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Baicalin is a flavonoid compound purified from the roots of Scutellaria baicalensis, which possesses multiple biological activities. Previous studies have shown that baicalin is protective in ischemic cerebral diseases. The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of baicalin on brain injury in a rat model of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) and to explore the possible mechanisms. Intracerebral hemorrhage was induced in male Wistar rats by injection of 0.5 U collagenaseVII to the caudate nucleus. Sham operation rats were injected with equal volume of saline. After the induction of ICH, the rats were randomly divided into four groups and administered with different dose of baicalin (0, 25, 50, or 100 mg/kg in saline) through peritoneal injection. The brain tissues around the hemorrhage areas were collected on days 1, 3, and 5 after treatment. Brain edema was analyzed by desiccation method; the metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) protein and mRNA expression were determined by western blotting and real time RT-PCR, respectively. Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) protein expression was analyzed by western blotting. IL-1β and IL-6 levels were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Blood-brain barrier permeability was determined by Evans blue leakage method. The results showed that baicalin reduced brain edema following ICH in a dose-dependent manner, with concomitant inhibition of NF-κB activation and suppression of MMP-9 expression. In addition, baicalin also reduced IL-1β and IL-6 production, as well as blood-brain barrier permeability. The above results indicated that baicalin prevents against perihematomal edema development after intracerebral hemorrhage possibly through an anti-inflammatory mechanism.

A framework for building EDM collaborative manufacturing system using multi-agent technology to support organizations characterized by physically distributed, enterprise-wide, heterogeneous intelligent manufacturing system over Internet is proposed. According to the characteristics of agile EDM collaborative manufacturing system(AEDMCMS), the agent technology is combined with Petri net in order to analyze the model. Based on the basic Petri Net, the definition is extended and the Agent-oriented Petri net (APN) is proposed. AEDMCM is turned into the model of Petri Net which is suitable to the analysis and optimization of manufacturing processes.

A framework for building network-based EDM CAPP system using intelligent technology to support organizations characterized by physically distributed, enterprise-wide, heterogeneous intelligent manufacturing system over Internet is proposed. Expert system theory is introduced. Rule-Based reasoning and Case-Based reasoning method are introduced to reason EDM method. Genetic Algorithm is applied to optimize EDM technological parameter. Fuzzy reasoning algorithm is applied to select technological data. Artificial Neural Network is applied to forecast technological effect. Internet environment and Technological knowledge database modules are introduced. Instances are also introduced to testify feasibility.

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an insulin-dependent diabetes because of insufficient insulin pro‐ duction by the pancreatic islet β cells. Although the pathogenic mechanism of T1D is not yet completely clear, the current view of T1D pathogenesis is that under certain genetic back‐ ground, exogenous and/or endogenous factors trigger autoimmunity against islet β cells in the pancreas causing β cell damage and subsequent insufficiency of insulin production [1, 2]. About two decades ago, it was first demonstrated that T cells specific to β cell antigens were activated and participated in the pathogenesis of T1D [3, 4]. A great deal of work fol‐ lowing these reports in both animal models and humans has provided convincing data fur‐ ther supporting T1D is a T cell-mediated autoimmune disease. On the other hand, the evidence showing that majority of T1D patients have high titers of autoantibodies against islet β cells [5, 6] suggests that self-reactive B cells must also be involved in the autoimmune process. The role of B cells in the pathogenesis of T1D was further supported by the recent research and clinical data demonstrating B cell depletion by anti-CD20 antibodies delayed the disease process.

AIMS: To further explore the mechanisms of apoptosis in mononephrectomized rats with renal lymph circulation disorder. METHODS: Animals were divided into three groups: rats with left renal lymph ligation and right nephrectomy (KL), rats with only right nephrectomy (KN) and sham-operated rats (sham). 24-h proteinuria and serum creatinine level were monitored. Indexes of oxidative stress were measured. Renal apoptosis was examined. Further biochemical analysis was provided using real-time PCR, western blot and Elisa techniques. RESULTS: Our results showed that renal lymphatic ligation induced renal tubular epithelial cell apoptosis and aggravated renal dysfunction in mononephrectomized rats. In addition, renal lymphatic ligation increased the activities of caspase-3, caspase-8 and caspase-9. Further investigation of mechanisms showed that renal lymphatic ligation up-regulated Fas expression, increased the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2, and also increased the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA) while reducing superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. CONCLUSION: These results indicated that disturbance of renal lymphatic circulation might lead to tubular epithelial cell apoptosis through activation of intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic pathways, suggestive of an essential role of renal lymphatic circulation in the maintenance of tubular integrity and function.

The present study was designed to identify the changes in microvesicle-dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP IV) levels in human urine and serum, and to determine whether there were correlations with the severity of diabetic kidney disease (DKD). A total of 127 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) were divided into three groups according to the urinary albumin/ creatinine ratio (UACR): microalbuminuria group ( n = 50); macroalbuminuria group ( n = 34) and normoalbuminuria group ( n = 43), and 34 age- and sex-matched non-diabetic healthy subjects were selected as controls. Microvesicle-bound DPP IV and free urinary DPP IV were separated by a filtra-centrifugation method. The total microvesicles were captured by a specific monoclonal antibody, AD-1. DPP IV activity was determined by measuring the cleavage of chromogenic free 4-nitroaniline from Gly-Pro-p-nitroanilide at 405 nm with an ELISA plate reader. DPP IV protein levels were determined by ELISA and Western blot. Our results showed that the microvesicle-bound type was the major form of DPP IV in urine; the urinary microvesicle-DPP IV excretion of each T2DM group was significantly higher compared with controls. The urinary microvesicle-DPP IV level was positively correlated with UACR in patients with T2DM. These findings suggest that the urinary level of microvesicle-bound DPP IV is associated with the severity of DKD.

Lipin1, a lately indentified adipokine, may link obesity with insulin resistance and diabetes. The present study aimed to investigate the changes and significance of lipin1 expression and lipin1-AMPK signaling in diet-induced hepatic insulin resistance.24 4-week-old Male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 2 groups: (1) control group (CO), (2) high-fat diet group (HF). Insulin sensitivity was evaluated by hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp technique. The mRNA levels of α1 and α2 subunit of AMPKα as well as Lipin1 were measured using Real-time RT-PCR. The activities of AMPKα and Akt were evaluated by detection of p-AMPKα (Thr-172) and p-Akt (ser473) by Western blot.After treatment of 4 months, HF group showed significantly increased levels of body weight, fasting plasma glucose and insulin levels; Plasma and liver total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG) levels were also markedly elevated; Lipin1 expression at both mRNA and protein levels were significantly deceased. Compared with CO group, the mRNA and protein levels of AMPKα1 and AMPKα2 were not changed, whereas the p-AMPK (Thr-172) and p-AKT (ser473) levels in liver were significantly decreased in HF group.These findings indicated that the decrease in lipin1 expression and AMPKα activation may contribute to hepatic insulin resistance in diet-induced obese rats.