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The study investigates the Challenges of internally displaced children in Makurdi Metropolis of Benue State, Nigeria. Three research questions guided the study. The sample of the study was drawn from children between the ages of 12-18 years living in Internally Displaced Camps (IDPs) in Makurdi. Simple random sampling technique was used to select a sample size of 300 for the study. Primary data were used for the study specifically obtained using well-structured questionnaire titled internally displaced children (IDC), data collected was analysed using mean and standard deviation. Findings of the study on social life of internally displaced children in Makurdi revealed that Lack of finance to celebrate social activities such as birthday parties, naming ceremonies and sports competitions (4.46), Children appear dirty and tattered due to lack of clothing (3.40), also the findings on financial challenges indicates Low level of income due to lack of business and means of livelihood (3.62), Depends on people for financial assistance (begging) (3.58). Furthermore, the study on feeding pattern of internally displaced children shows that children hardly eat twice a day (3.55), lack required food nutrients such as protein, vitamins and minerals (3.40). The study therefore concludes that insecurity challenges should be tackled by government to ensure that household returns to their various communities. Finally the study recommends improvement of social life of internally displaced children should be given uppermost attention the government and non- government organisations responsible for child upbringing. The governments should make frantic effort to ensure adequate provision of basic amenities such as water, food and shelter. Emergency healthcare and education (schools) should be provided in IDPs camps. Good food should be provided for children in internally displaced camps to avoid malnutrition that leads to ill health. Causes insecurity and other crisis that leads to displacement of families should be given lasting solutions by government and communities concerned. The Children should be encouraged to adopt a good environmental sanitation which will go a long way to help prevent them from contracting some sickness and disease. Keywords: Families, Challenges, Internally, Displaced, Children

The year 2020 was undoubtedly going down in history as one of the worst years ever due to the Covid-19 pandemic. Many countries around the world were forced to impose a total lockdown, and this situation occurred again in early June 2021 in Malaysia. Many countries were in their 2nd wave or 3rd wave of lockdown, which caused several restrictions such as movement control, the limit of travel or inter-states. Many businesses were affected. Some big corporations were forced to shut down their productions, lay off, and causing huge numbers of unemployment in the country. There were several news reported that Malaysia’s retails faced bad financial losses and even wave a ‘white flag’ campaign to strike for help from the public. However, instead of begging for help, retailers or businesses should adapt to a new channel and accepting to a more sophisticated computerized operation and diversify into electronic (e-retails) or mobile retails (m-retails) via social media. This study aims to study the causes of young consumer purchase intention using social media during the global pandemic. There are five main variables being studied. The five factors, such as perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness, performance expectancy, interactivity, and intention to express empathy, were selected and analyzed using SPSS Software. This study concluded that perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness, and interactivity have a significant relationship with young consumer purchase intention using social media, while performance expectancy and intention to express empathy have not significant relationship with young consumer purchase intention. This study benefits newly operate SMEs or existing SMEs as they can provide better marketing through social media in order to sustain their businesses.

In 1806, Longman & Co. publishers commissioned the accomplished actress, playwright, and novelist Elizabeth Inchbald to compose a series of prefatory remarks for the plays to be included in their British Theatre series. One hundred and twenty-five in all, each of the plays for Longman's British Theatre was originally published and sold separately at a rate of about one per week. Once the series was complete, the plays were bound together and sold as a twenty-five-volume set. As the surviving diary entries from the two-year period during which she wrote her Remarks testify, the task proved both arduous and unrelenting for Inchbald, especially as she had no hand in selecting the plays to be included and no control over the order in which she was asked to compose her critical commentaries. Working almost constantly, no sooner had she read one play, drafted her remarks, and copyedited the proof, than she had to turn to the next play sent by Longman, collect her thoughts, and start the process all over again. For the most part, as Annibel Jenkins has noted, “[T]here seems to be no pattern of publishing by date or genre; a tragedy by Shakespeare came out one week and a contemporary comedy the next.” At one point, the strain of this process was so unbearable that Inchbald even tried to renege on her contractual obligations, writing to Longman, “begging to decline any further progress.” This request, as her first biographer, James Boaden, records, Longman “could not be expected to permit; and she was therefore compelled to remark through the whole year.” In the event, and however “dreadful” the task may have been for Inchbald, the widely advertised series proved a “great commercial success,” and Inchbald's Remarks have come down to us as one of the first great achievements in English dramatic criticism of the early nineteenth century.

Oftentimes, we happen to meet with blind and visually impaired people in the middle of Banjarmasin City either while begging for some cash, tried to sell some newspaper, singing or more familiar with busking using musical instrument even though sometimes they also used speaker and any other additional instruments or offers massage service with a patch-up looking presentation. The reality that was just explained happen to be one of the situation where a lot of times were under spotlight due to the lack of diversity and also inclusivity in human resource development for blind and visually impaired people. Some of the reasons why difabel people struggled in developing the human resources inside individual is because the lack of facility in public spaces most likely in mobility side, spaces for improvement for individual or also groups for doing organization that can help regularity within the activity inside.

Upon arrival at the Qasr al-ʿAyni Hospital in Cairo in 1908, a woman from a village in Qena province in Upper Egypt related her harrowing medical saga. It began when she developed a urinary fistula (nāsur bawlī) due to prolonged labor (a urinary fistula causes urine to leak from the bladder into the vagina, resulting in deep discomfort and social ostracism of those afflicted). She had gone to a hospital in the city of Qena, capital of the province with the same name, but medical officers there sent her to Asyut. There, in the government hospital, she underwent three operations without success, whereupon doctors instructed her to go to Qasr al-ʿAyni Hospital in Cairo to see Dr. Nagib Mahfuz (1882–1974), who had developed a reputation for his surgical prowess in treating fistulas. The woman from Qena traveled by foot, begging along the way, until, exhausted, she reached the city of Minya, halfway between Asyut and Bani Suwayf. There she was sent once again to the government hospital, examined, and once again told to go to Qasr al-ʿAyni.

By studying Paulo Freire’s perspective, I started to contextualize his words from a new point of view. Due to what I have learnt along this writing, I hereby intend to demonstrate how the lazy charity serves as an extension of nowadays’ society’s logic capitalism, with the permissive intrusion of values in education due to individualism, that contributes to inequality. School is seen by society as an establishment that has the role to provide knowledge to students, combined with the mentoring of certain behaviors, which are expected according to the societal project. These involve cultural behaviors and values that are shared and disseminated in each society. When schools cannot deal with such responsibilities, there are some institutions that offer to “provide support.” These initiatives announce the begging of a kind of privatization that does not recognize the differences of each community or self-initiative. It is necessary to overcome naive consciousness for the conscious process to occur. This conscious process targets freedom and comes to life through educational practice, reaching both students and teachers. Therefore, overcoming naive consciousness is indispensable during the process, for it makes the practice of Paulo Freire’s critical conscientization possible. As aforementioned, such practice has to be done by educating students and teachers, so all people involved can aim on the same purpose. That is why lazy charity cannot be understood as freedom, but as the cage.

India's COVID-19 lockdown has left transgender people at heightened risk of hunger and poverty since most of them make their living on streets by begging, street entertainment, and paid sex. They are not socially privileged to operate within the online world as they are predominantly dependent on social interactions and functions such as weddings or baby showers. Ideology is endangering transgender people from coronavirus. Transgender people are a socially marginalized community who is forced into slums where social distancing is challenging, making it a hotbed for Coronavirus. Further, the absence of healthcare backup and lack of awareness increases the looming fear among the transgender community regarding the budding impact of COVID-19. A substantial rate of economic instability, as well as social discrimination, was visible before the pandemic, thereby worsening their situation with a lack of food, fund, insecurity, safety, and mental health concern during COVID-19. This study focuses on the impact of the Coronavirus crisis on the socioeconomic life of Transgender people taking into account the explosion in unemployment, adding to an already disproportionate healthcare support system pushing them further to the margins. The study comes forward with useful suggestions based on content analysis of published and aired information to reduce the existing woes of transgender people during COVID-19.

Background. Exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) for the first six months after birth has been recommended by the WHO as the best infant feeding strategy. Data on EBF rates among twin infants in Ghana remain limited and for that matter hypothesized to be low. Aim. The study sought to measure the prevalence of EBF and identify associated factors among twins in the Tamale metropolis. Methods. A cross-sectional survey involving 185 mother-twin pairs was conducted in four health facilities in the Tamale metropolis providing Child welfare Clinic (CWC) services. Socio-demographics data on both mother and twin were taken. Biomedical (e.g. perceived onset of lactation, confidence of producing enough milk, parity, delivery place, delivery type, time of breastfeeding initiation) and bio cultural factors (e.g. family cooperation for current infant feeding, breastfeeding counselling) were also obtained. In-depth interviews were also conducted with a sub sample of mothers (30) who were purposively selected to generate qualitative data on breastfeeding and associated cultural factors in twins as this data was necessary to aid in the explanation of the quantitative results. Results. Only 17% of twin infants were exclusively breastfed for six months. Women who were not confident that they could produce enough breast milk were about 83% less likely to practice exclusive breast-feeding (EBF) compared to those who were confident that they could produce enough breast milk (AOR = 0.17; CI = 0.04, 0.73; p-value = 0.017). Moreover, mothers who had no access to radio were about 87% less likely to practice EBF (AOR = 0.13; CI = 0.02, 0.79; p-value = 0.027). The qualitative analysis also revealed that babies are frequently breastfed because according to the mothers, breastmilk was the only food for the baby. It was also found that begging when you have twins had spiritual underpinnings in the study area. Conclusions. The study shows that, ownership of radio, confidence of producing enough breast milk and admission of the children into NICU were identified as the most important factors affecting exclusive breastfeeding of twins. Beyond Educating, encouraging and assuring twin mothers of their abilities to produce enough breast milk to satisfy their children, healthcare professionals should pay more attention on providing appropriate information on breastfeeding to mothers and caregivers.

In Burkina Faso, where imported goods now constitute the basic ingredients of the daily urban diet, tomato paste seems to epitomize the country’s position at the end of the globalized food chain. With the expansion of this manufactured comestible, the empty tomato paste tin can also has gradually replaced previously used calabashes and plastic bowls to become the sole recipient used by child beggars for receiving food donations. As such, it has become the primary graphic symbol for child begging, in particular, and for African underdevelopment in general. But this iconic status should not eclipse the fact that most Burkinabe households use this same can for a large array of daily tasks. This article patiently follows ‘the can’ through the variety of its uses, from tomato paste container to water recipient, measuring instrument, begging device, seat or cooking pot, thus offering a contribution to the social study of objects. It reveals that street children and Koranic students are both marginalized by using it, and also included in the various informal networks it ties together. Usually framed as an emblem of ‘underdevelopment’ and ‘poverty’, the can becomes a symbol of the transformations of the Burkinabe economy and of the rapid changes of consumption patterns the country is experiencing.

Background: The occurrence of begging by poor people from other countries in the European Union (EU) is now common in Scandinavia. They have a challenging life, but there is little knowledge about their own perceptions of their stay abroad.Aim: To explore the experiences of EU citizens begging in Sweden.Material: A descriptive design was used. Data were gathered through individual interviews conducted in Romanian and translated into Swedish. These were analysed using conventional content analysis. Participants were 20 EU citizens aged 19-64 years with experience of begging in Sweden.Results: The identified main category, "A hard time abroad to improve one's life", contained four categories - "Endurance is required to make a living"; "Exposed to others' attitudes and kindness"; "Handling being away"; and "A better life is the driving force".Conclusions and significance: EU citizens who beg face occupational injustice, spending many hours in non-preferred activity of begging and with few leisure activities, although no generalizations can be drawn based on this study. The importance of a friendly attitude and environmental support when abroad was also shown. Since occupational justice is within the scope of occupational therapy, occupational therapists have the skills to contribute in collaboration with others.

Introducción El presente artículo pretende socializar los hallazgos preliminares de la investigación denominada: Condiciones laborales del personal docente interino de la Sede de Occidente, durante el periodo 2017-2019. Objetivo El objetivo es poder identificar las condiciones laborales de este sector, así como las estrategias individuales, colectivas e institucionales para su atención. Método Incluye el análisis de aspectos tanto cuantitativos como cualitativos, entre los que se encuentran: número de docentes por departamentos, modalidad de contratación y percepción que tienen sobre sus condiciones de trabajo. Resultados Entre los resultados obtenidos se identifica que al año 2018 el 83 % de los docentes se encuentran en condición de interinazgo, además que existe una tendencia al deterioro de las condiciones laborales, donde se presentan diferentes modalidades de contratación que buscan el abaratamiento de la fuerza de trabajo, como son los contratos sin continuidad donde el docente queda sin salario hasta por tres meses en los periodos llamados inter-ciclo. Otro de los resultados es la falta de estrategias colectivas e institucionales para la atención de las condiciones laborales, al igual que la percepción que poseen las personas entrevistadas de recurrir a la meritocracia y mendicidad de los derechos laborales. [Continúa leyendo en el artículo]

The Urban Food Agenda echoes the importance of improving food security in the urban space and food security remains central in the United Nation Development Agenda (2030) as highlighted in the Sustainable Development Goal (SDGs 2). Nonetheless, urban food security remains the less researched topics in Eswatini, and in southern Africa in general. This study investigated the levels of food insecurity in the low income households of Msunduza in Mbabane, Eswatini. It further captured the food (in)security determinants and the coping strategies employed by Msunduza residents to deal with food shortages. Data was collected from 91 heads of households, selected through systematic sampling procedure. The results reveal that majority of households in Msunduza are food insecure, with a larger proportion in the mildly food insecure category. Household income, household size, education level and employment status, as well as gender of the household head were found to be among the key determinants of food (in)security in the area. In cases of food shortages, households in the informal settlement of Msunduza employ different coping strategies which include reducing food intake (size of meals), begging, settling of household asserts and skipping of meals, among others. The paper recommended that food security interventions be considered for low income urban households, more particularly female headed households which tend to be more vulnerable to food insecurity.

Obtaining a job—or residency position—as an international medical graduate (IMG) has historically been challenging relative to US-trained physicians. After many years of training in other countries, seeking clinical or research opportunities in the United States, preparing for board examinations, and going through the residency application process, only about half of IMGs who apply to the Match are assigned a position. This disparity raises several important questions: Why is this the case? What options exist for IMGs who do not match? What are the current trends in IMGs specialty match outcomes? What systemic and personal challenges surrounding the residency application could help explain these trends? In this chapter, these questions are explored from begging to end. In addition, the ways in which IMGs contribute to American healthcare and some ways to support them through existing challenges are introduced. A case is also made as to why IMGs should not be forced to “choose a specialty just to get a job.”

A 14-year-old girl is taken to the pediatric emergency department (ED) by her parents because of sudden complex hallucinations.She shows moderate intellectual disability without a peculiar phenotype already evaluated by neuropediatrics (normal comparative genomic hybridization array and brain magnetic resonance imaging) and most likely related to affective deprivation at the orphanage. Adopted at 20 months from China, her parents reported that on arrival she had scars, allegedly from being tied to a chair for a long time, and that although she was able to stand, she could not walk. At 22 months, she had experienced several episodes of loss of consciousness with rigidity that were attributed to sobbing spasms. Her family history is unknown. She is up to date on all her vaccinations and had menarche a year ago.Adaptation to her new family was complicated at first, but thanks to their dedication, she established a strong family bond and managed to settle into an ordinary school with curriculum adaptation. She is good friends with her classmate and has not shown any behavioral problems.Her clinical history started 48 hours before the current visit when she told her parents that at school that day a classmate had hit her on the neck (an unfortunate incident later confirmed to be without malicious intent). From then on, she became increasingly agitated and unable to sleep, and so she was assessed the next day. On her first visit to the ED, she was distressed and presented with referred cervicalgia, showing lateralization of the neck suggestive of muscle contracture. Analgesia and diazepam were administered with good response in behavior and neck posture.Within hours of the first visit, she started having visual and auditory hallucinations. She complained of individuals threatening to harm her: "a man wearing a patch who wanted to gouge out her eye" and "a girl with a gun who wanted to shoot her." She stared and pointed fearfully toward where she could supposedly see them. Despite a further dose of diazepam, she stayed awake and soliloquized overnight, apparently responding to these individuals and expressing great fear of them (anxiously begging them "not to harm her," claiming to see "blood falling from her ear") and also displaying delirious interpretations (on meeting 2 men wearing gowns, she asked them for help). Aside from these, she displayed marked food refusal, was afebrile, and had no other symptoms. She had not taken any medication recently, had no access to drugs, and had not suffered any head trauma.

To the Editors of The Pan African Medical Journal The unprecedented novel Coronavirus disease, COVID-19, which emerged in December 2019 has been labeled “disease X” by the World Health Organization (WHO) based on its rate and extent of spread as well as harsh ramifications. In response, different nations have adopted different management approaches hinging on various considerations, among them the WHO recommendations. Uganda has incorporated lockdowns, a measure that has affected schools, hospitals, businesses, places of worship, markets, public transport, and a rise in abuse of human rights in the form of police brutality, and domestic violence [1]. However, contextual factors such as socioeconomic realities and poverty pose a different set of problems for the mitigation and suppression of efforts for COVID-19, especially for vulnerable populations. Eventually, the effects of these interventions pitch down to individual citizens but invariably disproportionately affect vulnerable populations such as street children. This commentary examines the effects of mitigation efforts of COVID-19 on street children who roam the streets of Ugandan cities and whose plight barely gets on the research as well as policy agenda [2]. This paper also draws parallels with similar stories from street children in a few other African countries. According to the Consortium for Street Children (CSC), street children are defined as those who depend on the street with a substantial link to public places for livelihood and work. This population of children and youths is quite dynamic and exact numbers are difficult to establish [3]. It is, therefore, challenging for governments to plan for them. Each child bears a unique story as to why they decide to depend on the street. However, some common reasons include mistreatment at home-34.6%, poverty-25.7%, and the death of parents and guardians-20.6% [2]. Additionally, UNICEF highlights the widespread urbanization which comes with an inflated cost of living outside the realm of affordability for poor families, forcing children to the streets [4]. Street children were first recorded in Uganda in the early 1970s under the existence of a civil war that produced over 800,000 orphans [2]. Despite the fact that Uganda has grown economically and politically, it does not meet the street children´s welfare owing to a lack of government support in the form of budgetary allocations. In comparison, only 0.5% of the street children in Cameroon report having received some form of government support [5]. They also receive aid from well-wishers and NGO´s for example the recent United Nations distribution of 1200 aid kits for street children in Senegal, a country with more than 30000 street children [6,7]. However, such aid is not sustainable and does not adequately meet their needs. These facts reflect how this demographic is often neglected. Below, we discuss some of the responses where street children in Uganda are delineated during the responses to COVID-19. First, whereas the rest of the population in homes access information presented in technological devices such as radios, televisions, phones, and the internet, street children do not have these. Their primary source of information is from street workers who are currently not working [8,9]. Some groups have advocated for printing information that these children could read but this is not on the priority agenda. Street children, therefore, remain uninformed and can be a drawback to the efforts against the continuous spread of the virus. Likewise, documented literacy levels among street children show that 25.5% of them do not have formal education and over 70% have at most elementary school education [4]. This observed low literacy levels is another impediment to the interpretation of the little health information they can access. The children are thus left misinformed and relying on rumors and myths and this has been highlighted in other African countries like Kenya and Ghana [9]. Second, due to the characteristics of their lifestyle, street children often reside in meager accommodation in groups, with no access to clean water, food, or sanitation facilities. These children do not like being on the streets as underscored by a recent interview with a street child in Mombasa, Kenya who revealed that he would rather be arrested during this crisis because there is guaranteed food and shelter in prison [7]. But some street children will avoid incarceration during lockdown enforcement and as they avoid being jailed, they also either spread the disease or increase their own risk of morbidity. Additionally, while it is clear that the WHO mitigation strategies such as staying at home and personal distancing and hygiene are crucial for COVID-19 prevention, this is impractical for street children given the harsh realities they face. Another way in which lockdowns due to COVID-19 has affected street children is to deprive them of their income. Their main economic activity is begging and with lockdowns in place, they risk dying of hunger rather than Coronavirus since the people from whom they beg are all under lockdown and off the streets [7]. Lastly, 50% of street children are exposed to violence including sexual violence on the streets [8]. These rough experiences tend to make them insubordinate and hence likely to remain defiant even when advised about possible ways to avoid the virus. According to Cumber [5], 44.9% of these children have lived on the street for only 7-12 months and 88.2% had no contact with their families. However, the current unpalatable conditions on the street during COVID-19 lockdown with nothing to eat may force them to go back to their abusive families from which they escaped. This may expose them to repeated bouts of violence. On the contrary, more children may get on the streets after lockdowns as poverty and orphanage levels increase following the intentional recessions in the economy and deaths of parents from the virus [7]. There have been positive stories of this pandemic having reunited some street children with their families in the neighboring Kenya courtesy of the philanthropic work of a nun [10]. As encouraging as this sound, no amount of philanthropy could save all the numerous street children in Uganda and the rest of the African continent. The responsibility rests with the governments. Conclusion Measures against COVID-19 have made drastic changes to global public health. However, they have punctuated the problems of low- and middle- income Sub-Saharan African Countries, Uganda inclusive, with already existing vulnerable populations. The limited literature on street children in Uganda emphasizes a need for their important inclusion in policy and research decisions to preserve their lives and wellbeing. This commentary has found paucity in information and research about street children and further research on this topic would bring more conclusions to the true impact of COVID-19 on street children, and thus better considerations. Competing interests The author declares no competing interests.

Producción Científica, Studies have shed light on the idea that people who have experiences in natural settings might be more aware of the environment. Learning gardens, as outdoor contexts, might contribute to the development of students’ affective relations toward nature, proenvironmental attitudes, and protective actions; neverthless, these aspects begging to be explored. This preliminary research investigates the impact that the use of organic gardens to teach natural sciences at university has on kindergarten pre-service teachers’ (KPST) connectedness to and conceptions of nature. The research follows a pre-/postdesign and it uses a mixed methods approach. A total of 74 students completed four quantitative scales (INS, CCC, LCN, and NR-6), and 66 of them an open question about the concept of nature. After the garden experience, students scored higher in all the scales, nevertheless the change was significant only for INS and CCC. The phenomenographic analysis evidenced an initial predominant static and non-social concept of nature, biased toward the most obvious biological elements. After the garden-based learning experience, more informed conceptions of nature – including notions of complexity and systemic character – increased from 7 to 19%; however, statistical comparison was not significant. In spite of the absence of concluding results, further research is required to assess the role that learning gardens may play regarding connectedness to nature and pro-environmental behaviors., This research was partially conducted and funded in the framework of the Educational Innovation Project “Organic Learning Gardens: new educational spaces for the development of scientific competence of university students” (Ref. 46; coordinated by ME-G) of the Teacher Training and Innovation Area of the Vice Rectorate for Academic Planning of the University of Valladolid (UVa) and the Campus Bizia Lab program (Campus Living Lab for Sustainability) project entitled: “Teaching collaboratively and interdisciplinary in the university organic learning garden of the Campus of Alava (HECA)” (Ref. CBL19ZUAZ; coordinated by DZ) driven by the Sustainability Directorate of the Vice-chancellor’s office for innovation, social commitment and social action from the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU).

Background: Begging and destitution constitute serious health and social problems in low and middle-income countries (LMICs). Objectives: The objective of this study was to assess the trainability of beggars and the destitute in Abakaliki Nigeria in order to provide scientific evidence required for the development of a policy on their health, vocational rehabilitation and social reintegration. Methods: The study was a cross-sectional descriptive survey of 50 purposively selected beggars and destitute persons identified from motor parks, church cathedrals, market places etc. Data was collected using a structured interviewer-administered questionnaire. Analysis was based on mean rating (MNR), median rating (MDR), and range. Interview of each respondent lasted approximately 20 minutes. Results: Of the 50 respondents who participated in this study, 17 (34%) were females. Most subjects were of age category 31-35 years (30%) and 36-40 years (34%). Fifteen (30%) admitted having sight impairment while 17 (34%) admitted that they were physically challenged. The outcome of the trainability assessment showed relatively high mean ratings (MNRs) ranging from 3.42-4.06 on a scale of 5 points. Conclusion: The findings of this study clearly suggest that there is a very high potential for the vocational rehabilitation and social reintegration of beggars and the destitute in the study area. Keywords: Beggars, destitute, policy, health, vocational, rehabilitation, reintegration, Nigeria.

The goal of this research is to understand how management financial implementation work into muslim Family, especially at Takmir Rungkut Jaya Mosque. The research used descriptive qualitative approach. Data collection was results by interview and documentation. Pattern matching technique was used to perform data analytic. This technique to find the general description of financial management family work into muslim then adjusted to the implementation of sakinah finance. The result based on interviews with two households of Takmir Rungkut Jaya Mosque is both informants in research has implemented components financial management to reach sakinah finance in the life daily. The financial management component are income management main intention to worship, meet family needs, maintain self-respect for not begging, and leniency of life, and hold the principle of halal in seeking sustenance and work, and focusing on the intention of the afterlife. Expenditure Management consists of three expenditure items, household needs posts, social posts, and mosque needs posts, as well as using savings as outposts for cash inflows and expenditures, as well as household emergency funds.Keyword: sakinah finance, income management, expenditure management, household financeREFFERENCESAl-Qur’an. Terjemahannya (Revisi Terbaru) Departemen Agama RI dengan transliterasi Arab-Latin. 2001. Semarang. CV. Asy Syifa.Abdulloh, Adil Fathi. 2007. Sudah Islamikah Kelaurga Anda? Pilar-Pilar Mewjudkan Keluarga Bahagia. Solo: Wacana Ilmiah Press.Antonio, Muhammad syafi’i. 2001. Bank Syariah dari Teori ke Praktek. Jakarta: Gema Insani Press.Antonio, Muhammad Syafi’i. 2011. Ensiklopedia Leadership dan Manajemen Muhammad SAW “The Super Leader Super Manager” Bisnis dan Kewirausahaan. Jakarta: Tazkia Publishing.Arnesih. 2016. Strategi Manajemen Keuangan Dalam Rumah Tangga (Berbasis Ekonomi Syariah). FKIP-UNRIKA. Vol 10 Februari 2016.Dispendukcapil Surabaya. 2016. Data Jumlah Perceraian di Surabaya. Surabaya: Dinas Kependudukan dan Pencatatan Sipil Surabaya. (http://Dispendukcapil.Surabaya.go.id diakses pada 16 Juni 2017).Manullang. 1981. Pengantar Ekonomi Perusahaan. Yogyakarta: Liberty.Quthb, Sayyid. 2004. Tafsir Fi Zhilalil di bawah nauangan Al-Qur’an Jilid 5. Jakarta: Gema Insani Press.Senduk, Safir. 2000. Seri Perencanaan Keuangan Keluarga Mengelola Keuangan Keluarga. Jakarta: PT. elex Media Komputindo.Sistem Informasi Masjid. 2017. Data jumlah masjid dan mushallah di Surabaya. Jakarta: Kementerian Agama Republik Indonesia. (http://simas.kemenag.go.id diakses pada 28 Maret 2017).Sugiyono. 2008. Metode Penelitian Kuantitatif Kualitatif dan R&D. Bandung: Alfabeta.Sulastiningsih. 2008. Cerdas Mengelola Keuangan Keluarga. Yogyakarta: Pro-U Media.Syaparuddin. 2014. Pengelolaan Keuangan Keluarga Secara Profesional dalam Mewujudkan Keluarga Sakinah. Watapone: Al-Risalah-Jurnal Hukum Keluarga Islam. Vol 1 no. 1 Juli 2014.Tamanni, Luqyan & Murniati Mukhlisin. 2013. Sakinah Finance Solusi Mudah Mengatur Keuangan Keluarga Islami. Solo: Tinta Medina.Wibawa, H. 2003. Perencanaan Keuangan Keluarga. Jakarta: Salemba Empat.Yin, Robert K. Tanpa Tahun. Studi Kasus Desain & Methode. Terjemahan oleh M. Djauzi Mudzakir. 2014. Jakarta: Rajawali Pers.

This chapter deals with the inadequacy of home instruction in reaching the lower class in the towns during the eighteenth century. It also became clear to the growing middle class that public education did not satisfy their interests. Schools were dominated not only by traditional education oriented to the church; they were also to a large extent geared to the needs and support of poor children. Discussions of the school system began to revolve around how to separate public education from what was perceived as the trivium school proper. The emergence of poor schools as a remedy to this problem was grounded in the difficulty of getting home tuition to work, and the claims made by the better-off people to reserve the city schools for their children. The foundation of new schools was justified by the need to counteract vagrancy and begging and to improve the children’s morals. Schools in many places served food and issued clothes, or even paid some money for attendance. Schools seem to have been perceived by some parents as child care.

Sensitivity to recipient’s attention and responsiveness are critical markers of intentional communication. Although previous research showed that ape gestures can be intentional, few studies have yet addressed this question concerning monkeys. Here, we characterise the effect of a recipient’s presence, attentional state and responsiveness on the interspecific gestural communication of captive red-capped mangabeys (Cercocebus torquatus). Previous reports showed that they produced learnt begging gestures towards a human recipient preferentially when the latter was facing them. We used here a novel setup that allows subjects to move around an experimenter and to use different modalities (visual and acoustic) to communicate. We found that when the recipient was not facing them, mangabeys moved to a position in the visual field of their recipient rather than using attention-getters. Interestingly, unlike apes, they did not elaborate their communication visually or acoustically when the experimenter did not respond favourably to their begging. However, our results may suggest that begging gestures were goal-directed, since mangabeys inhibited them when the experimenter was not available to answer immediately (i.e. give a reward). Overall, red-capped mangabeys’ interspecific visual communication presented intentionality features, but their use of begging gestures was less flexible than that of great apes in similar situations.

The study was carried in Jan, 2020. The major objective was to review the begging negative impact on world community. Total Ninety one articles were downloaded from the net web and read in depth ten times and draw the conclusion how much the begging has negative impact on the world community. The review concludes that begging is very dangerous for world community. The beggars do not work but depend on other and enjoy the life very well. Different reviews show that beggars have good pattern of food and some beggars have constructed good house and purchase land for their families and have good bank balance while some are very poor and have not sufficient money for their basic needs fulfillment. The review further told that beggary is a bad occupation which is started due to poverty in the world. The poor people always engage in this activity due to their poverty and sometime they make a good team and through this team sometime children are forced to begging while in this business majority children are involved forcefully. Sometime parents send their children for begging into market. It is the time of their education while they spend most time in begging and not get the skill and training for their future, so that they left illiterate. It was also observed that beggar migrated from rural to urban and from one country to other for the purpose of begging for earning the money for their livelihood. So they take interest in this job for ever which negatively affect the world economy badly and make the world community in sorrowful condition. Begging strength in the developing world is more than the developed countries of the world. The per capita income of the developing countries are low and so they have less investment in the capitalization and because of this the job generation is less than the developed countries and the unemployment problem is more and sever, which in the long create different problems in the country and decrease the growth of the economy which latter on increase the number of beggaries in the country. No proper planning in the developing countries is existed for begging reduction. Some programs are working for its controlling while their output is to some extent zero. Beggars not only do the begging but also they play great role in different crimes of the world. The young genders are sexually harassed and sometime kidnapped by someone. Different programs were launched for its controlling but still the issue is not solved by world government. So it is necessary for the government of the world to identify beggar number in the world countries and discuss this issue in their parliament and make good policy for their control and keep good fund in the budget for its solution. This is the serious problems of the developing countries of the world So for its control purpose Anti poverty and anti begging law should be developed everywhere in the world. Fund should be increased for solution of this problem. Employment should be provided to beggar in the country. Multiple program in the country should be multiplied for poverty alleviation. Train officers should be selected for the control of begging in police departments and in social welfare departments. Charity program should be launched for begging removal in the country in a proper way. Charity foundation should be established in the countries of the world and charity fund should be deposited by people in this foundation and then in proper way this fund should be distributed among the beggaries who have a right and through this way begging will be ended from the society of the world.

This article discusses how artists initiate collaborations with migrants from Romania who beg on the streets of Scandinavian cities. It analyses two projects: a performance for which the theatre group Institutet paid two migrants begging in Malmo to pose as ‘beggars’ inside the Malmo Fine Arts Museum, and a multiplatform project led by the cartoonist Sara Olausson in collaboration with Felicia Iosif, a homeless woman in Stockholm. In both projects, vulnerability as a condition commonly projected onto migrants is deployed in a tactical field, with unpredictable changes and results. The chapter shows how the migrants involved in the first project were not merely passive and exposed, but partly active when lending their bodies to artists at Institutet. It also sheds light on how Olausson and Iosif shared vulnerability in ways that provoked angry voices in a political climate that has become increasingly hostile to begging migrants in Scandinavia.

Being the world’s most populous country with growing geographic and social disparities, child begging and missing children has been reported in some Chinese cities and has become a major social issue with growing national attention. The booming of Internet use in general and location-based social media in particular have equipped Chinese citizens with the tools needed to voluntarily engage in several recent rescue efforts toward child beggars, as well as to help the missing children find their way back home. Although academic research on child beggars and missing children has gained increasing attentions in some parts of the world, limited number of studies have addressed the geographic patterns of these two unique population in China. In this article, we provided an overview of child beggars and missing children issue in China, based on the observations from two Chinese social media platforms. Using a representative sample of volunteered geographic information crawled from Sina Weibo and Baby Back Home, this paper examined the geographic distribution of child beggars and missing children in China respectively, and explored how social media platform via Volunteered Geographic Information (VGI) has empowered citizens to help rescue child beggars and missing children find their way back home. Our results showed that VGI can serve as a powerful data source for studying the complexity and diversity of child beggars and missing children issues in Chinese cities. As these bottom-up citizen efforts have become a new force of activism in China, a more comprehensive policy and effective legal environment to protect children’s right are sorely needed and China still lags behind compared to the West.

Scientists keep alarming on the dangerous effect of sustainability challenges, begging decision-makers to engage in ecological transition. Organizations rely on CSR managers to answer the call. This is a task full of paradoxes, not only due to the current hypercompetitive global context, but also because of the difficulty to integrate social and environmental performance to this already paradoxical economic context. In addition, CSR managers also experience conflicting strategies toward CSR that are often instrumental, creating goal conflicts. Finally, CSR managers are also torn by their own and others’ eco-anxiety that they manage at work against the social emotionology. Smith and Lewis’s (Academy of Management Review 36(2): 381–403, 2011) dynamic equilibrium model suggests that emotional equanimity could help calm the anxiety created by all these paradoxical tensions. However, this emotional labor, although might benefit some business leaders, is likely to undermine CSR managers’ motivations. The view that I propose in this chapter is distinct from the dynamic equilibrium model on two points. CSR managers’ emotional complexity and their related anxiety should be acknowledged rather than neutralized, to find alternative paradox resolution that would serve ecological transition rather than business sustainability. So, I build on Smith and Lewis’s work to suggest a model adapted to CSR managers.

This study examined the interplay of COVID-19 and Idiosyncratic Food Dearth Risk Resilience in Nigeria; focusing on Oyo State as case study. A multistage sampling technique was used to elicit primary data from 210 rural crop farmers in the study area using a semi-structured questionnaire. CARE and WFP Household Coping Strategy Index (CSI) and Factor analysis were used to determine level of household resilience for food security in the study area. Likert scale was used to examine the idiosyncratic coping strategies adopted by the respondents against food dearth related risks during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Nigeria. Findings showed that 8 out of every 10 respondents do not have access to palliative stimulus packages from the Federal or Oyo state Government to impair the effect of the COVID-19 Pandemic. Out of the sampled households, only 35.71%, 32.38% and 31.90% had mild, moderate and severe resilience for food security respectively during the COVID-19 Pandemic in the study area. Results revealed that the households differ in socio-economic characteristics by their resilience level to food insecurity and that the idiosyncratic coping strategies of households against food dearth related shocks include relying on less preferred food, borrowing food, buying food on credit, allowing household members to eat elsewhere, begging for food, limiting portion of food, and restricting adult at meal. The study concluded that policies that underpin expansion of near-real time food security monitoring systems to provide timely, improved and geospatially indicative data to measure the pandemic’s unfolding effects and understand better farmers that are suffering from hunger and malnutrition and where they are. It suggested that food and nutrition assistance needs to be at the heart of Government social protection programs and laying the foundation for a more inclusive, green, and resilient recovery by ensuring COVID-19 dedicated resources are used in a “build to transform” approach and are evidence-based with emphasis on women and children.

This chapter examines a formative moment when decisions were made that shaped the paths to the organization of a parallel educational system, with different schools for different social classes. There was evidently a need for schools for the new bourgeois strata, the groups of civil servants, and the lower classes alike. The poor-relief authority’s program for teaching the poorest children was driven by a desire to eradicate begging and also reach girls with instruction suitable for their destiny as mothers. The problem was clearly defined in relationship to the spaces children occupied: the quays, the parks, and the streets, and their control of their own leisure time, but also their use of schools as child care and child support. The significance of the processes, however, rests in the understanding that education was a different matter for children of the poor and the middling classes. The education of the poor was fundamentally a matter of policing of communities (moral education, keeping children off the streets) and providing social support (food, clothing, protection) while for other social classes it was a matter of education.

Among the abuses experienced by children in Ireland in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, kidnapping and stripping stand out both for what they reveal of the changing nature of the manner in which children were preyed upon and contemporary attitudes to children and child welfare. Though it is misleadingly presented as evidence of the existence of a vibrant trade in ‘white slaves’, children were not only kidnapped so they could be ‘sold’ in the crown’s Caribbean and American colonies. They were also targeted domestically for a variety of pursuits in which children laboured – among which begging and chimney sweeping stand out. In any event, the diminished visibility of child kidnapping after the 1780s suggests it was not pursued actively thereafter. Children continued to be targeted, but the primary object of those who did so was to strip them of the clothes and jewellery they wore in order to realise the monetary value of these goods. Pursued primarily by female offenders, the fact that a majority of the reported incidents occurred in Dublin, Belfast, Limerick and Cork indicates that it was first and foremost an urban crime. Its identification attests both to the vulnerability of children to exploitation, and to the active engagement of adults in that exploitation.

AIM Information is scarce about the issues faced by street working. This study examined traumatic events experienced by boys working on the streets of Iraq compared to schoolboys. METHODS We compared 100 street working boys aged 8-16 years who were attending a drop-in centre for street working children in Duhok City, Kurdistan, Iraq, in 2004/2005 with 100 age-matched schoolboys randomly selected from six local schools. The instruments that were used included the Harvard-Uppsala Trauma Questionnaire for Children. RESULTS Most of the street working boys were involved in activities such as selling goods or shoe shining, and some were stealing or begging. None were involved in drugs or prostitution. The street working boys showed a significantly higher rate of traumatic events than the control group (96% versus 64%, p < 0.001) and higher rates of moderate to severe trauma levels (78% versus 25%, p < 0.001). A varying degree of association was found for reporting different traumatic events. The largest effect size was found for torture, with an odds ratio of 28.4, and the smallest for maltreatment or assault (2.7). CONCLUSION Street working boys in Iraq faced a higher risk of exposure to traumatic events than age-matched schoolboys.

In the next decade, approximately half a million teenagers on the autism spectrum will transition to adulthood. Unlike earlier generations, who were institutionalized as children in state psychiatric hospitals or hidden by their families, many of today’s young adults with autism spectrum disorders grew up at home and attended school in their communities. This was a major accomplishment of strong and tireless advocacy on the part of families who challenged powerful governmental and bureaucratic forces. Whether teenagers will succeed as adults in their communities depends in part on the strength and tirelessness of their families and the responses of our society. We are at the beginning of a massive social experiment. Much of the outcome hinges on the attitudes of the over 70 million “neurotypical” (nonautistic) millennials, many of whom had opportunities to meet neurodiverse classmates in inclusive programs at school and may be more accepting of neurodiversity than are their parents. But now that the autism community is “aging out” of school, they will need to interact with the broader community, including older generations of neurotypical doctors, who had never seen peers with autism and who may be uncomfortable. This will come as a surprise. To pediatricians, the emergence of an adult population on the spectrum is no surprise. They have watched for decades the rapid expansion of the diagnostic criteria and the rapid evolution of therapeutic approaches. Pediatricians have been learning about autism for decades from experts and, perhaps mostly, from their patients. In contrast, their physician colleagues in adult medicine and other fields, such as urology, typically have limited exposure to adults diagnosed with autism. Because parents (or whoever is responsible for care) realize this, many still cling to their adult children’s pediatricians, begging them to continue providing care long after their children reach age 18. But … Address correspondence to Linda L. Demer, MD, PhD, Departments of Medicine, Physiology, and Bioengineering, CHS A2-237, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1679. E-mail: ldemer{at}mednet.ucla.edu

This article situates the phenomenon of visible begging in the context of the welfare state, exploring the relationship between welfare institutions and social marginalisation. Combining survey dat...

This phenomenological research examines the situation of Badjao Street Children specifically about their daily routines in the street and the culture related reason for going back in the street despite the decent life which the government has planned in their newly built homes. The study utilizes the qualitative phenomenological research and used interview guide questions and observation checklist. The findings were analyzed using ngColaizzi’s method. The results of findings show that the age of most Badjao street children ranges from 10 to 12 years old, male and are grade 3 students. Regarding their routines, they attend school, help their family by assisting in the household and by taking care of their siblings. They also go on streets to beg and ask for help, especially those who do not go to school. The routines of these children, especially begging may be attributed to the poverty which their families are experiencing when they transfer to Cabanatuan City. They are used to the works of the sea and are not used to jobs which they can do on the land. They resulted in begging since they do not know other ways of finding money to spend on their foods and other daily expenses. This research recommends intervention programs like livelihood training, values formations, and education.

Background: Pet cat and dog obesity contributes to increased risk of several diseases, including cancer and diabetes mellitus as well as a worsening of orthopaedic problems, and a reduction in survival rate. This study aims to develop a better understanding of cat and dog owners’ self-reported beliefs and factors that influence owner behaviour around feeding and exercising their pet cat or dog, as there is a lack of in-depth understanding in this area. Seven focus group discussions, with 43 pet owners in total, were conducted. Results: Pet owners often reported a perceived a low level of control over feeding; often undermined by other people feeding of their pet, their pets begging for food, and their pets attitude towards food. Treats were used in the absence of owner control over pet begging and emotional attachment, and to influence pet behaviour. The majority of participants had positive attitudes to pet exercise, which could be related to pet specific requirements, especially differences in cats and dogs. There were some negative experiences of stress associated with dog walking and fears over aggressive confrontations with other dogs. Conclusion: Feeding one’s pet is influenced by beliefs about pet specific needs, pet food and pet health, pet owners’ perceived control over feeding, and the implications for the pet owner. Pet exercise is influenced by beliefs about pet specific exercise needs, and the implications of exercising one’s pet for the pet owner. Understanding owner behaviours on feeding and exercise allows for a more targeted approach to preventing and treating pet obesity. University College Dublin

In animal communication, signal loudness is often ignored and seldom measured. We used a playback experiment to examine the role of vocal loudness (i.e., sound pressure level) in sibling to sibling communication of nestling barn owls Tyto alba. In this species, siblings vocally negotiate among each other for priority access to parental food resources. Call rate and call duration play key roles in this vocal communication system, with the most vocal nestlings deterring their siblings from competing for access to the food item next delivered by parents. Here, we broadcast calls at different loudness levels and call rate to live nestlings. The loudness of playback calls did not affect owlets' investment in call rate, call duration or call loudness. The rate at which playback calls were broadcast affected owlets' call rate but did not influence their response in terms of loudness. This suggests that selection for producing loud signals may be weak in this species, as loud calls may attract predators. Moreover, given that owlets do not overlap their calls and that they communicate to nearby siblings in the silence of the night, loud signals may not be necessary to convey reliable information about food need.

Exhibition of Public Transport TRANSEXPO was organized on 11-13 October 2016 by Targi Kielce toghether with IGKIVI and PITSiS is the biggest that kind event in Poland and Central Europe. At the begging of article [5] was characterized the newest construcions of buses: urban electric, hybrid and alternative fuel. In the following article was presented urban buses maxi and mega class and coaches.

Although some signals seem adapted to maximize transmission of cues to intended receivers, others appear to have been selected to deny specific types of cues to unwanted receivers. We review three categories of avian vocal signals that have been suggested to show adaptation for cue denial: aerial predator alarm calls, begging calls, and soft songs and calls. Evidence supports the conclusion that aerial alarm calls are adapted to deny localization cues and that begging calls and soft songs are adapted to deny detection. Selection for denial of cues in acoustic signals has also been documented in a variety of other animals. In summary, eavesdropping by unwanted receivers is often as important in shaping the structure of acoustic signals as is selection for transmission to intended receivers.

Przez wiele stuleci osoby z defektami cielesnymi lub umysłowymi postrzegane były jako należące do gorszej kategorii, a nawet niegodne życia. Takie postawy wygenerowały szereg stereotypów stanowiących podstawę dyskryminacji. Chrześcijaństwo wprawdzie zmieniło ogólne nastawienie do tych osób, jednak w praktyce różnice były niewielkie: pogardę zastąpiła litość, co rozwinęło bogate tradycje żebractwa opartego na miłosierdziu i jałmużnie, wpisane w główne nakazy tej religii. Rzeczywiste zmiany ukierunkowane na integrację osób niepełnosprawnych to dopiero ubiegłe stulecie, przy czym w różnych krajach przybierały one różne tempo, czasem następował całkowity regres, tak jak miało to miejsce w Niemczech nazistowskich. W Polsce dążenie do integracji osób niepełnosprawnych poprzez ich edukację i rehabilitację rozpoczęło się już w okresie międzywojennym, a lata PRL-u te działania mocno zintensyfikowały. Jednak dopiero po roku 1989 rozwinęła się polityka prointegracyjna, ukierunkowana nie tylko na edukację i rehabilitację, ale również na rzeczywistą i kompleksową normalizację warunków życia niepełnosprawnych, zespoloną z równoczesnymi działaniami mającymi na celu kształtowanie świadomości osób niepełnosprawnych oraz modyfikowanie postaw wobec ich problemów. Wysiłki te, podejmowane w kontekście światowych zmian w percepcji potrzeb i możliwości osób niepełnosprawnych, sprawiają, że integracja staje się coraz bardziej widoczna we wszystkich obszarach społecznego funkcjonowania, tj. w szkole, na uczelni, w zakładzie pracy, na ulicy, w sąsiedztwie, kinie itp. Natomiast wciąż jeszcze nierozwiązane pozostają kontrowersyjne kwestie aksjologiczne, odsuwane lub zupełnie pomijane zarówno w opracowaniach specjalistycznych, jak i dyskursie społecznym. Ostatni etap procesów integracyjnych, który nazywam postintegracyjnością, to czas zajęcia się tymi kwestiami, upubliczniania ich i szukania optymalnych rozwiązań. W opracowaniu tym przedstawiłam trzy tego typu kwestie, tj. seksualność osób niepełnosprawnych, aborcję płodów uszkodzonych i prawo do pomocy w zakończeniu życia osobom niezdolnym fizycznie do takiego działania.

The article examines modern scientific views on the definition of begging. The Author comes to the conclusion that currently there is no universal notion of begging, as every existing definition contains certain terminological flaws. There is also a restricted notion of begging from begging and vagrancy. The Author also offers an authentic definition of begging.

This article examines the perception and treatment of child beggars in Third Republic Paris. By the nineteenth century’s close, public opinion and government policy no longer cast these children as threatening. Instead, the republic passed legislation and established institutions to protect the young and destitute; however, these measures also tried to ensure that these children became industrious members of the working class. Moreover, in practice, contemporaries continued to view children engaging in illicit commerce with suspicion and worried over their current and future loss of productivity. By using discussions around child labor to study the child beggar, this article offers a new perspective for considering the origins of the victim versus threat dichotomy that characterized late nineteenth-century approaches to the juvenile delinquent.

In Portugal, mostly by virtue of its EU membership, there has been a dramatic increase in transparency requirements in the course of the last 20 years. In view of this, I argue that another question is begging to be asked: does it make sense to put all one’s eggs in the basket of information? In particular, should transparency as an ideal be allowed completely to replace trust in contractual relations? Information plays a central role in traditional contract formation models: contracting parties are meant to acquaint themselves with all the terms of the contracts they contemplate entering into so as to make an informed decision whether or not to make a commitment thereto. I argue that the protection of insurance customers can best be achieved if one complements the informational approach with a different approach consisting of treating financial products much like any other products, placing upon the insurer the burden to check that the products it offers to its customers are consistent with their demands and needs.

Between 1809 and the early-1840s more than fifty mendicity societies were established throughout Ireland. These charities focused on the suppression of street begging and the relief of the destitute poor. Mendicity societies took their lead from earlier societies located in Britain and mainland Europe, and in Ireland the Dublin association acted as a parent body for this movement. While playing a prominent role in the welfare landscape in the first half of the nineteenth century Ireland’s mendicity societies largely disappeared within a short space of time, largely on foot of the introduction of the Poor Law system.

The Qixi Festival is a traditional festival in China, which inherits the production model of men's farming and women's weaving for thousands of years. It is considered as a symbol of Chinese farming culture and widely propagated in many provinces in China since a long time ago. However, people in different areas celebrate this festival in different ways during different periods. This can be found in the documents that recorded in local chronicles. This research takes Shanxi Province as an example. Through sorting out 72 types of local chronicles that recorded the contents of the Qixi Festival which compiled during the Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China, we found that the differences mainly manifested in four aspects: the gender and age of the participants, the objects of sacrifice, the sacrificial offering, and the behavior of begging dexterousness. Through analyzing, it can be seen that these differences are caused by the impact of the environment and also related to the integration of multiple cultural elements in the festival itself.

Begging exists in developed as well as developing countries and in many jurisdictions is regarded as a criminal activity. In a tourism context, it is not uncommon to see begging-type activities in areas where tourists are present. Surprisingly, the literature has largely ignored begging as an issue of concern. This study examined the reaction of international tourists to encounters with beggars in China with a particular emphasis on the impact that an encounter with beggars could have on trip satisfaction. The study found that (1) elder beggars are still the most common types of beggars encountered by respondents; (2) giving money but refusing further communication with beggars was the most common reaction; (3) begging did not have a significant impact on overall trip satisfaction and (4) begging did not have a significant impact on the likelihood of revisiting China or a negative impact on future recommendations for travel to China.

In Begging to Be Black, Krog grapples with the idea of the vulnerable body as a response to Njabulo S Ndebele’s inaugural Steve Biko Memorial Lecture (delivered in 2000). She expresses her loyalty to literary non-fiction in somatic terms: she hopes that it allows her potentially to discover a “thinning of skin” that avoids the imaginative challenges of fiction. I show how Krog responds to Ndebele’s speech through two key intertexts in Begging to Be Black, and asks whether the preoccupation of the text with the idea of the vulnerable body paradoxically elides the particularities of embodied experience. Begging to Be Black incorporates J M Coetzee’s Disgrace (2000 [1999]) and Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness 1988 [1899] in order to test the limits of the sympathetic imagination and understand what it means to share in bodily vulnerability, particularly in the light of racially differentiated experience.

It seems that barely a week goes by without the revelation that yet another large, high-profile organisation has been breached, with millions of records being stolen. It would be easy to imagine that hackers are attracted only by big-name firms with huge databases just begging to be ransacked. But as Colin Tankard, MD of Digital Pathways, points out in this interview, organisations of all sizes are at risk.

The aim of my paper is to outline an overview of the collection of the Carmina popularia. In particular, I will criticise the modus operandi employed so far in arranging this corpus and meditate on what can be deemed ‘folk song’ in ancient Greece. As case studies, I shall take the five begging songs handed down to us. I shall also provide a revised text and a critical apparatus for each poem.

Background: Street children are underprivileged urban children who suffer poverty, deprivation of education, vulnerability to various types of abuse, lack of supervision by adults, and with varying status of street-based existence and contact with their families. The study compares the socio-demographic and health profiles of children in a NGO-run Open House and street children. Methods: Respondents satisfying intake criteria were interviewed using a pre-tested questionnaire and their height and weight were measured and the data were statistically analysed. Results: 72% were aged between 12-16 years. Their occupations included rag picking, unorganised labour, street vending, cleaning vehicles, hotel work and begging. The reasons for street living were parental abuse, poverty, parental death, or peer pressure. Between the two groups of children, there were significant differences in frequencies of genital lesions (p=0.014; OR=0.465), injuries (p=0.01; OR=0.5), scabies (p=0.01; OR=0.31), and pyoderma (p=0.03; OR =0.38). A majority from both groups chewed tobacco regularly, some were addicted to more than one substance and had started using addictive substances due to peer pressure or to alleviate depression. Conclusions: Multi-pronged interventions ought to focus on improving income levels and housing of impoverished families, curbing parental abuse, and providing educational and health care facilities, establishing more number of drop-in Open Houses, providing avenues for legal income, and educating on the hazards of promiscuity and substance abuse.