents. The collection of data on this research uses questionnaires distributed to respondents using incidental sampling techniques. The results of this study showed that Simultaneous analysis results showed that the variables of brand awareness, customer satisfaction, and perceived quality have a significant effect on the brand loyalty consumer AMDK brand Pristine

Background: Ships are supplied with water from various sources: directly from the public utility system at the port, from water supply vessels or barges, bottled water, ice or, if water production on board is possible, through processes such as desalination and reverse osmosis. All elements of a ship’s water supply chain are exposed to the influence of different factors that may have a negative impact on water safety on board or on human health. Potable water standards are the same for vessels and for land-based facilities. In recognition of the importance of drinking water and the impact it can have on human health, stringent quality standards have been laid down in national and global regulations. The aim of the study was to describe the water supply system on ships and its weak points, as well as the health risks that the use of polluted drinking water can entail. Materials and methods: The Medline Database has been searched using the following key words: ship, water supply, waterborne infections. Other available literature has also been used, as well as national and international regulations on drinking-water safety. Results and Conclusions: Drinking water on ships is managed in line with the hygienic and health standards applied along the entire supply chain, from the source to the point of consumption. Regardless of the sanitary control system used by the authorised institutions on the ground, ship officers must oversee the entire water supply and distribution system on board, as well the water production systems if these exist. That means that they must be well aware of all of the fundamental facts of the supervision system, as well as the weaknesses of the water supply system. Maritime studies students, future deck officers and engine officers, must all receive training on the weak points of the system and on water contamination prevention. Key words: potable water, ship water supply, waterborne infections, safe drinking-water

Background: Today possibility of rendering water non-potable by various types of contaminants (physical, chemical and biological) is of considerable importance. It is not only the microbial con­taminants but also the physical and chemical contaminants, playing an important role in compro­mising our health in many ways. The aim of this study was to assess the physical, chemical and the microbiological quality of commercially produced bottled water in Pokhara city. Methods: A study was conducted to assess the quality of bottled drinking water produced in Pokhara city. Total of 21 brands of bottled water was collected, first batch in monsoon season and second batch in pre-monsoon season, from the market. The physical, chemical and microbial as­sessment was carried out as per National Drinking Water Quality Standards, 2062. Coefficient of variation and t-test were applied where applicable. Results: Better water quality was found in Pre-monsoon season than that of monsoon season, in regard to microbial assessment. None of the samples in first batch tested positive for coliform whereas in second batch 38.2% of samples tested positive for coliform. Coefficient of variation for pH and chloride content was, 8.9% and 6.1%, 35.6% and24.19%, in pre-monsoon and monsoon season respectively. Both were found to be statistically significant. While other tested parameters were within normal limits. Conclusions: The quality bottled drinking water available for sale do not meet the standards given by National Drinking Water Quality Standards, particularly the microbial quality.

The brand becomes important for consumers in choosing a product. The wide range of bottled drinking water brands can give consumers an alternative choice of which products to consume. The purpose of this study was to determine the brand's perception for consumers in choosing bottled water products. The research method uses direct observation and questionnaires to students as consumers of bottled water at Balitar Islamic University. The research population was Balitar Islamic University students. The sampling technique uses accidental sampling, namely students who accidentally meet with researchers. The variable used is brand perception. The results showed that brand perception can influence consumers in choosing bottled water products. Aqua product is a brand of bottled drinking water that is in high demand by consumers, while Le Minerals, Cleo, Ades, and Vit are interested after Aqua. Other respondents tend to consume the bottled drinking water brand in turn because they consider all brands the same.

Water is one of the most important compounds of the environment, the quality of which determines the health and life of all living things on the plane. That is why the quality and safety of water are subject to special requirements established at the legislative level. And if initially only the quality of water in the centralized and non-centralized water supply of the population was normalized, now requirements are also imposed on bottled water that is sold in retail chains. The goal is to identify the main hygienic problems of using bottled water by the population. Methods: General scientific, hygienic, sociological using questionnaires, analytical. Results: In the presented scientific work, we evaluated the attitude of the population of the city of Voronezh and the region to the use of bottled water. The majority of respondents prefer to buy bottled water in the volume of 5 liters more often in home stores or large supermarkets for drinking and cooking, focusing on the price and not focusing on the manufacturer and shape of the bottle. We have analyzed the main hygienic requirements for packaged water. The technical regulation of the Eurasian economic Union 044/2017 describes the requirements for organoleptics, Microbiology, chemical composition, impurities, etc. In contrast to SanPiN 2.1.4.1116-02 in the technical regulations, quality and safety requirements are regulated depending on the purpose of bottled water: water for children under 3 years of age, water for children over 3 years of age and just drinking water. Conclusion: based on the data obtained, we have developed an algorithm for the population aimed at protecting consumer rights when purchasing bottled water in retail chains.

Good relationship between company and customers needs to be managed to maintain continuity of the company’s business considering that business competition is very competitive. CV. Tirta Tamanbali is industrial company that manufactures bottled water products located in Bali. Seeing existence of various competitor makes the company’s business processes gradually decline. Examples of decreased business processes experienced by companies that must be closed distributors outside the region. After conducting research, it was found several business processes related to customers that were still not optimally. Some of these business processes are marketing processes that are not carried out by companies, sales processes that have not been integrated where transactions that occur between companies and customers still utilize phones and supporting processes like complaints and questionnaire services that are still done manually and unscheduled. Based on these problems, the development of business processes starting from modeling stage to implementation is carried out by utilizing the E-CRM application VTiger CRM. Results of this research are in the form of new business process modeling, implementation using VTiger CRM, and recapitulation of technology acceptance questionnaires from company employees. Speciafically for the questionnaire, an additional module was developed because the module was not available in VTiger CRM. &nbsp, Hubungan yang baik antara perusahaan dan pelanggan perlu dikelola untuk menjaga kelangsungan bisnis perusahaan mengingat persaingan bisnis di era sekarang sangat kompetitif. CV. Tirta Tamanbali merupakan sebuah perusahaan industri yang memproduksi produk air minum kemasan yang berlokasi di Bangli, Bali. Melihat keberadaan berbagai merek pesaing membuat proses bisnis yang dilakukan perusahaan berangsur menurun. Contoh penurunan proses bisnis yang dialami perusahaan yakni harus ditutupnya distributor-distributor diluar daerah sehingga pasar yang dimiliki menyempit. Setelah dilakukan penelitian, ditemukan beberapa proses bisnis terkait pelanggan yang masih belum berjalan optimal. Beberapa proses bisnis tersebut yakni proses pemasaran yang tidak dilakukan perusahaan, proses penjualan yang belum terintegrasi dimana transaksi yang terjadi antara perusahaan dan pelanggan masih memanfaatkan telepon seluler, hingga proses pendukung seperti layanan pengaduan keluhan dan kuesioner yang masih dilakukan manual dan tidak terjadwal. Berdasarkan permasalahan tersebut, dilakukan pengembangan proses bisnis mulai dari tahap pemodelan hingga implementasi yang dilakukan dengan memanfaatkan aplikasi E-CRM yakni VTiger CRM. Hasil dari penelitian yakni berupa pemodelan proses bisnis baru, implementasi menggunakan modul-modul VTiger CRM serta rekapitulasi kuesioner penerimaan teknologi dari pegawai perusahaan. Khusus kuesioner, dilakukan pengembangan modul tambahan melihat modul tersebut tidak tersedia pada VTiger CRM.

In 2019 Technical regulations of the Eurasian economical Union “On the safety of the bottled water, including natural mineral water” TR EAES 044/201 entered into force. These regulations established strict requirements to the indicators of the radiation safety for the bottled water, including natural mineral water. Application of these requirements in practice of the sanitary service led to the ban of the use of the bottled medical-table natural mineral water from the Zheleznovodsk site (Stavropolskiy krai), exploited from the well 69-bis by the criteria of the radiation safety. This study proposes possible solutions to the problem of the regulation of the natural mineral water by the radiation factor, complying to the existing requirements on the radiation safety as well as the proposals of the Institute of Radiation Hygiene on the changes in the Technical regulation TR EAES 044/201 and introduction of the requirements on the radiation safety of the natural mineral water in the legislation of the Russian Federation.

Bottles of water, by different trademarks which lack of the standard specifications, have overwhelmed shops and markets in Libya. Despite the fact that the number of plants and factories of bottled water is increasing rapidly, there has not been any serious intention on the part of governmental bodies to take action against the unlicensed factories. This has led to the quality of bottled water in many cases violating the required standards of chemical and physical properties for the potable water, which threatens the public health. The aim of this paper was first, to investigate whether if these bottled water do really meets the international and Libyan standards of bottled water, and second to point out the actions taken by the responsible authorities as well as other related governmental/non-governmental organizations. The paper examined four random samples of bottled water sold in Tripoli during January 2019 and measured some of its physicochemical properties, such as total dissolved solids (TDS), pH, sodium, potassium and calcium. The results indicated that all the experimental values were different from what was written on the samples’ labels. The percentage of these differences ranged from 2% to 650 %. The statistical data of TDS (labeled-measured) was found to be 78.725 mg/l with a standard deviation of 33.91758 mg/l, and t-test with p = 0.019 (P ≤ 0.05), which means results are significant. It was also observed that all samples violated the Libyan standards in not providing all the required data on their labels; 25% of samples do not include water source, 50% of samples do not mention the source of the water, 75% of samples do not mention license number, and 50% of samples do not provide any written statement regarding the storage conditions, which means that all the samples must be withdrawn from the market without the need for chemical or biological testing.

Public health policy decisions in the United States have resulted in 62.4% of the population having access to fluoridated water. The purpose of this study was to examine the association between community water fluoridation and osteosarcoma. A secondary data analysis was performed with data collected from 2 separate but linked studies. Patients for phase 1 and phase 2 were selected from US hospitals via a matched case-control study design. For both phases, cases included patients diagnosed with osteosarcoma, and controls were patients diagnosed with other bone tumors or nonneoplastic conditions. In phase 1, cases ( n = 209) and controls ( n = 440) were patients of record in the participating orthopedic departments from 1989 to 1993. In phase 2, cases ( n = 108) and controls ( n = 296) were incident patients who were identified and treated by orthopedic physicians from 1994 to 2000. This analysis included all patients who met eligibility criteria on whom we had complete data on covariates, exposures, and outcome. Conditional logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% CIs for the association of community water fluoridation with osteosarcoma. A modestly significant interaction existed between fluoridation living status and bottled water use ( P = 0.047). The adjusted OR for osteosarcoma and ever having lived in a fluoridated area for nonbottled water drinkers was 0.51 (95% CI, 0.31 to 0.84; P = 0.008). In the same comparison, the adjusted OR for bottled water drinkers was 1.86 (95% CI, 0.54 to 6.41; P = 0.326). Findings from this study demonstrated that community water fluoridation is not associated with an increased risk for osteosarcoma.

The chlorination of water has led to a substantial reduction in waterborne disease outbreaks. There are, however, concerns regarding the safety of trihalomethanes (major by-products of chlorination). One of the limitations of much of the existing evidence is the lack of individual trihalomethane exposure estimates, and these estimates should include the concentration of trihalomethanes in bottled water. In Australia, water advertised as ‘spring’ or ‘mineral’ water should, by definition, remain untreated, and should not, therefore, contain any trihalomethanes. We tested this assumption by assessing the concentration of trihalomethanes (bromodichloromethane, bromoform, chloroform, dibromochloromethane, and total trihalomethanes) in the six brands of bottled spring water most commonly consumed by pregnant women in Australia (here labelled A–F). For each water brand, two bottles were purchased from five locations, and this procedure was replicated approximately 2 weeks later. Standard water analysis techniques were used to determine the concentrations of bromodichloromethane, bromoform, chloroform, dibromochloromethane, and total trihalomethanes in each bottle. All 10 samples of brands A and B were positive for trihalomethanes, as was one bottle of brand C. No trihalomethanes were detected in any of the samples of the remaining three brands (D–F). The highest recorded total trihalomethane concentration was 30 µg/L. The trihalomethane concentration in Australian bottled spring water cannot be assumed to be zero. Studies estimating trihalomethane exposures should, therefore, collect data on the brand of the bottled water consumed, and test these brands contemporaneously for their trihalomethane exposures, to strengthen the evidence regarding trihalomethane exposure and human health outcomes.

The problems described in this study is law enforcement against bottled drinking water business actors not equipped with marketing permits to maintain food security and what factors are obstacles to law enforcement against bottled drinking water business operators that are not equipped with marketing permits in order to maintain food safety. This type of research is normative legal research that is moved from the absence of legal norms or legal principles. The absence of legal norms in this study is contained in the provisions of Law No. 8 of 1999 concerning Consumer Protection which does not explicitly regulate bottled drinking water business actors that are not equipped with a marketing authorization to maintain food safety. This study uses a statutory approach and a case approach. The conclusion of this study is the law enforcement against bottled drinking water business actors that are not equipped with a marketing permit to maintain food security, namely by confiscating and destroying bottled drinking water without a distribution permit in maintaining food security based on statutory regulations namely Law Number 18 Year 2012 concerning Food, besides that, administrative sanctions are also given, namely warning letters and statements to bottled water companies that have not yet completed distribution licenses. Inhibiting factors in law enforcement against bottled drinking water business actors that are not equipped with marketing permits to maintain food safety are bottled drinking water companies that are unwilling to be inspected, implementation of supervision conducted by the Central Agency for Drug and Food Supervision, lack of supervisory personnel from the Food and Drug Supervisor, consumers do not understand the rights and obligations as consumers and retailers or retailers of bottled drinking water products are less responsible for their obligations. Keywords : Business actors in bottled drinking water, consumer protection, distribution permit.