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1. Planning for economic integration: addressing trade challenges posed by the Ukraine-Russia conflict in Europe

Author: Zar SHAH, Khalid ZAMAN, and Gul Faraz KHAN
Subjects: russia-ukraine war, military expenditures, economic sanction, media coverage, trade, europe-asia, panel ardl approach, Business, HF5001-6182, Economic theory. Demography, HB1-3840, Economics as a science, HB71-74
Abstract: This study aims to establish a connection between Russian-Ukraine’s current state of affairs and its impact on trade in the European Union and East Asia-Pacific (EAP) regions. Russia- Ukraine conflict impacts EU and EAP trade openness due to rising military spending. Further, escalating sanctions against Russia would negatively affect trade in these regions. War media coverage may cause temporary trade decline in EU and EAP, but recovery expected in the long run. EU imports and exports flow would be significantly disrupted by conflict, irrespective of country’s financial situation. Study findings can aid policymakers in assessing trade threats and developing mitigation strategies.
Published: 2024

2. Solid Waste Management Policies and Practices: A Case Study of Citizen Participation in Rural Japan

Author: Tajkir-Uz-Zaman, A.K.M. and Jackson, Keith
Subjects: Cambridge University Press -- Waste management, Public sector -- Case studies -- Analysis, Book publishing -- Case studies -- Waste management -- Analysis, Local government -- Case studies -- United Kingdom -- Japan, Public health -- Case studies -- Analysis, Political participation -- Case studies -- Analysis, Business, general, Business, World Bank Group. World Bank
Abstract: Motivation: Household waste is a major global issue, and its management is crucial for public health. In Japan, municipal governments are legally responsible for managing waste for the public good. Citizen participation (CP) enhances solid waste management (SWM) effectiveness, strengthens democratic legitimacy, and safeguards public health. Premise: Japan is a global leader in SWM, with its municipalities implementing daily waste management methods that encourage citizen participation and engagement, and this study explores the role of citizen participation in SWM. Approach: This study tests the ladder theory of citizen participation, focusing on group dynamics and voluntary engagement. Using a case study method, a mixed-method approach was used to gather empirical data. Two survey questionnaires were designed, piloted, and fine-tuned, with participant responses categorized and presented. Qualitative data was analyzed using thematic analysis, and quantitative data was analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results: This study reveals that Japanese municipalities engage in initiatives that promote positive, voluntary, and collaborative CP in SWM. It also observes a level of Japanese-style partnership between local government and citizens. Conclusion: Local governments can enhance the quality and effectiveness of SWM in rural communities by actively encouraging and facilitating CP processes. This not only leads to positive outcomes in public health and civil education but also legitimizes the role of municipal governments and democratic processes. Consistency: Current SWM policies and practices in Japan can serve as a good example of effective public sector management both in general and for SWM specifically in the rural areas of other countries where effective SWM policies and practices are currently lacking. Keywords: citizen participation, Japan, public sector management, solid waste management JEL Classification Codes: H79, H83, Q53, INTRODUCTION According to World Bank data, almost half of the global population, or precisely 43 percent (2022), lives in rural regions (World Bank n.d.). Indeed, this statistic indicates a more [...]
Published: 2024

3. Overselling corporate social responsibility

Author: Attig, Najah, Hu, Wenyao, Rahaman, Mohammad M., and Zaman, Ashraf Al
Subjects: Corporate social responsibility -- Conferences, meetings and seminars -- Social aspects, Natural language interfaces -- Conferences, meetings and seminars -- Social aspects, Computational linguistics -- Conferences, meetings and seminars -- Social aspects, Language processing -- Conferences, meetings and seminars -- Social aspects, Company business management, Banking, finance and accounting industries, Business
Abstract: We show that firms hype up their corporate social responsibility (CSR) narratives during the turn-of-the-year earnings conference calls to project an overly responsible public image of their firms. This previously unexplored phenomenon does not appear to be related to past, current, and future CSR engagements and cannot be explained by observed time-varying firm attributes and unobserved time-invariant firm and CEO attributes. We find that the fourth-quarter CSR narrative hike is more pronounced among firms that are (ex ante) expected to do more corporate good as well as firms embedded in dirty industries, but less prevalent among firms facing elevated product-market threats. Although elevated CSR narrative is associated with positive short-term market reaction and lower near-term stock price crash risk, such behavior tends to reduce financial report readability and leads to lower equity valuation in the longer term. Our analyses suggest that CSR narrative hike at the turn-of-the-year is a pervasive phenomenon in the corporate landscape and may have valuation and governance implications. KEYWORDS CSR window dressing, impression management, public image of firms, 1 | INTRODUCTION In the last 20 years, growth in corporate social responsibility (CSR) reporting among public firms in most developed countries has been staggering, yet environmental damage and social [...]
Published: 2023
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4. 10 stock market insights for physician investors in 2023

Author: Nishat, Syed and Zaman, Aadil
Subjects: Physicians -- Investments, United States economic conditions, Investments -- Management, Company financing, Company investment, Business, Economics, Health care industry
Abstract: At the start of each year, everyone is clamoring to figure out what the next 12 months will be like when it comes to the stock market and investment outlook. [...]
Published: 2023

5. Rural entrepreneurs behaviors towards green innovation: Empirical evidence from Bangladesh

Author: Mohammad Rashed Hasan Polas, Ahmed Imran Kabir, Asghar Afshar Jahanshahi, Abu Saleh Md. Sohel-Uz-Zaman, Ridoan Karim, and Mosab I. Tabash
Subjects: Attitude, Environmental concern, Green innovation, Green energy technology, Rural entrepreneurs, Bangladesh, Management. Industrial management, HD28-70, Business, HF5001-6182
Abstract: The study aims to investigate the effects of dimensions on the adoption of green innovation in order to design a clean energy strategy and eco-friendly SMEs among rural entrepreneurs in Bangladesh. The study also strives to evaluate if these interactions are mediated by the intention to use green energy technology. Using Smart PLS 3.3.9 (SEM) and SPSS V25, data from a sample of 288 rural Bangladeshi SMEs entrepreneurs were studied using a positivist approach to hypothetic deductive observation. Examining the effects of environmental concern, perceived ease of use, and attitude on adoption of green innovation in the direction of sustainable green SMEs and cities was the goal. The indirect impacts of these three factors have also been examined through the mediating prism of the intention to use green energy technology. The findings show that environmental concern and perceived ease of use are positively and significantly associated with adoption of green innovation. The data also supports the assumption that the intention to use green energy technology, namely solar energy, mediates the relationships between environmental concern and attitude with the adoption of green innovation. However, the intention to use green energy technology does not play a mediating role in the association between the perceived ease of use and adoption of green innovation. The findings of this study on green innovation add to the body of existing literature on rural green innovation and entrepreneurship in the field of information systems and help to pinpoint potential for rural green entrepreneurship and innovation in the digital age. Green innovation is still a relatively new concept in Bangladesh, hence there isn't much talked about it among rural entrepreneurs there. Lastly, the study discusses in some detail how important it is to take into account sustainability factors and eco-innovations that might encourage green innovation practices among rural entrepreneurs.
Published: 2023
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6. Artificial Intelligence, Blockchain Technology, and Risk-Taking Behavior in the 4.0IR Metaverse Era: Evidence from Bangladesh-Based SMEs

Author: Mohammad Rashed Hasan Polas, Asghar Afshar Jahanshahi, Ahmed Imran Kabir, Abu Saleh Md. Sohel-Uz-Zaman, Abu Rashed Osman, and Ridoan Karim
Subjects: blockchain technology, artificial intelligence, SMEs, survey, risk-taking behavior, Bangladesh, Management. Industrial management, HD28-70, Business, HF5001-6182
Abstract: ABSTRACT: This study investigates the variables affecting the adoption of blockchain technology (BT) among small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) with the application of artificial intelligence (AI) via the mediating lens of risk-taking behavior. As an initial sample, 150 owners/top managers from 150 SMEs (one informant from each) in Dhaka, Bangladesh, were chosen. A stratified random sample was employed for this cross-sectional study. Applying structural equation modeling, the combined influence of internal and external variables influencing the intention to adopt BT is explored. Results show that: (1) knowledge of artificial intelligence has a positive and significant effect on the adoption of blockchain technology; (2) the relevant advantage of artificial intelligence has a positive and significant effect on the adoption of blockchain technology; (3) perceived ease of use of artificial intelligence has a positive and significant effect on the adoption of blockchain technology; (4) risk-taking behavior mediates the relationship between knowledge of artificial intelligence and adoption of blockchain technology; (5) risk-taking behavior does not mediate the relationship between relevant advantage and perceived ease of use of artificial intelligence with the adoption of blockchain technology. The current study is one of the few empirical investigations relating to SMEs using artificial intelligence and blockchain technologies for business operations. The study’s limitations are the small sample size and use of a single informant. However, the findings on the adoption of blockchain technology have applications for boosting the competitiveness of SMEs. This study’s originality stems from two factors: the novelty of blockchain technology and its potential to upend SMEs’ conventional mode of operation. It highlights the need to consider the key variables affecting SMEs’ adoption of blockchain technology with artificial intelligence.
Published: 2022
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7. Blockchain Technology as a Game Changer for Green Innovation: Green Entrepreneurship as a Roadmap to Green Economic Sustainability in Peru

Author: Mohammad Rashed Hasan Polas, Ahmed Imran Kabir, Abu Saleh Md. Sohel-Uz-Zaman, Ridoan Karim, and Mosab I. Tabash
Subjects: blockchain technology, green entrepreneurship, green innovation, green economy, sustainability, Management. Industrial management, HD28-70, Business, HF5001-6182
Abstract: ABSTRACT: Blockchain technology has been heralded as a game changer for addressing severe environmental and economic sustainability challenges. In response to rising environmental concerns, blockchain technology (BCT) is transforming green innovation, culminating in green economic practices and well-established business models. Recognizing this, we investigated the role of blockchain technology in green innovation practices and its impact on green economic sustainability, which has an impact on green environmental sustainability. Moreover, 184 small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) were surveyed in Lima, Peru. Data for this cross-sectional study were gathered using stratified random sampling. The positivist approach was implemented using a statistical induction method. Prior studies’ research constructs were measured using validated measurement scales. For quantitative data analysis, using the partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) framework, this study provided two key findings. First, sustainability orientation and sustainability attitude have a positive and significant effect on the adoption of green innovation that employs green energy (solar) technology towards a sustainable green economy. Second, the intention to use blockchain technology mediates the relationship between sustainability orientation and social perception with the adoption of green innovation that employs green energy (solar) technology towards a sustainable green economy. We recommend that small- and medium-sized enterprises embrace green innovation and blockchain technology to protect the environment and boost community cohesiveness.
Published: 2022
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8. Whose Inflation Expectations Best Predict Inflation?

Author: Verbrugge, Randal and Zaman, Saeed
Subjects: Inflation (Finance) -- Forecasts and trends -- United States, Economic forecasting -- Analysis -- Methods, Market trend/market analysis, Banking, finance and accounting industries, Business, general, Business, Economics
Abstract: We examine the predictive relationship between various measures of inflation expectations and future inflation. We find that the expectations of professional economists and of businesses have tended to provide more [...]
Published: 2021
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9. How innovative climate leads to project success: the moderating role of gender and work culture

Author: Ambreen Sarwar, Muhammad Kashif Imran, Zafar-Uz-Zaman Anjum, and Umer Zahid
Subjects: gender, work culture, innovative behavior, project success, innovative climate, organizational climate theory, Management. Industrial management, HD28-70, Business, HF5001-6182
Abstract: Purpose – In modern times, innovation is considered as a vital component of sustainable competitive advantage. The purpose of this paper is to identify how innovation at the individual level [innovative work behavior (IWB)] and at the organizational level [innovative organizational climate (IOC)] affects the chances of success of a particular project. Additionally, the moderating effect of gender and work culture on the relation between innovative climate and behavior is tested in the study. Design/methodology/approach – Survey technique was used to collect data from 425 employees working in project departments at the executive, middle level and senior level management in the paint manufacturing industry of Pakistan. Multiple regression, as well as Preacher and Hayes (2004) tests, were applied to test the hypotheses. Findings – The result of the data analysis showed that IWB acts as a mediator between IOC and project success (PS), thereby supporting the hypothesized model of innovation and PS. Work culture was supported as a moderator; however, no moderating effect of gender was validated by the results. Research limitations/implications – The management must make sure that to maximize the rate of success of projects, innovative work climate within the organizations and departments be given due importance. In addition to this, personnel’s individual innovation capabilities must also be enhanced by taking steps toward improvement through training and development. Originality/value – Though attention has been given to research in innovation in light of other related variables, its relation to PS remains yet to be studied. The effect of gender and work culture on innovation in Pakistani paint industry was long over-due which has been addressed by this study.
Published: 2020
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10. Does capital intensity, inventory intensity, firm size, firm risk, and political connections affect tax aggressiveness?

Author: Sugeng Sugeng, Eko Prasetyo, and Badrus Zaman
Subjects: capital intensity, inventory intensity, firm size, firm risk, political connection, tax aggressiveness, Business, HF5001-6182, Finance, HG1-9999
Abstract: Tax aggressiveness is one of a critical issue in the world of taxation. Many companies do tax planning to minimize their tax abilities. This study aims to examine how capital intensity, inventory intensity, firm size, firm risk, and political connections, relate to the tax aggressiveness of manufacturing listed companies in Indonesia, an emerging economy of Southeast Asia. This study combined the tax aggressiveness factor from different perspectives into one model. This study used purposive sampling with manufacturing companies listed in Indonesia Stock Exchange during 2015-2017 and experienced a consecutive profit as the main criteria. Panel data regression used as a data analysis technique. The result shows that there is a significant effect between capital intensity, political connection, and tax aggressiveness. The relationship between inventory intensity, firm size, firm risk, and tax aggressiveness failed to prove in this study. This result is consistent across several measures of tax aggressiveness.
Published: 2020
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11. Sapna NYC: Participatory Research, Cooperative Economic Strategies with South Asian Immigrant Women in the Bronx, and the Possibilities for South/Asian America

Author: Khandhar, Parag Rajendra and Zaman, Moumita
Subjects: Parag Rajendra KhandharMoumita ZamanGender and Women StudiesAsians in U.S. Cities and NeighborhoodsLabor, Business, and EconomyCommunity Based OrganizationsAsian American Studies and the MovementPractitioner Essay
Abstract: After the onset of the Great Recession that began in 2008, many social progressives and others disenchanted with unregulated corporate capitalism have been significantly interested in exploring workplace democracy through worker-owned cooperatives and other tools. This article focuses on one nonprofit organization—Sapna NYC—that works with South Asian American women in the Bronx. The article will discuss the agency’s adaptive and evolving work that recognizes the holistic health impacts of socioeconomic status and has come up with a novel approach to support participants in building worker-owned cooperative businesses that they own and control. This article will discuss the intended health, economic, and social impacts of the project, as well as the challenges, opportunities, questions, and implications of the agency’s worker cooperative incubation program for South/Asian American communities and community organizations throughout the United States. The article suggests how Sapna NYC’s experience is instructive for organizations developing or considering incubation of their own co-ops.
Published: 2015

12. Comparison of Parametric and Non-Parametric Estimation Methods in Linear Regression Model

Author: Tolga Zaman and Kamil Alakuş
Subjects: least squares, mean absolute deviation, median, mood-brown estimator, outlier, theil-sen estimator, Industrial engineering. Management engineering, T55.4-60.8, Business, HF5001-6182
Abstract: In this study, the aim was to review the methods of parametric and non-parametric analyses in simple linear regression model. The least squares estimator (LSE) in parametric analysis of the model, and Mood-Brown and Theil-Sen methods that estimates the parameters according to the median value in non-parametric analysis of the model are introduced. Also, various weights of Theil-Sen method are examined and estimators are discussed. In an attempt to show the need for non-parametric methods, results are evaluated based on real life data.
Published: 2019
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13. Empirically testing Keynesian defense burden hypothesis, nonlinear hypothesis, and spillover hypothesis: Evidence from Asian countries

Author: Qurat Ul AIN, Syed Imran RAIS, Syed Tahir Hussain SHAH, Khalid ZAMAN, Shakira EJAZ, and Abdul MANSOOR
Subjects: military expenditures, economic growth, political instability, regulatory control, voice and accountability, FMOLS, Asian countries, Business, HF5001-6182, Economic theory. Demography, HB1-3840, Economics as a science, HB71-74
Abstract: The objective of the study is to evaluate different alternative and plausible hypothesis, i.e., Keynesian defense burden hypothesis, nonlinear hypothesis, and spillover hypothesis by controlling governance indicators in a panel of 5 Asian selected countries during a period of 2000 to 2016. The study employed panel Fully Modified OLS (FMOLS) and Dumitrescu-Hurlin panel causality estimates for robust inferences. The results confirmed the defense burden hypothesis where high military expenditures decrease country’s economic growth. The real interest rate, trade openness, and government education expenditures substantially decreases country’s per capita income due to market imperfection, arms import, and low spending on education. The political instability decreases economic growth while voice and accountability and regulatory control largely support country’s economic growth. The causality estimates confirmed the feedback relationship between i) per capita income and exports ii) trade openness and military expenditures, and iii) real interest rate and exports, while growth led military expenditures and arms conflict, military led exports and political instability, and trade led regulatory control established in causality framework.
Published: 2019

14. Weak form market efficiency test of Bangladesh Stock Exchange: an empirical evidence from Dhaka Stock Exchange and Chittagong Stock Exchange

Author: Shafir Zaman
Subjects: efficient capital market, random walk, weak form efficiency, weak form inefficient, Business, HF5001-6182, Economics as a science, HB71-74
Abstract: Investors need to have an idea about stock market before making investment whether the stock markets are efficient or not to take investment decision in stock market. For that reason, measurement of market efficiency of stock market bears significance to investors. Bearing it in mind, the study is undertaken to find out the existence of weak form efficiency prevails in largest stock market of Bangladesh. In order to get perfect result Parametric and Non Parametric tests were conducted of DSE & CSE for 2013 to 2017. It was found from all tests that Dhaka and Chittagong Stock exchange are not weak form efficient. Therefore, the result of the study will act as a helping hand to researchers to find out the reason of Bangladesh stock market not being weak form efficient as well as providing measurement to make the stock market weak form efficient.
Published: 2018
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15. Seismic behaviour of concrete bridge piers with various types of transverse reinforcement

Author: Inzimam ul Haq, Muhammad Fiaz Tahir, Muhammad Rizwan, Ali Raza, and Qaiser uz Zaman Khan
Subjects: Pier, business.industry, Building and Construction, Structural engineering, business, Bridge (interpersonal), Geology, Civil and Structural Engineering, Seismic analysis, Transverse reinforcement
Abstract: Past bridge failures due to earthquakes have been found to be due to inadequate seismic design of the bridge piers. It is thus essential to investigate the effect of lateral confinement on the seismic behaviour of bridge piers. The aim of this study was to evaluate, experimentally and numerically, the seismic performance of reinforced concrete bridge piers with various types of transverse reinforcement. For this purpose, three scaled-down (1 : 4) circular bridge pier specimens were tested under constant axial and quasi-static cyclic loading (QSCL). A control specimen was made with spiral lateral reinforcement, while the other two specimens were made with stirrups with cross-ties and strips with cross-ties. The hysteresis loops, envelope curves, energy dissipation and stiffness degradation of all three specimens were determined in order to evaluate their seismic behaviour. Compared with the control specimen, the specimen with strips and cross-ties showed increased lateral load capacity, cumulative energy dissipation and higher initial stiffness due to the effect of increased confinement. The results of finite-element analysis showed good agreement with the experimental results. The findings of this study indicate that strips with cross-ties can be used in bridge piers when a high lateral load carrying capacity and energy dissipation are required.
Published: 2023

16. Consumption of wild food plants among tribal communities of Pak-Afghan border, near Bajaur, Pakistan

Author: Abdur Rauf, Fazal Ullah, Saddam Saqib, Fatima Batool, Syed Abidullah, Wajid Zaman, and Asma Ayaz
Subjects: Ecology, biology, business.industry, Distribution (economics), biology.organism_classification, food.food, Toxicology, Geography, Afghan, food, Ziziphus jujuba, Ethnobotany, Rhamnaceae, Conservation status, business, Socioeconomic status, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Global biodiversity
Abstract: This survey was conducted to document the distribution, market potential, medicinal properties, and conservation status of wild food plants (WFPs) which are consumed by local communities of poor socioeconomic background, residing near the Pakistan-Afghan border. Data were collected via semi-structured during 2017–2020 and a total of 288 informers were interviewed in a different locality. In this survey, a total of 95 WFPs species of 39 families and 58 genera were documented. Among these WFPS, 70% of species are ethno-medicinally known. August was the peak month for the accessibility of WFPs (i.e., 17%). The most consumed parts were leaves (37%) and fruit (36%). Plant species of 36 families out of 39 were marketable and reported for the first time, which was further interrelated with taste, ethnobotanical, ethnomedicinal value, FC, and relative frequency of citation (RFC). Rhamnaceae and Rosaceae were the dominant families with the highest number of frequencies of citation (FC) and number of species. The highest FC (77) and RFC (0.267) were calculated for Ziziphus jujuba. This study presents the market potential and distribution of the WFPs for the first time in a war-affected zone. These findings would facilitate local people along the Pakistan-Afghan border and researchers to utilize WFPs to fulfill food requirements. We suggest that further pharmacological and biological assessments of these plants can contribute to economic prosperity, and increase the dietary diversity of this region.
Published: 2023

17. Smart City--Green Intellectual Capital Model for Sustainability and a Higher Quality of Life

Author: Omar, Muhamad Khalil, Zaman, Maliza Delima Kamarul, and Yusoff, Yusmazida Mohd
Subjects: Sustainable development -- Analysis, Urbanization -- Analysis, Business, United Nations. Development Programme
Abstract: Adopting a smart city initiatives will resolve challenges from the rapid urbanization process as well as for supporting resilient urban development. Transformation of city into a Smart City is complex which involve dynamic processes and various stakeholders work together to accomplish strategic aims. The development of smart cities is to uplift cities competitiveness and to prove country commitment to embark on global agenda, sustainable development goals (SDGs). In regards to this concern, many 'green' strategies have been conceived due to greater awareness on sustainability and its effect on business competitiveness and performance. To pursue this SDGs a step beyond existing models is required. Thus, in this study green intellectual considered to be the foundation and as an important factor involved in smart cities development to achieve SDGs. Purpose: To examine the role and value of green intellectual capital to the creation of stronger economic, social and environmental eco-systems of smart cities to achieve SDGs at the level of city system(s). The study also aimed to propose a comprehensive model of smart city-green intellectual capital to achieve SDGs. Design/methodology/approach: This study will using deductive approach using survey strategy. Seven smart cities will participate which are Selangor, Putrajaya, Iskandar Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Kota Kinabalu, Kuching and Kulim using purposive sampling. The data will analysed using SPSS and Smart PLS software. Practical implications: This study proposes a novel managerial understanding of smart city government bodies. Originality/value: Scholarly research on this proposed framework has yet to be drawn and is conceived to be usable by both the IC and smart communities. Keywords: Smart City, Green Intellectual Capital, Sustainability, Intellectual Capital, PLS, Introduction The United Nations predicted that more than 60 percent of the world population will be living in cities by 2030, mostly in Asia and Africa due to rapid urbanization [...]
Published: 2020

18. Adoption of Big Data Analytics (BDA) Technologies in Disaster Management: A Decomposed Theory of Planned Behavior (DTPB) Approach

Author: Umer Zaman, Hasan Zahid, Muzafar Shah Habibullah, and Badariah Haji Din
Subjects: disaster management, big data analytics (bda), decompose theory of planned behavior (dtpb), Business, HF5001-6182, Management. Industrial management, HD28-70
Abstract: Big data analytics (BDA) technologies have emerged as a cornerstone for predicting, preparing, and preventing natural disasters, that directly save millions of human lives. The current study takes the initial step to analyze various antecedents of using BDA technologies that support real-time and offline decisions, before the occurrence of a disaster event. The model has been underpinned based on the Decomposed Theory of Planned Behavior (DTPB) and offers generic, pro-active, and timely solutions for disaster management. A self-administered survey collected data from 361 active members of the National Disaster Management Authority and Response Units in Pakistan. Partial least square structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) empirically tested the conceptual model and hypothesized relationships. The study findings provide significant evidence on the positive influence of attitudes, subjective norms, and behavioral control of disaster management officials on their intention to adopt BDA technologies. Using DTPB, the current study makes a unique contribution to the literature and offers invaluable insights to researchers, practitioners, and stakeholders in addressing some novel and preemptive measures in disaster management.
Published: 2021
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19. Human resource diversity management (HRDM) practices as a coping mechanism for xenophobia at transnational workplace: A case of a multi-billion-dollar economic corridor

Author: Umer Zaman, Shahid Nawaz, Mahwish Anjam, Rana Salman Anwar, and Muhammad Shahid Siddique
Subjects: xenophobia, cpec, human resource diversity management, discrimination, prejudice, stereotyping, Business, HF5001-6182, Management. Industrial management, HD28-70
Abstract: China–Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC), a multibillion-dollar partnered project is considered as a game-changer, as it combines the strategic interests of China and Pakistan that cannot be compromised. The mega-construction project has recently experienced xenophobic incidents involving Chinese and Pakistani nationals, creating significant harm towards the CPEC progress and success, especially under enormous geopolitical and economic threats. This sketches our motivation for conducting this research that focused on qualitative design based expert interviews of 8 individuals (i.e., both Chinese and Pakistani nationals) directly associated with CPEC. Drawing on a review of mainstream research, the article constructs a framework to explore the demotions of xenophobic behaviors at workplace and to explore the human resource diversity management (HRDM) practices (including intercultural training and development, flexible compensation, international staffing, work-design, and work–life balance) in coping with xenophobia and its sub-dimensions (including discrimination, prejudice, and stereotyping). Experts based interview findings confirm the presence of xenophobia in the CPEC. We propose a framework of various HRDM practices in managing the xenophobia at workplace, however, it is still in its infancy stage. Hence, the present study introduces a new operating model for future researchers, academicians, and management practitioners to cope with xenophobia based on the practices and insights that were explored during this research.
Published: 2021
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20. Effect of spirituality and ethics on green advertising, and the multi- mediating roles of green buying and green satisfaction

Author: Tariq Jalees, Sahar Qabool, Syed Imran Zaman, and Syed Hasnain Alam Kazmi
Subjects: green marketing, consumer buying behavior, green advertisement, green brand, green satisfaction, spirituality, ethics, Business, HF5001-6182, Management. Industrial management, HD28-70
Abstract: This study has extended Motivation-Ability-Opportunity- Model and has developed a framework with seven variables (i.e., green brand, green satisfaction, green advertising, green buying behavior, and spirituality ethics. The study has taken a holistic approach by testing 15 relationships for understanding green marketing. The authors distributed 415 questionnaires to the students of selected universities of Karachi and received 395 filled-in questionnaires. The study’s results support all the proposed hypotheses, and they are in line with earlier studies on green marketing (GM). The study found that green advertising (GA) is an essential aspect of green marketing (GM). Besides its direct effects on green-related elements (H1 to H7), it (green satisfaction) has significant mediating roles on ethics (ET) and green buying behavior (GBB) (H8); spiritually (SP) and green buying behavior (GBB) (H9); ethics, and green satisfaction (H10); Spirituality and green satisfaction (H11). We also found that green buying behavior mediates green advertising (GA) and green satisfaction (GS) (H12). Green buying behavior (GBB) also mediates green brand (GB) and green satisfaction (GS) (H13). The study’s variable’s interrelationships can be judged from the results that our results also support both multi mediating effects. The current study found that the multi-mediating impact of green advertising and green buying on ethics and green satisfaction (H14) and spirituality and green satisfaction (H15) is also significant. The theoretical and practical implications are based on empirical results.
Published: 2021
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21. Making of rebel talent through workplace ostracism: A moderated-mediation model involving emotional intelligence, organizational conflict and knowledge sharing behavior

Author: Umer Zaman, Shahid Nawaz, Owais Shafique, and Saba Rafique
Subjects: workplace deviant behavior, workplace ostracism, knowledge sharing behavior, emotional intelligence, organizational conflict, social identity theory, conservation of resources theory, Business, HF5001-6182, Management. Industrial management, HD28-70
Abstract: Workplace deviant behavior (WDB) and workplace ostracism (WO) have emerged as one of the most toxic behaviors that breed self-protection and self-interest in today’s organizations. However, limited evidence is available on the underlying factors, such as organizational conflict (OC), knowledge-sharing behavior (KSB) and emotional intelligence (EI), in explaining the WO-WDB relationship. Hence, the present study aims to introduce and empirically validate a moderated-mediation model of workplace deviant behavior, involving WO, OC, KSB and EI, respectively. Drawing on study data from 250 officials in the higher education public sector institutions in Pakistan, and employing structural equation modeling with partial least squares, the findings revealed a significant positive effect of WO on WDB. Besides the validation of the mediating roles of OC and KSB, the findings also confirmed a significant moderating influence of EI. The study implications provide theoretical and practical insights to better interpret KSB, OI and EI in organizations that can generate effective deterrence towards WO and WDB.
Published: 2021
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22. Predictors of self-employment behavior among business graduates

Author: Umer Zaman, Hasan Zahid, Murat Aktan, Saqlain Raza, and Shehla Najib Sidiki
Subjects: business incubation programs, self-employment intention, entrepreneurial education, entrepreneurial self-efficacy, social entrepreneurial attitude, Business, HF5001-6182, Management. Industrial management, HD28-70
Abstract: Self-employment skills (also known as entrepreneurship) play a vital role in the economic development of a ‎country, thus should be given enough attention while designing business education programs. The purpose of this study is to investigate the predictors of self-employment behavior amongst business students in Pakistan. In this regard, the impact of entrepreneurial education, business incubation programs, students’ entrepreneurial self-efficacy, and social entrepreneurial attitude on students’ entrepreneurial intention and behavior was examined. Also, the moderating role of psychological empowerment on the relationship between self-employment intention and self-employment behavior was analyzed. A total of 542 valid responses were collected through a self-‎administrative questionnaire from business students in the public universities in Pakistan. ‎The data were analyzed through partial least square structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) by using ‎smart PLS 3.0 software. The findings show that entrepreneurial education, business incubation ‎programs, entrepreneurial self-efficacy, and social entrepreneurial attitude significantly and ‎positively influence self-employment intention which in turn positively predicts self-employment behavior. Whilst, the moderating role of psychological ‎empowerment between self-employment intention and behavior was not confirmed. Based on the findings, theoretical and practical implications ‎have been discussed to help the policymakers, government institutions, and universities to develop and implement educational strategies to increase students’ self-employment ‎behavior.
Published: 2021
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23. Do women customers love to talk about financial brands? An empirical evidence on the mediated service responsiveness and brand sincerity in creating a positive word of mouth

Author: Umer Zaman, Brajesh Bolia, and Mahwish Anjam
Subjects: women customers, financial products, consumer behavior, brand sincerity, service quality responsiveness, word of mouth, Business, HF5001-6182, Management. Industrial management, HD28-70
Abstract: The difference in purchase behavior between male and female consumers is a well-established narrative because of the considerable differences in their buying preferences and decision-making approaches. Women buyer market for financial products is an untapped yet promising segment, however, beyond certain generic assumptions, very little is known about the consumer behavior patterns, satisfaction, and positive word of mouth (WOM) of women customers related to financial products. Targeting a serving woman as a financial service customer necessitates an understanding of the factors contributing to satisfaction level leading to the positive WOM of female customers. Therefore, this paper is an effort to explore the role of the responsiveness component of service quality and sincerity dimension of brand personality on WOM via customer satisfaction. Using the partial least square method in structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) on 183 working women respondents in India, the research results highlighted some interesting findings. Results revealed that brand sincerity directly impacts the WOM of the women customers where achieving satisfaction is not necessary; however, the responsiveness of a financial product does not directly lead to a positive WOM, rather through satisfaction. The research is novel in empirically testing and comparing the role of brand sincerity and responsiveness in generating satisfaction and positive WOM. This study provides insights for the financial product designers and marketers intending to target women-customers, by focusing on the specific consumer behavioral dimensions leading to satisfaction and positive WOM to ensure the product success.
Published: 2021
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24. Every storm will pass: Examining expat’s host country-destination image, cultural intelligence and renewed destination loyalty in COVID-19 tourism

Author: Umer Zaman, Murat Aktan, Madeeha Gohar Qureshi, Funda Bayrakdaroglu, and Shahid Nawaz
Subjects: country image, destination image, cultural intelligence, destination loyalty, global expats and covid-19 tourism, Business, HF5001-6182, Management. Industrial management, HD28-70
Abstract: The massive cultural transformation in the pandemic-paused tourism industry has revamped loyalty towards destinations, thus prompting scholarly attention towards global expats who were rarely considered in tourism research. Drawing on data from 266 expats in South Korea, the study examined the effects of country image (CYI), destination image (DNI), and expat’s cultural intelligence (ECLI) on expat’s renewed destination loyalty (EDLY) in COVID-19 tourism. Using partial least squares structural modeling (PLS-SEM), we show that expat’s cultural intelligence has a significant influence on destination image and expat’s destination loyalty. Moreover, the study provides new empirical evidence that destination image mediates country image and expat’s destination loyalty in the COVID-19 tourism. The study findings underpin policy interventions to rescue tourism destinations under COVID-19 crisis, as well as restore loyalty towards destinations in the post-COVID-19 global tourism.
Published: 2021
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25. Sparking Technological Innovation Through CASS Educational Entrepreneurship Initiative [Innovations Corner].

Author: Friebe, Michael, Chen, Jie, and Rokhani, Fakhrul Zaman
Abstract: Recognizing the increasing relevance of entrepreneurship skillsets to engineers, CASS launched an initiative to educate on entrepreneurship with technology solutions aligned with CAS Society’s visions. In this special issue, this article introduces the motivation, course setup, and the results of an intensive six-week hybrid course stimulating entrepreneurial thinking. The course was based on a novel iterative and agile innovation framework designed to lead up to the BIOCASS 2023 conference in Toronto, inviting the best proposals for an in-person presentation. The learners confirmed a changed mindset towards innovation generation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Published: 2024
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26. Business email compromise (BEC) attacks

Author: Mamoona Humayun, Noor Zaman, Norah Saud Al-Musib, and Faeiz Mohammad Al-Serhani
Subjects: 010302 applied physics, business.industry, media_common.quotation_subject, Social engineering (security), Compromise, Internet privacy, 02 engineering and technology, General Medicine, Deception, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Quarter (United States coin), 01 natural sciences, Phishing, Cybercrime, Work (electrical), Financial transaction, 0103 physical sciences, 0210 nano-technology, business, media_common
Abstract: Cybercrime is a daily threat against organizations and partners of all sizes and with the rapid development of technology and the great dependence on it in some transactions, a type of serious threats has emerged that pose a high degree of risk to companies and organizations that rely on financial transactions in their work. This type of threat is called Business Email Compromise (BEC), which is a type of email phishing for financial purposes. This attack increased dramatically and caused very high financial losses to companies, especially in the period of remote work and in the Corona crisis, as it increased in the third quarter of the century of this year by 94%. This type of threat does not require a high percentage of knowledge, experience, or skills in deception and fraud, it requires only a reasonable level of social engineering. In this paper, we contribute to analyze this threat is, how it occurs, ways to avoid it or reduce its incidence, and impact on the organization.
Published: 2023

27. A survey on security threats and countermeasures in IoT to achieve users confidentiality and reliability

Author: Mohammed Baz, Mehedi Masud, Noor Zaman, Kholoud Y. Najmi, Jehad F. Al-Amri, and Mohammed A. AlZain
Subjects: 010302 applied physics, Computer science, business.industry, Reliability (computer networking), media_common.quotation_subject, 02 engineering and technology, General Medicine, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Computer security, computer.software_genre, 01 natural sciences, Order (exchange), 0103 physical sciences, Confidentiality, Prosperity, 0210 nano-technology, Internet of Things, business, computer, Hacker, media_common
Abstract: The idea of the Internet of Things that everything is linked to anything and everything interacts with the other is a great idea, and that the topic of integrating these devices will add a remarkable change in this world and increase its prosperity, and this interconnection occurs through the exchange of data and information and facilitating our communication with the things around us. But questions about security and privacy remain. When this massive amount of data is exchanged, it will certainly be an attractive environment for attackers and hackers. In this paper, we will present the issues of security and privacy, their main requirements, potential risks and tools to defend these risks, and a detailed review of security attacks in order to be able to deter these attacks achieve confidentiality, security and reliability for users.
Published: 2023

28. Artificial Intelligence against COVID-19 Pandemic: A Comprehensive Insight

Author: Zahid A. Khan, Sarfaraz Masood, Azhar Equbal, Iftekhar Equbal, Shafi Ahmad, and Noor Zaman Khan
Subjects: Vaccination, Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), Health professionals, business.industry, Pandemic, Authorization, Medicine, Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and imaging, Disease, Artificial intelligence, business, Imaging data, Ai systems
Abstract: COVID-19 is a pandemic initially identified in Wuhan, China, which is caused by a novel coronavirus, also recognized as the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS-nCoV-2). Unlike other coronaviruses, this novel pathogen may cause unusual contagious pain which results in viral pneumonia, serious heart problems, and even death. Researchers worldwide are continuously striving to develop a cure for this highly infective disease, yet there are no well-defined absolute treatments available at present. Several vaccination drives with emergency use authorisation vaccines are being done across many countries, however, their long term efficacy and side-effects study are yet to be done. The research community is analysing the situation by collecting the datasets from various sources. Healthcare professionals must thoroughly analyse the situation, devise preventive measures for this pandemic, and even develop possible drug combinations. Various analytical and statistical models have been developed, however, their outcome rate is prolonged. Thus, modern science stresses on the application of state-of-the-art methods in this combat against COVID-19. The application of Artificial intelligence (AI), and AI-driven tools are emerging as effective tools, especially with X-Ray and CT-Scan imaging data of infected subjects, infection trend predictions etc. The high efficacy of these AI systems can be observed in terms of highly accurate results, i.e. >95%, as reported in various studies. AI-driven tools are being used in COVID diagnostic, therapeutics, trend prediction, drug design and prevention to help fight against this pandemic. This paper aims to provide a deep insight into the comprehensive literature about AI and AI-driven tools in this battle against the COVID-19 pandemic. The extensive literature is divided into five sections, each describing the application of AI against COVID-19 viz. COVID-19 Prevention, diagnostic, infection spread trend prediction, therapeutic and drug repurposing.
Published: 2023

29. Having a whale of a time: Linking self-determination theory (SDT), job characteristics model (JCM) and motivation to the joy of gig work

Author: Umer Zaman, Shahid Nawaz, Areesha Javed, and Tareq Rasul
Subjects: joy of gig work, self-determination theory, job characteristic model, intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation, Business, HF5001-6182, Management. Industrial management, HD28-70
Abstract: The increasing uberization of work has emerged as an intrinsic part of our digitalized society, allowing opportunities for unbridled success for global firms using gig work. The purpose of the present study is to investigate the integrative effect of self-determination and job characteristics on the joy of gig work with the mediating influence of gig worker’s motivation (intrinsic and extrinsic). Survey data was collected from 250 gig workers representing two multinational ride-sharing services. The study used partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) technique to empirically test the conceptualized model and hypothesized relationships. The study findings provide empirical evidence to present that joy of gig work is largely affected by gig worker’s self-determination and job characteristics. Moreover, gig worker’s motivation (intrinsic and extrinsic) significantly mediates the relationship between self-determination and joy of gig work, as well as job characteristics and joy of gig work. This research creates the basis for future investigations that examine the direct and indirect associations between self-determination, job characteristics, motivation, and joy of gig work. The practical implications for global firms include a better understanding of the business value of the joy of work, especially in gig-work environments.
Published: 2020
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30. Cross-country evidence on project portfolio success in the Asia-Pacific region: Role of CEO transformational leadership, portfolio governance and strategic innovation orientation

Author: Umer Zaman, Raja Danish Nadeem, and Shahid Nawaz
Subjects: transformational leadership, portfolio governance, strategic innovation orientation and project portfolio success, Business, HF5001-6182, Management. Industrial management, HD28-70
Abstract: Project portfolio management ensures a hierarchy of purpose and effective prioritization of projects in achieving organization’s strategic objectives. This study argues that the lack of discipline in integrating projects makes project portfolio investments and anticipated benefits unclear, causing internal congestion of indecisive and/or unsuccessful projects. This research empirically scrutinizes project portfolio success in a transnational and cross-cultural perspective in the Asia-Pacific (APAC) region. Based on samples drawn from the information and communications technology (ICT) industry in the Republic of Korea (an advanced economy) and Pakistan (an emerging economy), the hypothesized relationships were empirically tested using partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). The study findings revealed a significant and positive effect of CEO transformational leadership on project portfolio success. The findings also confirmed that strategic innovation orientation significantly mediates the effect of CEO transformational leadership on project portfolio success. In addition, this study provides support for portfolio governance mechanism in a moderating role that significantly enhanced the relationships between CEO transformational leadership and project portfolio success; also, strategic innovation orientation and project portfolio success. This study presents convergent views between Korea (Study-I) and Pakistan (Study-II) in terms of the application of CEO transformational leadership, portfolio governance and strategic innovation in explaining project portfolio success. Implications of findings are drawn based on a new perspective of project portfolio success in a cross-country context.
Published: 2020
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31. The Association between Ethical Decision-Making, Job Satisfaction, Organisational Commitment and Selected Demographic Variables

Author: Kamarul Zaman Ahmad, Sharifah Haslinda Syed Alwee, Zetty Zahureen Mohd. Yusoff, Suzana Idayu Wati Osman, and Siti Normah Awang Tuah
Subjects: Management. Industrial management, HD28-70, Business, HF5001-6182
Abstract: Job satisfaction and organisational commitment are variables that have been frequently studied. However, the relationship between ethical decision-making and these two variables are seldom explored. This study conducted on 200 employees from public and private companies in various parts of Kuala Lumpur, aims to investigate the relationship between these three variables. Instruments were used from Paolillo & Vitell (2002), Hunt, Wood & Chonko (1989) and Dubinsky & Hartley (1986) to measure ethics, organisational commitment and job satisfaction respectively. Results show that there is a positive correlation between ethics and organisational commitment and between job satisfaction and organisational commitment. However, contrary to expectations, there is no significant correlation between ethics and job satisfaction. The negative correlation between organisational commitment and position r = -0.288, p< 0.1 suggests that people higher up in the hierarchy are less committed towards the organisation. The absence of any significant correlation between ethics and age, experience, and position is also contrary to previous studies conducted in the West. This suggests that, unlike the West, ethics does not increase or decrease with age, experience, and position.
Published: 2020
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32. Person-Environment Fit Perceptions and Satisfaction at Work

Author: Kamarul Zaman Ahmad and Maisarah Mat Khairuddin
Subjects: Management. Industrial management, HD28-70, Business, HF5001-6182
Abstract: This study aims to fulfil two literature gaps in the person-environment fit theory, in particular, relating to the supply-value fit or S-V fit. Firstly, previous research in S-V fit tended to look mainly at autonomy and supervision style. However, there appears to be no reported research that has simultaneously investigated in a single study, the effects of the discrepancy between the perceived and desired levels of work quantity, variety, power, responsibility and concentration required for the job. This study aims to fill that gap. This study examines the discrepancy between the supplies and values of work quantity, variety, power, responsibility and concentration, and its relationship with satisfaction at work. Secondly, the S-V fit theory has been relatively established in developed countries such as America and Britain. However it would be interesting to discover whether the theory is also applicable among civil service workers in a small isolated town, in a developing country such as Malaysia. Questionnaires were distributed and collected from one hundred respondents working in a government department in a small town of Gua Musang in Peninsular Malaysia. Support for the S-V fit theory was obtained, as results suggested that the greater the discrepancy between the supplies and values of work quantity, variety, power, responsibility and concentration required at work, the lesser was the satisfaction. The implication therefore was that if managers were desirous of improving satisfaction of their workers, they should ensure that their workers receive neither too much nor too little work variety, power, responsibility and concentration at work-for either state can result in lower satisfaction.
Published: 2020
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33. The Association between Sensitivity, Group Size and Satisfaction

Author: Kamarul Zaman Ahmad
Subjects: Management. Industrial management, HD28-70, Business, HF5001-6182
Abstract: Previous research have looked at the relationship between sensitivity and satisfaction, and between group size and satisfaction. However there appears to be no reported studies that have investigated the interacting effects of group size on the relationship between sensitivity and satisfaction. Data from 257 shop floor workers in a light manufacturing plant in the U.K were collected and analysed. Group size was significantly negatively related to satisfaction with co-workers. Statistical tests of hierarchical multiple regression were used to determine the significance of the interaction terms (sensitivity x group size) on pay and co-worker satisfaction. Support for both hypotheses were obtained. Results suggested that group size significantly moderated the relationship between sensitivity and pay satisfaction, and the relationship between sensitivity and co-worker satisfaction. Linear regression plots showed that the relationship between sensitivity and satisfaction (pay and co-worker) were negative in large groups but positive in small groups.
Published: 2020
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34. Emotional Stability and Perception of Job Security in the Services Sector in Malaysia

Author: Kamarul Zaman Ahmad, Nor Khasimah Aliman, Nurul Shanaz Ahmad Mahdzan, Maria Azlina Kamarudin, Chow Yee Peng, and Tusha Nandita
Subjects: Management. Industrial management, HD28-70, Business, HF5001-6182
Abstract: Research pertaining to the perception of job security has focused primarily on attitudinal (e.g. job satisfaction), behavioral (e.g. employee turnover), and health outcomes, while research in the area of emotional stability has largely focused on attitudinal and social consequences. However, there appear to be no reported studies that have examined the relationship between emotional stability and the perception of job security in different industries within the Malaysian context. Data from 255 employees in the information technology, financial services and education industries were collected and analyzed. Results suggest that respondents in the education industry are more stable in the emotional dimension compared to those in the finance industry and that respondents in the education sector perceive job security to be higher compared to those in the finance and IT industries. In all three industries, emotional stability was significantly associated with perception of job security (r=0.403). There is strongest correlation between emotional stability and perception of job security scores in the financial services industry. This suggests that in an industry that is unstable, respondents with higher emotional stability tend to perceive the same environment as more stable than those who have lower emotional stability.
Published: 2020
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35. ROMANIA’s EXTERNAL TRADE, FROM THE GREAT UNION TO THE INTEGRATION IN EUROPEAN UNION

Author: Gheorghe Florentina Viorica, Simion Artur-Emilian, and Zaman Gheorghe
Subjects: external trade, export, import, Great Union, European Union, economic crisis, Business, HF5001-6182, Finance, HG1-9999
Abstract: International trade has fundamentally changed the world we live in, over the past century, under the influence of both geo-political factors and unprecedented technological developments in transport, information and communications. Starting from this assertion, the present paper attempted to capture the essential characteristics of Romania's trade, from the Great Union, in 1918, to the integration into European Union, analyzing the historical stages, defined by the political, economic or social events that happened during these one hundred years. The first period under analyze is the interwar period, 1919-1938. The destructions that were brought by the World War I were strongly felt at the beginning of this period, so all efforts were focused on the restoration and consolidation of the economic development of the country. The gradual recovery of agricultural and industrial production has given a moderate economic development in the 1924-1928 years, abruptly disrupted by the great economic depression, a strong global crisis which affected most countries of the world, in the period 1929-1933. The Romanian economy resumed its development in 1934, especially under the influence of the revival of national industry, strongly supported by state reforms and trade policy, until 1938, when economic growth per capita reached the highest level that has ever been recorded until then. The outburst of the World War II in 1939 has stopped the economic upturn of Romania, both industry and agriculture being affected by the lack of imported raw materials and available labor force. The post-war period also contains several milestones, of which the most important, from our analysis point of view, are the consolidation of communist power (1945-1964) and the socialist period (1965-1989). After 1990, Romania's economy evolved under the impact of some factors as: the trade liberalization, the transition to the market economy and the steps taken towards obtaining the status of EU member state (in effect since 1st of January 2007). Currently, Romania is in the post-accession stage and on the way to its integration into the EU, trying, through economic and social policies, to provide the premises for healthy economic growth, development and modernization, in order to reduce the existing gaps as against the more developed EU Member States.
Published: 2018

36. The Dynamics of Electricity Consumption, Energy Use and GDP in Bangladesh

Author: Abu Hasan, Anita Zaman, Zohirul Islam Sikder, and Abdul Wadud
Subjects: Electricity Consumption, GDP, Unit Root, Bounds Test, Business, HF5001-6182, Economic theory. Demography, HB1-3840
Abstract: The aim of this paper is to investigate the relationship between electricity consumption, energy use and GDP in Bangladesh, using annual data covering the period from 1980 to 2014. The bounds testing (ARDL) approach reveal that electricity consumptions have significant and positive long run impact on GDP and vice versa. The results of the estimated ARDL-ECM models indicate that long-run causality is directing from electricity consumptions and energy use to GDP, and GDP and energy use to electricity consumptions. Thus, in the long run, we find evidence of the feedback hypothesis suggesting the interdependent relationship between electricity consumption and economic growth in which causation runs in both directions and serve as complements. Finally, this study also explores that the relationship among the variables is insignificant in the short-run. Thus, the empirical results of this study might provide a better enthusiastic to the policymakers of Bangladesh to execute the Power System Master Plan (PSMP) 2016 to become a high-income country by 2041.
Published: 2018

37. Dynamic linkages between corruption, economic growth, and income inequality in Pakistan: Say ‘No’ to corruption

Author: Sheraz Ahmad CHOUDHARY, Khalid Zaman, and Shakira EJAZ
Subjects: corruption, income inequality, poverty, economic growth, robust least square regression, Pakistan, Business, HF5001-6182, Economic theory. Demography, HB1-3840, Economics as a science, HB71-74
Abstract: The objective of the study is to examine the dynamic linkages between corruption, economic growth and income inequality in the context of Pakistan by using an annual time series data from 1992-2016. The study used conventional cointegration techniques including unit root test and cointegration tests for analyzing the stationary properties of the candidate variables and long-run relationship between the variables, while robust least square regression technique is used to minimize the possible outliers from the given models and estimate robust parameter estimates for conclusive findings. The statistics show that the mean value of corruption index is less than the value of 3 out of 6 (1 - low corruption index and 6 - high corruption index), hence we classified that the country has a minimal level of corruption, which somehow support to country’s economic growth via the channel of increase in government saving and consumption, hence the identity matrix of saving and consumption in total income function empirically valid in a given country context. In another regression model, the results confirm that poverty decreases income inequality through the channel of increase gross saving in a country. The impact of corruption on income inequality is largely invisible during the study time period. The study conclude with the fact that high mass level of corruption not only break the country’s economic vision and strategic objectives, while it effects political stability and good governance reforms that ultimately damages the country’s image. The policies should be made in a way to reduce corruption by empowering judiciary, intelligence department, and National Accountability Bureau (NAB) that responsible for creating and presenting healthy image of the country with say ‘No’ to corruption.
Published: 2018

38. Custom Hardware Architectures for Deep Learning on Portable Devices: A Review

Author: Kh Shahriya Zaman, Ahmad Ashrif A Bakar, Sawal Hamid Md Ali, Muhammad E. H. Chowdhury, and Mamun Bin Ibne Reaz
Subjects: Computer Networks and Communications, Computer science, review, 02 engineering and technology, Integrated circuit, law.invention, deep neural network (DNN), deep learning (DL), Deep Learning, Software, Artificial Intelligence, Gate array, law, field-programmable gate array (FPGA), Speech translation, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, Field-programmable gate array, hardware accelerator, Hardware architecture, machine learning (ML), Computers, business.industry, Deep learning, Bandwidth (signal processing), Application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), Computer Science Applications, neural network hardware, Computer architecture, energy-efficient architectures, 020201 artificial intelligence & image processing, Neural Networks, Computer, Artificial intelligence, business
Abstract: The staggering innovations and emergence of numerous deep learning (DL) applications have forced researchers to reconsider hardware architecture to accommodate fast and efficient application-specific computations. Applications, such as object detection, image recognition, speech translation, as well as music synthesis and image generation, can be performed with high accuracy at the expense of substantial computational resources using DL. Furthermore, the desire to adopt Industry 4.0 and smart technologies within the Internet of Things infrastructure has initiated several studies to enable on-chip DL capabilities for resource-constrained devices. Specialized DL processors reduce dependence on cloud servers, improve privacy, lessen latency, and mitigate bandwidth congestion. As we reach the limits of shrinking transistors, researchers are exploring various application-specific hardware architectures to meet the performance and efficiency requirements for DL tasks. Over the past few years, several software optimizations and hardware innovations have been proposed to efficiently perform these computations. In this article, we review several DL accelerators, as well as technologies with emerging devices, to highlight their architectural features in application-specific integrated circuit (IC) and field-programmable gate array (FPGA) platforms. Finally, the design considerations for DL hardware in portable applications have been discussed, along with some deductions about the future trends and potential research directions to innovate DL accelerator architectures further. By compiling this review, we expect to help aspiring researchers widen their knowledge in custom hardware architectures for DL. 2012 IEEE. This work was supported in part by the Research University Grant, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, under Grant DPK-2021-001, Grant DIP-2020-004, and Grant MI-2020-002; and in part by the Qatar National Research Foundation (QNRF) under Grant NPRP12s-0227- 190164. Scopus
Published: 2022

39. Simultaneous Equations Modeling for Terrorism, Poverty, and Economic Growth: Evidence from Pakistan

Author: Kanwal Shaheen, Khalid Zaman, Hifza Mushtaq, Qurat Ul Ain, Asma Naz, Anam Bibi, Iram Akhter, Nadia Bibi, and Rizwana Kousar
Subjects: Business, HF5001-6182, Economics as a science, HB71-74
Abstract: Terrorism is one of the biggest threats for the developed and developing countries that required unified policies to combat with this evil, however, before devising any sustained policies, it is imperative to lookup for country’s socio-economic issues that may restrain this effort in vein. This study examines the relationship between terrorism incidence, poverty issues and economic growth in the context of Pakistan by using the time period of 1980-2015, in order to propose an integrated economic framework for long-term sustained growth. The study used time series cointegration techniques, including, unit root, cointegration, robust least square regression, granger causality and impulse response function for robust inferences. The results show that unemployment and population growth both decreases country’s economic growth that put a strain on country’s sustained efforts for long-term growth. The improvement in the education status of the residents substantially decline the poverty, however, it does not translated in to labor market, where unemployment increases poverty in country. Although, the study results do not show the positive association between unemployment and terrorism incidence in a country, however, it is evident from the results that there is a positive association between education and number of attacks in a country, which support the Krueger and Maleckova’s demand side theory of terrorism. Krueger and Maleckova’s terrorism demand theory provoked that educated individuals are more preferable to the terrorist organizations due to have a better skills to plan the terrorist activities. The study concludes that Pakistan government should have to provide better education and employment opportunities to reduce the unwanted thoughts of terrorism activities in a country.Keywords: Terrorism incidence, Poverty, Unemployment, Economic Growth, Pakistan.JEL Classifications: C32, I31.
Published: 2017

40. Economic Freedom Indicators and Higher Education Reforms: Evaluation and Planning Internationalization Process

Author: Khalid Zaman, Muhammad Qaiser Saleem, Mehboob Ahmad, and Aamir Khan
Subjects: higher education, economic freedom indicators, internationalization of universities, saarc countries, panel fixed effect regression, Business, HF5001-6182, Economics as a science, HB71-74
Abstract: This study contributes to the body of knowledge by measuring the effects of economic freedom indicators on higher education reforms in selected SAARC countries over a period of 1995-2012. The results show a strong linkage between economic freedom indicators and higher education,which support the internationalization policies of higher education institutions in the region. The results indicate that “freedom from corruption” increases higher education expenditures and literacy rate in Bangladesh, while trade freedom, financial development, property rights, and government spending have a positive impact on higher education expenditures and per capita GDP in India, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka. Property rights increases the higher education enrollment, higher education spending per student, and R&D expenditures in Pakistan, while government spending in Sri Lanka has a positive relationship with the literacy rate and R&D expenditures. The results of panel fixed effect regression model confirm the importance of economic freedom indicators in higher education reforms in selected SAARC countries. The study concludes that economic freedom indicators enforce the need of higher education reforms, which is prerequisite for internationalization process across the globe.
Published: 2017

41. The Dynamics of Electricity Consumption, Energy Use and GDP in Bangladesh

Author: Abu Hasan, Anita Zaman, Zohirul Islam Sikder, and Abdul Wadud
Subjects: Electricity Consumption, GDP, Unit Root, Bounds Test., Business, HF5001-6182, Economic theory. Demography, HB1-3840
Abstract: The aim of this paper is to investigate the relationship between electricity consumption, energy use and GDP in Bangladesh, using annual data covering the period from 1980 to 2014. The bounds testing (ARDL) approach reveal that electricity consumptions have significant and positive long run impact on GDP and vice versa. The results of the estimated ARDL-ECM models indicate that long-run causality is directing from electricity consumptions and energy use to GDP, and GDP and energy use to electricity consumptions. Thus, in the long run, we find evidence of the feedback hypothesis suggesting the interdependent relationship between electricity consumption and economic growth in which causation runs in both directions and serve as complements. Finally, this study also explores that the relationship among the variables is insignificant in the short-run. Thus, the empirical results of this study might provide a better enthusiastic to the policymakers of Bangladesh to execute the Power System Master Plan (PSMP) 2016 to become a high-income country by 2041.
Published: 2017

42. Volatility Nexus Between Stock Market and Macroeconomic Variables in Bangladesh: an Extended GARCH Approach

Author: Hasan Md. Abu and Zaman Anita
Subjects: Stock Market, Macroeconomic Variables, Volatility, GARCH, Business, HF5001-6182
Abstract: This paper examines the volatility of the Bangladesh stock market returns in response to the volatility of the macroeconomic variables employing monthly data of general index of Dhaka Stock Exchange (DSE) and four macroeconomic variables (Call Money Rate, Crude Oil Price, Exchange Rate and SENSEX of Bombay Stock Exchange) from January 2001 to December 2015. The results of GARCHS models reveal that the volatility of DSE return is significantly guided by the volatility of macroeconomic variables, such as, exchange rate and SENSEX. Specifically, volatility of the DSE is expected to 19% increase by 1% increase of exchange rate. Moreover, the volatility of the Bangladesh stock market returns is expected to dampen down by 2% with an increase in the volatility of Indian stock market of 1%. Thus, we can comment that adding exchange rate or stock returns of India in the GARCH model provides significant knowledge about the behaviour of the DSE volatility.
Published: 2017
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43. Global, regional, and national burden of stroke and its risk factors, 1990–2019 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Author: Mosiur Rahman, Rehab Salah, Mario F P Peres, Licia Iacoviello, Benjamin A Stark, Mahalaqua Nazli Khatib, Amir Radfar, Kamarul Imran Musa, Yannick Béjot, Deanna Anderlini, Carlos Cantú-Brito, Feng Sha, V. E. Nwatah, Pradip Gyanwali, Boris Bikbov, Bartosz Miazgowski, Sindhura Lakshmi Koulmane Laxminarayana, Ali Bijani, Imteyaz A Khan, Yaser Mokhayeri, Bogdan Oancea, Tarang Parekh, Martin Dichgans, Linh Gia Vu, Naohiro Yonemoto, Ahmad Ghashghaee, Marcos Roberto Tovani-Palone, Gebiyaw Wudie Tsegaye, Mona Pathak, Maciej Banach, Marissa B Reitsma, Derrick A Bennett, Treska S Hassan, Allen Seylani, Gdiom Gebreheat Abady, Islam Y. Elgendy, Hassan Mehmood Lak, Ismael R. Campos-Nonato, Sorin Hostiuc, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam, Alessandra C. Goulart, Silvia Schiavolin, Simona Sacco, Atif Amin Baig, Azeem Majeed, Sahar Eftekharzadeh, Badr Hasan Sobaih, Archith Boloor, Aimé Bonny, Graeme J. Hankey, Jiregna Darega Gela, Mohamed I Hegazy, Pedram Keshavarz, Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye, Maseer Khan, Hatem Abdelaziz Mohamed Wafa, Hualiang Lin, Enayet Karim Chowdhury, Simon I. Hay, Vanessa De la Cruz-Góngora, Xuefeng Liu, Arokiasamy Perianayagam, Maryam Zamanian, Sezer Kisa, Preetam Bhalchandra Mahajan, Junmei Miao Jonasson, Alberto Raggi, Shubha Jayaram, Tahira Ashraf, Ejaz Ahmad Khan, Matthias Endres, Masoumeh Sadeghi, Dominique Vervoort, Hanadi Al Hamad, Mowafa Househ, Elena V. Gnedovskaya, Johan Ärnlöv, Andrea Sylvia Winkler, Yousef Khader, Mikhail Sergeevich Zastrozhin, Yuming Guo, Yunquan Zhang, Sami Almustanyir, Lalit Dandona, Amir Masoud Rahmani, Chythra R Rao, Giancarlo Lucchetti, Irena Ilic, Suzanne Barker-Collo, Priya Rathi, Emerito Jose A. Faraon, Mohamad-Hani Temsah, Reza Ghanei Gheshlagh, Gyu Ri Kim, Carlos A Castañeda-Orjuela, Alaa Makki, Yun Jin Kim, Vida Abedi, Shanshan Li, Kewal Krishan, David Flood, Abdollah Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Michele Romoli, Gregory A. Roth, Jagdish Khubchandani, Isabela M. Benseñor, Rupak Desai, Mohammed Shannawaz, Aziz Sheikh, Claudiu Herteliu, Xiaoyue Xu, Santi Martini, Kenji Shibuya, Jasvinder A. Singh, Ravi Prakash Jha, Kairat Davletov, Mahya Beheshti, Rahmatollah Moradzadeh, Ismaeel Yunusa, Maria Inês Schmidt, Koustuv Dalal, Sohail Ahmad, Patrick D. M. C. Katoto, Oladimeji Adebayo, Nima Hafezi-Nejad, Ranil Jayawardena, Giampiero Mazzaglia, Mitra Abbasifard, Usman Iqbal, Hamid Yimam Hassen, Alireza Rafiei, Catherine O. Johnson, Mark Thomaz Ugliara Barone, Simona Giampaoli, Gaetano Isola, Ricardo Lutzky Saute, Mandira Lamichhane Dhimal, Vishnu Renjith, Farshad Farzadfar, Irina Filip, Daniel Diaz, André Karch, Samer Hamidi, Diego Augusto Santos Silva, David Colozza, Gbenga A. Kayode, Dinh-Toi Chu, Truong-Minh Pham, Arielle Wilder Bell, Aziz Rezapour, David Laith Rawaf, Anasthasia Zastrozhina, Yves Miel H Zuniga, Ivo Iavicoli, Adrian Pana, Salman Rawaf, Pankaj Bhardwaj, Omid Dadras, Anayat Ullah, Gina Agarwal, Shafiu Mohammed, Bing-Fang Hwang, Eyayou Girma Tadesse, Charles D.A. Wolfe, Sanjay Basu, Michael Brauer, Tanuj Kanchan, Ahmad Azam Malik, Brigid Unim, Min Seo Kim, Kia Vosoughi, Tomasz Miazgowski, Warren D. Lo, Vivek Podder, Dana Bryazka, Chuanhua Yu, Hassan Magdy Abd El Razek, Rufus Akinyemi, Zhi-Jiang Zhang, Ettore Beghi, Xiaochen Dai, Meghnath Dhimal, Mehrnoosh Samaei, Sathish Kumar Jayapal, Bay Vo, Amanual Getnet Mersha, Rajaa Al-Raddadi, Savita Lasrado, Jalal Arabloo, Pablo M. Lavados, Samaneh Akbarpour, Khezar Hayat, Ritesh G. Menezes, Vahid Alipour, Sowmya J. Rao, Mariam Molokhia, Trang Huyen Nguyen, Aletta E. Schutte, Zahra Kamiab, Lidia Morawska, Mohammad Ali Moni, Bo Norrving, Tommi Vasankari, Bruno Ramos Nascimento, Ai Koyanagi, Tissa Wijeratne, Rizwan Kalani, Chenwen Zhong, Bright Opoku Ahinkorah, Sepideh Ahmadi, Bruce Bartholow Duncan, Andrzej Rynkiewicz, Pradyumna Agasthi, Saeed Shahabi, Adnan Kisa, Fares Alahdab, Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar, Adnan Ansar, Matilde Leonardi, Ali Koolivand, Jefferson Antonio Buendia Rodriguez, Leonardo Roever, Daniel Asfaw Erku, Alok Atreya, Jean Jacques Noubiap, Dhaval Kolte, Shajedur Rahman Shawon, Michael Ekholuenetale, Navid Manafi, Narayanaswamy Venketasubramanian, Syed Amir Gilani, Mohamed M. Gad, Christopher J L Murray, Louis Jacob, Robert Ancuceanu, Simona Costanzo, Erkin M. Mirrakhimov, Seyed Hossein Yahyazadeh Jabbari, Nazanin Rajai, Muhammed Elhadi, Abdelrahman Ibrahim Abushouk, Alireza Zandifar, Walter Muruet, Jagadish Rao Padubidri, Promit Ananyo Chakraborty, Hans Orru, Mikk Jürisson, Rajeev Gupta, Kurnia Dwi Artanti, Till Bärnighausen, Mark Woodward, Masao Iwagami, Brijesh Sathian, Bingyu Li, Vijay Krishnamoorthy, Ahamarshan Jayaraman Nagarajan, Sherief Ghozy, Amanda G. Thrift, Michael A. Piradov, Florian Fischer, Mayowa O. Owolabi, Lorenzo G. Mantovani, Aman Yesuf Endries, Sara Sheikhbahaei, Stefan Lorkowski, Muhammed Shahriar Zaman, Ali Yadollahpour, Abdiwahab Hashi, Sreenivas Narasimha Swamy, Krittika Bhattacharyya, Hiroshi Yatsuya, Mika Kivimäki, Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi, Irmina Maria Michalek, Ruxandra Irina Negoi, Alberico L. Catapano, Gholamreza Bazmandegan, Ahmed Al Montasir, Fakher Rahim, Amirhossein Sahebkar, Syed Mohamed Aljunid, Giang Thu Vu, G Anil Kumar, Juan Jesus Carrero, Hiroyasu Iso, Abdallah M. Samy, Stefan Stortecky, Reza Malekzadeh, Ashwin Kamath, Nevine El Nahas, Ayesha Humayun, Miguel A Barboza, Sheng-Chia Chung, Carlo La Vecchia, Oluwakemi Ololade Odukoya, Rita Krishnamurthi, Masood Ali Shaikh, Milena Ilic, Lalit Yadav, Nahlah Elkudssiah Ismail, Abdel Douiri, Yousef Mohammad, Jason H Y Wu, Sahar Saeedi Moghaddam, Ramesh Holla, Sadaf G. Sepanlou, Itamar S. Santos, Jost B. Jonas, Dian Kusuma, Atte Meretoja, Yasir Waheed, Ben Lacey, Zahra Aryan, Mulugeta Molla Birhanu, Moien Ab Khan, K. M. Saif-Ur-Rahman, Ramin Zand, Anna Aleksandrovna Skryabina, Sung In Jang, Rakhi Dandona, Emanuele D'Amico, Priyanga Ranasinghe, Jaykaran Charan, Bhaskaran Unnikrishnan, Davide Sattin, Akram Pourshams, Markus P. Schlaich, Arief Hargono, Samaneh Asgari, Ovidiu Baltatu, Ippazio Cosimo Antonazzo, Sandhya Neupane Kandel, Nizal Sarrafzadegan, Jakub Morze, Man Mohan Mehndiratta, Manjari Tripathi, Panniyammakal Jeemon, Rohollah Kalhor, Yogeshwar Kalkonde, Soraya Siabani, Sojib Bin Zaman, Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani, Shilpa Gaidhane, Sahel Valadan Tahbaz, Yihienew Mequanint Bezabih, Samath D Dharmaratne, Ingan Ukur Tarigan, Vivek Gupta, Klara Dokova, Alireza Vakilian, Vardhmaan Jain, Akshaya Srikanth Bhagavathula, Sarah Wulf Hanson, Umar Farooque, Mohammad Ali Mansournia, Vera Marisa Costa, Alessandro Gialluisi, Valery L. Feigin, Himal Kandel, Suzanne Polinder, Nermin Ghith, Deepak Dhamnetiya, Michael H. Criqui, Asif Hanif, Ahmed Abualhasan, Veer Bala Gupta, Mahaveer Golechha, Bach Xuan Tran, Jason A. Anderson, Catherine Bisignano, Kazumasa Yamagishi, Zahid A Butt, Budi Aji, Baye Dagnew, Rasmus Havmoeller, Victor Volovici, Jitendra Singh, Paramjit Gill, Saverio Stranges, Eun Cheol Park, Andrew T Olagunju, Milena Santric-Milicevic, Woldesellassie M. Bezabhe, Sheikh M. Alif, Junjie Huang, Foad Abd-Allah, Yvonne Teuschl, Rajkumar Doshi, Nelson Alvis-Guzman, Marcel Ausloos, Mohsen Naghavi, Yusra Ahmed Salih, Mohsen Abbasi-Kangevari, Maarten J. Postma, Ghozali Ghozali, Yanzhong Wang, Ali H. Mokdad, Valentin Yurievich Skryabin, Nitin Joseph, Andre M. N. Renzaho, Muhammad Aziz Rahman, Mohammad Athar, Rustam Al-Shahi Salman, Albertino Damasceno, Fatemeh Pashazadeh Kan, Marcello Tonelli, Florentino Luciano Caetano dos Santos, Sonali G. Choudhari, Abdullah Hamid Feroze, Walter D. Johnson, Ro-Ting Lin, Francesca Giulia Magnani, Hermann Brenner, Shaimaa I. El-Jaafary, Tea Lallukka, Niveen M E Abu-Rmeileh, Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak, GBD 2019 Stroke Collaborators, Feigin, V. L., Stark, B. A., Johnson, C. O., Roth, G. A., Bisignano, C., Abady, G. G., Abbasifard, M., Abbasi-Kangevari, M., Abd-Allah, F., Abedi, V., Abualhasan, A., Abu-Rmeileh, N. M. E., Abushouk, A. I., Adebayo, O. M., Agarwal, G., Agasthi, P., Ahinkorah, B. O., Ahmad, S., Ahmadi, S., Salih, Y. A., Aji, B., Akbarpour, S., Akinyemi, R. O., Al Hamad, H., Alahdab, F., Alif, S. M., Alipour, V., Aljunid, S. M., Almustanyir, S., Al-Raddadi, R. M., Salman, R. A. -S., Alvis-Guzman, N., Ancuceanu, R., Anderlini, D., Anderson, J. A., Ansar, A., Antonazzo, I. C., Arabloo, J., Arnlov, J., Artanti, K. D., Aryan, Z., Asgari, S., Ashraf, T., Athar, M., Atreya, A., Ausloos, M., Baig, A. A., Baltatu, O. C., Banach, M., Barboza, M. A., Barker-Collo, S. L., Barnighausen, T. W., Barone, M. T. U., Basu, S., Bazmandegan, G., Beghi, E., Beheshti, M., Bejot, Y., Bell, A. W., Bennett, D. A., Bensenor, I. M., Bezabhe, W. M., Bezabih, Y. M., Bhagavathula, A. S., Bhardwaj, P., Bhattacharyya, K., Bijani, A., Bikbov, B., Birhanu, M. M., Boloor, A., Bonny, A., Brauer, M., Brenner, H., Bryazka, D., Butt, Z. A., Dos Santos, F. L. C., Campos-Nonato, I. R., Cantu-Brito, C., Carrero, J. J., Castaneda-Orjuela, C. A., Catapano, A. L., Chakraborty, P. A., Charan, J., Choudhari, S. G., Chowdhury, E. K., Chu, D. -T., Chung, S. -C., Colozza, D., Costa, V. M., Costanzo, S., Criqui, M. H., Dadras, O., Dagnew, B., Dai, X., Dalal, K., Damasceno, A. A. M., D'Amico, E., Dandona, L., Dandona, R., Gela, J. D., Davletov, K., De La Cruz-Gongora, V., Desai, R., Dhamnetiya, D., Dharmaratne, S. D., Dhimal, M. L., Dhimal, M., Diaz, D., Dichgans, M., Dokova, K., Doshi, R., Douiri, A., Duncan, B. B., Eftekharzadeh, S., Ekholuenetale, M., El Nahas, N., Elgendy, I. Y., Elhadi, M., El-Jaafary, S. I., Endres, M., Endries, A. Y., Erku, D. A., Faraon, E. J. A., Farooque, U., Farzadfar, F., Feroze, A. H., Filip, I., Fischer, F., Flood, D., Gad, M. M., Gaidhane, S., Gheshlagh, R. G., Ghashghaee, A., Ghith, N., Ghozali, G., Ghozy, S., Gialluisi, A., Giampaoli, S., Gilani, S. A., Gill, P. S., Gnedovskaya, E. V., Golechha, M., Goulart, A. C., Guo, Y., Gupta, R., Gupta, V. B., Gupta, V. K., Gyanwali, P., Hafezi-Nejad, N., Hamidi, S., Hanif, A., Hankey, G. J., Hargono, A., Hashi, A., Hassan, T. S., Hassen, H. Y., Havmoeller, R. J., Hay, S. I., Hayat, K., Hegazy, M. I., Herteliu, C., Holla, R., Hostiuc, S., Househ, M., Huang, J., Humayun, A., Hwang, B. -F., Iacoviello, L., Iavicoli, I., Ibitoye, S. E., Ilesanmi, O. S., Ilic, I. M., Ilic, M. D., Iqbal, U., Irvani, S. S. N., Islam, S. M. S., Ismail, N. E., Iso, H., Isola, G., Iwagami, M., Jacob, L., Jain, V., Jang, S. -I., Jayapal, S. K., Jayaram, S., Jayawardena, R., Jeemon, P., Jha, R. P., Johnson, W. D., Jonas, J. B., Joseph, N., Jozwiak, J. J., Jurisson, M., Kalani, R., Kalhor, R., Kalkonde, Y., Kamath, A., Kamiab, Z., Kanchan, T., Kandel, H., Karch, A., Katoto, P. D. M. C., Kayode, G. A., Keshavarz, P., Khader, Y. S., Khan, E. A., Khan, I. A., Khan, M., Khan, M. A. B., Khatib, M. N., Khubchandani, J., Kim, G. R., Kim, M. S., Kim, Y. J., Kisa, A., Kisa, S., Kivimaki, M., Kolte, D., Koolivand, A., Laxminarayana, S. L. K., Koyanagi, A., Krishan, K., Krishnamoorthy, V., Krishnamurthi, R. V., Kumar, G. A., Kusuma, D., Vecchia, C. L., Lacey, B., Lak, H. M., Lallukka, T., Lasrado, S., Lavados, P. M., Leonardi, M., Li, B., Li, S., Lin, H., Lin, R. -T., Liu, X., Lo, W. D., Lorkowski, S., Lucchetti, G., Saute, R. L., Abd El Razek, H. M., Magnani, F. G., Mahajan, P. B., Majeed, A., Makki, A., Malekzadeh, R., Malik, A. A., Manafi, N., Mansournia, M. A., Mantovani, L. G., Martini, S., Mazzaglia, G., Mehndiratta, M. M., Menezes, R. G., Meretoja, A., Mersha, A. G., Jonasson, J. M., Miazgowski, B., Miazgowski, T., Michalek, I. M., Mirrakhimov, E. M., Mohammad, Y., Mohammadian-Hafshejani, A., Mohammed, S., Mokdad, A. H., Mokhayeri, Y., Molokhia, M., Moni, M. A., Al Montasir, A., Moradzadeh, R., Morawska, L., Morze, J., Muruet, W., Musa, K. I., Nagarajan, A. J., Naghavi, M., Swamy, S. N., Nascimento, B. R., Negoi, R. I., Kandel, S. N., Nguyen, T. H., Norrving, B., Noubiap, J. J., Nwatah, V. E., Oancea, B., Odukoya, O. O., Olagunju, A. T., Orru, H., Owolabi, M. O., Padubidri, J. R., Pana, A., Parekh, T., Park, E. -C., Kan, F. P., Pathak, M., Peres, M. F. P., Perianayagam, A., Pham, T. -M., Piradov, M. A., Podder, V., Polinder, S., Postma, M. J., Pourshams, A., Radfar, A., Rafiei, A., Raggi, A., Rahim, F., Rahimi-Movaghar, V., Rahman, M., Rahman, M. A., Rahmani, A. M., Rajai, N., Ranasinghe, P., Rao, C. R., Rao, S. J., Rathi, P., Rawaf, D. L., Rawaf, S., Reitsma, M. B., Renjith, V., Renzaho, A. M. N., Rezapour, A., Rodriguez, J. A. B., Roever, L., Romoli, M., Rynkiewicz, A., Sacco, S., Sadeghi, M., Moghaddam, S. S., Sahebkar, A., Saif-Ur-Rahman, K. M., Salah, R., Samaei, M., Samy, A. M., Santos, I. S., Santric-Milicevic, M. M., Sarrafzadegan, N., Sathian, B., Sattin, D., Schiavolin, S., Schlaich, M. P., Schmidt, M. I., Schutte, A. E., Sepanlou, S. G., Seylani, A., Sha, F., Shahabi, S., Shaikh, M. A., Shannawaz, M., Shawon, Md. S. R., Sheikh, A., Sheikhbahaei, S., Shibuya, K., Siabani, S., Silva, D. A. S., Singh, J. A., Singh, J. K., Skryabin, V. Y., Skryabina, A. A., Sobaih, B. H., Stortecky, S., Stranges, S., Tadesse, E. G., Tarigan, I. U., Temsah, M. -H., Teuschl, Y., Thrift, A. G., Tonelli, M., Tovani-Palone, M. R., Tran, B. X., Tripathi, M., Tsegaye, G. W., Ullah, A., Unim, B., Unnikrishnan, B., Vakilian, A., Tahbaz, S. V., Vasankari, T. J., Venketasubramanian, N., Vervoort, D., Vo, B., Volovici, V., Vosoughi, K., Vu, G. T., Vu, L. G., Wafa, H. A., Waheed, Y., Wang, Y., Wijeratne, T., Winkler, A. S., Wolfe, C. D. A., Woodward, M., Wu, J. H., Hanson, S. W., Xu, X., Yadav, L., Yadollahpour, A., Jabbari, S. H. Y., Yamagishi, K., Yatsuya, H., Yonemoto, N., Yu, C., Yunusa, I., Zaman, M. S., Zaman, S. B., Zamanian, M., Zand, R., Zandifar, A., Zastrozhin, M. S., Zastrozhina, A., Zhang, Y., Zhang, Z. -J., Zhong, C., Zuniga, Y. M. H., Murray, C. J. L., Public Health, Neurosurgery, Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Faculty of Medicine, Helsinki Inequality Initiative (INEQ), HUS Neurocenter, Neurologian yksikkö, Helsinki University Hospital Area, Feigin, V, Stark, B, Johnson, C, Roth, G, Bisignano, C, Abady, G, Abbasifard, M, Abbasi-Kangevari, M, Abd-Allah, F, Abedi, V, Abualhasan, A, Abu-Rmeileh, N, Abushouk, A, Adebayo, O, Agarwal, G, Agasthi, P, Ahinkorah, B, Ahmad, S, Ahmadi, S, Salih, Y, Aji, B, Akbarpour, S, Akinyemi, R, Al Hamad, H, Alahdab, F, Alif, S, Alipour, V, Aljunid, S, Almustanyir, S, Al-Raddadi, R, Salman, R, Alvis-Guzman, N, Ancuceanu, R, Anderlini, D, Anderson, J, Ansar, A, Antonazzo, I, Arabloo, J, Arnlov, J, Artanti, K, Aryan, Z, Asgari, S, Ashraf, T, Athar, M, Atreya, A, Ausloos, M, Baig, A, Baltatu, O, Banach, M, Barboza, M, Barker-Collo, S, Barnighausen, T, Barone, M, Basu, S, Bazmandegan, G, Beghi, E, Beheshti, M, Bejot, Y, Bell, A, Bennett, D, Bensenor, I, Bezabhe, W, Bezabih, Y, Bhagavathula, A, Bhardwaj, P, Bhattacharyya, K, Bijani, A, Bikbov, B, Birhanu, M, Boloor, A, Bonny, A, Brauer, M, Brenner, H, Bryazka, D, Butt, Z, Dos Santos, F, Campos-Nonato, I, Cantu-Brito, C, Carrero, J, Castaneda-Orjuela, C, Catapano, A, Chakraborty, P, Charan, J, Choudhari, S, Chowdhury, E, Chu, D, Chung, S, Colozza, D, Costa, V, Costanzo, S, Criqui, M, Dadras, O, Dagnew, B, Dai, X, Dalal, K, Damasceno, A, D'Amico, E, Dandona, L, Dandona, R, Gela, J, Davletov, K, De La Cruz-Gongora, V, Desai, R, Dhamnetiya, D, Dharmaratne, S, Dhimal, M, Diaz, D, Dichgans, M, Dokova, K, Doshi, R, Douiri, A, Duncan, B, Eftekharzadeh, S, Ekholuenetale, M, El Nahas, N, Elgendy, I, Elhadi, M, El-Jaafary, S, Endres, M, Endries, A, Erku, D, Faraon, E, Farooque, U, Farzadfar, F, Feroze, A, Filip, I, Fischer, F, Flood, D, Gad, M, Gaidhane, S, Gheshlagh, R, Ghashghaee, A, Ghith, N, Ghozali, G, Ghozy, S, Gialluisi, A, Giampaoli, S, Gilani, S, Gill, P, Gnedovskaya, E, Golechha, M, Goulart, A, Guo, Y, Gupta, R, Gupta, V, Gyanwali, P, Hafezi-Nejad, N, Hamidi, S, Hanif, A, Hankey, G, Hargono, A, Hashi, A, Hassan, T, Hassen, H, Havmoeller, R, Hay, S, Hayat, K, Hegazy, M, Herteliu, C, Holla, R, Hostiuc, S, Househ, M, Huang, J, Humayun, A, Hwang, B, Iacoviello, L, Iavicoli, I, Ibitoye, S, Ilesanmi, O, Ilic, I, Ilic, M, Iqbal, U, Irvani, S, Islam, S, Ismail, N, Iso, H, Isola, G, Iwagami, M, Jacob, L, Jain, V, Jang, S, Jayapal, S, Jayaram, S, Jayawardena, R, Jeemon, P, Jha, R, Johnson, W, Jonas, J, Joseph, N, Jozwiak, J, Jurisson, M, Kalani, R, Kalhor, R, Kalkonde, Y, Kamath, A, Kamiab, Z, Kanchan, T, Kandel, H, Karch, A, Katoto, P, Kayode, G, Keshavarz, P, Khader, Y, Khan, E, Khan, I, Khan, M, Khatib, M, Khubchandani, J, Kim, G, Kim, M, Kim, Y, Kisa, A, Kisa, S, Kivimaki, M, Kolte, D, Koolivand, A, Laxminarayana, S, Koyanagi, A, Krishan, K, Krishnamoorthy, V, Krishnamurthi, R, Kumar, G, Kusuma, D, Vecchia, C, Lacey, B, Lak, H, Lallukka, T, Lasrado, S, Lavados, P, Leonardi, M, Li, B, Li, S, Lin, H, Lin, R, Liu, X, Lo, W, Lorkowski, S, Lucchetti, G, Saute, R, Abd El Razek, H, Magnani, F, Mahajan, P, Majeed, A, Makki, A, Malekzadeh, R, Malik, A, Manafi, N, Mansournia, M, Mantovani, L, Martini, S, Mazzaglia, G, Mehndiratta, M, Menezes, R, Meretoja, A, Mersha, A, Jonasson, J, Miazgowski, B, Miazgowski, T, Michalek, I, Mirrakhimov, E, Mohammad, Y, Mohammadian-Hafshejani, A, Mohammed, S, Mokdad, A, Mokhayeri, Y, Molokhia, M, Moni, M, Al Montasir, A, Moradzadeh, R, Morawska, L, Morze, J, Muruet, W, Musa, K, Nagarajan, A, Naghavi, M, Swamy, S, Nascimento, B, Negoi, R, Kandel, S, Nguyen, T, Norrving, B, Noubiap, J, Nwatah, V, Oancea, B, Odukoya, O, Olagunju, A, Orru, H, Owolabi, M, Padubidri, J, Pana, A, Parekh, T, Park, E, Kan, F, Pathak, M, Peres, M, Perianayagam, A, Pham, T, Piradov, M, Podder, V, Polinder, S, Postma, M, Pourshams, A, Radfar, A, Rafiei, A, Raggi, A, Rahim, F, Rahimi-Movaghar, V, Rahman, M, Rahmani, A, Rajai, N, Ranasinghe, P, Rao, C, Rao, S, Rathi, P, Rawaf, D, Rawaf, S, Reitsma, M, Renjith, V, Renzaho, A, Rezapour, A, Rodriguez, J, Roever, L, Romoli, M, Rynkiewicz, A, Sacco, S, Sadeghi, M, Moghaddam, S, Sahebkar, A, Saif-Ur-Rahman, K, Salah, R, Samaei, M, Samy, A, Santos, I, Santric-Milicevic, M, Sarrafzadegan, N, Sathian, B, Sattin, D, Schiavolin, S, Schlaich, M, Schmidt, M, Schutte, A, Sepanlou, S, Seylani, A, Sha, F, Shahabi, S, Shaikh, M, Shannawaz, M, Shawon, M, Sheikh, A, Sheikhbahaei, S, Shibuya, K, Siabani, S, Silva, D, Singh, J, Skryabin, V, Skryabina, A, Sobaih, B, Stortecky, S, Stranges, S, Tadesse, E, Tarigan, I, Temsah, M, Teuschl, Y, Thrift, A, Tonelli, M, Tovani-Palone, M, Tran, B, Tripathi, M, Tsegaye, G, Ullah, A, Unim, B, Unnikrishnan, B, Vakilian, A, Tahbaz, S, Vasankari, T, Venketasubramanian, N, Vervoort, D, Vo, B, Volovici, V, Vosoughi, K, Vu, G, Vu, L, Wafa, H, Waheed, Y, Wang, Y, Wijeratne, T, Winkler, A, Wolfe, C, Woodward, M, Wu, J, Hanson, S, Xu, X, Yadav, L, Yadollahpour, A, Jabbari, S, Yamagishi, K, Yatsuya, H, Yonemoto, N, Yu, C, Yunusa, I, Zaman, M, Zaman, S, Zamanian, M, Zand, R, Zandifar, A, Zastrozhin, M, Zastrozhina, A, Zhang, Y, Zhang, Z, Zhong, C, Zuniga, Y, Murray, C, Value, Affordability and Sustainability (VALUE), Real World Studies in PharmacoEpidemiology, -Genetics, -Economics and -Therapy (PEGET), and Microbes in Health and Disease (MHD)
Subjects: Male, Aging, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, Stroke data, GUIDELINES, 3124 Neurology and psychiatry, Body Mass Index, Global Burden of Disease, 0302 clinical medicine, RA0421, Risk Factors, Epidemiology, Strokes, YOUNG-ADULTS, Prevalence, 80 and over, Aetiology, 610 Medicine & health, Stroke, POPULATION, 1103 Clinical Sciences, 1109 Neurosciences, Cause of death, Aged, 80 and over, education.field_of_study, Mortality rate, Incidence (epidemiology), Incidence, 1. No poverty, Articles, Hälsovetenskaper, Middle Aged, Stroke types, ddc, 3. Good health, ISCHEMIC-STROKE, Income, Female, Quality-Adjusted Life Years, Life Sciences & Biomedicine, Adult, medicine.medical_specialty, GBD, Population, Clinical Sciences, Clinical Neurology, 03 medical and health sciences, Clinical Research, MIDDLE-INCOME COUNTRIES, Health Sciences, medicine, Humans, Risk factor, education, GBD 2019 Stroke Collaborators, Cerebral Hemorrhage, Aged, Ischemic Stroke, Global burden, Science & Technology, Neurology & Neurosurgery, HYPERTENSION, business.industry, MORTALITY, Prevention, 3112 Neurosciences, Neurosciences, 1103 Clinical Sciences, SERVICES, Subarachnoid Hemorrhage, medicine.disease, PREVENTION, Brain Disorders, Good Health and Well Being, Attributable risk, Human medicine, Neurology (clinical), Neurosciences & Neurology, business, 1109 Neurosciences, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, Demography, 2.4 Surveillance and distribution, RC
Abstract: Background Regularly updated data on stroke and its pathological types, including data on their incidence, prevalence, mortality, disability, risk factors, and epidemiological trends, are important for evidence-based stroke care planning and resource allocation. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) aims to provide a standardised and comprehensive measurement of these metrics at global, regional, and national levels. Methods We applied GBD 2019 analytical tools to calculate stroke incidence, prevalence, mortality, disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and the population attributable fraction (PAF) of DALYs (with corresponding 95% uncertainty intervals [UIs]) associated with 19 risk factors, for 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2019. These estimates were provided for ischaemic stroke, intracerebral haemorrhage, subarachnoid haemorrhage, and all strokes combined, and stratified by sex, age group, and World Bank country income level. Findings In 2019, there were 12·2 million (95% UI 11·0–13·6) incident cases of stroke, 101 million (93·2–111) prevalent cases of stroke, 143 million (133–153) DALYs due to stroke, and 6·55 million (6·00–7·02) deaths from stroke. Globally, stroke remained the second-leading cause of death (11·6% [10·8–12·2] of total deaths) and the third-leading cause of death and disability combined (5·7% [5·1–6·2] of total DALYs) in 2019. From 1990 to 2019, the absolute number of incident strokes increased by 70·0% (67·0–73·0), prevalent strokes increased by 85·0% (83·0–88·0), deaths from stroke increased by 43·0% (31·0–55·0), and DALYs due to stroke increased by 32·0% (22·0–42·0). During the same period, age-standardised rates of stroke incidence decreased by 17·0% (15·0–18·0), mortality decreased by 36·0% (31·0–42·0), prevalence decreased by 6·0% (5·0–7·0), and DALYs decreased by 36·0% (31·0–42·0). However, among people younger than 70 years, prevalence rates increased by 22·0% (21·0–24·0) and incidence rates increased by 15·0% (12·0–18·0). In 2019, the age-standardised stroke-related mortality rate was 3·6 (3·5–3·8) times higher in the World Bank low-income group than in the World Bank high-income group, and the age-standardised stroke-related DALY rate was 3·7 (3·5–3·9) times higher in the low-income group than the high-income group. Ischaemic stroke constituted 62·4% of all incident strokes in 2019 (7·63 million [6·57–8·96]), while intracerebral haemorrhage constituted 27·9% (3·41 million [2·97–3·91]) and subarachnoid haemorrhage constituted 9·7% (1·18 million [1·01–1·39]). In 2019, the five leading risk factors for stroke were high systolic blood pressure (contributing to 79·6 million [67·7–90·8] DALYs or 55·5% [48·2–62·0] of total stroke DALYs), high body-mass index (34·9 million [22·3–48·6] DALYs or 24·3% [15·7–33·2]), high fasting plasma glucose (28·9 million [19·8–41·5] DALYs or 20·2% [13·8–29·1]), ambient particulate matter pollution (28·7 million [23·4–33·4] DALYs or 20·1% [16·6–23·0]), and smoking (25·3 million [22·6–28·2] DALYs or 17·6% [16·4–19·0]). Interpretation The annual number of strokes and deaths due to stroke increased substantially from 1990 to 2019, despite substantial reductions in age-standardised rates, particularly among people older than 70 years. The highest age-standardised stroke-related mortality and DALY rates were in the World Bank low-income group. The fastest-growing risk factor for stroke between 1990 and 2019 was high body-mass index. Without urgent implementation of effective primary prevention strategies, the stroke burden will probably continue to grow across the world, particularly in low-income countries. Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
Published: 2021

44. Performance Improvement of a Parsimonious Learning Machine Using Metaheuristic Approaches

Author: Forhad Zaman, Ripon K. Chakrabortty, and Meftahul Ferdaus
Subjects: Hyperparameter, Computational complexity theory, Data stream mining, business.industry, Computer science, Particle swarm optimization, Machine learning, computer.software_genre, Computer Science Applications, Human-Computer Interaction, Control and Systems Engineering, Genetic algorithm, Feature (machine learning), Data Mining, Local search (optimization), Artificial intelligence, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Greedy algorithm, business, computer, Metaheuristic, Algorithms, Software, Information Systems
Abstract: Autonomous learning algorithms operate in an online fashion in dealing with data stream mining, where minimum computational complexity is a desirable feature. For such applications, parsimonious learning machines (PALMs) are suitable candidates due to their structural simplicity. However, these parsimonious algorithms depend upon predefined thresholds to adjust their structures in terms of adding or deleting rules. Besides, another adjustable parameter of PALM is the fuzziness in membership grades. The best set of such hyper parameters is determined by experts' knowledge or by optimization techniques such as greedy algorithms. To mitigate such experts' dependency or usage of computationally expensive greedy algorithms, in this work, a meta heuristic-based optimization technique, called the multimethod-based optimization technique (MOT), is utilized to develop an advanced PALM. The performance has been compared with some popular optimization techniques, namely, the greedy search, local search, genetic algorithm (GA), and particle swarm optimization (PSO). The proposed parsimonious learning algorithm with MOT outperforms the others in most cases. It validates the multioperator-based optimization technique's advantages over the single operator-based variants in selecting the best feasible hyperparameters for the autonomous learning algorithm by maintaining a compact architecture.
Published: 2022

45. Load balancing techniques in cloud computing environment: A review

Author: Noor Zaman, Dalia Abdulkareem Shafiq, and Azween Abdullah
Subjects: General Computer Science, business.industry, Computer science, Quality of service, Distributed computing, 020206 networking & telecommunications, Cloud computing, 02 engineering and technology, Load balancing (computing), computer.software_genre, Service-level agreement, Software deployment, Server, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, 020201 artificial intelligence & image processing, Data center, Web service, business, computer
Abstract: Cloud Computing is a robust model that allows users and organizations to purchase required services per their needs. The model offers many services such as storage, platforms for deployment, convenient access to web services, and so on. Load Balancing is a common issue in the cloud that makes it hard to maintain the performance of the applications adjacent to the Quality of Service (QoS) measurement and following the Service Level Agreement (SLA) document as required from the cloud providers to enterprises. Cloud providers struggle to distribute equal workload among the servers. An efficient LB technique should optimize and ensure high user satisfaction by utilizing the resources of VMs efficiently. This paper presents a comprehensive review of various Load Balancing techniques in a static, dynamic, and nature-inspired cloud environment to address the Data Center Response Time and overall performance. An analytical review of the algorithms is provided, and a research gap is concluded for the future research perspective in this domain. This research also provides a graphical representation of reviewed algorithms to highlight the operational flow. Additionally, this review presents a fault-tolerant framework and explores the other existing frameworks in the recent literature.
Published: 2022

46. Antidepressant decision aid for major depressive disorder patients (ADAM): Development and pilot testing

Author: Hasniza Zaman Huri, Ng Chong Guan, Song Ling Tang, Aya Ahmed Abousheishaa, Nor Hazila Mat Lazim, and Ahmad Hatim Sulaiman
Subjects: Depressive Disorder, Major, business.industry, Decision Making, Collaborative Care, Usability, Cognition, General Medicine, medicine.disease, Focus group, Antidepressive Agents, Decision Support Techniques, Scale (social sciences), Preparedness, medicine, Humans, Major depressive disorder, Antidepressant, Patient Participation, business, Clinical psychology
Abstract: This study aimed to develop and assess the effectiveness of an encounter decision aid for Malaysian patients with MDD to support treatment decision-making during the consultation.The decision aid prototype was developed following a literature review and six focus groups. Alpha testing assessed its comprehensibility, acceptability, usability and desirability through user-centered cognitive interviews. Beta-testing evaluated preliminary evidence on its efficacy using the SDM Scale and PDMS. Feasibility was assessed by timing the consultation.The alpha testing demonstrated that the decision aid was patient-oriented, comprehensible, comprehensive, concise and objective with an appealing design. Beta-testing indicated that PtDA significantly increased patients satisfaction with SDM from patients' [83.32 (13.92) vs 85.76 (13.80); p 0.05] and physicians' [81.07 (10.09) vs 86.36 (10.10); p 0.05] perspectives and prepared the patients for decision making from the patients' [PDMS patients: 84.10 (12.69)] and physicians' [PDMS physicians: 83.78 (16.62)] perspectives as well. There was no change in the consultation time between the control and the intervention groups.We developed an antidepressant PtDA for Malaysian patients with MDD that increases patients' involvement in shared decision making and enhances their preparedness for decision making.Using the PtDA can support collaborative decision-making in routine clinical practice without extending the consultation time.
Published: 2022

47. Optical Camera Communication in Vehicular Applications: A Review

Author: Moh. Khalid Hasan, Md. Habibur Rahman, Mostafa Zaman Chowdhury, Yeong Min Jang, and Md. Osman Ali
Subjects: Computer science, business.industry, Mechanical Engineering, Reliability (computer networking), Transmitter, Data_CODINGANDINFORMATIONTHEORY, Computer Science Applications, Rendering (computer graphics), Interference (communication), Automotive Engineering, Wireless, The Internet, business, Intelligent transportation system, Communication channel, Computer network
Abstract: Recently, substantial development is observed in the area of Internet of Vehicles owing to the application of wireless communication technologies. Majority of these technologies are based on radio frequency (RF); however, RF spectra are overly congested and regulated, and hence, insufficient to support massive data traffic in the future. In recent times, optical camera communication (OCC) that uses a light-emitting diode (LED) as a transmitter and a camera as a receiver has been deemed an excellent solution for future intelligent transportation systems. As a communication medium, OCC mostly uses visible light, the spectrum of which is vast, completely free, and unregulated. The current outdoor environment is heavily crammed with LED infrastructures, and most vehicles have built-in cameras, rendering OCC immensely promising. OCC is highly secured, supports mobility, and can achieve an excellent bit-error rate. However, the data rate obtained using OCC is not as high as that obtained using other RF-based systems; therefore, its reliability in fast-changing channels is still under research. This review article discusses the applications of the OCC system in vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-infrastructure (or vice versa) networks; to the best of our knowledge, this is the first extensive review dedicated to the above topic. Herein, we provide a general overview of OCC standardization in IEEE and ISO in recent years. Then, we explain the general principles of OCC, including channel characteristics, region of interest signaling, and modulation schemes particularly considered in vehicular communications. Additionally, we present a comprehensive overview of the effects of mobility, noise, and interference in OCC. Finally, the challenges and future opportunities in OCC are outlined.
Published: 2022

48. Assessment of serum biochemical derangements and associated risk factors of chronic kidney disease

Author: Syed Muhammad Hassan Askari, Hafiz Muhammad Sajid Jahangir, Hafiz Rehman Mehmood, Zaman Khan, Amina Elahi, and Abid Hussain
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, business.industry, Renal function, General Medicine, urologic and male genital diseases, medicine.disease, Gastroenterology, female genital diseases and pregnancy complications, Malnutrition, Hyperphosphatemia, Internal medicine, Diabetes mellitus, medicine, Hypocalcaemia, Hypoalbuminemia, Hyperuricemia, business, Kidney disease
Abstract: Chronic kidney disease and/or disturbance in renal excretory function may lead to nitrogenous waste collection beyond the term as well as derangements of several serum biochemicals. There is no previous study from Pakistan that reveals serum electrolyte derangements in confirmed chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients and other biochemicals associated with CKD. This study aims to examine the derangements of serum biochemicals and the association of several risk factors with CKD.The study enrolled 612 confirmed CKD patients with a glomerular filtration rate (GFR) 15 ml/min that were treated as a part of the integrated care programme at Mayo Hospital Lahore (one of the largest hospitals in Pakistan). Serum biochemicals were estimated on AU 680 (Beckman Coulter) using the spectrophotometric technique.All the CKD patients had elevated creatinine and urea levels, but only 63.4% were suffering from hyperuricemia. The incidence of diabetes and malnutrition assessed by serum albumin (hypoalbuminemia) was 27.4% and 72%, respectively. Among electrolyte disorders, hyperphosphatemia (71.8%) and hypocalcaemia (61.9%) were found to be more prevalent. Furthermore, gender, malnutrition, diabetes, hyperuricemia, and phosphorus and magnesium derangements were found to be statistically significant risk factors for CKD, whereas malnutrition and magnesium derangement were associated with hyperuricemia.It is imperative to improve dietary protein and monitor serum electrolyte concentration in renal dysfunction patients to slow the progression of CKD to end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and other serious complications.ضمت الدراسة 612 مريضا مؤكدا بمرض الكلى المزمن مع معدل ترشيح كبيبي أقل من 15 مل / دقيقة تم علاجهم كجزء من برنامج الرعاية المتكاملة في مستشفى مايو في لاهور (أحد أكبر المستشفيات في باكستان). تم تقدير المواد البيوكيميائية في المصل على 680 وحدة بتقنية القياس الطيفي.كان جميع مرضى الكلى المزمن يعانون من ارتفاع مستويات الكرياتينين واليوريا ولكن 63.4٪ فقط كانوا يعانون من فرط حمض يوريك الدم. كانت نسبة الإصابة بمرض السكري وسوء التغذية المقيّمة بألبومين المصل (نقص ألبومين الدم) 27.4٪ و 72٪ على التوالي. من بين اضطرابات الكهارل، وجد أن فرط فوسفات الدم (71.8٪) ونقص كالسيوم الدم (61.9٪) الأكثر انتشاراً. علاوة على ذلك، تم العثور على عوامل خطر ذات دلالة إحصائية للإصابة بمرض الكلى المزمن وهي جنس المريض وسوء التغذية، والسكري، وفرط حمض يوريك الدم، واختلالات الفوسفور والمغنيسيوم، بينما ارتبط سوء التغذية واضطراب المغنيسيوم بفرط حمض يوريك الدم.من الضروري تحسين النظام الغذائي للبروتين ومراقبة تركيز الكهارل في الدم لدى مرضى الخلل الكلوي لإبطاء تطوّر مرض الكلى المزمن إلى مرض الكلى بمراحله الأخيرة وغيرها من المضاعفات الخطيرة.
Published: 2022

49. Cultivatable bacterial community in water from Lai Nullah contaminated with household sewage and industrial waste is more diverse and populated compared with nonpolluted water

Author: Zahra Jabeen, Miss Sobia Yaseen, Syed Muhammad Usman Shah, Zuhair Hasnain, Wishal Khan, Humaira Yasmin, Muhammad Nadeem Hassan, Saqib Mumtaz, Nadir Zaman Khan, and Abdul Waheed
Subjects: Pollutant, Microbial population biology, Fresh water, business.industry, Environmental engineering, Soil Science, Sewage, Environmental science, Contamination, business, Water pollution, Industrial waste
Abstract: The effect of environmental pollutants on living organisms can be assessed by studying the changes in the indigenous microbial community. Therefore, in this study, cultivatable bacterial community in nonpolluted as well as household sewage and industrially polluted water of Lai Nullah flowing through Islamabad and Rawalpindi, Pakistan was analyzed. Bacterial community composition and population present in the polluted water were significantly different from the nonpolluted water (P −1 at all the study sites. During plate assay, bacterial strains found at polluted sites showed resistance to selected heavy metals with highest minimum inhibitory concentration for lead (8 mmol·L−1) followed by copper (5 mmol·L−1), nickel (3 mmol·L−1), and cadmium (1 mmol·L−1). All the bacterial isolates also showed various levels of resistance against antibiotics ampicillin, tetracycline, ciprofloxacin, and vancomycin using broth microdilution method. Current research provides new insight into the effect of household sewage and the industrially polluted water of Lai Nullah on the indigenous bacteria.
Published: 2022

50. Global, regional, and national mortality among young people aged 10–24 years, 1950–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Author: Collaborators, GAM, Ward, JL, Azzopardi, PS, Francis, KL, Santelli, JS, Skirbekk, V, Sawyer, SM, Kassebaum, NJ, Mokdad, AH, Hay, SI, Abd-Allah, F, Abdoli, A, Abdollahi, M, Abedi, A, Abolhassani, H, Abreu, LG, Abrigo, MRM, Abu-Gharbieh, E, Abushouk, AI, Adebayo, OM, Adekanmbi, V, Adham, D, Advani, SM, Afshari, K, Agrawal, A, Ahmad, T, Ahmadi, K, Ahmed, AE, Aji, B, Akombi-Inyang, B, Alahdab, F, Al-Aly, Z, Alam, K, Alanezi, FM, Alanzi, TM, Alcalde-Rabanal, JE, Alemu, BW, Al-Hajj, S, Alhassan, RK, Ali, S, Alicandro, G, Alijanzadeh, M, Aljunid, SM, Almasi-Hashiani, A, Almasri, NA, Al-Mekhlafi, HM, Alonso, J, Al-Raddadi, RM, Altirkawi, KA, Alvis-Guzman, N, Amare, AT, Amini, S, Aminorroaya, A, Amit, AML, Amugsi, DA, Ancuceanu, R, Anderlini, D, Andrei, CL, Androudi, S, Ansari, F, Ansari, I, Antonio, CAT, Anvari, D, Anwer, R, Appiah, SCY, Arabloo, J, Arab-Zozani, M, Ärnlöv, J, Asaad, M, Asadi-Aliabadi, M, Asadi-Pooya, AA, Atout, MMW, Ausloos, M, Avenyo, EK, Avila-Burgos, L, Quintanilla, BPA, Ayano, G, Aynalem, YA, Azari, S, Azene, ZN, Bakhshaei, MH, Bakkannavar, SM, Banach, M, Banik, PC, Barboza, MA, Barker-Collo, SL, Bärnighausen, TW, Basu, S, Baune, BT, Bayati, M, Bedi, N, Beghi, E, Bekuma, TT, Bell, AW, Bell, ML, Benjet, C, Bensenor, IM, Berhe, AK, Berhe, K, Berman, AE, Bhagavathula, AS, Bhardwaj, N, Bhardwaj, P, Bhattacharyya, K, Bhattarai, S, Bhutta, ZA, Bijani, A, Bikbov, B, Biondi, A, Birhanu, TTM, Biswas, RK, Bohlouli, S, Bolla, SR, Boloor, A, Borschmann, R, Boufous, S, Bragazzi, NL, Braithwaite, D, Breitborde, NJK, Brenner, H, Britton, GB, Burns, RA, Nagaraja, SB, Butt, ZA, dos Santos, FLC, Cámera, LA, Campos-Nonato, IR, Rincon, JCC, Cárdenas, R, Carreras, G, Carrero, JJ, Carvalho, F, Castaldelli-Maia, JM, Castañeda-Orjuela, CA, Castelpietra, G, Catalá-López, F, Cerin, E, Chandan, JS, Chang, H-Y, Chang, J-C, Charan, J, Chattu, VK, Chaturvedi, S, Choi, J-YJ, Chowdhury, MAK, Christopher, DJ, Chu, D-T, Chung, MT, Chung, S-C, Cicuttini, FM, Constantin, TV, Costa, VM, Dahlawi, SMA, Dai, H, Dai, X, Damiani, G, Dandona, L, Dandona, R, Daneshpajouhnejad, P, Darwesh, AM, Dávila-Cervantes, CA, Davletov, K, De la Hoz, FP, De Leo, D, Dervenis, N, Desai, R, Desalew, A, Deuba, K, Dharmaratne, SD, Dhungana, GP, Dianatinasab, M, da Silva, DD, Diaz, D, Didarloo, A, Djalalinia, S, Dorostkar, F, Doshi, CP, Doshmangir, L, Doyle, KE, Duraes, AR, Kalan, ME, Ebtehaj, S, Edvardsson, D, Tantawi, ME, Elgendy, IY, El-Jaafary, SI, Elsharkawy, A, Eshrati, B, Eskandarieh, S, Esmaeilnejad, S, Esmaeilzadeh, F, Esteghamati, S, Faro, A, Farzadfar, F, Fattahi, N, Feigin, VL, Ferede, TY, Fereshtehnejad, S-M, Fernandes, E, Ferrara, P, Filip, I, Fischer, F, Fisher, JL, Foigt, NA, Folayan, MO, Fomenkov, AA, Foroutan, M, Fukumoto, T, Gad, MM, Gaidhane, AM, Gallus, S, Gebre, T, Gebremedhin, KB, Gebremeskel, GG, Gebremeskel, L, Gebreslassie, AA, Gesesew, HA, Ghadiri, K, Ghafourifard, M, Ghamari, F, Ghashghaee, A, Gilani, SA, Gnedovskaya, EV, Godinho, MA, Golechha, M, Goli, S, Gona, PN, Gopalani, SV, Gorini, G, Grivna, M, Gubari, MIM, Gugnani, HC, Guimarães, RA, Guo, Y, Gupta, R, Haagsma, JA, Hafezi-Nejad, N, Haile, TG, Haj-Mirzaian, A, Hall, BJ, Hamadeh, RR, Abdullah, KH, Hamidi, S, Handiso, DW, Hanif, A, Hankey, GJ, Haririan, H, Haro, JM, Hasaballah, AI, Hashi, A, Hassan, A, Hassanipour, S, Hassankhani, H, Hayat, K, Heidari-Soureshjani, R, Herteliu, C, Heydarpour, F, Ho, HC, Hole, MK, Holla, R, Hoogar, P, Hosseini, M, Hosseinzadeh, M, Hostiuc, M, Hostiuc, S, Househ, M, Hsairi, M, Huda, TM, Humayun, A, Hussain, R, Hwang, B-F, Iavicoli, I, Ibitoye, SE, Ilesanmi, OS, Ilic, IM, Ilic, MD, Inbaraj, LR, Intarut, N, Iqbal, U, Irvani, SSN, Islam, MM, Islam, MS, Iso, H, Ivers, RQ, Jahani, MA, Jakovljevic, M, Jalali, A, Janodia, MD, Javaheri, T, Jeemon, P, Jenabi, E, Jha, RP, Jha, V, Ji, JS, Jonas, JB, Jones, KM, Joukar, F, Jozwiak, JJ, Juliusson, PB, Jürisson, M, Kabir, A, Kabir, Z, Kalankesh, LR, Kalhor, R, Kamyari, N, Kanchan, T, Karch, A, Karimi, SE, Kaur, S, Kayode, 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V, Rastogi, P, Rathi, P, Rawaf, D, Rawaf, S, Rawal, L, Rawassizadeh, R, Renzaho, A, Rezaei, N, Rezai, M, Riahi, S, Rickard, J, Roever, L, Ronfani, L, Roth, G, Rubagotti, E, Rumisha, S, Rwegerera, G, Sabour, S, Sachdev, P, Saddik, B, Sadeghi, E, Saeedi Moghaddam, S, Sagar, R, Sahebkar, A, Sahraian, M, Sajadi, S, Salem, M, Salimzadeh, H, Samy, A, Sanabria, J, Santric-Milicevic, M, Saraswathy, S, Sarrafzadegan, N, Sarveazad, A, Sathish, T, Sattin, D, Saxena, D, Saxena, S, Schiavolin, S, Schwebel, D, Schwendicke, F, Senthilkumaran, S, Sepanlou, S, Sha, F, Shafaat, O, Shahabi, S, Shaheen, A, Shaikh, M, Shakiba, S, Shamsi, M, Shannawaz, M, Sharafi, K, Sheikh, A, Sheikhbahaei, S, Shetty, B, Shi, P, Shigematsu, M, Shin, J, Shiri, R, Shuval, K, Siabani, S, Sigfusdottir, I, Sigurvinsdottir, R, Silva, D, Silva, J, Simonetti, B, Singh, J, Singh, V, Sinke, A, Skryabin, V, Slater, H, Smith, E, Sobhiyeh, M, Sobngwi, E, Soheili, A, Somefun, O, Sorrie, M, Soyiri, I, Sreeramareddy, C, Stein, D, Stokes, M, Sudaryanto, A, Sultan, I, Tabares-Seisdedos, R, Tabuchi, T, Tadakamadla, S, Taherkhani, A, Tamiru, A, Tareque, M, Thankappan, K, Thapar, R, Thomas, N, Titova, M, Tonelli, M, Tovani-Palone, M, Tran, B, Travillian, R, Tsai, A, Tsatsakis, A, Tudor Car, L, Uddin, R, Unim, B, Unnikrishnan, B, Upadhyay, E, Vacante, M, Valadan Tahbaz, S, Valdez, P, Varughese, S, Vasankari, T, Venketasubramanian, N, Villeneuve, P, Violante, F, Vlassov, V, Vos, T, Vu, G, Waheed, Y, Wamai, R, Wang, Y, Westerman, R, Wickramasinghe, N, Wu, A, Wu, C, Yahyazadeh Jabbari, S, Yamagishi, K, Yano, Y, Yaya, S, Yazdi-Feyzabadi, V, Yeshitila, Y, Yip, P, Yonemoto, N, Yoon, S, Younis, M, Yousefinezhadi, T, Yu, C, Yu, Y, Yuce, D, Zaidi, S, Zaman, S, Zamani, M, Zamanian, M, Zarafshan, H, Zarei, A, Zastrozhin, M, Zhang, Y, Zhang, Z, Zhao, X, Zhu, C, Patton, G, and Viner, R
Subjects: Male, Joves -- Mortalitat, ADOLESCENT HEALTH, CHILDREN, Socioeconomic Factor, Global Burden of Disease, RA0421, Cause of Death, Medicine, Young adult, Child, 11 Medical and Health Sciences, Cause of death, education.field_of_study, Adolescent, Age Distribution, Female, Humans, Mortality, Sex Distribution, Socioeconomic Factors, Young Adult, Mortality rate, Public Health, Global Health, Social Medicine and Epidemiology, General Medicine, Articles, Hälsovetenskaper, MIDDLE-INCOME, MENTAL-HEALTH, Adolescent health, INTERVENTIONS, Human, SUICIDE, Total fertility rate, Population, Adolescent Health, Adolescents -- Mortalitat, General & Internal Medicine, Health Sciences, QUALITY, Medicine [Science], Social determinants of health, INCOME COUNTRIES, education, business.industry, TRENDS, Folkhälsovetenskap, global hälsa, socialmedicin och epidemiologi, Years of potential life lost, INJURIES, business, Demography
Abstract: Background Documentation of patterns and long-term trends in mortality in young people, which reflect huge changes in demographic and social determinants of adolescent health, enables identification of global investment priorities for this age group. We aimed to analyse data on the number of deaths, years of life lost, and mortality rates by sex and age group in people aged 10–24 years in 204 countries and territories from 1950 to 2019 by use of estimates from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019. Methods We report trends in estimated total numbers of deaths and mortality rate per 100 000 population in young people aged 10–24 years by age group (10–14 years, 15–19 years, and 20–24 years) and sex in 204 countries and territories between 1950 and 2019 for all causes, and between 1980 and 2019 by cause of death. We analyse variation in outcomes by region, age group, and sex, and compare annual rate of change in mortality in young people aged 10–24 years with that in children aged 0–9 years from 1990 to 2019. We then analyse the association between mortality in people aged 10–24 years and socioeconomic development using the GBD Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a composite measure based on average national educational attainment in people older than 15 years, total fertility rate in people younger than 25 years, and income per capita. We assess the association between SDI and all-cause mortality in 2019, and analyse the ratio of observed to expected mortality by SDI using the most recent available data release (2017). Findings In 2019 there were 1·49 million deaths (95% uncertainty interval 1·39–1·59) worldwide in people aged 10–24 years, of which 61% occurred in males. 32·7% of all adolescent deaths were due to transport injuries, unintentional injuries, or interpersonal violence and conflict; 32·1% were due to communicable, nutritional, or maternal causes; 27·0% were due to non-communicable diseases; and 8·2% were due to self-harm. Since 1950, deaths in this age group decreased by 30·0% in females and 15·3% in males, and sex-based differences in mortality rate have widened in most regions of the world. Geographical variation has also increased, particularly in people aged 10–14 years. Since 1980, communicable and maternal causes of death have decreased sharply as a proportion of total deaths in most GBD super-regions, but remain some of the most common causes in sub-Saharan Africa and south Asia, where more than half of all adolescent deaths occur. Annual percentage decrease in all-cause mortality rate since 1990 in adolescents aged 15–19 years was 1·3% in males and 1·6% in females, almost half that of males aged 1–4 years (2·4%), and around a third less than in females aged 1–4 years (2·5%). The proportion of global deaths in people aged 0–24 years that occurred in people aged 10–24 years more than doubled between 1950 and 2019, from 9·5% to 21·6%. Interpretation Variation in adolescent mortality between countries and by sex is widening, driven by poor progress in reducing deaths in males and older adolescents. Improving global adolescent mortality will require action to address the specific vulnerabilities of this age group, which are being overlooked. Furthermore, indirect effects of the COVID-19 pandemic are likely to jeopardise efforts to improve health outcomes including mortality in young people aged 10–24 years. There is an urgent need to respond to the changing global burden of adolescent mortality, address inequities where they occur, and improve the availability and quality of primary mortality data in this age group. Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
Published: 2021

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