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Chemical pesticides have been used for pest control for many decades, but they cause serious problems, including insecticide resistance, secondary pest resurgence, and negative environmental impacts. Therefore, sustainable alternatives to chemical pesticides are necessary for pest control. Entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) are natural epizootic pathogens of insects, and some of them have been used as microbial biocontrol agents. Herein, we attempted to construct an entomopathogenic fungal library (EFLib) via the “Tenebrio molitor pathogenicity-based fungal collection method (TmPC)” to select EPF for control of the serious agricultural pest Spodoptera litura. A total of 172 soil samples were collected in northern and central Taiwan for the EFLib construction. The isolation efficiency of TmPC was 64.02%. The EFLib consisted of 101 isolates and was designated as the National Chung Hsing University (NCHU) EFLib. Among these isolates, 26 showed high virulence (mortality = 100%) to T. molitor larvae. Based on the results of molecular identification, the highly virulent isolates belonged to seven genera, including Beauveria, Clonostachys, Fusarium, Cordyceps, Penicillium, Purpureocillium, and Metarhizium. To evaluate the potential of these isolates for Spodoptera litura control, 12 isolates were selected for pathogenicity screening against S. litura larvae. A total of six EPF isolates belonging to the genera Beauveria and Metarhizium showed rapid eradication of the S. litura larvae. To rank the potential of these fungal strains for pest management, the six isolates were subjected to thermotolerance and conidial production assays, and a novel effective conidia number (ECN) formula was applied. The results indicated that the ECN index of Beauveria australis (NCHU-113) was much higher than that of Metarhizium isolates. However, among the Metarhizium isolates, NCHU-95 showed the highest ECN index. Altogether, NCHU-69 and NCHU-113 should be further tested in field trials. To our knowledge, this is the first attempt to integrate pathogenicity or virulence and ECN data into EPF screening and ranking, providing a baseline for mass selection of potential EPF strains for further applications.

Background the supine position is the most frequently offered for birth delivery in China and many other countries, but the hands-and-knees position is now gaining prominence with doctors in China. This study aims to examine the differences in maternal and neonatal outcomes among low-risk women who gave birth either in the hands-and-knees position or the supine position. Methods a randomised controlled trial was conducted in 11 hospitals in China from May to December in 2012. In total, 1400 women were recruited and randomly allocated to either the experimental group ( n =700, 446 completed the protocol) who delivered in hands-and-knees position and the control group ( n =700, 440 completed the protocol) who delivered in supine position. Women who could not maintain the randomised position during the second stage of labour were allowed to withdraw from the study. The primary maternal outcome measured was rate of episiotomy. Secondary outcomes included degree of perineum laceration, rate of emergency caesarean section, rate of shoulder dystocia, and duration of labour, postpartum bleeding, neonatal Apgar score, and the rate of neonatal asphyxia. Because outcome data were only collected for women who gave birth in the randomised position, per-protocol analyses were used to compare groups. The primary outcome, episiotomy, was also compared between groups using logistic regression adjusting for maternal age，gestational age at birth, whether the woman was primiparous, the process of second stage of labour and birthweight. Findings as compared with the control group, the experimental group had lower rates of episiotomy and second-degree perineum laceration (including episiotomy), and higher rates of intact perineum and first-degree perineum laceration, with a longer duration of second stage of labour. No significant differences were found in the amount of postpartum bleeding, shoulder dystocia, neonatal asphyxia and neonatal Apgar scores at 1minute and 5minutes. Adjusted for maternal age, gestational age, parity, duration of second stage of labour and birth weight, the hands-and-knees position reduced the need for episiotomy (OR=0.024, p Conclusions this study provided evidence that women who could maintain the hands-and-knees position during the second stage of labour had lower rates of episiotomy and second-degree perineum laceration (including episiotomy). Both midwives and obstetricians are suggested to learn the skills to assist women with delivery in this position.

In visible light communication (VLC) imaging systems, different properties of data are usually demanded for transmission with different priorities in terms of reliability and/or validity. For this consideration, a novel transmission scheme called space-time trace-orthogonal coding (STTOC) for VLC is proposed in this paper by taking full advantage of the characteristics of time-domain transmission and space-domain orthogonality. Then, several constellation designs for different priority strategies subject to the total power constraint are presented. One significant advantage of this novel scheme is that the inter-layer interference (ILI) can be eliminated completely and the computation complexity of maximum likelihood (ML) detection is linear. Computer simulations verify the correctness of our theoretical analysis, and demonstrate that both transmission rate and error performance of the proposed scheme greatly outperform the conventional multi-layer transmission system.

An energy-efficient self-charged crystal oscillator (SCXO) employing a quadrature-phase shifter is proposed to provide wide-range pulse injection timing for power consumption reduction. The passive resistors of quadrature-phase shifter can be shared by the startup circuit to save area consumption. The double-edge extractor and the low-power comparator are added to reduce the power consumption. The proposed 32.768-kHz energy-efficient SCXO, fabricated in a 40-nm CMOS technology, consumes 34.3 nW under a 1 V supply.

Promotion of low carbon industry development, reduction of industrial carbon emissions intensity and construction of low carbon characterized industry system are the most important to achieve low carbon development. Based on the research situation of industrial energy consumption and carbon emissions in Tianjin, this paper selects the priority to the development and optimization of the development of key industries through McKinsey Matrix. Combined with industry development of present situation, in view of low carbon development of industries of priority development and industries of optimized development, suggestions for industrial low carbon development are put forward.

To improve the communication security performance of directional modulation for array antenna, a kind of combinatorial interference directional modulation method is proposed in this paper. Static interference and dynamic interference is combined to be the combinatorial interference. An optimization model with a measurement with a certain areas of bit error rate is made. Then the optimization problem is solved based on genetic algorithm. Simulation results are presented and showed that, compared with general directional modulation signal under the same transmitter power consumption, the combinatorial interference directional modulation signal is able to provide a wider safe area and has a better performance.

Numerous technologies have been adopted in modern SATCOM to ensure communica-tion smooth. Among them, frequency hopping and onboard processing technology will be researched mainly in this paper. First, models of frequency hopping system and onboard processing system were built by Simulink. Then, the effect of coupling phenomenon analyzed on the theoretical. At last, Anti-jamming capability studied after simulating with different jamming. All above will provide convincing support to further research on SATCOM technologies; also, will guide the development of satellite communication.

Schizophrenia is a severe complex disabling disease that has impaired about 1% of the total population. It is widely recognized that schizophrenia is caused by the abnormal immune system. However, the current genome-wide association study (GWAS) of schizophrenia did not identify any cytokine molecules except genes in the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) region, suggesting that new strategies are needed to find out the effects of cytokines during the development of Schizophrenia. Recently, increasing evidences have found the comorbidity of schizophrenia with tuberculosis. To narrow down the scope of cytokines and reveal the core culprit, we first systematically review the common cytokines between these two diseases, followed by summarizing the core cytokines' interaction and modulation. The findings thus obtained may provide useful insights into the pathogeneses of both schizophrenia and tuberculosis from the angle of cytokines.

ObjectiveTo observe the therapeutic effects of peridural injection of Mailuoning Compound Liquor for prolapse of lumbar intervertebral disc (PLID).MethodsPeridural injection of Mailuoning Compound Liquor (MCL) was given to 100 cases of PLID, once a week, 4 sessions constituting a therapeutic course. By adopting the scoring method, observations were carried out on the total therapeutic effect and changes in the 13 items of the symptoms and signs.ResultsAfter treatment, the JOA scores in this series of patients were markedly enhanced as compared with the scores before treatment, showing significant differences in the paired t test (P < 0.05). The sum of the excellent and good rates was 64%, and the total effective rate was 97%. All the scores in the 13 items under observation were significantly raised as compared with the scores before treatment (P < 0.05).ConclusionPeridural injection of MCL is an effective and safe therapy for PLID, and with shorter treating course, quicker therapeutic effects, and less suffering for the patients.

The development of renewable resources industry is important to our recycling economy, this research adopts factor analysis and correlation analysis to study the datum of seven renewable resources processing zones which approved to been building by our state, and to establish the quantitative model that evaluates construction necessity of renewable resources processing zone. The results show that to promote the healthy development of renewable resource industries, the important condition of existence is that the production of enterprises in park is needed to be demanded by market. The investment in public utilities is a key factor affecting park's development, and local economic development is not necessarily related to that.

In today's market, competition is not based on the quality competition between the individual firms, but on the whole quality competition between the supply chains. Quick response of market demand by agile supply chain depends on high level of quality management among partners. How to manage effectively quality among partners of agile supply chain is a critical problem. In this paper, we define the synergic quality management of agile supply chain (ASCSQM), and analyze the contents of synergic quality management of agile supply chain (ASCSQM) and its decision problems from strategic level, tactical level, and execution level. Based on the work of Qi Fangzhong et al, we configure a model framework of collaborative decision-making system of ASCSQM based on MAS (Multi-Agents System).

Frame rate up-conversion is used to reduce large area flicker. In this paper, frame average interpolation and interpolation based on motion compensation are analyzed and the results are compared. Based on the differences that the interpolated pixel projects on the two connective frame, a simple and effective interpolation algorithm which is sum of the result of frame average and motion compensation is presented. Experiment results show that this mixed interpolation can maintain the advantages of motion compensation interpolation and at the same time use the motion vectors more safety, that makes it more appreciable in the still areas than motion compensation interpolation.

This paper describes integrated intelligent system MEX—! for optical zoom lens design. It consists of several sub—expert systems which coordinate work with each other. Every sub—expert system has i ts knowledge base. HEX—i applys hi erarchi cal and di stri buted control strategy. The meta system is used to coordinate the work of the sub—expert systems. Blackboard (BB) system is used as communication medium. MEX—1 system structure can also be abstracted as a general shell of an integrated intelligent system to solve complex domain problems. We also gi ye an exampi e for opti cal zoom lens desi gn.

The authors developed a zoom lens design expert system intended to operate with little user intervention. The paper emphasizes the knowledge representation, system architecture, reasoning, and control strategy of the system MEX-1.

Background The supine position is the most common birth position adopted in China, but the World Health Organization recommends non-supine positions for delivery. The hands-and-knees position shows several advantages, such as wide pelvic diameter and easy fetal rotation during delivery. Small trials conducted in China in 2011 revealed that the hands-and-knees position resulted in improved maternal and neonate outcomes than those in the supine position. However, a comprehensive study must be conducted before the hands-and-knees position can be introduced into clinical practice. Hence, we conducted this multicenter trial to comprehensively examine the benefits of the hands-and-knees position over the supine position during delivery. Methods Our clinical study was conducted in 11 hospitals in China from May to December 2012. A total of 446 pregnant women who gave birth in the hands-and-knees position were assigned into the experimental group, and 440 women who gave birth in the supine position were classified into the control group. Episiotomy rate was evaluated as the primary outcome, and perineum laceration degree was considered the secondary outcome. Results Women in the experimental group achieved lower rates of episiotomy and higher rates of intact perineum and first-degree perineum lacerations compared with those in the control. Postpartum bleeding amount, neonatal asphyxia, and APGAR scores at 1 and 5 min were not significantly different between the two groups. Conclusions This study proves that women who delivered in the hands-and-knees position achieved low rates of episiotomy and intact perineum. Moreover, the rates of neonatal asphyxia and postpartum bleeding did not increase. Pregnant patients who prefer to adopt the hands-and-knees position should be assisted in assuming such position during delivery.